Fig. 3.
SHEWS the Trunks and large Ramifications of all the Arte∣ries of a Humane Foetus, Injected with Wax, and Display'd after Dissection.
1, The Aorta, or Arteria Magna, cut from its Origin at the Orifice of the Left Ventricle of the Heart.
2, The Trunk of the Great Coronal Artery of the Heart Ari∣sing from the Beginning of the Aorta; the Rise of the Lesser Coronal Artery, not Appearing in this Position of the Arteria Magna.
3, The Canalis Arteriosus Fill'd with Wax, by Injecting it into the Aorta: This Arises from the Upper Part of the Trunk of the Pulmonick Artery (near its Two Ramifications which pass into the Lungs) and after an Oblique Descent under the Beginning of the Aorta, Empties it self into the Upper Part of its Descending Trunk, as here Exprest 28. Besides this Communication between the Right Ventricle of the Heart of a Foetus, and Arteria Magna; there is another call'd Foramen Ovale, by which Part the Blood, at its Entrance into the Right Ven∣tricle, passes into the Pulmonick Vein, and the Left Ventricle of the Heart, thence to the Aorta. Hence it Appears, That the Blood which Flows into the Right Ventricle of the Heart of the Foetus, Passes immediately (by the Canalis Arteriosus) to the Arteria Magna, as well as the Blood of the Left Ventricle (which is Receiv'd immediately from the Vena C••••a, or Right Article of the Heart) into the Pulmonick Vein, and Left Ventricle: So that the Blood in the Foetus, which Runs into the Right Ventricle, passes immediately to the Aorta, by the Systole of the Heart, as well as the Blood of the Left Ventricle: Not do's any Part of the Blood of the Right Ventricle pass into the Left; Or any Blood of the Left Ventricle first pass the Right, as in the Adult. Hence the Heart in the Foetus may be said to have but One Ventricle in Effect, since the Blood which passes One, do's not come into the Other, before it arrives at the Aorta. After the Birth, when the Infant has Receiv'd Air into the Lungs (and their Vesciculae remain Distended, and the Rami∣fications of the Pulmonick Arteries and Vein consequently are more Display'd) the Blood th•••• begins to pass their Extremities, more freely than before; and the Arterious Chanel at length becomes neglected, as well as the Foramen Ovale; the Former becoming a Li∣g••••••••, and the Latter Closing up. The too early Occlusion of these Passages in Chil∣dren, often produces many Disorders, as Inflammation of Divers Parts of the Head, Neck, and Lungs•• in which Cases, Bleeding is of great Use: Of this, I have met with many In••••••nces in the Dissection of Children. I have often found the Foramen Ovale open in the Adult: The Canalis Arteriosus, for what I have observ'd, closes sooner than that Foramen.
4, 4, The Subclavian Arteries, Arising from the Arteria Magna, to which the Axillary Arteries, and those of the Arms (23, 23,) are con••••'d.
5, 5, The Two Carotide Arteries Arising from Aorta, between the Subclavian Arteries.
6, 6. The Two Vertebral Arteries, Arising from the Sub••lev••culae, which pass thro' all the Transverse Processes of the Vertebrae of the Neck, from whence they are freed.
7, 7. The Arteries which Convey Blood to the Lower Part of the Face, Tongue, Ad∣jacent Muscles, and Glandules.
8, 8. The Trunks of the Temporal Arteries Spring from the Carotides, and giving Branches to the Parc••ide Glands (9, 9.) as well as the Temples (10, 10.) also to the Neigh∣bouring Muscles, Hairy-Scalp, and Forehead.
11, 11. The Occip••tal Arteries, whose Trunks pass close by the Mammi••o•••• Process, and are Distributed on the Hinder Pa•••• of the Hairy-Scalp, where they are Inosculated with the Branches of the Temporal Arteries.
12. Di••ers Arteries, which carry Blood to the Fauces Ga••ga••con and Muscles of those P••••••••.
13, 13. The Contortions of the Carotid Arteries, as they pass the Basis of the Skull to the Brain.
14, 14. Those Parts of the Carotid Arteries, where they pass by each Side of the Solla T••••ica, where Di••e•••• Small Branches do Arise from them, and help to Compose the Rete 〈◊〉〈◊〉, which is more conspicuous in Quadrupedes than Men.
15, 15. The Contortions of the Vertebra Arteries, as they pass the Transverse Processes of the First Vend•••• •••• the Neck, towards the Great Foramen of the Os Occiputis. I have more than once taken Notice, That the Cavities of these Arteries, where they are Con∣••e••••ed, have been Larger than their Inferior Trunks; whereby the Impetus of the Blood must necessarily be very much Lessen'd, as well as by their Contortions only. In Qua∣d••••pedes the Angles of these Contortion: of the Arteries of the Brains are more Acute, which in them is the more Necessary to Lessen the Force of the Blood at their Extremi∣ties, by Reason of the Horizontal Position of their Trunks.
16. The Vertebral Arteries, where they Ascend on the Medulla Oblongata, towards the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Protuberance, or Po••a Var••••.
17, 17. The Communicant Branches between the Carotid and Vertebral Arteries; in this Subject, somewhat Larger than we Commonly find them.
18, 18. The Ramifications of the Arteries within the Skull; the Larger Trunks of which lie between the Lobes of the Brain, and in its S••••••i. From the Extremities of these Arteries of the Brain are Continu'd its Veins, whose Trunks vary much in their Position from the Arteries: They Entring the Brain at its Basis, and Distributing themselves, as above noted; whereas the Trunks of the Veins are Extended on the Surface of the Brain, and Discharge their Blood into the Longitudinal S••r••s. Nor do's the Veins of the Brain Accompany its Arteries at their Ingress, as in other Parts: Or the Arteries and Vein. of the Dura Meter, pass the same F••ramen in the Basis of the Skull.
19, 19. The Arteries of the Larynx Thyroid Glandules, and Adjacent Muscles and Parts, Arising from the Subclavian Arteries.
20, 20. Others Arising near the Former, which convey Blood to the Muscles of the Neck, and Scapul••.
21, 21. The Mammariae, which Arise also from the Subclavian Arteries, and Descend on the Cartilages of the True R••bs Internally, about Half an Inch distant on each Side the Or Pectoris, or S••rm••n. Some Branches of these pass thro' the Pectoral, as well as i••••••costal Muscles, and give Blood to the Mammae, where they meet with some Branches of the Intercostal Arteries, to which they are Inosculated. These Maminary Arteries join with the large Trunks of the Epigastricks (57, 57.) also, by which Means the Impetus of the Blood in Integuments of the Abdomen, is carry'd on with more Force; the Ex∣••••••es of the Intercostal and Lumbal Arteries do also Inosculate with each other, as well as with These.
22, 22. The Arteries of the Muscles of the Os Humeri, and some of those of the Scapul••.
23, 23. Those Parts of the Large Trunks of the Arteries of the Arms, which are liable to be Wounded in Opening the Vena Basilica, or Innermost of the Three Veins in the Bend∣ing of the Cubit, (See Fig. 1. of this Appendix between 26. and m,) where the Precise Progress of this Artery is Exprest.
24, 24. The Divisions of the Arteries of the Arm below the Flexure of the Cubit.
25. A Communicant Branch of an Artery, Arising from the Trunk of the Artery of the Arm, above its Flexure at the Cubit, which is Inosculated with the Arteries of the Cubit below. In some Subjects you will not find This Communicant Branch, as here repre∣s••••d•• in whom there are divers Smaller Branches of the same Kind. By these 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Branches (of the Upper Part of the Brachial Artery with those of the Cubit) the Blood still passes, tho' the Trunk (23) is firmly Ty'd, which is done In taking up the 〈◊〉〈◊〉; as it's call'd when 'tis Wounded, in the Cause of an Aneurisma. Besides firmly Tying the Trunk of the Artery above the Place where it is Wounded; it is also Ne∣cessary to tie it in like manner below, least the Blood Convey'd by the Communicant Branches to the Inferior Trunk, still pours out at the Wound of the Artery from below, in a Retrograde Manner.
26. The External Artery of the Cubit, which makes the Pulse near the Carpus.
27. The Arteries of the Hands and Fingers.
28, 28. The Descending Trunk of the Arteria Magna.
29. The Arteria Bronchalis, Springing from one of the Intercostal Arteries; It some∣times Arises immediately from the Descending Trunk of the Aorta, at other times from the Superior Intercostal Artery, which Springs from the Subclavian. These Bronchial Ar∣teries Inosculate with the Pulmonary Arteries, as I have elsewhere taken Notice, and which I s••re find is mention'd and Figur'd by the Accurate Ruysch, Epist, Anatom. 6. Fig. 5. c, c, c.
30. A Small Artery Springing from the Fore-part of the Aorta Descendens, passing to •• Gula•• Prysch tells us of Branches of Arteries from the Superior Intercostal, which 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Gula.
31, 31. The Intercostal Arteries on each Side the Arteria Magna Descendens.
32. The Trunk of the Arteria Caeliaca, from whence Springs
33, 33. The Hepatick Arteries, and
34. The Arteria Cystica, lying on the Gall-bladder,
35. The Arteria Cerenaria Ventriculi Inferior,
36. The Pylorica,
37, 37. The Epiplaica Dextra, Sinistra, and Media, Springing from the Coronaria.
38. The Ramifications of the Coronary Artery, which embrace on the Bottom of the Stomach.
39. The C••••r••ria Ventriculi Superior.
40, 40. The Phrenick Arteries, or the Two Arteries of the Diaphragm; that of the Left Side Arising from the Trunk of the Arteria Magna, the Right Springing from the Caeliacae.
41. The Trunk of the Splenick Artery, Arising from the Caeliaca: This is Contorted in the Adult, as it appears Tab. 36.
42. Two Small Arteries going to the Upper Part of the Duodemum and Pancreas; the Rest of the Arteries of the Pancreas Spring from the Splenick Artery in its Passage to the Spleen.
43. The Trunk of the Arteria Mesenterica Superior, Turn'd towards the Right Side.
44, 44. The Branches of the Superior Mesenterick Artery, freed from the Small Guts; here the Various Anastomoses, the Branches of this Artery make in the Mesentery, before they arrive at the Intestines, may be observ'd.
45. The Inferior Mesenterick Artery, Arising from the Arteria Magna.
46. A Remarkable Anastomosis of this Inferior Mesenterick Artery, with the Superior.
47, 47, 47. The Branches of the Inferior Mesenterick Artery, as they pass to the Inte∣stinum Colon;
48, 48. Those of the Rectum.
49, 49. The Arteries of the Kidneys.
50, 50. The Vertebral Arteries of the Loins.
51, 51. The Spermatick Arteries, which descend to the Testes, are so Small as to escape being Fill'd with Wax.
52. The Aneria Sacra.
53, 53. The Iliaci.
54, 54. The Rami Iliaci Externi:
55, 55. The Iliaci Interni; which are here Larger in the Foetus proportionably, than in the Adult, by Reason of their Conjunction with the Two Umbilical Arteries.
56, 56. The Two Umbilical Arteries cut off.
57, 57. The Epigastrick Arteries, which Ascend under the Right Muscles of the Ab∣domen, and are Inosculated with the Mammariae, as above Noted.
58, 58. Branches of the External Iliac•• Arteries, passing between the Two Oblique Muscles of the Abdomen.
59, 59. Branches of the Internal Iliack Arteries, which Convey Blood to the Extend∣ing and Obturating Muscles of the Thighs.
60, 60. The Trunks of the Arteries, which pass to the Penis.
61, 61. The Arteries of the Bladder of Urine.
62, 62. The Internal Arteries of the Pudendum, which with those here Exprest of the Penis, make the Hypogastrick Arteries in Women. The External Arteries of the Pulen∣dum, Arise from the Upper Part of the Crural Artery, which is immediately below the Epigastricks.
63. The Penis Distended with Wind, and Dry'd.
64. The Glans Penis.
65. The Upper Part or Dorsum Penis, cut from the Body of the Penis, and Rais'd to Show the Corpora Caevernosa Penis.
66, 66. The Corpora Caevarnosa Penis, Fred from the Ossa Pubis, and Ty'd after Inflation.
67. The Two Arteries of the Penis, as they Appear Injected with Wax, in each Ca∣vernous Body of the Penis.
68. The Capsula, and Septum of the Corpora Cavenosa Penis.
69. The Crural Arteries.
70, 70. The Arteries, which pass to the Muscles of the Thighs and Tibiae: The No∣mination of each Muscle in this Place would be Tedious, and of no Use; wherefore I shall pass Them by here, as I have done in the Arms; it being sufficient, we know, the Progress of the Great Trunks, to avoid Wounding them in Chirurgical Operations, or to find them on Occasion: We shall begin first with the Description of the Trunk of the Arteries of the Arm. So soon as the Subclavian Artery has past the Claevicula, it marches thro' the Axilla, wherefore it's call'd Axillaris, whence it••. Trunk Descends between the Masculus Brachiaeus Intermu and Externus, on the Inside of the Arm, and is Divided below the Bending of the Cubit, as you see it Exprest in the Figure; it Parting with Several Branches to the Neighbouring Muscles, and Parts it Passes by; Their Distribution not being alike in any Two Subjects, I have hitherto Examin'd, or in the Right and Left Sides of the same, as appears in this Figure: Tho' the Progress of their Large Trunks are commonly Uniform; yet in that too, they vary considerably, and the Trunk of the Artery at the Flexure of the Cubit sometimes runs Collateral with the Vena Basilica, tho' it most commonly passes Under that Vein: Of this, Those that Let Blood ought to take Notice, and that the Vessel they See or Feel has no Pulsation, before they thrust their Launset into it. Nor can I omit a Useful Observation in this Place; which is, That the Operator before He applies his Ligature on the Arm, should first feel for the Artery, because afterwards its Palsation cannot be so easily Discover'd; the Reason of which is Obvious. After Amputation, above the Elbow, the Trunk of the Axillary Artery only, affords any Considerable Flux of Blood: In Amputations below the Elbow, we find Two, some∣times Three, and Four Considerable Trunks, which may require Tying Up; the Manner of which Practice is so well Describ'd in the Works of Ambrose Pary, I shall omit saying any Thing of it in this Place, tho' it has been most commonly Disus'd in this King∣dom till of Late; the many Conveniencies of which Practice will (I don't doubt) suffi∣ciently Recommend it to a General Use, as well in other Impetuous Fluxes of Blood, as in those after Amputations. After the External Iliack Artery (54) is past out of the Ca∣vity of the Abdomen, it obtains the Name of the Crural Artery, (69.) and Descends ob∣liquely on the Crural Vein, on the Fore-part of the Thigh, immediately Under the Mus∣culus Sartorius: About Four Fingers Breadth above the Knee, these Two Large Blood Vessels pass thro' the Lower Part of the Musculus Triceps to the Ham, (71.) here the Vein is Plac'd Above the Artery as in other Parts, and so Descends to the Foot, after being Divided in Three Branches, as is Exprest in Fig. 72.
71. That Part of the Crural Artery, which passes the Ham.
72. The Three Large Trunks of the Arteries of the Leg.
73. The Arteries of the Foot.