The historical library of Diodorus the Sicilian in fifteen books : the first five contain the antiquities of Egypt, Asia, Africa, Greece, the islands, and Europe : the last ten an historical account of the affairs of the Persians, Grecians, Macedonians and other parts of the world : to which are added the fragments of Diodorus that are found in the Bibliotheca of Photius : together with those publish'd by H. Valesius, L. Rhodomannus, and F. Ursinus / made English by G. Booth ..., Esq.

Fragments out of the Books of Diodorus the Sicilian [that are lost] as they are in Photius his Bibliotheca.

Out of the 31st BOOK.

1. VVHile these things were doing, Ambassadors came to Rome from Rhodes, to beg pardon for what they had done. For in the War against Perseus they had seem'd to favour the King, and to break their League with the Romans. But not being able to accomplish any thing for which they were sent, they were greatly dejected, and solicited with Tears the great and principal Men of the City: Whereupon being introduc'd into the Senate by Antonius, one of the Tribunes of the People, Philophron was the first that open'd the matter, and business of their Embassy. And after him Astimedes; when they had made many Arguments and apt Discourses to prevail with the Senate, and at last according to the * 1.1 Proverb, had with the Swan concluded their mournful Dit∣ty, they receiv'd an answer which presently freed from their fears: However they were sharply reprov'd, and fin'd for their Offences. So that it is evident how the most noble among the Romans (by whom the greatest Affairs are manag'd) strive which shall be most generous, and upon that account gain most Honour and Reputation. For in the Admi∣nistration of publick Affairs elsewhere, one envies another. But the Romans praise and commend one another. So that while all endeavour to advance the publick Good, great and glorious things are Atchiev'd: but as to others, while they aim only at their own vain Glory, and envy the Successes one of another, they ruin their Country.

2. At length Aemilius took Perseus the last King of Macedonia, who had often enter'd * 1.2 into a League with the Romans, and as often appear'd in the Field with great Armies against them. And after the Victory Aemilius Triumph'd gloriously. And tho' Perseus was brought into so great miseries and calamities, as that the ruins and destructions which he suffer'd, can scarce be parallel'd by any Romance, yet was he not willing to part with his Life. For before the Senate had determin'd any thing relating to his punishment, * 1.3 one of the chief Officers of the City cast both him and his Children into the Goal Albi∣nus. This Prison is a deep Dungeon of the bigness of a Chamber, capable of 9 Beds at the most: Dark and full of all sorts of filth and nastiness, by reason of the multitude of Men Condemn'd for capital Offences, that from time to time were thrust down there; and generally most of such Malefactors were put into this Place. So that many being shut up together in so strait a place, those miserable Creatures were even turn'd into Beasts: And in regard the Meat, Drink, and other necessaries which were brought them, were jumbled together into one Chaos and heap of Confusion, there arose thence such a stench that none that came near, were able to endure. In a most miserable Condition Perseus continu'd here for the space of 7 Days, insomuch that he begg'd relief, and some share of the Food of those strangers in Prison, who had only a stinted allowance. They out of compassion to this miserable Man, with great humanity and tears in their Eyes, gave him part of that small pittance they had, and withall offer'd him a Sword and a Rope, to use which of them he would at his pleasure, for the putting an end to his Life, Yet nothing seems so sweet as Life, even to the miserable; tho' they suffer what is equivalent to death it self in the mean time. To conclude, he had certainly ended his days in this extream misery, if Marcus Aemilius President of the Court (out of respect to the dignity of his Person, mov'd by the natural and innate humanity of the Romans) had not with some indignation mov'd the Senate on his behalf, putting them in mind, that tho' they fear'd not Men, yet they should bear some awe and reverence to * 1.4 Nemesis, who will take vengeance on them that use their power with Pride and Insolency. Upon this he was committed to a more moderate Confinement, and while he was seeding himself with fresh hopes, he ended his days agreeable to the former misfortunes of his Life: for after he had liv'd 2 Years in this * 1.5 fond love of Life, having displeas'd his barbarous Keepers they would not suffer him to sleep, and so he dy'd.

3. The Kings of Cappadocia say that they came from Cyrus King of Persia. They af∣firm likewise that they are descended from one of those Seven Persians that kill'd Magus. And they drew down their Pedegree from Cyrus thus: That Atossa was the Sister of Cambyses, and Daughter of Cyrus: That Gallus was the Son of Atossa and Pharnaces King of Cappadocia, Smerdis the Son of Gallus, and Artames the Son of Smerdis, and Artames had issue Anaphas (a brave and valian: Man) who was the Father of one of th•• Seven Persians. In this manner there∣fore * 1.6

do they make out their Consanguinity both to Cyrus and to Anaphas, who it's said * 1.7 was of so stout a Spirit, that before he would pay Tribute to the Persians, he abdicated his Government of Capadocia. After his death Anaphas his Son Reign'd in his stead, who dy∣ing, left his two Sons, Ditamus and Arimneus, and that Ditamus took upon him the Govern∣ment, (a Warlike Prince, and in all respects accomplish'd for the Kingdom) who joining Battle with the Persians, and behaving himself with great Gallantry and Resolution, was kill'd in the Fight, and his Son Ariamnes succeeded him in the Kingdom. To whom were born two Sons, Ariarathes and Holophernes: And after he had Reign'd 50 Years, he dy∣ed * 1.8 having done nothing memorable, and the Elder of his Sons Ariarathes succeeded him, who it's said bore so great and tender a Love to his Brother, that he advanc'd him to the highest degree of Honour and Preferment. And sent him to join with the Persians in the War against the Aegyptians, who after return'd loaden with many and large marks of Ho∣nour conferr'd upon him by Ochus, for his Valour, and dy'd in his own Country, leaving behind him two Sons, Ariarathes and Arysses. And that his Brother the King of Cappado∣cia (* 1.9 having no legal Issue) adopted Ariarathes his Brother's Eldest Son. About this time Alexander the Macedonian King ruin'd the Persian Empire, and presently after dy'd. But Perdiccas who had the chief Command, sent Eumenes as General into Cappadocia, who subdu'd and kill'd Ariarathes and brought Cappadocia and all the bordering Territories into the the power of the Macedonians. But Ariarathes, the adopted Son of the former King, despairing for the present to regain the Kingdom, with a few followers fled into Armenia. But Eumenes and Berdiccas both dying not long after, and Antigonus and Seleucus imbroil'd in War one with another, Ariarathes with the help of Arcloathus King of Armenia (who furnish'd him with forces) routed and kill'd Amyntas the Macedonian General, and pre∣sently drave all the Macedonians out of the Country, and recover'd his Kingdom. He had 3 Sons, the Eldest of which, Ariamnes succeeded him, who join'd in affinity with Anti∣ochus Theos, and Married his Eldest Son Ariarathes to Stratonice, Antiochus his Daughter. And for the great love he had to him above all his Children, ••e set the Diadem upon his Head, and made him Co-parther with him in the Kingdom: and after the death of his Father he reign'd alone. Then he dying, Ariarathes his Son, of a very tender Age, suc∣ceeded. He Marry'd Antiochide (the Daughter of Antiochus the great) a very subtile Wo∣man: Who because she bore no Children, to make up that defect, contriv'd (unknown to her Husband) a suppositious Birth, as if she had Born two Sons, which were call'd Ari∣arathes and Holofernes. But not long after, she conceiv'd in reality, and unexpectedly was deliver'd of two Daughters and one Son call'd Mithridates. Upon this she acquainted her Husband with the Imposture, and so wrought with him that she prevail'd with him to send away the Eldest of the two Sons with a small Sum of Money to Rome, and the other into Ionia, lest they should challenge the Kingdom from him that was lawful Heir to the Crown; who after he came to Man's Estate (its said) was call'd Ariarathes, and was Educated in all the learning of Greece, and was a Person accomplish'd with all manner of Virtuous Endowments. That the Father (who was wonderfully belov'd by the Son) strove all he could to repay his Son's love again: And their mutual endear'd affections one towards another went so far, that the Father would have given up the whole Kingdom into the Hands of the Son, but the Son on the other side told him, he could not possibly accept of so great an advantage from living Parents. After therefore his Father dy'd he succeeded, spending the rest of his life very virtuously and in the study of Philosophy: So that Cappadocia which was be∣fore little known to the Grecians, was now a desireable place of Residence for all learned Men: He renew'd the League of Peace and Friendship with the Romans. And in this manner is the Pedegree of those that have hitherto reign'd in Cappadocia, brought down from Cyrus.

4. For Statues are made of such Romans as are of noble Families, in near resemblance of the Persons, and according to the whole proportion of their Bodies. For all their life long, they have some, who observe their Mien and Deportment, and the special re∣marks of every part exactly. Likewise every Mans Ancestor * 1.10 stands in that Habit, and in those Ornaments, (and is so clearly represented) that every one knows the Person as soon as he looks upon him, and to what degree of Honour every one was advanc'd, and what Share and Interest they had in the Commonwealth.

5. * 1.11 Memmius was sent General with an Army into Spain. But the * 1.12 Lusitanians just upon his Landing, fell upon him, and routed him, and cut off most of his Army. When this success of the Iberians was nois'd abroad, the Araucians (who look'd upon them∣selves to be far better Soldiers than the Iberians) slighted and contemn'd the Enemy, and upon this ground and confidence, chiefly it was that in their general Council they determi∣ned to make War upon the Romans. * 1.13

Out of the 32d. BOOK.

Fragment 1. ALexander fled out of the Fight with 500 Men to a City in Arabia, call'd * 1.14 Abas, to Diocles the Prince there; with whom he had before entrusted his Son Antiochus, a Child of very tender Age. Afterwards the Chief Commanders who were about Heliades (and had been with Alexander) plotting to assassinate Alexander, sent away some Messengers privately from among themselves, promising secretly to Murder him. Demetrius consenting to what they propos'd, they became both Traitors and Mur∣derers of their Prince. We might be justly condemn'd if we should pass in silence that which happen'd before the death of Alexander, tho' for the strangeness of the thing it be scarce credible. King Alexander a little before these times, consulted with the Oracle in Silicia, where they say is the Temple of Apollo of Sarpedon: and it is reported that the Ora∣cle made Answer, that he should take heed of that place which should bring forth a God of two shapes. This Divine Hint was then taken for a Riddle: but after the King was dead, the Truth was discover'd in this manner. For in Abas a City of Arabia dwelt one Diophantus a Macedonian. This Man Marry'd an Arabian Woman, by whom he had a * 1.15 Son, call'd after his own Name, and a Daughter call'd Heraides: His Son dy'd while he was young: But he gave a Portion to his Daughter when she was grown up, and Marry'd her to one Semiades, who, after he had liv'd with his Bride one year, undertook a long Journey: In the mean time (it is reported) that Heraides fell into a strange and wonderful distemper, such as is scarce credible. For she had a vehement Inflammation, and a great Swelling at the bottom of her Belly, which increas'd to that degree, that it brought her into a violent Feaver. The Physitians conceiv'd that it was an Ulcer about the neck of the Matrix; Refrigerating Medicines and Plaisters therefore were apply'd to bring down and cool those hot burning Tumors; upon the Seventh day the Humour burst, and out started from the Privy Parts of Heraides, a Man's Yard with the Testicles compleat. This hapned when neither Physitian nor any other Stranger was present, but only the Mother and Two Servants: who with the strangeness of the thing, were struck into a Maze. However, they made it their Care and Business to cure her, and kept all private to themselves. And when she was recover'd, she still wore a Womans Habit, and manag'd the Affairs of the House as Wives use to do. But those who were privy to what had hapned, suspected her to be an Hermaphrodite. And so, tho' formerly in car∣nal Embraces with her Husband, there might be no natural copulation, yet she had been seen frequently to have the carnal knowledge of Women. In the mean time while all things were kept secret, Semiades returns and demands his Wife, (as was very fit and rea∣sonable.) And being continually urgent and pressing for the society of his Wife, the Fa∣ther refus'd, and yet was asham'd to declare the reason, which occasion'd great dissenti∣on, so far as that the Husband resolv'd to sue the Father for his Wife: So that this won∣der was expos'd to the publick view, like a Play upon the Stage, by the means of a cri∣minal Accusation. The Person contended for was present in Court when the Matter was Banded to and fro, on either parties behalf; Upon which, the Judges were in doubt whe∣ther the Power and Authority of the Husband over the Wife, should be preferr'd be∣fore that of the Father over the Daughter. At length, when they were ready to give Sen∣tence that the Wife should abide with her Husband, she discover'd the truth of the whole matter, and with great boldness and assurance of Mind threw off her feign'd Habit, and discover'd her self to be a Man to all that were there present, and in a surly manner ut∣ter'd these words. Can any compel one Man to Marry another? Upon which all were a∣maz'd, and set up a shout of Admiration at the strangeness of the thing. Heraides being now discover'd, afterwards (as is reported) chang'd her Womans Attire and put on the Habit of a young Man. And it's likewise said, that the Physitians when they saw those parts of the Woman, judg'd that the nature of the Male lay hid in the Womb of the Female (in a place in shape like an Egg) and that in the thin skarf or skin, that wrap'd about the Yard, was an unusual hole, through which the Urine pass'd. And that there∣fore they declar'd that the place first being pierc'd and made like an hollow pipe, should be turn'd into a green Wound, and at length brought to a Scab, and when the Yard was reduc'd to it's proper shape, that sutable Remedies should be apply'd for the cure of the Patient. Heraides was afterwards call'd Diophantus, and serv'd in the King's Camp in a Re∣giment of Horse, and then resided with the King at Abas. At that time therefore was * 1.16 the meaning of the Oracle understood, which was before dark and obscure; when the

King came to Abbas, where this Hermaphrodite was Born. It's reported that Semiades at length (through love he bore to her) upon the account of their former familiarity (and through shame of his unnatural Marriage) was able to bear up no longer, but after he had left all his Goods to Diophantus, and made him his Heir, broke his Heart and died. So she that had been a Woman, carry'd it with the courage of a Man, and he that was ever a Man, appear'd to be more pusillanimous than any Woman. The like to this fell out about 30 Years after in the City of * 1.17 Epidaurus. There was a young Maid in Epidaurus (as the report goes) an Orphan, whose name was Callo. This Maid had no passage in her privy parts, but about the Pecten there was a place like an issue through which the Urine pass'd ever from the time of her Birth. When she came to a mature Age, she was Married to one of the Citizens with whom she liv'd two Years, and tho' she was not capable of natural Embraces as a Woman, yet she was forc'd to endure those that were preternatural, or besides nature. But afterwards a Tumor arose near the Pecten which put her to exceeding torment, so that many Physitians were sent for to con∣sult together, and all despair'd of Curing her: But an Apothecary undertook the Cure, and made an incision in the place, whence came forth a Mans Yard with Testicles, but so∣lid without any passage. And when all were amaz'd at the strangeness of the thing, the Apothecary suppli'd the parts with what was deficient. First he made an incision into the end of the Yard, and pierc'd it even to the Uretor, and thrusting down a small sil∣ver * 1.18 Instrument, brought away the Urin and other excrementitious humours: But the place where the Issue was, he first turn'd into a green Wound, and then heal'd it up. Having perform'd this extraordinary Cure, he demanded a double reward; For he said he had undertaken to Cure a sick Woman, and had now set right a young Man. Callo hereupon laid aside her Wheel and other effeminate Imployments, and took upon her the Name of Callon, adding only the last Letter N to her former Name. Some say, that be∣fore her Transformation, she was the Priestess of Ceres, and because she shew'd to Men those things that were not to be seen, this judgment fell upon her for her Prophaness. They report that at Naples and several other places the like hath happen'd; not that the two Sexes of Man and Woman are really form'd by Nature in two several shapes (for that is impossible) but that Nature is deceiv'd in fashioning the Members of the Body to the a∣mazement and deceit of—the beholders. We have therefore judg'd these strange Events which are brought down to us both by Writings and Traditions, worthy to be taken notice of, in respect both of their pleasure and profit to the readers. For many looking upon such things as these, as Monsters in Nature, are thereby infected with a kind of Superstition: Not only private Men but whole Cities and Nations. For it's reported that a little before the beginning of the Martian War, there dwelt an Italian near Rome, who having Marry'd such a one (as is before describ'd) complain'd to the Senate, upon which, they out of a fond Superstition, and perswaded thereunto by the Truscan Augures, order'd the Hermaphrodite to be burnt. And thus (they say) this poor Creature was most unjustly doom'd to destruction; and was ignorantly judg'd a Monster, because she had some resemblance of both Sexes. And not long after there happen'd the like at Athens; where the thing not being understood, (they say) the Man was burnt alive. Some there are that tell idle stories how that there are Hyaene (for so they call such as are both Men and Women) who have Carnal copulation one with another, according to each Sex by turns every other Year: When in truth there is no such thing. For although both Sexes have a peculiar and distinct nature without participation one with another, yet by a false formation the inconsiderate spectator may be impos'd upon. For to the Female (which is naturally such) is join'd some∣thing like unto a Mans Yard, and so on the other hand to the natural Male, something like to the privy parts of a Woman. The same reason holds in all kind of living Creatures, there being many and various sorts of prodigious Births; but such as never receive any nourishment, nor can ever come to any perfection. But what hath been said, may suffice for the reforming this superstition.

Frag. 2. They say that the Walls of Carthage were 40 Cubits high, and 22 broad But tho' they were so, yet the Roman Valour and Engines were too strong for all their Defences and Fortifications, for the City was taken and raz'd to the ground.

Frag. 3. Manasses (called Masinissa by the Latines) who Reign'd in Africk, and was always a Friend to the Roman, lived Ninety years in strength, and firm health, and left Ten Sons behind him when he dy'd, whom he committed to the Care and Guar∣dianship of the Romans. He was of a strong Body, and from a Child inur'd to hardship: * 1.19 in what ever business he was engag'd, he would keep close to it all the day immovea∣ble; he would never rise from his seat till night, spending the whole day in laborious Pro∣jects

and Contrivances. When he was once on Horseback he would ride continually night and day, and never be weary. A great instance of the health and strength of his Body, was, That when he was almost 90 years of age, he had a Son but 4 years old, yet of a very strong Body. He was so extraordinarily given to Husbandry, that he left to every one of his Sons 10000 * 1.20 Plethras of Land, Adorn'd with all manner of delight∣ful Improvements, and Instruments necessary for that purpose. He Reign'd with great commendation 60 years.

Fragment 4, Nicomedes after he had routed his Father Prusias, and forc'd him to fly to the Temple of Jupiter for shelter, there kill'd him, and by that wicked and bloody Mur∣ther got possession of the Kingdom of Bythinia.

Fragment 5, The * 1.21 Lusitanians at first not having an expert General, were easily van∣quish'd by the Romans; but after Viriathus became their General, they did them much mischief. He was of them that inhabited the Sea-coasts, a Shepheard upon the Moun∣tains from his Childhood; By nature of an healthful Constitution, in strength and agility of Body far exceeding all the Iberians. For he had inur'd himself to a sparing Diet, much Labour and Toil, and to no more sleep than was absolutely necessary. He likewise con∣tinually carry'd Iron weapons, and was famous for his Conflicts both with wild Beasts and Robbers, and at length was made General; upon which a whole drove of Thieves and Rogues on the sudden flock'd about him. Being very successful in many Battles, he was not only admir'd for his other Excellencies, but likewise for his Military Conduct. Besides, in distribution of the spoils he was very just, allotting to every Man proportiona∣ble to his Merits and Deserts. Still proceeding and prospering he approv'd himself to be a Prince, rather than a Thief and a Robber. He fought several Battles with the * 1.22 Romans and came off Conqueror, insomuch as he routed Vitilius the Roman General, broke his Army and took him prisoner, and then put him to death. And many other brave Exploits he perform'd, till Fabius was appointed to go out as General against him, and from that time he began to decline. But not long after rallying his Men, and bravely managing the matter against Fabius, he forc'd him to Terms dishonourable to the Ro∣man Name, But Coepio who was afterwards General against Viriathus, slighted all the former Conditions as of no effect, and often routed Viriathus, whom (now being re∣duc'd to those straits, as that he su'd for terms of Peace) he caus'd to be treacherously assassinated by some of his own Servants: and striking a Terror into Tantalus his Succes∣sor, and all his Army, he impos'd what Terms and Conditions he pleas'd upon them, and in the conclusion gave them the City and Land about for their Habitation.

Out of the 34th. Book.

Fragm. 1. KIng * Antiochus Besieg'd Jerusalem. But the Jews stood it out for some time: But when all their Provision was spent, they were forc'd to send * 1.23 Ambassadors to him, to treat upon Terms. Many of his Friends perswaded him to Storm the City, and to root out the whole Nation of the Jews; For that they only of all People, hated to Converse with any of another Nation, and treated them all as Enemies: And they suggested to him that their Ancestors were driven out of Aegypt, as impious and hateful to the Gods: For their Bodies being overspread, and infected with the Itch and Leprosie, (by way of expiation) they got them together, and as prophane and wicked wretches, expell'd them out of their Coasts: And that those who were thus expell'd, seated themselves about Jerusalem, and being after imbodyed into one Nation (call'd the Nation of the Jews) their hatred of all other Men descended with their Blood to Posterity. And therefore they made strange Laws, and quite different from other People: Never will Eat or Drink with any of another Nation, or wish them any prosperity. For said they, Antiochus surnam'd Epiphanes having subdu'd the Jews, entred into the Temple of God, into which none was to enter by their Law but the Priest; in which when he found the Image of a Man with a long Beard, carv'd in Stone sitting upon an Ass, he took it to be Moses who built Jerusalem, and settled the Nation, and establish'd by Law all their wicked Customs and Practices, abounding in hatred and enmity to all other Men. Antiochus therefore abhorring this their contrariety to all other People, us'd his utmost en∣deavour to abrogate their Laws. To that end he sacrific'd a great Swine at the Image of Moses, and at the Altar of God that stood in the outward Court, and sprinkled them with the blood of the Sacrifice. He commanded likewise that the Sacred Books, whereby they were taught to hate all other Nations, should be besprinkled with the Broth made of the Swines flesh: And he put out the Lamp (call'd by them Immortal) which was ever burn∣ing

in the Temple. Lastly he forc'd the high Priest and the other Jews to eat Swines flesh When Antiochus his Friends had debated and considered of these things, they were very earnest with him to root out the whole Nation, or at least that he would abrogate their Laws, and compel them to change their former manner of living and conversation. But the King being of a generous Spirit, and mild disposition receiv'd Hostages, and pardon'd the Jews: But demolish'd the Walls of Jerusalem, and took the Tribute that was due.

2. The Affairs of Sicily after the overthrow of—Carthage—having continu'd succes∣ful * 1.24 and prosperous for the space of 60 Years; at length broke out the servile War upon the fol∣lowing occasions. The Sicilians (through the enjoyment of a long Peace) being grown very Rich, brought up abundance of Slaves; who being driven in Droves like so many Herds of Cattle from the several places where they were Bred and brought up, were stig∣matiz'd with certain Marks burnt into their Bodies: Those that were Young, they us'd for Shepherds, others for such services as they had occasion. But their Masters were very rigid and severe with them, and took no care to provide either necessary food, or raiment for them, insomuch as that most of them were forc'd to Rob and Steal, to get necessaries: So that all places were full of slaughters and murders, as if an Army of Thieves and Rob∣bers had been dispers'd all over the Island. The Governours of the Provinces (to say the truth) did what they could to suppress them: But because they durst not punish them, in regard their Masters (who had the sole Command and Power over their Servants) were Rich, and Men in Authority, every Governor in his several Province was forc'd to con∣nive at the thefts and rapines that were committed. For many of the Masters being Ro∣man Knights, and Judges of the accusations (brought before the Praetors) were a Terror even to the Governors themselves. The Slaves therefore being in this distress, and vilely beaten and scourg'd beyond all reason, were now resolv'd not to bear any longer. Therefore meeting together from time to time as they had opportunity, they consulted how to free themselves from the Yoke of Servitude they lay under, till at length they re∣ally executed what they had before agreed upon. There was a Syrian a Servant of Anti∣genes of Enna, born in the City of * Apanea a Magitian and Conjurer: He pretended to tell future Events (or Fortunes) discover'd to him as he said by the Gods in his Dreams, and impos'd upon many by this kind of practice. Then he proceeded further, and not only foretold things to come, reveal'd to him in Dreams, but pretended that he saw the Gods when he was awake, and they declar'd to him what was to come to pass. And tho' he thus juggled, and play'd the fool, yet by chance many things after∣wards prov'd true. And whereas those things which never happen'd, were by none cen∣sur'd, but those which did come to pass were every where applauded, he grew more and more into esteem. At length by some trick of Art or other, he would breath flames of Fire out at his Mouth as from a burning Lamp, and so would prophecy as if he had been at that time inspir'd by Apollo. For he put Fire with some combustible marter to feed it, into a Nut-shell or some such thing bor'd through on both sides, then putting it into his Mouth, and forcing his Breath, upon it there would issue out both sparks and flames of Fire. * 1.25 Before the defection, this Juggler boasted that the Goddess Syria had appear'd to him, and told him that he should Reign, and this he declar'd not only to others but often to his own Master. The thing being become a common jest and subject of laughter, Antige∣nes was so taken with this jest, and ridiculous conceit of the Man, he took Eunus (for so he was call'd) with him to Feasts and Repasts, and several questions being put to him concerning the Kingdom, he was ask'd how he would deal with every one that was there present at the Table: He readily went on with his story, and told them that he would be very kind to his Masters, and like a Conjurer using many monstrous Magical terms, and expressions, he set all the Guests a laughing, upon which some of them as a reward gave him large Messes from the Table, desiring him to remember their kindness when he came to his Kingdom: But all this jesting came at length really to end in the advancing of him to the Kingdom; and all those who at the Feasts by way of ridicule had been kind to him, he rewarded in earnest.

But the beginning of the defection was in this manner, There was one Damophilus of Enna, a Man by reason of his Wealth, of a great Spirit, but of a proud and haughty di∣sposition. This Man above all measure was cruel and severe to his Servants; and his Wife Megallis strove to exceed her Husband in all kind of cruelty and inhumanity towards the Slaves. Upon this, they that had been thus cruelly us'd, were inrag'd like wild Beasts, and plotted together to rise in Arms and cut the Throats of their Masters. To this end they appli'd themselves to Eunus, and desir'd to know of him whether the Gods would succeed them in their design. He incouraging them declar'd that they should prosper in what they had in hand, using (according to his former manner) Conjuring

words and expressions, and charging them to be speedy in their Execution. Whereupon they forthwith rais'd a Body of 400 Slaves, and upon the first opportunity (oh a sudden) broke in Arm'd into the City Enna, led by their Captain Eunus, by his juggling tricks, flaming out Fire at his Mouth. Then entring the Houses, they made so great a slaughter, as that they spar'd not even the sucking Children, but pluckt them violently from their * 1.26 Mothers Breasts and dash'd them against the Ground: It cannot be express'd how vilely and filthily (for the satisfying of their Lusts) they us'd Mens Wives in the very presence of their Husbands. With these Villains join'd a multitude of Slaves that were in the City, and first executed their rage and cruelty upon their Masters, and then fell a mur∣dering others.

In the mean time Eunus heard that Damophilus and his Wife were in some Orchards near the City, he sent therefore some of his rabble thither, who brought them with their Hands ty'd upon their Backs, loading them all along the Way as they past with scoffs and scorns; only they declar'd that they would be kind in every respect to his Daughter, for her pity and compassion towards the Servants, and her readiness always to be helpful to them. They that were sent for Damophilus and Megallis his Wife to the City, brought them into the Theatre, whither all the Rabble that made a defection flockt. There Da∣mophilus pleading earnestly for his Life, and moving many with what he said, Hermias and Zexis loaded him with many bitter accusations, and call'd him a Cheat and Dissembler; and not waiting what would be determin'd by the People concerning him, the one ran him through with a Sword, and the other cut of his Head with an Ax. Then they made * 1.27 Eunus King, not for his Valour or Skill in Martial affairs, but upon the account of his extraordinary Art in Juggling, and that he was the Head and Author of the Defection, and for that his Name seem'd to portend and to be a good Omen, that he would be * 1.28 kind to his Subjects. Being therefore made General (with absolute Power) to order and dispose of all things as he pleas'd, an Assembly was call'd, and he put all the Prisoners to death except such as were skilful in making of Arms, whom he forth with set on Work; as for Megallis he delivered her up to the will of the Women Slaves, to take their revenge of * 1.29 her as they thought fit: Who after they had whipp'd and tormented her, threw her down a steep precipice. And Eunus himself kill'd his own Master Antigenes and Pytho. At length putting the Crown upon his Head, and grac'd with all the Ensigns of Royalty, he caus'd his Wife (who was a Syrian, and of the same City) to be own'd as Queen, and chose such as he judg'd to be most prudent to be of his privy Council. Amongst whom was one Achaeus by Name, and an Achaean by Nation, a wise Man and a good Soldier: Having therefore got together in the space of Three days above 6000 Men, Arm'd with what they could by any ways or means lay their Hands upon, and being join'd with o∣thers, who were all surnish'd either with Axes, Hatchets, Slings, Bills, or Stakes sharp∣pen'd and burnt at one End, or with Spits, he ravag'd and made spioil all over the Coun∣try. And being at length join'd with an infinite number of Slaves, they grew to that height and boldness as to engage in a War with the Roman Generals: And often in several Battles got the Victory, by overpowr'ing them with Number; having now with him a∣bove 10000 Men.

In the mean time, one Cleon a Cilicean was the Author of another desection of the Slaves, and now all were in hopes that this unruly Rabble would fall together by the * 1.30 Ears one with another, and so Sicily would be rid of them through the mutual slaughters and destructions amongst themselves. But contrary to all Mens hopes and expectations, they join'd Forces together; and Cleon was observant in every thing to the Commands of Eunus, and serv'd General under him as his Prince, having 5000 Men of his own Sold∣iers. Thirty days were now expir'd since the first beginning of this Rebellion: And presently after a Battle was fought with Lucius Hypsius (who coming from Rome Com∣manded 8000 Sicilians) in which Fight the Rebels got the day, who were then 20000, and in a very short time after, their Army increas'd to 200000 Men. And although they fought with the Romans themselves, yet they often came off Conquerors, and were very seldom beaten. This being nois'd abroad, a defection began at Rome by 150 Slaves that conspir'd against the Government. The like in Attica by 1000, the like at Delos and many other Places. But those in the several Places (who had intrusted their Concerns in their Hands) to prevent the mischief from growing further, made a quick dispatch, and fell upon them on the sudden, and put them all to death, and so those that re∣main'd and were ready to break out into Rebellion, were reduc'd to more sound and so∣ber thoughts.

But in Sicily the disorders more and more increas'd: For Cities were taken, and * 1.31 their Inhabitants made Slaves, and many Armies were cut off by the Rebells, until

such time as Rupilius the Roman General recover'd Tauromenium, after the Besieg'd had been reduc'd to that extremity of Famine (by a sharp and close Siege) as that they began to eat their own Children, and the Men their Wives; and at length Butcher'd one another for Food. There he took Comanus the Brother of Cleon, who was endeavouring to escape out of the City while it was besieg'd. At last Sarapion a Syrian, having betray'd the Cittadel, all the Fugitives fell into his hands, whom having first scourg'd, he afterwards cru∣cified. Thence he march'd to Enna, and by a long Siege reduc'd them into such straits, as that there was no hopes left to escape. Afterwards having slain Cleon their General (who had made a Sally out of the City and fought lik a Hero) he expos'd his Body to open view; and not long after this City likewise was betray'd into his Hands, which o∣therwise could never have been taken by force, by reason of the natural Strength of the Place. And as for Eunus, he like a Coward fled with 600 of his Guards to the tops of certain high Rocks, where those that were with him (foreseeing their inevitabe ruin, for Rupilius pursued them close) cut one anothers Throats. But Eunus the juggling King (out of fear) hid himself in some Caves, he had found out for that purpose; whence he was pluckt out with four others of his Gang, viz. his Cook, his Barber, he that rubb'd him in the Bath, and he that in the midst of his Cups was his Jester. To conclude he was thrown into the Goal, and there eaten up of Lice, and so ended his days at * Morganti∣na by a death worthy the former wickedness of his Life. Rupilius afterwards with a * 1.32 small body of Men, (marching all over Sicily) presently clear'd the Country of Theeves and Robbers. This Eunus King of the Robbers call'd himself Antiochus, and all his fol∣lowers Syrians.

Out of the 36th. BOOK.

ABout the time that Marius in a great Battle routed Bocchus and Jugurtha, the African * 1.33 Kings, and slew many thousands of the Africans, and afterwards took Jugurtha himself (deliver'd up to him by Bocchus, to gain favour and pardon from the Romans for his making War upon them,) the Romans themselves were in great perplexity by reason of the many losses they had sustain'd by the Cimbrians, who then ravag'd and harrass'd all the Countrey of * 1.34 Gall. And in further aggravation of what they suffer'd, at the very same time came some out of Sicily, who gave an account of many thousand Slaves that were there risen up in Arms. Whereupon the whole Roman Commonwealth was in such straits, * 1.35 that they knew not which way to turn themselves, having lost 60000 Men in Gall, in the War against the Cimbrians, and they had not then Soldiers sufficient for a new Expedi∣tion. And besides, (before the Rebellion of the Slaves in Sicily) there were Defections that disturb'd—the State in Italy; but they were short and inconsiderable, as if God had appointed these for Omens and Presages of the great Rebellion in Sicily. The first rising was at * 1.36 Nusiaeria, where 30. Servants entred into a Conspiracy, but they were presently executed. The second was at Capua where 200 were got up in Arms, but they were likewise in a short time supprest. The third hapned after a strange manner, which was thus, there was one Titus Minutius a Roman Knight, who had a very rich Man to his Father, he chanc'd to fall in Love with another Man's Servant who was very beautiful, and having enjoy'd her, he was the more wonderfully inflam'd, and even to Madness, in∣somuch as he would needs buy her of her Master; who being with much ado prevail'd with to part with her, the Lover at length bought her for Seven * Attick Talents, and li¦mited a certain time for the payment of the Money, to which time the greatness of his Fathers Estate procur'd him Credit: But now, when the day of payment was come, he had not the Money then ready, but pray'd forbearance for 30 days longer. That time be∣ing run up, the Creditor demanded then his Money, but the Lover knew not how to per∣form his Word, and yet his Love continu'd still as hot as ever. At length a wicked design came into his Head, which put him on to lay a trap for them that demanded the Money, and to that end to take upon him the state and dignity of a Monarch. To which purpose he bought 500 Arms of all sorts, and appointed a day for payment; and being trusted, withdrawing himself privately into a certain Field, he stirr'd up his own Slaves to a de∣fection to the number of 400; and putting on the Diadem and Purple, and assuming all the other Badges and Ensigns of Royalty, declar'd himself King, the deliverer of the Slaves. In the first place he caus'd all those who demanded the Money he had given for the young Woman to be scourg'd, and then cut off their Heads. Then he entred the

next Towns with his arm'd Slaves, and those that came readily to join with him, he furnish'd with Arms, and kill'd all that oppos'd him. Having in a short time got together above 700, he divided them into * 1.37 Companies; and then Fortifying and Intrenching himself, he receiv'd all the Slaves that ran away from their Masters. The Rebellion be∣ing nois'd at Rome, the Senate (by the help of prudent advice) gave a stop to the mis∣chief, and happily supprest it.

The care and management of the business for the reducing and punishing of the fugi∣tive Slaves was committed to Lucius Lucullus, who was the only General that was then in the City, who rais'd 600 Men in Rome, and with them the same day march'd to Capua, where he listed 4000 Foot, and 400 Horse. When Minutius heard with what speed Lu∣cullus was making towards him, he possess'd himself of a strong Hill, having with him 3500 Men. In the first Engagement the Fugitives by the advantage of the higher Ground got the better, afterwards Lucullus brib'd Apollonius Minutius his General, to betray his Confederates; withall promising him upon the security of the publick Faith, that he should have his pardon. Whereupon he set upon the Work, and seizing of Minutius, he (to avoid the punishment he fear'd for his Rebellion) ran himself through the Body; the rest were all presently cut off except Apellonius: And these were Prologues to that great Defection in Sicily, whose beginning was thus occasion'd: In the expedition of Marius a∣gainst the Cimbrians, the Senate had given a Commission to raise Men out of the Coun∣tries beyond the Seas; to which end Marius sent Ambassadors to Nicomedes King of Bi∣thynia to help him with some Men. But he return'd answer that most of the Bithynians were violently taken away for Slaves by the Publicans, and were dispers'd here and there through the Provinces. Upon which the Senate decreed, That no Freeman belonging to any of the Roman Allies should in any Province be forc'd to be Servants or Slaves, and that the Proconsuls should take care to see them all set free. In pursuance of this Order Licinius Nerva then Praetor in Sicily (having first consulted with the Judges) manumitted so many, as that in a few days above 800 were set at Liberty. So that all the Slaves in Sicily were hereby presently incourag'd, and grew high Crested in hopes of liberty. The Magistrates therefore address'd themselves to the Praetor or Proconsul, and desir'd him to forbear making any more free. Hereupon he (whether brib'd or to curry favour) laid aside the former determination of the Judges, and with checks and foul words, sent them that came to him to be made free back to their Masters. Upon this the Servants enter'd into a Conspiracy; and after they came from Syracuse, and were got together at the grove of Palicum, they consulted concerning their intended Rebellion. This boldness of the Slaves began to make a noise in many places of the Island: Amongst others 30 Servants of two rich Brothers in the Countrey of the Anycillians were the first that appear'd for their liberty, whose Leader was one Varius. These in the first place kill'd their Masters, when they were asleep in their Beds. Then away they went to the next Towns, and * 1.38 stirr'd up all the Servants and Slaves there to appear for the gaining of their liberty, of whom came in flocking to them in that one Night, to the number of 120 and upwards. Upon this they possess'd themselves of a place naturally strong of it self, which they en∣deavour'd to make stronger by art and labour, where 80 more well armed came in to them. Licinius Nerva hastens out against them with a purpose to put a stop to their Ravages, but all his labour was in vain. Seeing therefore that the Place was not to be taken by force, he sought how to gain it by Treachery: For he had private Correspon∣dence with one Caius Titinius sirnam'd Gadaeus, whom he wrought upon to be the Instru∣ment of accomplishing his design, promising him safety and protection. This Man had been condemn'd to dye two Years before, but had made an escape, and had Robb'd and Murther'd many Freemen in that Province, but never in the least injur'd any Servant. Titinius with a great Body of Slaves came to this Fort where the Rebels had posted them∣selves, as if he design'd to join with them in making War upon the Romans: Who being willingly and kindly receiv'd by them, and for his Valour made their General, he at length betray'd the Fort, upon which some of the Rebels were kill'd in Fight, and the lest out of fear of what they should suffer, if they were taken Prisoners, threw themselves down headlong from the top of the Rock. And in this manner was the first rising of the Slaves supprest.

But the Soldiers were no sooner got to their Quarters, but news was brought that a∣bout 80 Slaves had caus'd a Tumult to be rais'd, and had cut the Throat of Publius Cloni¦us a Roman Knight, and that now their number was much increas'd. And to aggravate the matter the Praetor being ill advis'd, had disbanded most of his Army, by reason whereof he was so slow, that he gave time to the Rebels the more to strengthen them∣selves. However he march'd out against them, with those he then had. As soon as

he pass'd the River Alba he turn'd aside from the Fugitives, who were then lodg'd upon Mount Caprianus, and arrived at Heraclea. Upon this, a Report being spread of the Cowardice of the General as if he durst not attack them, very many Slaves were encou∣raged to join in the Defection: Many therefore flocking in (furnishing themselves as well as they could for a Battel) there were above 800 in Seven days time that took up Arms. And presently after they amounted to 2000. But the General at Heraclea being inform'd that their number was increasing, sent Marcus Titinius as chief Commander a∣gainst them, inforcing him with 600 Men out of the Forts at Enna. This Titinius fought the Rebels, who (having the advantage both of Place and Number) routed him and kill'd many of his Men, and the rest threw away their Arms, and with much difficulty saved themselves by flight. By this means the Runagades on a sudden got such a great number of Arms, that they were more firmly resolved to persist in their Rebellion, so that now most of the Slaves were in Arms. The Defection every day increasing, the Number amounted in a short time so high, as none ever suspected it could, insomuch that within a few Days they were above 6000; who having now call'd a Council of War, and debated Matters in reference to the Management of Affairs, in the first place they chose a King call'd Salvius, a Fortune-teller, and one that in the Womens Sports and Shews with his Pipes, acted the Part of a Fool and Madman. But having now gain'd a Kingdom, he wav'd living in Cities, as being the Nurseries of Sloth and Effeminateness. After, he divided the Army into three Bodies; over each of which he appointed a Cap∣tain, and order'd them to make Inroads up and down in the Country, and at a certain Time and Place all to join again in one Body. By these Depredations they were so full of Horses and other Cattel, that in a short time they had above 2000 Horse, and no less than 20000 Foot, but Men very Raw and Ignorant in Martial Affairs. Among other attempts they fell upon Morgantina with great Fury (which was a strong and well-for∣tify'd City) and made many fierce and continual Assaults upon it.

The Roman General marching out in the Night as if he would relieve the City (ha∣ving with him about 10000 Men out of Italy and Sicily) surpriz'd the Rebels (busily employ'd in the Siege) on a sudden; and breaking into their Camp, found but slender Guards but a great number of Prisoners, and abundance of Plunder of all sorts, and with great ease made himself Master of all, and when he had rifled the Camp he march'd a∣way towards Morgantina: But the Rebels turning back upon him with great Fury, and having the advantage of the higher Ground, soon routed him, and put all his Army to flight. Whereupon the Rebells King commanded Proclamation to be made, That none should be kill'd who threw away their Arms: Upon which most cast them away and fled. By this means Salvius both recover'd what he had lost in his Camp, and gain'd a glorious Victory and much Spoil; but there were not kill'd of the Italians and Sicilians above 600 (which was occasion'd by the Moderation of the King) but 4000 were taken Priso∣ners. Upon this Victory many coming in flocking to Salvius, his Army became double to what it was before, and he was now absolute Master of the Field, so that he again sat down before Morgantina, and proclaim'd Liberty to all the Servants that were there. But their Masters promising the same to them, if they would be Faithful and join with them in the Defence of the Place, they chose rather to accept of what was offer'd by their Masters, and fought with that Resolution, that they forced the Enemy to raise their Siege. But the General afterwards making void all that was promised (as to manumitting of the Servants) occasion'd many to run away to the Rebels. After this all the Slaves and Ser∣vants * 1.39 in the Territories of Aegista Lilybaeum were likewise infected with this Itch of Re∣bellion, whose Leader was one Athenio, a Valiant Man and a Cilicean. This Man having the Charge and Management of the Concerns of two rich Brothers, and being an Excellent Astrologer; He first wrought upon those to join with him, over whom he had some sort of Command, to the Number of 200; afterwards those that were bordering round a∣bout, so that in Five days time there were got together above 1000 who made him King, and plac'd the Diadem upon his Head. This Man resolv'd to order Matters and Affairs so as never any did before him: For he receiv'd not all promiscuously that came in to him, but only such as were of strong and healthful Bodies to bear Arms; the rest he forc'd to continue in the Stations they were in, and every one in his place diligently to apply himself to the Duty incumbent upon him. By which means those that were with him had plentiful Provision. He pretended that by the Stars the Gods foretold, That he should gain the whole Kingdom of Sicily: And therefore he was to spare spoiling of the Coun∣try, destruction of the Cattel and Fruits of the Earth, as being all his own. At length having now got together above 10000 Men, he was so daring as to besiege Lilybeum, a City for strength look'd upon to be impregnable. But finding it a vain thing to proceed, he de∣sisted

from his Design, pretending he did it by Command from the Gods, by whom he was told, That if they continu'd the Siege, they would certainly fall into some sudden Misfortune.

Accordingly, while he was preparing to draw off from the City, a Fleet of Moors entred the Harbour, who were sent to the Assistance of them of Lilybeum, under the Com∣mand of one call'd Gomon, who in the Night surprizing Athenio's Army, (now marching off and leaving the Siege) kill'd a great number of them, and wounded as many, and so got into the Town. This was the occasion that his former Prediction was highly admir'd and cry'd up by the Rebells.

At the same time great Disorders, * 1.40 and all sorts of Calamities overspread all Sicily. For not only Servants but Freemen that were reduc'd to Poverty, committed all sorts of Ra∣pines and acts of Wickedness: For they shamefully kill'd all before them, whether Bond or Free, that none might be left to tell Tales; so that they that were in the Cities scarce enjoy'd any thing that was their own, though it were with them within the Walls: But as for that which was without, all was swallow'd up and violently seiz'd on, as a Prey taken from a Common Enemy. Many other things against all the Laws of Humanity were impudently committed by many throughout all Sicily.

Salvius likewise, he who had besieg'd Morgantina, after he had harrass'd all the Coun∣try, as far as to the Territories of Leontium, there mustered his Army, consisting of a∣bove 30000 Fighting Men. Then Sacrificing to the Heroes of Italy, he Dedicated one of the Royal Purple Robes, in gratitude for his Victories. And now he caus'd himself to be proclaim'd King, and was call'd by the Rebells * 1.41 Tryphon; having a design to pos∣sess himself of Tricala, and there to build a Palace, he sent to Athenio, and as King com∣manded him as General to repair to him. Every Man then thought that Athenio would endeavour to gain the Sovereignty for himself, and by that means the Rebels would be divided, and so a speedy period would be put to the War. But Fortune so order'd the Matter, that the Armies of the Fugitives being thus increas'd, the two Generals were Unanimous, and agreed very well one with another. For Tryphon march'd speedily with his Army to Tricala, and Athenio came thither to him with 3000 Men, in every thing ob∣serving the Commands of Tryphon as his King. Athenio had sent the rest abroad to harrass and spoil the Country, and to bring over as many as they could to join with them in the Defection. But not long after, Tryphon suspected that Athenio had a design to sup∣plant him, and therefore he caus'd him to be seiz'd betime. The * 1.42 Castle that was well fortify'd before, he made more strong, and adorn'd it likewise with many stately Build∣ings. After which (they say) it was call'd * 1.43 Tricala, because it was Remarkable and Fa∣mous for three things, First for Springs of excellent sweet Water. Secondly for Vine∣yards, and Olive yards, and rich Lands for Tillage. And Thirdly, That it was a Place impregnable, built upon an high and inaccessible Rock. After he had drawn a Line of eight Stages round about it for the building of a City, and had compass'd it in with a deep Trench, he made it the Seat-Royal, being a Place abounding in Plenty and Fatness of all things necessary for Man's Life. He likewise built there a stately Palace and a Market-place, capable to receive a vast Number of Men. He chose likewise a competent Num∣ber of the most prudent Men to be of his Council, and made use of them for Admini∣stration of Justice. Moreover, whenever he sate in the Courts of Justice, he put on a * 1.44 long Gown edg'd with Purple, and a ** 1.45 Coat pouder'd with large Studds of Purple. Lastly, He appointed Lictors with Rods and Axes to go before him, and took care that all other Ensigns and Badges of Royalty should be observed.

At length Lucius Licinius Lucullus was chosen General by the Senate at Rome to go against the Rebels, who had with him 14000 Romans and Italians, 1800 Bithynians, Thessalians, and Acharnans; and out of Lucania 600 under the Command of one Cleptius, an Expert and Valiant Soldier, and 600 from other Places, in the whole amounting to 17000. With this Army he entred Sicily. Upon this Tryphon releas'd Athenio, and advis'd with him how to manage the War against the Romans. Tryphon was of Opinion, that it was the safest way to continue in Tricala, and there expect the Enemy: But Athenio advis'd rather to draw out and fight in the open Field, than to suffer themselves to be besieg'd; whose Counsel prevailing, they march'd out and Encamp'd near Scirthaea, with no fewer than 40000 Men, twelve Furlongs distant from the Roman Camp. At first the Armies em∣ploy'd themselves every day in light Skirmishes; but at length they Engag'd, and while Victory seem'd to incline sometime to one side, and sometime to another, and many fell on both sides. Athenio came on with 200 choice Horse, and cover'd the Ground round about him with the Bodies of his Enemies. But being wounded in both his Knees, and

then receiving a Third, he was wholly disabled for Fight, which so discouraged the Re∣bels, that they fled outright. Athenio lay conceal'd, as if he were Dead, and feign'd himself so till Night came, and then stole away. The Romans having now gain'd a glo∣rious Victory, forc'd Tryphoh himself to take to his heels, and in the pursuit kill'd at least 20000 Men. The rest by the advantage of the Night got to Tricala, though the Gene∣ral might easily have cut them all off, if he would have continu'd the Pursuit. Upon this rout they were now all so discourag'd, that it was mov'd amongst them that they should return to their Masters, and submit themselves wholly to their Power and Pleasure: But those who advis'd to stand it out to the last, and not to give up their Lives to the Lusts of their Enemies, prevail'd above the other.

Nine days after the Roman General besieg'd Tricala, but after several slaughters on both sides he was forc'd to draw off and leave the Place. Upon this the Rebels got heart, and the General on the other side (either through Sloath and Negligence, or Corrupted by Bribes) minded nothing to the Discharge of his Duty, for which afterwards he gave an account to the Romans. Neither did Caius Servilius, who succeeded Lucullus, do any thing worth remembring, and therefore he was brought to Judgment (as Lucullus was be∣fore) and banish'd. In the mean time Tryphon dy'd, and Athenio enjoy'd the Kingdom. And what with taking of Cities, and wasting and spoiling the Country (without Con∣troul or any Opposition from Servilius) he got together a great deal of rich Booty and Plunder. But the year after Caius Marius being chosen at Rome the Fifth time Consul, and with him * 1.46 Caius Aquillius; Aquillius was made General against the Rebels, and his Va∣lour so far advanc'd his Success, that he wholly overcame them in a great Battel: And like an Heroe fought Hand to Hand with Athenio the King of the Rebels, and kill'd him, but receiv'd himself a wound in the Head. And now he resolv'd to prosecute the War against the rest that remain'd who were about 10000, who though they fled to their Defences, (as not being able to stand before him) yet Aquillius slacken'd not his Resolution in the least, but pursu'd his design till he had wholly broke them. There remain'd now only 1000 led by Satyrus, whom at first he determin'd to reduce by Force: But when they made their Submission by their Commissioners, for the present he remitted their Faults, but after they were brought Prisoners to Rome he order'd them to fight with wild Beasts, where it's reported that they ended their Lives with great gallantry and noble∣ness of Mind, for they scorn'd to fight with Beasts, but thrust one another through at the publick Altars: And after all were dead, Satyrus being the last, with an Heroick Spi∣rit kill'd himself. And this was the Tragical End of the Servants War, after it had conti∣nu'd almost Four years.

Out of the same BOOK.

Eclog. 2. ONE Battaces, Priest of the Goddess * 1.47 Rhea (they say) came to Rome from Pesinunte a City of Phrygia; who declar'd he came thither by the Com¦mand of the Goddess; and told the Magistrates and Senate, that their Temple was pro∣phan'd, and that a publick Expiation ought to be made in the name of the Romans. His Habit and other Ornaments of his Body was very strange, and altogether unusual at Rome; for he wore a Crown or Mitre of a vast Bigness, and a Flower'd Gown imbroi∣der'd with Gold, representing the State and Dignity of a King. After he had spoken to the People from the Bench, and instructed them in the Matters of Religion, he was ho∣nour'd with publick Entertainments, and large Gifts and Presents: But he was forbid to wear a Crown by Aulus Pompeius a Tribune of the People. However, being brought by another Tribune to the Desk, and being ask'd how the Expiatory Sacrifices should be made; his Answers were stuff'd with nothing but Superstitious Rites and Ceremonies. At length things were so manag'd that he was driven out by Pompeius his Faction, with many Scorns and Affronts; upon which he went to his Inn and never after appear'd a∣broad: But only told them, that not only he was disgrac'd, but the Goddess was re∣proach'd and dishonour'd. Presently after Pompeius fell into an high Feaver, and then a * 1.48 Quinsie which took away his Speech, and he dy'd the Third day. Upon which it was the common Discourse and Sentiment amongst the ordinary sort, that he was thus punish'd by a Divine Hand, for his prophane and impious abuse of the Goddess and her Priest. For the Romans are addicted to Superstition much above many other Nations: And therefore Battaces being honour'd with many Presents, and Liberty granted to him to wear his Sacred Vestments, with all their Ornaments, the day he had design'd for his departure, he was conducted by multitudes both of Men and Women out of the City.

Out of the same Book.

Eclog. 3. IT was a Custom amongst the Roman Soldiers, That if any Commander of an Army fought a Battle and kill'd above 6000 of the Enemy, he was term'd * 1.49 Emperor, which is the same with * 1.50 King among the Grecians.

Fragment, Lib. 37. Ecloga Prima.

THE Marsian War took its name from the Authors of the Defection, tho' the Itali∣ans * 1.51 generally made this War upon the Romans. It's said the first occasion of this arose from the profuseness and luxury the Romans were fall'n into, who were formerly fru∣gal and sparing in their way of living. This alteration caus'd great Heart-burnings be∣tween the Commonalty and the Senate. For when the Senate prevail'd with the Italians to supply the City with Provisions, and upon their frequent Addresses had promis'd to en∣franchise them, and make them Freemen of Rome, and to ratify it by a Law, and the Ita∣lians saw nothing perform'd that was promis'd; these were the sparks that at length broke forth into a flame at the time when Lucius Martius, Philippus and * 1.52 Sextus Julius were Consuls in the 117th Olympiad.

Many were the Slaughters, Sieges, and Sacking of Towns on both sides during this War, Victory hovering sometimes here and sometimes there, as uncertain where to fall, giving no assurance to either party, which of them she favour'd. But at length after the shedding of much Blood, the Romans (with much ado) got the better, and regain'd their former Power and Sovereignty. There were engag'd against them in this War the Samnites, the Asculans, Lucanans, Picentians, them of * 1.53 Nola, and other Cities and Nati∣ons. Amongst which was * 1.54 Cortinum a large and famous City greatly frequented, in which the Italians had a little before planted a Colony. Here were all things necessary for the support and defence of so great a City, and the maintenance of the Government; par∣ticularly a large Market-place and Court-House, with a vast Treasure, and plentiful Pro∣visions of all sorts. They had likewise a Senate consisting of 500 Men. Out of which were chosen those reputed fit to execute the highest places of Magistracy, and to man∣age the weighty Affairs of the Commonwealth. These therefore they entrusted with the management of the War, and put the absolute power of the disposing of all their con∣cerns into the hands of the Senators, who made a Law that Two Consuls should be chosen every year, and Twelve Generals. At which time Quintus Pompoedius Silo a Mar∣sian, (a Man of chiefest quality in his Country,) and Caius Aponius Motulus (famous for his noble Acts above the rest of his own Nation.) were chosen Consuls. They di∣vided all Italy into Two Parts, and took either of their equal shares for the executing of their Consular Authority. They allotted the Region or Tract from the Cercoli (so call'd) to the Adriatick Sea, which lay to the North and West to Pompaedius, to six of the Ge∣nerals. The rest which lay to the South and East the Italians assign'd to Motulus, with as many more of the Military Officers. Having put all things into this good Order, and (to sum up all) having order'd all things according to the ancient Model of the Ro∣man Government, they set themselves more intently and earnestly to the prosecuting of the War, and call'd the City it self Italy. And they were so successful, that they came off Conquerors for the most part, till Cneius Pompeius was made Consul and General, * 1.55 who with Sylla (deputed by Cato the other Consul) often routed them, and reduc'd them to those straits, that at length their Power was broken in pieces. However they * 1.56 still continu'd the War, but were often worsted by Caius Cossinius General in * Japygia. Being therefore distress'd and harass'd with so many and great mischiefs one upon the neck of another (and the Marsians and other Nations falling to the Romans) they for∣sook their new City, and transplanted themselves to Aesernia a City of the Samnites, un∣der the conduct of Five Generals; of whom they made Quintus Pompoedius Chief, for his Valour and prudent management of the War, who with the consent of all the other Captains, rais'd a great Army, which with the old Soldiers amounted to the number of 30000. And besides, he got together at least 20000 Foot, and 1000 Horse of manu∣mitted Slaves, and Arm'd them as well as the time would allow. And coming to an En∣gagement with the Romans, whose General was Mamercus; he kill'd a few of them, but lost above 6000 of his own Men.

About the same time Metellus took the famous City Venusia in Apulia, which had in it a great number of Soldiers, and carry'd away above 3000 prisoners. And now the Romans prevail'd every day more and more against their Enemies: So that the Italians sent Ambassadors to Mithridates King of Pontus (who had then a brave and well ap∣pointed Army) to intreat him to march into Italy with his Army to oppose the Romans, by which means (they told him) that their Power would be easily broken: Mithridates answer'd, that he would march into Italy as soon as he had subdu'd Asia, in order to which he was then engag'd. The Rebels therefore being now frustrated in their hopes of Assistance, and of supplies of Money, were greatly discourag'd. For there were but a few of the Samnites remaining: and the Sabellians kept themselves close within Nola, and the like did Lamponius and Cleptius, who commanded those that were left of the Lu∣canians.

The Marsian War being now almost at an end, there arose again a great Sedition in Rome, by reason of the contentious Ambition of many of the Roman Nobility, every one striving which should be General in the Expedition against Mithridates, stirr'd up there∣unto with the Greatness of the Rewards and Riches to be reap'd by that War. For Caius Julius, and Caius Marius who had been Six times Consul, oppos'd one another, and the People on that occasion were divided, some for one and some for the other. There were likewise other disturbances about the same time. For Sylla the Consul went from Rome to the Forces that lay near unto Nola, and so terrify'd many of the bordering Ter∣ritories, with their Cities, that he forc'd them to the obedience of the Romans. But when Sylla was engag'd in the War in Asia against Mithridates, and Rome was fill'd with slaugh∣ters and intestine broils, Marcus Aponius and Tiberius Cleptius Generals of those Italians that were left continuing in Brutia (not being able to take the strong City Aesias, after a long time they had lain before it) left part of their Army to maintain the Siege, and with the rest fiercely assaulted Rhegium, in hopes that if they gain'd this place, they might with ease transport their Army into Sicily, and so become Masters of the richest Island under the Sun. But Caius Urbanus the Governor of Rhegium so terrify'd the Italiots with the greatness of his Army, and his vast preparations, that they drew off from the Siege, and so the Rhegians were delivered. And afterwards when the Civil Wars broke forth between Marius and Sylla, part of them sided with Marius and the rest with Scylla, and most of them were kill'd in the War, and those that surviv'd all joyn'd with the Conqueror Scylla. And thus ended the Marsian War, and the greatest home-bred Sedition of any that was ever before among the Romans.

Eclog. 2. And now that the Marsian War was at an end, a Second great Sedition was rais'd * 1.57 in Rome, stirr'd up by Sylla, and Caius Marius a young Man, the Son of Marius who had been Seven times Consul. In this Commotion many thousands of Men perish'd: At length Sylla prevail'd, and being created Dictator, he call'd himself Epaphroditus; which vain glo∣rious Title did not altogether deceive him, for he prosper'd all his life long, and dy'd a natural death after all his Victories. But Marius, altho' he behav'd himself with great Gal∣lantry in the War against Sylla, being at length routed, fled with 15000 Men to Proe∣neste, where he was Besieg'd a long time; at length all having forsaken him, and seeing no way how to escape, he earnestly intreated one of his faithful Servants to afford him his helping hand for the extricating him out of the present dangers and mischiefs that sur∣rounded him. After much persuasion the Servant at one stroke put an end to his Ma∣sters Life, and then immediately kill'd himself. And so at length ended this Civil War. However, some relicks of it still gave Scylla disturbance for some time till those that pur∣su'd it, with some others, were suppress'd.

But after these were all ruin'd and destroy'd, there broke out such a flame of Discord * 1.58 between Julius Caesar and Pompey who (for the great and eminent Services he had done for the Romans, partly by the Conduct of Sylla, and partly by his own Valour) was sirnam'd the Great, that the Romans were again involv'd in intestine Slaughters and Butcheries. And as soon as Pompey had lost all his Army in a great Battle, he himself was afterwards Murther'd near Alexandria: and the unbounded power of the Consuls, being at length restrain'd and limited, fell wholly into the hands of Caesar himself, and so ended the Sedition.

But when he was murther'd, another Civil War broke forth against Brutus and Cassius his Murtherers, which was manag'd by the Consuls Lepidus Antonius, and Octavius Augu∣stus. When this War was ended by dint of Sword, and the deaths of Cassius and Brutus, not long after the secret and private grudges and quarrels between Augustus and Anthony for the Supream Power, broke out into an open War: And after much Blood spilt on

both sides, Augustus gain'd the Empire, which he held during his Life, having now wav'd * 1.59 his Consular Power and Dignity.

Out of the 38th. BOOK.

CINNA and Marius, calling together a Council of the Chiefest of the Officers * 1.60 consulted what ways and methods were best to take for the better settling and con∣firming of the Peace. At length they resolv'd to put to death the greatest persons of qua∣lity that were their Enemies, and who were most capable to make a disturbance and over∣turn all their Affairs, that so the Factious Party being purg'd out from among them, they and their Friends might Govern all things for the future with more security, according to their own Will and Pleasure. Upon this forthwith all regard to former Leagues and Articles were wholly laid aside: Persons were proscrib'd and butcher'd in every place, without being heard. At that time Quintus Lutatus Catullus who had had a glorious Tri∣umph for his Victory over the * 1.61 Cimbri, and had more than an ordinary share in the Af∣fections of the People, was accus'd by a Tribune of the People for a Capital Offence, who fearing the imminent hazard of the Calumny, made his application to Marius, to in∣treat him to interpose for his deliverance (for he had been his Friend formerly, but through some suspicion he then had of him he was become his Enemy;) But he an∣swer'd him thus, Dy you must. Upon this, Catullus perceiving there was no hopes of his preservation, studied how to dye without disgrace; to which end he destroy'd himself by a strange and unusual way: For he shut himself up in a House new plaister'd, and caus'd a Fire to be kindled, by the smoak of which, and the moist vapours from the Lime, he was there stifled to death.

Out of the 40th BOOK.

WE being about to write of the War against the Jews, we take it to be part of our Province, before we proceed further; First, in short to Declare the Ori∣ginal * 1.62 of this Nation, and their Laws. In Ancient times there hapned a great Plague in Aegypt, and many ascrib'd the cause of it to GOD, who was offended with them. For there being multitudes of Strangers of several Nations who inhabited there, who us'd their Foreign Rites and Ceremonies in the Administration of the Publick Sacrifices, the Ancient manner of worshipping of the Gods, us'd by the Ancestors of the Aegypti∣ans, was quite lost and forgotten. Hence it was that the natural Inhabitants concluded, that unless all the Strangers were driven out, they should never be freed from their Mi∣series. Upon which they were all expell'd, and the most Valiant and Noble among them, under the Conduct of skilful Commanders (as some relate) after many great hardships came into Greece and other places, of whom amongst other Leaders, the most famous and remarkable were Danaus and Cadinus. But the greatest part of the People came into that Country, which is now call'd Judea, not far from Aegypt, and at that time altogether Desart and uninhabited. The Leader of this Colony was one Moses, a very wise and valiant Man, who after he had possess'd himself of the Country, amongst other Cities built that now most Famous City Jerusalem; and the Temple there, which is so great∣ly Reverenc'd among them. He then instituted the manner of GOD's Worship, and the Holy Rites and Ceremonies: and made Laws for the Government of the Common-wealth, and reduc'd them into a methodical Order. He divided the People into Twelve Tribes, as the most perfect number, as he conceiv'd; because answering the Twelve Months, which make up the whole Year: But he made no Representation or Image of the Gods, because he judg'd nothing of an Human Shape was applicable to GOD: But that this Heaven, which compass'd the Earth round, only was GOD, and that all things were in its power. But he so order'd the Rites and Ceremonies of the Sacrifices, and the manner and Rule of their Conversations, as that they should be whol∣ly different from all other Nations. For (by reason of the Expulsion of his People) he commanded a most inhumane and unsociable Conversation. He pickt out likewise the greatest Persons of quality who were best able to Rule and Govern the People (then embodied into one Nation,) and them he created Priests; whose Duty and Office was continually to attend the Temple, and employ themselves in the publick Worship and

Service of God. He constituted them likewise to be Judges for the decision of the most weighty Causes, and committed to their Care the keeping and preservation of the Laws. Therefore they say that the Jews never had any King: but that the Care and Authori∣ty of Governing the People was always given to him, who excell'd the rest of the Priests in Prudence and Virtue, whom they call the Chief Priest: and him they always took to be the Messenger, and Interpreter to them of the Mind and Commands of GOD. And they say that he in all their Publick Assemblies and other Meetings, declares what he has in Command, and that upon that account the Jews are so observant, that forthwith they prostrate themselves upon the ground, and Adore him as the High Priest, and Inter∣preter to them of the Oracles of GOD. But in the close of the Laws this is subjoin'd, Moses the * 1.63 Messenger of God thus saith to the Jews. This Law-giver likewise laid down ma∣ny prudent and excellent Rules and Instructions for Martial Affairs, and inur'd the Youth to endure hardship and difficulties, and to exercise Patience in all Miseries and Distres∣ses. Moreover, he undertook many Wars against the neighbouring Nations, and gain'd many large Territories by force of Arms, and gave them as an Inheritance to his Coun∣trymen, in such manner, as that every one shar'd alike, saving the Priests who had a lar∣ger proportion than the rest, that having more, they might continualy attend upon the publick Worship of GOD without distraction. Neither was it lawful for any Man to sell his Inheritance allotted him, lest by the Covetousness of them that buy, others should become poor, and so the Nation should be depopulated. He order'd likewise the Inha∣bitants to be careful in the Educating of their Children, who are brought up with very little Cost and Charge, and by that means the Jewish Nation was always populous. Lastly, as to their Marriages and Funerals, he appointed them Laws much different from all other People. But under the Empires that have risen up in these latter Ages, especially in the Fourth Monarchy of the Persians, and in the time of the Macedonian Empire, which overturn'd the former: (through mixture with Foreign Nations) many of the Ancient Laws and Customs among the Jews, have been chang'd and grown obsolete.

Notes

• * 1.1

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Sung the Swans Song.
• * 1.2

  Olymp. 154. 1. The miserable condition of Perseus King of Macedon.
• * 1.3

  One of the City Praetors.
• * 1.4

  〈…〉〈…〉 of 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.5

  〈1 line〉〈1 line〉 〈◊〉〈◊〉 The death of P〈…〉〈…〉s. 〈1 line〉〈1 line〉 the Cappado∣cian Kings.
• * 1.6

  Cr.
• * 1.7

  For 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; Valour, o∣thers say it should be 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; Cowardice.
• * 1.8

  Holofernes.
• * 1.9

  Gr. having no legal Issue.
• * 1.10

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.11

  Rather Ful∣vius. Olymp. 156, 4. Ant. Ch. 151.
• * 1.12

  Lusitanians. now Portugals.
• * 1.13

  * Araucians, now of Aurang
• * 1.14

  This was Alex∣ander Epi∣phanes King of Syria, and this Battle was with Ptolo∣metor, near Antioch. Olymp. 158. 3. Ant. Ch. 144. See Mac. 1. Mac. 10. c. Joseph. lib. 13. c. 8.
• * 1.15

  Strange Sto∣ries of Herma∣phrodites. Heraides be∣came a Man.
• * 1.16

  Alexander's Camp.
• * 1.17

  In Pelopon∣nesus.
• * 1.18

  Probe.
• * 1.19

  Olymp. 158••. Ant. Ch. 146. Massinissa hit strength.
• * 1.20

  Every Ple∣thrum is an hundred Foot: some make it the same with an Acre.
• * 1.21

  Portugals.
• * 1.22

  Olymp. 158. 4. Ant. Ch. 143.
• * 1.23

  Antiochus Sedates. Olymp 126. 2. Strange stories of the Jews.
• * 1.24

  Olymp. 161. 2. Ant. Ch. 133. The Servile War in Sicily.
• * 1.25

  G:
• * 1.26

  The cruelty of the Slaves.
• * 1.27

  Damophilus cruelly mur∣ther'd.
• * 1.28

  Eunus, signi∣fying in Greek, kind.
• * 1.29

  Megallis murther'd
• * 1.30

  Another defecti∣on of the Slaves.
• * 1.31

  Gr. Olymp. 162. Ant. Ch. 130.
• * 1.32

  In Sicily.
• * 1.33

  Olymp. 168. 4. Ant. Ch. 193.
• * 1.34

  New France.
• * 1.35

  Rebellion in Sicily, Olymp. 161. 2. Ant. Ch. 133.
• * 1.36

  In Campania in Italy Nine Miles from the Sea. Minutius a Roman Knight head of a Re∣bellion of the Slaves in Italy. 1309l. 10••. Sterling
• * 1.37

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Company con∣sisting of 100 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of which the Captain was called a 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.38

  Varius the be∣ginner of ano∣ther defection in Sicily.
• * 1.39

  Olymp. 169. 1. Ant. Ch. 103. Florus lib. 3. c. 19.
• * 1.40

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. A Proverb, for all Kinds of Miseries.
• * 1.41

  Or Trophon, rather an anci∣ent Soothsayer, who liv'd in a Cave, into which whosoe∣ver descended, he never laught afterwards.
• * 1.42

  The Castle at Tricala.
• * 1.43

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.44

  The Roman Toga Praetex∣ta, which was White.
• ** 1.45

  The Coat was the Roman Tu∣nick, Embroi∣dred with large Studs of Gold or Purple, called Nails, and the Garment Tu∣nica laticle∣via. Olymp. 169. 3. Ant. Ch. 102.
• * 1.46

  Marcus A∣quilius.
• * 1.47

  This Rhea is said to be the Mother of the Gods.
• * 1.48

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Cynanchino Morbo, Or a Dog's Disease.
• * 1.49

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.50

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.51

  The Confederate War of the Marsi. Olymp. 172. 2. Ant. Ch. 89.
• * 1.52

  Julius Cae∣sar Gr. 170. Olymp. Others say 172.
• * 1.53

  Still being 14 Miles from Naples.
• * 1.54

  Cortinium in Italy a City of the Peligni, now call'd Pi∣enza under the Duke of Flo∣rence.
• * 1.55

  Pompey.
• * 1.56

  An Isthmus in Italy call'd Calabria.
• * 1.57

  The War be∣tween Sylia and Marius. Olymp. 174. Ant. Ch. 80. Or rather Aphroditus. Beautiful.
• * 1.58

  The War be∣tween Caesar and Pompey, which conti∣nu'd Four years, Olymp. 182. Ant. Ch. 47.
• * 1.59

  Augustus Emperor.
• * 1.60

  This was long before in time, and therefore comes in here with relation to some other Matter before related, but now lost. For this Sedition was in 173. Olymp. Ant. Ch. 86
• * 1.61

  Danes.
• * 1.62

  The Nation of the Jews.
• * 1.63

  Or who heard these thing from God.