The historical library of Diodorus the Sicilian in fifteen books : the first five contain the antiquities of Egypt, Asia, Africa, Greece, the islands, and Europe : the last ten an historical account of the affairs of the Persians, Grecians, Macedonians and other parts of the world : to which are added the fragments of Diodorus that are found in the Bibliotheca of Photius : together with those publish'd by H. Valesius, L. Rhodomannus, and F. Ursinus / made English by G. Booth ..., Esq.

CHAP. VI.

Thrasybulus opposes the Thirty Tyrants. The Cruelty of Psammiticus King of Aegypt, towards his old Friend Tamos that fled to him for succour from the Persians. Dercyllidas sent General against the Persians into Asia. Conon made Admiral of the Persian Fleet.

IN the mean time, the Usurping Tyrants at Athens every day were banishing or put∣ting * 1.1 to Death some or other. At which Cruelty while the Thebans were much In∣cens'd, and courteously entertain'd the Exiles, Thrasybulus, Sirnam'd Tyrius, (but a Citi∣zen of Athens, and forc'd to fly to avoid the Rage of the Thirty Usurpers) by the aid of the Thebans, underhand posses'd himself of a Place in Attica call'd Phila. It was a very strong Castle, an * 1.2 Hundred Stages distant from Athens: By which means an easie Passage might be had at all times to invade Attica.

As soon as the Tyrants had Intelligence of what was done, they led forth their Forces in order to Besiege the Place; but as soon as they were set down before it, there fell a great Snow: Whereupon, while some were very busie in removing their Tents, the Com∣mon Soldiers concluded that some of their Army was put to flight by an Enemy at hand, that had broke in suddenly upon them; upon which, being struck with a * Panick Fear, * 1.3 they drew off and Encamp'd in another Place. The Thirty, when they saw the Citizens of Athens (those that had no share in the Administration of the Commonwealth with the * 1.4 Three thousand) to be hot and earnest to Dissolve the Government, Encamp'd in the Pireum, and over-aw'd the City with Foreign Soldiers; and in the mean time put to Death some of Elusina and Salamis, for joining in a Conspiracy with the Exiles.

Whilst these things were acting, great numbers of the Fugitives flock'd to the Camp of Thrasybulus, * 1.5 and at the same time there came to him Ambassadors from the Thirty, under co∣lour to treat concerning some Prisoners, but in truth privately to advise him to dismiss the Fugitives, and to share with them in the Covernment of the City in the room of Thera∣menes, and that he should have liberty to restore any Ten of the Exiles to their Country, such as he thought fit to chuse. To which Thrasybulus answer'd, That he look'd upon his Banishment to be far more honourable than the whole Power and Dominion of the Thirty, and that he would never put up his Sword till all the Citizens from every Place were receiv'd, and the People restor'd to their former Liberties, descended to them from their Ancestors.

When the Tyrants perceiv'd the Defection increas'd (through hatred of their Tyran∣ny) and that the Number of the Exiles increased, they sent their Ambassadors to Sparta to desire aid; and they themselves in the mean time got together what Forces they could, and Encamp'd at a Place call'd Acarnas. Thrasybulus leaving but a small Guard in the Ca∣stle, marches out against them with Twelve hundred of the Exiles, and setting upon them in the Night at unawares, kills many of them, and the rest (being terrify'd with the Tu∣mult and Confusion occasion'd by the Surprize) he forces in great precipitation to fly in∣to the City. And presently after the success of this attack, he marches against the Pireum, and possesses himself of Munychia, a barren Hill, but strong and well fortify'd. Upon this the Tyrants brought all their Forces into the Pireum, and assaulted Munychia by Critias * 1.6 their General; whereupon was a sharp Encounter a long time. For the Tyrants had the advantage of Number, and the Exiles of the strength of the Place. At length the For∣ces of the Thirty (being discouraged and Critias slain) retir'd, but the Exiles judg'd it not advisable to pursue them.

Frequent Assaults were afterwards made upon the Exiles; at length the Army of Thra∣sybulus broke in on a sudden with great violence upon the Enemy, and not only routed them, but gain'd possession of the Pireum.

A great Multitude who hated the Tyranny, continually flock'd out of the City into the Pireum, and all the Exiles from every place (hearing of the Success of Thrasybulus) hasted thither to him, so that at length the number of the Exiles exceeded the other; up∣on which Encouragement they began to besiege the City. But they within, to the end a Peace might be concluded upon fair terms, cast off the Thirty, and sent them out of the City, and Established a Decemvirate with Sovereign Power. But as soon as these Ten were setled in the Magistracy (instead of minding any thing relating to the Peace) they turn'd absolute Tyrants, and sent to Lacedaemon for Forty Ships and a Thousand Soldiers,

under the Command of Lysander. Pausanias then King of Lacedaemon, both out of Envy to * 1.7 Lysander, and for that he understood the rest of the Greeks had an evil Eye against Sparta, march'd with a great Army to Athens, and reconcil'd the Exiles and the Citizens. Thus at length the Athenians were restor'd to their Country, and now began to govern accor∣ding to their own ancient Laws. Those that were afraid lest they should suffer due Pu∣nishment for their former Wickedness, had Liberty to remove themselves to Elusina. * 1.8

About this time they of Elis fearing the Power of the Lacedaemonians, made Peace with them upon these Terms, That they should deliver their Ships to the Lacedaemonians, * 1.9 and suffer the neighbouring Cities to govern according to their own Laws. And now Lacedaemon being at leisure and at Peace with all her Neighbours, prepares for War against them of Messina. Some of them then held a Castle in Cephalenia, others inhabited in Nau∣pachus (within the Country of the Locrians (call'd Hesperians) formerly given to them by the Athenians. But they cast them out of both, and restored the Castle to the Cephalenians, and the other to the Locrians. The miserable Messinians (through the ancient hatred of the Lacedaemonians) were expell'd every where, and were forced to leave Greece marching away with their Arms; some sail'd to Sicily, and Listed themselves Soldiers under Diony∣sius; others to the number of Three thousand made to * 1.10 Cyrene, and join'd with other Exiles there: For at that time a great Sedition was among the Cyrenians after Aristo with some others had possess'd themselves of the City, by whom Five hundred of the principal Men of the City on a sudden were slain; upon which, all the Persons of Quality fled out of the Town. Hereupon, the Exiles of Cyrene join'd with the Messinians, and march'd in a Body against them who kept the City: The Parties engag'd, and in the Fight a great slaughter was made of the Cyrenians, and almost all the Messinians were cut off. After the Fight, Messengers were sent to and fro, and the matter at length was compos'd by the Cyrenians among themselves, who engag'd by solemn Oath one to another, That all Inju∣ries should be afterwards for ever forgotten; so that they liv'd together from that time peace∣ably in the Government of their Common wealth. About this time the Romans sent Co∣lonies to them call'd * 1.11 Ventras.

The Year ended, Laches was made Lord-Chancellor of Athens. At Rome the Consular * 1.12 Dignity was given again to Military Tribunes, Manlius Claudius, * 1.13 Marcus Quintius, Luci∣us Julius, Marcus Furius, and Lucius Valerius. Then was celebrated the Ninety Fifth O∣lympiad, in which Minos the Athenian was Victor. At the same time Artaxerxes King of Asia, after the Defeat of Cyrus, sent * 1.14 Tissaphernes to take into his Care and Charge all the Governments on the Sea Coasts; upon which the Provinces and Cities which had sided with Cyrus were greatly terrify'd, lest they should be punish'd for what they had done a∣gainst the King: And therefore sought to qualify Tissaphernes by their Messengers; and every one to the utmost of his Power endeavour'd to procure his Favour. But Tamos, the Chiefest of them, (Lord-Lieutenant of Ionia) put his Wealth and all his Children on board, (except one call'd Gaus, who was afterwards the King of Persia's General) out of fear of Tissaphernes, and sail'd into Aegypt for Protection, to Psmammiticus the King, (De∣scended from the ancient Psammiticus) whom he had formerly oblig'd by several good Offi∣ces, and therefore hop'd he should find there shelter and safe Harbour, to secure him from the impending Storm of the King's Wrath. But Psammiticus neither valuing former Be∣nefits, nor regarding the Law of Nations to them in distress, (out of Covetousness to gain the Money and the Ships) cut the Throat of his Friend and Suppliant, and of all his Chil∣dren. * 1.15

In the mean time, the Graecian Cities throughout Asia, hearing of the Descent of Tissa∣phernes, sent Ambassadors to the Lacedaemonians, and earnestly intreated them, that they would not suffer them to be utterly destroy'd by the Barharians. Upon this they promis'd forthwith to send them Aid, and by their Ambassadors sollicited Tissaphernos, that he would not invade the Graecian Cities with his Army. However, regardless of their Ambassadors, * 1.16 he set upon the Cumeans in the first place, and wasted and spoil'd the Country round a∣bout, and took a vast Number of Prisoners: And afterwards besieged the City; but by reason of Winter coming on, he could not take it, and therefore (after he had receiv'd a great Sum of Money for the Redemption of the Captives) he rais'd his Siege. * 1.17

The Lacedaemonians in defence of the Greek Cities, made Thimbro General in the War against the King, and gave him the Command of a Thousand Spartans, with Orders to * 1.18 raise as many Men more from among their Confederates, as he thought fit for the pre∣sent Service.

Upon which, Thimbro goes to Corinth, and mustering the Aid he had got together from several places, he passes over to Ephesus, with no more than Five thousand Men: After he had raised Two thousand more from the Confederate Cities and other places (having with him not above Seven thousand Men) he march'd an * 1.19 Hundred and twenty Stages, and took Magnesia at the first Assault, a City within the Government of Tissaphernes. Then he came to Trallis, a Town in Ionia, and determin'd to Besiege it; but not being able to effect any thing to purpose there, by reason of the strength of the place, he return'd to Magnesia. This place was then unwall'd, therefore (fearing lest. Tissaphernes should re∣take it after he was gone;) he remov'd it higher to the next Hill, call'd Thorax. From whence he made several incursions upon the Enemy, and loaded his Soldiers with varie∣ty of Plunder.

But hearing that Tissaphernes was near at hand with a great Body of Horse, he forth∣with retir'd to Ephesus.

About this time part of those Soldiers that went along with Cyrus against his Brother, return'd into Greece, every one to their own Country. Others, (the greater part of them that were always accustomed to Military Employment) to the number almost of Five thousand, chose Xenophon for their General, who with those Forces made an Ex∣pedition against the Thracians. who inhabited * 1.20 Salmidessus. This is a long Creek lying shooting out along the Left side of Pontus, well known for the many Ship-wracks that have been there: by reason whereof the Thracians near those parts use to seize upon the Merchants that have escap'd to Shore, and carry them away as Captives. Xenophon there∣fore with his Forces breaks into their Country, overcomes them in Battle, and burns ma∣ny of their Towns and Villages. From hence they are sent for by Thimbro, with pro∣mise * 1.21 of being well paid, upon which they march'd to him, being very eager to assist the Lacedemonians against the Persians.

During these Actions, Dionysius in Sicily, builds a Town at the foot of Aetna, and from a certain famous Temple, calls it Adranus. In Macedonia, King Archilaus when he * 1.22 was Hunting was kill'd by Craterus (whom he dearly lov'd) after he had Reign'd Se∣ven years; and his Son Orestes (yet a Child) succeeded him. After the death of Ar∣chelaus Aetropus, the Tutor and Guardian of Orestes Govern'd the Kingdom for the space of Six years. At the same time in Athens, Socrates the Philosopher accus'd by Anytus * 1.23 and Melitus of Atheism, and corrupting the Youth, was condemn' to dye, and after executed by drinking of a Cup of Poison. Of which wicked Action the People in a short time after repented, when in vain they could have wish'd that Excellent and wor∣thy Man alive again: therefore they turn'd all their Fury upon his Accusers, and kill'd them, without staying for any Formalities of Law.

When the Year was ended, Aristocrates bore the Office of Archon at Athens for the Year ensuing: And at Rome, Six Military Tribunes were invested with Consular Dig∣nity, * 1.24 Caius Servilius, Lucius Virginius, Quintus Sulpitius, Aulus * 1.25 Manlius, † Capitus, * 1.26 Clodius, and * 1.27 Marcus Ancus. During their Magistracy, the Lacedaemonians understan∣ding that the Affairs of the War were ill managed by Thimbro, sent Dercyllidas General into Asia. Upon his arrival, he forthwith march'd with the Forces against the Cities of * 1.28 Troas, and in a trice took * 1.29 Arisba, Hamaxitus, and Colone, afterwards Ilium, Cebrene, and all the rest of the Cities in the Territory of Troas, some by Tricks and Surprize, and others by Storm.

After this, he and * 1.30 Pharnabazus agreed upon a Truce for eight Months; and in the mean time he fell upon the Thracians in Bythinia, and wasted their Country, and then drew his Army into Winter-Quarters.

At that time a great Sedition broke out in Heraclea in Thrachinia, and thereupon the Lacedaemonians sent Eripidas to compose the Differences, who when he came there, pro∣cur'd a Council to be call'd, and having beset the Senate round with arm'd Men, seiz'd the Authors, and put all to death, to the number of Five hundred Men. He likewise march'd with an Army against the Inhabitants of Oetas, who had made a Defection; and after many Hardships he had reduc'd them unto, he forc'd them out of those Places, and the greatest part of them, with their Wives and Children, fled into Thessaly, and five Years after were transplanted into Boeotia.

During these Affairs the Thracians in great Bodies made an Irruption into the * 1.31 Cherso∣nese of Thrace, wasting and ravaging the Country every where, where they possess'd them∣selves of all the fenced Cities. Upon this, they of the Chersonese sent for Dercyllidas the Lacedaemonian out of Asia, who transported his Army thither, and drave the Thracians out of the Country; and drawing a Wall cross from one Sea to the other, fortify'd the Chersonese so as that by this means he prevented the Incursions of the Thracians for the

time to come, and so he return'd with his Forces into Asia, after he had been bountifully * 1.32 rewarded for his Services. During the time of the Truce, * 1.33 Pharnabozus went up to the King, and he and others persuaded him to equip a Navy, and make Conon the Athenian Admiral, for he was a very skilful and expert Soldier, the best that was then in Cyprus, with King Evagorus. Pharnabazus having wrought upon the King, and receiv'd Five hun∣dred Talents for that purpose, forthwith made it his business to set forth a Fleet, and after he had sounded Conon, concerning his acceptance of Chief Command at Sea, he created him Admiral, making him many great and fair Promises in the King's Name. Hereupon Conon accepts the Place, in hopes not only to recover the Sovereignty of the Seas for his Country, by subduing the Lacedemonians, but to advance his own Reputa∣tion by the success of his Arms. But in regard the whole Fleet was not as yet ready, he sailed away only with Forty Sail into Cilicia, and there prepared himself for the War.

Pharnabazus likewise, and Tissaphernes having rais'd Men out of their several Provinces,. * 1.34 march'd forth, and made their way towards Ephesus, because the Enemies Forces lay there. There were with them under their Command Twenty thousand Foot, and Ten thousand Horse. Dereyllidas the Lacedemonian hearing of the Enemies march, drew forth his Army, having no more than Seven thousand Men; but when the Armies drew near one to another, a Truce was agreed upon, and a certain time prefixt, within which, Pharnabazus might send the Articles to the King to know his pleasure, whether he would have Peace or War, and that Dereyllidas might inform the Spartans how Affairs stood in the mean time. And upon these terms the Armies drew off into their several Quar∣ters.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Cruelty of the Thirty Ty∣rants at A∣thens continu∣ed. The Acts of Thrasybulus.
• * 1.2

  Twelve Mile and a half. P. 414.
• * 1.3

  〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• * 1.4

  Xenophons Hellen. Lib. 2. Ant. Ch. 399.
• * 1.5

  Not in the Greek, but in the Latin, yet necessary for the Sense.
• * 1.6

  Ant. Ch. 399.
• * 1.7

  The Thirty De∣posed, Liberty restored to A∣thens. P. 415.
• * 1.8

  Ant. Ch. 399.
• * 1.9

  The Eleans make Peace with the Lace∣daemonians.
• * 1.10

  A City in Ly∣bia in Africa.
• * 1.11

  Velitrae.
• * 1.12

  Ann. M. 3572. Olym 95. Ant. Ch. 398.
• * 1.13

  Livy says Marcus Emi∣lius, Appius Claudius, Marcus Quin∣tilius, Lucius Julius, Mar∣cus Posthumi∣us, and Luci∣us Valerius.
• * 1.14

  Pharnaba∣zus is here put for Tissapher∣nes. Ush. An. 169.
• * 1.15

  The Cruelty of the King of Aegypt.
• * 1.16

  P. 416.
• * 1.17

  Ant. Ch. 398.
• * 1.18

  War between the Lacedae∣menians and Persians.
• * 1.19

  About Fifteen Miles.
• * 1.20

  A Promonto∣ry in Pontus.
• * 1.21

  Ant. Ch. 398.
• * 1.22

  Dionysius builds Adra∣nus in Sicily.
• * 1.23

  Socrates con∣demn'd.
• * 1.24

  An. M. 3573. Olymp. 95. 2. Ant. Ch. 397. P. 417.
• * 1.25

  Manlius,
• * 1.26

  Quintus Ser∣vilius.
• * 1.27

  Marcus Ser∣gius.
• * 1.28

  * Capitolinus.
• * 1.29

  For Larissa.
• * 1.30

  Tissapher∣nes. A Sedition at Heraclea.
• * 1.31

  The Cherso∣nese is an Ist∣mos near the Hellespont, containing 37 Furlongs, i. e. above Four Miles from one Sea to another. Xenoph. Hell. Lib. 3.
• * 1.32

  Ant. Ch. 397.
• * 1.33

  Tissapher∣nes Conon made Admiral by the Persians.
• * 1.34

  The Persians and Lacede∣monians make a Truce near Ephesus. Ant. Ch. 397.