The history of the wars of Italy from the year MDCXIII to MDCXLIV in XVIII books / written originally in Italian, by Pietro Giovanni Capriata ... ; and rendred in English by Henry Earl of Monmouth.

THE HISTORY OF THE WARS OF ITALY. (Book 12)

Book XII. (Book 12)

The Contents.

CHarles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, is succeeded by his Son Victorio Amadeo; who finding that the French had taken Carignano, goes from Savigliano to recover it, wherein failing, he comes to a confl•…•…ct, wherein the French have the better. The French go from Carignano to Avigliana, which they take. Collalto having taken Mantua, comes into Piedmont with fresh Forces. Peace is treated of in Italy, and in Germany; and not being able to be concluded in Italy, a Truce is ende•…•…∣voured; which being refused by Spinola, he dies soon after; and after his death, is accep•…•…ed of by the Duke of Savoy, by 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and by the Marquess of San' Croce, who succedes Spinola in the Government of Millain, and in being General. The Truce being expired, the French come with new Forces from France to relieve Casalle; and being come to the Trenches of Spinola's Camp, just as they were beginning Battel, peace is concluded in conformity to the peace formerly made in Germany; in execution whereof, the interessed Princes Agents meet in Chirasco, and there adjust the differences between the Dukes of Savoy and M•…•…ntua; a great part of Montferrat is assigned over to the Duke of Savoy; and the manner of restoring the State•…•… of M•…•…ntua and Montferrat is agreed upon: as also the like of the Towns of Piedmont and of the •…•…isons Towns; after the effectual restitution whereof, the King of France de∣mands Pinarollo of the Duke of Savoy, together with the whole Valley of Perosa, and obtains it. The proceedings of the King of France and

of Swedland in Germany, against the Emperour, are treated of, and the Negotiation and Conclusion of Peace between the Commonwealth of Genoa and the Duke of Savoy: together with the miraculous Fabrick of the new Walls made at Genoa, and the strange preservation of that Ci∣ty from the Plague, wherewith the whole State of Genoa was infected, and more then half Italy. This twelfth Book and the whole present History is concluded with the Marriage between the King of Hungary, Son to the Emperour, and the Infanta Mary, Sister to the King of Spain; and with the Duke of Urbin's death, and the dev•…•…lving of that State to the Apostolick See.

THe death of the Duke of Savoy proved not so great an alteration to the main of Affairs, by his being succeeded by his Son, who was now almost 40 years old; bred up in his Fathers School, a great Prince, and gallant Commander: so as being instructed by so excellent a Master in the Art both of War and Peace, none doubted but that he would equal his Father in both; and being knowing and par∣taker of the Affair•…•… of State, and of all his Fathers Councils, ends, and resolutions, having for many years being vers'd in publick affairs, as well Civil as Military; the Principality seemed not to be any thing changed by this new succession, but to be continued in the successor; and his contrary conditions to Duke Emanuel afforded better hopes of peace and concord; for instead of the hatred born by the Agents of both the Crowns to the deceased Duke; in his Son the strict bond of Affinity with the King of France was to be considered, and of Consa•…•…∣guinity with the King of Spain: so as it was to be believed, that the for∣mer would not easily consent to the depression of his Sisters Husband, which drew along with it inseparably the like of his Sister: nor that the other would refuse any thing which might make for the good of a Prince annex'd to him both in blood and Interest; and yet as Councils of State which give motion to all things, and whereby Princes govern themselves, do not contract Parentage, it was ere long known, how weak curbs Kindred or Conjunction in Blood are, to hold back the force of Domination, and the desire of enlarging Confines, and of bettering the condition of Principality.

The French having pass'd over the Poe, and refresh'd themselves in Saluzzo, could not go to the relief of Casalle by that way, neither by reason of the enemies Army which was quarter'd in Savigliano; where∣fore they resolved to repass back again over the Poe, and to return to Pinarollo by the same way that they came; and in their March backwa•…•…d they incamped under Ravil; but finding it to be too strong they tarried not long there, but returned to Pinarollo; and finding the Towns of Piedmont, for the most part desolate and void of Inhabitants, by the Plague; and that the new Dukes Army was quarter'd in Savigliano, beyond the Poe, they fell down upon Vigone, Villa franca, and Villa nuo∣va, and upon other Towns which lay lower; and taking them without any resistance, they came to Pancaleri; where they took up the same Quarters, and lodged in the same Fortifications, wherein the Duke had incamped a little before against them: they then had a mind to take Ca∣rignano, which lay a little lower within two Musket-shot of the Poe,

where the woodden Bridge was, indeavouring to pass by that way to Ca∣salle; they therefore sent some of their Horse, under Mounsieur De la Tre∣moville, to Corignano, where taking a strong house which served for a Ca∣stle, they advanced to the Bridge. Duke Victorio being aware of their ends, came out of Savigliano, and marching with his Army on the hither bank, he made two companies of Carabines advance, that they might come the sooner to the Bridge, which got thither just at the same time that the French were come neer, the outer-more head of the Bridge; and lighting off Horse back they placed themselves to defend it: And the French lea∣ving a Commander with a Troop of Horse in Carignano, retreated to Pancaleri: The Spanish Horse came the same night to the Bridge, which the Carabines defended, and the next day the Duke coming thither with his Army, quartered upon the bank opposite to Carignano, keeping the Bridge in his poss•…•…ssion, which being broken off in the midst, met toge∣ther by a draw •…•…ridge, which being pull'd up on the Dukes side, fell down on the other side towards Carignano, so as the Duke might open the way to his men, and keep it shut from the Enemy. About 4000 Dutch were to come to Avigliana under Count Verrua; by which recruit the Duke became stronger, he would not refuse to fight the e∣nemy, but resolved to quarter on the other side of the Poe, that he might be neerer them; to the which purpose he sent 500 hundred Foot, and a peece of Cannon, under the Camp-Master Luigi Ponse a Spaniard, to recover Carignano; after the which he sent Gerardo Gambacorti with 4•…•…0 Horse, to the end that coming to the Capuchins place they might shelter the 500 foot busied in the taking of Carignano, and might also back the Dutch who were to come to Avigliano without any convoy of Horse, to the Camp. Ponse went with his men to force Carignano; and whilst he was hottest in the business, Gambacorti who found that the suc∣cour was come, he left a company of Curassiers at the Capuchins plain, and advanced with the three other companies of Carabines, •…•…towards Pancaleri; where meeting with the Enemies Van led on by Marquis Diffiate, he began a stout skirmish, at the beginning whereof Gam∣bacorti sent to the Duke to advance with the whole Army, or that whilst he fought the enemy, he might retreat with the Cannon, and men which fought before Carignano. But the Duke who had received n•…•…w advertisment from Verrua, would come neither that day, nor by that way; but answered, that he would not advance with the Army, but wish'd him to entertaine the Enemy, till the Cannon were withdrawn; The conflict lasted four hours, wherein the French increasing in num∣ber, cha•…•…'d Gambacorti to the Port-cullis of Carignano, where by reason of the narrownesse of the place he could hardly have retreated without disorder, had he not been seasonably succour'd by Martin d' Aragona, who was sent to him by the Duke with 400 Spanish Musketiers; so as being incouraged by this new recruit, the French were easily repressed; who thinking that the Enemies whole Army had past over the River, together with the recruit, were slacker in their pursuit, and afforded conven•…•…ence to Gambacorti, and to Don Martin of Aragon, to retreat back in good order by the Bridge, all the Cannon and Foot which were gon to the taking of Carignano being drawn off before them. The numbers that dyed in this conflict were equal on both sides; the Duke of Tre∣muglia

received a sore wound in the knee, by a Musket-shot, and a Cap∣tain of Horse was also sorely wounded; the French quarter'd in Carig∣nano, and the Duke on the opposite shore, observing one anothers wayes, and expecting another occasion for action, which it was not long ere it presented it self very singularly for the French. For the Duke be∣ing impatient to tarry on this side the Poe, and not being contented with his being fenc'd by the water, had a desire to go to the opposite shore, and to fortifie the head of the Bridge towards Carignano; the businesse being argued, met with variety of opinions; as for the new Fortification, it was considered, that by making it the Enemies army would be in a manner besieged, for it would be forced by the Garrison of that For∣tification to live closer and more united, and would consequently find greater scarcity of Victuals and Forrage: And in case it should go to Turin, as it was feared it would, or would attempt going to Casalle by the Canevese, they might the easilier keep behind them, hinder their de∣signe•…•…, and oppose all their attempts. On the contrary it was said, that the fitter, and more opportune the fortification should be, the harder and more dangerous it would be to begin it, and bring it to perfection, by reason of the Enemies being quartered so neer in Carignano; who, were it only for Reputations sake, could not possibly suffer that fortifi∣cation to be made under their no•…•…es. Moreover, that the intended work being divided, and separated by the water from the Army, it would be hard to succour it; that therefore being content to keep the Bridge in their power, which afforded them sufficient convenience to keep behind any motion of the Enemy, they should make use of the safety that the River afforded them, against whatsoever the French should do. The contrary opinion prevailed for fortifying, which was thus devised; that a half Moon should be made on the head of the Bridge towards Carignano, which should be flank'd on both sides, which were to be made on a little Island which the Poe makes nee•…•… the banks; the care of the half Moon was committed to the Spaniards, and the trench on the right hand to the Dutch, and that on the left to the Italians; and they were all ordered, that if the Enemy should assault them before they were fortified, they should retreat by the Bridge without making any resist∣ance; if after they were fortified, that they should▪ defend themselves. They wrought two days quietly in their works, without being troubled by the French, who did but laugh at them; but considering the conse∣quence better afterwards, and knowing what prejudice it would occa∣sion when it should be perfected, especially if they should be inforced to remove from where they were; They sent for a good strength of men from Pancaleri, and sallied on the sudden forcibly from Carignano, to distribute them whilst the work was imperfect; 1200 of the best and bravest French gave the first furious assault, the Dutch making but bad resistance, those very same who behaved themselves so bravely in the conflict at Avigliana, began to quit their stations and fled, without almost striking a stroke; so as the half Moon which lay open on that side, after a long and valiant resistance, was lost, together with many men. Whereupon, the other Trench made by the Italians, who were not able to withstand the brunt, was also abandoned; nor could the Duke send any to succour them though he endeavoured it: For the Bridge being

too narrow to passe over many a-brest, the succour was too slender for such an assault; nay, the confusion of those that came in to succour was prejudicial to themselves: for thronging together upon the Bridge, many of them fell into the water and were drowned; those that dyed and were drown'd, on the Dukes side, were 500 foot; those of quality that were slain, were Don Alphonso Swasso, Leiutenant to the Camp-Master General, and some Foot Captaines; Don Martin d'Aragona, after given great trial of his Valour, was sore wounded and taken pri∣soner, Camp-Master Nicolo Doria, being shot by a Musket, dyed soon after, 200 of the French were slain, and yet both sides were equally affraid, for each party cut the Bridge in two on their side; The French feared another better regulated assault, being very weak, and having lost many men; and hearing that the whole body of the Dutch who were before Mantua, was come to the Enemies Camp: And the Duke that the French passing over the Bridge in the heat of victory, might cause great disturbance in the Camp, which was full of fear and confu∣sion. Thus both of them being divided by the River, both of them were Masters of the Field; the French, on that side the Poe which was towards the Alps, the Duke, on that side which lay towards Casalle; the Armies increased almost at the same time; for Collalto having taken Mantua came into Piedmont with 8000 Foot, and 1500 Hose, under Marshal Scomberg, who being to passe thorow the vally of Susa, Marshal De la Force, and Momorancy, after having tarried ten or twelve dayes in Carignano, and having well refresh'd their men with the victuals which they found there, went towards that valley to encounter them; and the Duke, when they weregon, quitted his quarters, and took up new between Turin and Moncaleri: and having sent 2000 Foot to defend Turin, he betook himself to defend the stone Bridge, which was built over the Poe, neer Moncaleri, quartering 2000 Foot upon the Hill which overlook'd the Bridge on Moncaleri's side. When the French Army was come to Viola, it heard that Scomberg being come with new Forces from France had taken Avigliana, whereinto he entred without any opposition, finding it infected with the Plague and void of inha∣bitants, as many other Towns in Piedmont were; he came before the Castle, which trusting to the strength of its scituation, stood upon de∣fence, though the Plague was got amongst the garrison, and though the Castle was onely fortified after the ancient manner; the Duke would have advanced to relieve the Castle, but he was perswaded to the contrary by Collalto, who was not naturally given to love danger▪ Collalto foresaw, that by going to relieve the Castle they might per∣chance come to a battle, wherein the Dukes men being discour∣aged by the unfortunate successe of the two last actions, would not have behaved themselves better then before, and ruine depending upon the loss, he thought it would not be wisely done, to adventure the main con∣ce•…•…nment upon a battle. So the Castle wanting relief, and more streight∣ned for want of water, then by the Enemy, it fell into the hands of the French. This acquisition opened the way for the French into the Ca∣revesa and from thence to Cassalle; and it was not unlikely but that they might easily passe over the Poe over against that City, where being un∣der the shelter of the Cannon of that pl•…•…ce, and joyning with the gar∣rison

which was there, they might easily pass the foord, and conse∣quently relieve Casalle: which the Duke apprehending, he sent Gam∣bacorti with 400 Horse into the Canevese, to the end, that passing over la Dora, they might master that way; and Marquess Spinola, fearing the danger, munited the bank of Poe with a double Trench, the one against the River, the other against the City and Citadel, before which they wrought continually, bringing on their approaches; insomuch as the Spaniards, to whose share the taking of the Bulwark of San' Croce fell, were advanc'd so far as they were ready to fall into the Ditch, and attempted the Wall; and when by the strong oppugning and by the scarcity of Victuals, the Town was not likely to hold out long, the Siege, defence and succour, were delaied by a Treaty of Truce, which being formerly begun, was not long after perfected; and that the ori∣ginal and progress of this Treaty of Truce, and of another Negotiation of Peace which was at this time very hotly handled, and not long after concluded in the Diet at Ratisbone, may be the better known, it will be necessary to take the business a little higher.

The Electors not being content to have made the Emperour lay down his Arms, by cashiering Wallestein, the Duke of Fritland, and by dissolving that Army which was so formidable to all Germany: they demanded that some order might be taken about the setling of the affairs of Italy, especially those of Mantua and Montferrat: they ho∣nested this their demand with the justice of Nevers his cause, who, as they said, was not to be put out of possession of his Dominions unheard: th•…•…y said likewise, that it was a great prejudice to the jurisdiction of the Empire, that the Spaniards, under the name and authority of the Empe∣rour, should bereave a Vassall of the Empire of those States; to make themselves masters thereof; for if they should fall into their hands, it would be hard to exercise the Cesarean authority against them, and they would hardly be brought to acknowledge that they held them as in Fee from the Empire: they likewise complain'd that Armies were sent into Italy without their knowledge or consent; alledging that this was contrary to the ancient institutions of the Sacred Empire, which they publickly said were broken and violated, as well in this, as in many other things: they tacitely reproved him for having by the Cesarean Arms and Authority assisted the rather violent then just ends of the Spanish Agents, against a Vassal who was ready to acknowledge that he held those States from Cesar, and did with all submission desire to be invested thereinto: they exaggerated the strange consequences which would result to Germany from these commotions; for the King of France, and Prince of Italy, being desirous for their own safety sake to maintain those States, and that Duke, though they could not directly oppose the Cesarean and Spanish Forces in his defence, did notwith∣standing hold intelligence together, and did assist the German Princes underhand, who were desirous of novelties, that they might alienate themselves from the Emperour, and incite the people against him; and that they did also administer aid to the King of Swedland, to the end, that the Emperours Forces being held play in Germany, might not foment the Spaniards in Italy: they persisted the more confidently in these their complaints, for that they saw the Emperour unarmed▪ and

themselves favoured, and set on by the King of France, with whom they held strict and secret Intelligence. That King had sent Monsieur Leon, Embassadour to the Diet, to justifie in appearance his assisting a Vassal of the Sacred Empire, against the Spaniards, who under the co∣lour of the Sacred Empire, strove to oppress him, and to possess them∣selves of his Dominions, to make way for the Monarchy of Italy, which they so much coveted: but in effect to sollicite the Electors and Princes of Germany, who were ill satisfied with the present condition of affairs, and to encourage them to joyn in beating down the Austrian greatness, and to favour the Duke of Nevers his cause; which the Pope did also favour, who was ve•…•…y desirous to keep those States in the House of Gonsaga, to the end, that by excluding the Spaniards from thence, Italy might not hazard the loss of Liberty: but he chiefly favoured the emulation which all the German Princes bore to the Spaniards; by rea∣son of the excessive authority which the King of Spains Agents arro∣ga•…•…ed unto them selves in Cesar's Court; wherein pretending to be above all, they seemed as if they would govern the affairs of Germany as they listed; and the Emperour as well for his conjunction in interest, as for his necessity of being supplied with moneys, was forc'd to adhere unto them: which the Germans not being able to tolerate, they did oppose their ends and interests: so as under colour of the justice of Nevers his cause, and of preserving the rights of the German Empire, they cross'd the Emperor in this very cause, and would maintain it against the Spanish Agents, who endeavoured to suffocate it by power in Cesars Court, as they did to oppress it by Arms in Italy: wherefore they reiterated their former Protestations, not to joyn in the defence of the war made by the King of Swedland, whose actions increasing in fame and reputation, be∣gan to make men bethink themselves. The Duke of Savoy also and Collalto fomented the speedy conclusion of the peace, who both of them writ to that Diet, and told the Emperour and the Electors, that Piedmont could no longer maintain the war; whose affairs running ma∣nifest ruine, the Duke was forced either to succumb to the King of France, or to agree with him: if either of which should happen, all things would necessarily be ruined. The Emperour, who had no Forces on foot, and saw such an aversion in the Electors, and in so ma∣ny other Princes to the wars of Italy, being scandalized at the unjust proceedings against Nevers; the Emperour being also touched in con∣science, and desirous of his Sons election, for which he had already given way to much greater things, easily consented to all their de∣sires: many things were therefore treated of, many things pretend∣ed, and neer concluding, in favour to the Duke of Nevers, and to the great prejudice of the Spanish pretensions. Don Carlo Doria, Duke of Turcis, was then Embassadour in extraordinary from the King of Spain, in Ratisbone: being sent to that Diet to further the Election of the King of the Romans, in the person of the King of Hungary, Son to the Emperour, married at this time to Mary, Sister to the King of Spain: but this Election not being to be treated of in this Diet, because it was not in imated therein, as was necessary by the Laws of the Em∣pire; and for that the Electors of Saxony and of Brandenburg, (disgusted by the Emperour, and almost quite alienated from him) were neither

come thither, nor had sent their Proctories thither: And after Orders taken in the Diet for the Affairs of Germany, and of the Empire, the Ne∣gotiations were reduced to the Affairs of Italy, and particularly, to the Duke of Nevers his Cause.

Doria, who saw upon what disadvantagious terms the Peace was treated on for the King of Spain, and how far the French prevailed by the help and Intelligence held by the Electors; and that the Emperour being forced by the leudness of the Times, and of his own Interests, could not govern his pretensions as he would have done, but was for∣ced to incline towards giving them satisfaction, even much to the pre∣judice of his own Affairs; he earnestly desired, and obtained it, That he not being sent to Treat of Peace in the Kings Name, might be per∣mitted to acquaint the King upon what Conditions the Agreement was negotiated, before it was concluded. Thus having gotten a suspension for two moneths, they forbare to conclude what they were already agreed upon.

Whilst the peace was treated on in Ratisbone, it was not abandoned by the Nuntio Panciru•…•…lo in Italy, wherein all parties were well inclined unto it: the King of France, Duke of Savoy, and Collalto, for the same reasons for which they did sollicite it in Germany, and the two last, be∣cause they liked not the business of Casalle. The Duke, by reason of the great prejudice which would result to him, if it should succeed happi∣ly; and Collalto, out of the emulation he bore to Spinola, and his hatred to the Spaniards; which respects, on the contrary, made Spinola very much desire it, lest that the bad correspondency with the Duke, and Collalto's emulation, might ruine it, to his great discredit, Collalto ha∣ving appeared so averse unto it, as that he would not grant him one bare thousand men, though he cashiered them after Mantua was taken, and Spinola needed them much before Casalle: so as Spinola being in∣forc'd by so many difficulties and diffidences, had promised the Nun∣tio to quit the enterprise, if the French would forego the Dukes Towns which they had taken, and would retreat to beyond the Mountains: which Agreement being accepted by the King of France, would have been effected, had not his authority been restrained by new Orders from Spain; for Abbot Scaglia, who was sent, as hath been said, by the late Duke into Spain, had acquainted that Court with Spinola's aver∣sion to the Duke; with the bad intelligence which pass'd between him and Collalto, and what sad consequences might thereupon insue to the prejudice of the common cause: he had also accused Spinola of being too apparently inclined to making peace, upon any whatsoever condi∣tions, such as would not only be dishonourable for their Forces, but apparently dangerous for the common affairs; and that it could not be known whence this should proceed, unless it were from his bad inclina∣tion towards the Duke, with whom he had proceeded so seve•…•…ely: so as nothing but ruinous effects to the common affairs could be expected from so great a discrepancy of humours, ends and wills; since the Duke not being able any longer to endure it would be forced to use any means for his own honour and safety: to these powerful reasons, he added no less prevailing proofs: amongst others, the rough draught of certain Capitul•…•…tions of Peace, written by Spinola's Secretary,

whereby though the King of France was obliged to free the Duke of Savoys Dominions, and to withdraw his Forces into France, yet was there no caution mentioned for the observance thereof; so as it was in the Kings will and choice whether or no he would observe what he was bound unto by the Articles, though all things should be punctually ob∣served by the rest: nor was this all: he covenanted by the same Capi∣tulations that all the Potentates of Italy and Germany, the Electors by name, should favour the States of Mantua and Montferrat, in case they should be molested by any; and the Duke obliged himself to afford pas∣sage and victuals to the French Armies, if they should be sent to suc∣cour those States: a League, or rather a Conspiracy, of all these Princes against the Emperour and King of Spain, if at any time the Emperour should upon any just cause proceed against his Vassal, or if the King of Spain should assist the Emperour; and yet, said Scaglia, Spinola winking at so great indignities and prejudices, would willingly have accepted and subscribed it, had it not been abhorred by the Duke and by Collal∣to, with the unanimous consent of all the Captains, as being too inso∣lent and too unworthy of the Cesarean authority, and repuls'd as too prejudicial to Piedmont, and to the State of Millain. These and other reasons prevailed sufficiently with the Conde Duca, who was more in∣clined to the Duke of Savoy, then to Spinola: so as there needed not many perswasions, to induce him to limit Spinola's authority in the point of making peace: so as when Mazarine going into France to Ne∣gotiate with the King, return'd to Italy, with the conclusion agreed up∣on by the King, he found all broken off and in disorder by new Directi∣ons: in this interim the old Duke being dead, a suspension of Arms was treated of by the new Duke, between himself and the Com∣manders of Cesar, and the King of Spains party, on one side, and the French Commanders on the other side, as well in Italy as out of it: by which all hostility and innovation of the Fortifications, hostile acts, and taking of Towns was inhibited: that the City and Castle of Casalle should be assigned over to Spinola, and that he should furnish the Cita∣del, being paid for it, with Victuals during the time of Truce; that if the peace should be concluded in Ratisbone, it should be observed on all sides; if not concluded by the 15^th of October, that the Truce should cease, and that it should be lawful for the French afterwards to en∣deavour the relief of the Citadel, and for the others to defend it; and that each of them might use their Arms, and do all hostile acts, as be∣fore the Truce; that if the Citadel should not be succoured during the whole moneth of October, it should be delivered over to Spinola, who was to have Hostages given him, for the performance thereof: that if it should be succoured, Spinola should re-deliver the Castle and Cita∣del. The French Commanders durst not accept of this Truce, with∣out express order from the King; though Toras inform'd them often what want they had of Victuals, Moneys and Men, many whereof were dead of the Plague: protesting that he could not keep it longer then September: this Proposal being sent to Paris, it was easily agreed to; for there they desired time for the delivery of Casalle, to the end, that thereby they might make the peace which was in treaty at Ratisbone, upon bette•…•… conditions; or might have time to relieve it, if peace should

not be concluded: Whereupon Monsieur di Bresse was immediately sent to Italy, with express Orders to the French Commanders and to the Duke du Mayne, who, as hath been said, was in Casalle, that they should accept of it: but some time being this mean while past, Casalle was not in the former condition; for the besiegers, as hath been for∣merly said, were gotten into the Ditch, and the Neapolitans, who be∣sieged the City, were fallen upon the Walls; and the Plague having consumed many of the defendants, it might probably be supposed that for want of men the like might befall that place, as had hapned to Mantua; it being likewise known that those within the Town were in great scarcity of Victuals; wherefore Spinola, making his advantage thereof, would no longer listen to any suspension, to any Truce or peace; especially as concerning making the Citadel longer-liv'd, by furnishing it with Victuals, and not innovating any thing during the Truce, nor making new defences against such succours as should come when the Truce should be expired.

Spinola was at this time much wearied both in body and mind, by the labours he had taken, and by the agitation of spirit which he had suffer∣ed in these present Occurrences: the lessening of his power had wounded him sorely: wherefore falling sick, and his malady both of body and mind encreasing, he soon became unfit for managing so important an enterprise, or indeed for any other enterprise: it was therefore requi∣site to send for the Marquess of San' Croce, who was then at Genoa, and for the Lord Chancellor and those of the Cabinet Councel, from Mil∣lain, who being come to the Camp, opened the Kings Orders, which provided for a successour in case Spinola, should die; and therein they found San' Croce nominated; to whom Spinola relinquish'd the Go∣vernment of all things. Spinola went from the Camp, and retired to Castel nuovo di Scrivia, in the Tortonese, to be cured of his sickness; but being ancient, and his sickness encreasing, he dyed on the 25th of September, two moneths after the late Duke of Savoy. The Affairs of War and Government went less in reputation by Spinola's death: the Duke of Savoy, wearied with the troubles of a long war, which he saw was still maintained in his Country, and not being pleased that the Spa∣niards should suffer him to lose his State, so they might get Casalle, list∣ned willingly to the offers of France; which promised to restore him to the entire possession of all that had been taken from him, and, more∣over, satisfaction and recompence for his pretences to Montferrat; for the King of France finding what difficulty and danger there would be in relieving Casalle, by reason of the Dukes opposition, laboured to win him over from the contrary party; and if the Duke could be safely re-possess'd of his own by peace wherefore should he wait for the re∣cove•…•…y thereof by the uncertain and ruinous events of war? moreover, by favouring the business of Casalle, he made fetters for his own slave∣ry; since then by preserving that place, he might recover his own State, and have satisfaction for all his pretences, what reason had he to endeavour the getting of it, with so much loss to his Subjects, and pre∣jucice to his own Dominions: but these practices met with these diffi∣culties: the Duke would not part from the Cesarean and Spanish side, without being effectually restored to all that had been taken from him;

and the King would keep it as a pledge for the restitution of Mantua already lost, and of Cassalle, if for want of relief it should chance to be lost. Yet this treaty being on foot made the Duke more remisse in his joyning with Spain, and desirous to handle the businesse so as that the Spaniards should desire a general peace, whereby he was sure to be restored to his former condition, and that Cassalle should not fall into the Spaniards hands: yet he wisely cloked these his ends with seve∣ral artifices. He answer•…•…d the French, who promising speedy possession of all that he had lost, earnestly prest him to declare for their King, that •…•…e could not in honour passe so suddenly from the friendship of the King of Spain, to enmity with him; and that it would be too great an indignity that the same Sun, which at his rising saw him a Friend to that King; should at his setting finde him his Enemy. That there should some time be allowed between the one and the other; as Summer turnes not suddenly to Winter, without the interposing of Autumn; nor Winter to Summer, without the like interposal of the Spring; he offer•…•…d notwithstanding, to declare himself neutral for a while, till businesse might be brought to some reasonable composition, and that in case the Spaniards should fail of doing what became them, he would be ready to declare for France, and to oppose those who would oppose reason. These were the points discus'd in these present negotiations; but neither was Collalto right to the King of Spain's cause; for though now that his rival Spinola was removed, it appeared that he might more favour the enterprize of Cassalle, had it been for nothing else but that the easinesse of the success wherein he had cooperated, might double the glory which he pretended to by the taking of Mantua; yet through the hate which he bore to the name of Spain, he held better intelligence with the new Duke then with the Spaniards; and persisting in his first resolution of minding the defence of Piedmont, and the opposing of the French more then the taking of Cassalle, he would not afford any help thereunto.

This his ill will proceeded not from the aversion of the Cesarean Officers to those of Spain, but from ill offices done him by the Spanish Agents to the Emperour; for thinking that he bore no good will unto the King, they had used all the means they could to remove him from his charge, and that he might be sent for back into Germany; and eertainly it had been done, had it not been for his Wife, whose favour with the Emperour defended him against the endeavours of the Spa∣niards. The Duke being therefore inclined to the French, for the reco∣very of his State, or to the preservation of Cassalle, for his own indemp∣nity; and knowing that the losse of that Town would mar the general peace, which was the onely thing which could put him into his former condition: and Collalto being totally inclined to favour the Dukes in∣terest, and Sancta Croce not being of so warlike a disposition as was Spi∣nola, but being rather mild and remiss, and much addicted to civil ne∣gotiations, much lesse to the troubles and dangers of war; it was ne∣cessary that those that looked asquint upon the taking of Cassalle, having more field-•…•…oom allowed by the weaknesse of the present Government, should openly vent their dissatisfaction, and shew the greater resent∣ment. The first action of want of respect towards Sancta Croce, and

of great prejudice to the main affair, was the Truce and suspension of Arms, which Spinola refused, and which was now accepted of by the Duke in favour to the French, and by Collalto in favour to the Duke, which had it been never so little a while delay'd, the City and Citadel of Cassalle would certainly have been surrendered. This suspension being by them accepted, and subscribed without Sancta Croce his knowledge, nay contrary to his will, was presently sent to Sancta Croce to be by him sub∣scribed. This appeared to Sancta Croce, and to the other Commanders, to be an action, as indeed it was, so proud and arrogant, as if the Duke and Collalto did thereby arrogate unto themselves the supream arbitracy of things, even about Sancta Croce's self; Yet wanting Courage to contradict it, or to resent it, he unwillingly gave way unto it; and the fear of the Dukes and Collalto's alienation prevailing over his dignity, he subscribed the Truce and suspension of Arms; For had he done otherwise, the com∣mon cause being by them abandoned, or indeed cross'd, might be reduc∣ed in•…•…o great streights. The Truce being thus by common consent ac∣cepted, the King of Spain's Forces quit Piedmont, & retreated to the State of Millain, Collalto staying behind with the Cesarean Forces. Those who were before Cassalle, retired likewise into the State of Millain, to refresh themselves, after the labour which they had taken in the siege, except 2000 who entred the City & the Castle, which by the Articles of Truce were assigned over to Sancta Croce, and some few Foot, who stay'd to guard the Artillery and quarters. Sancta Croce spake with the Duke, and with Collalto, in Pontestura, after that the Truce was subscribed. They seemed to be both of them willing to refer all things belonging to the management of the war to him, and by respectful and reverent be∣haviour, sought to mitigate his anger, and to excuse what they had done; it was not known whether they did this really to make satisfaction for what they had done, or to draw money from him, which they very much prest for; for they were known to be in truth otherwise minded. Yet so weak of counsell was he, as he did not onely take all in good part) but sought to buy their good wills with ready moneies; (whereof though he himself were in great streights, he disburs'd 200000 Ducates, part whereof the Duke received, part Collalto. And because by the Articles of Truce all making of Fortifications was forbidden, Sancta Croce imploy'd himself in making provision of faggots, and of other ma∣terials, upon any occasion which might happen when the Truce should be expired; which notwithstanding he proceeded in but slowly, by rea∣son of the gre•…•…t hopes he had of peace, which being joyned to h•…•…s ab∣horrence of war and expences, all provisions seemed superfluous.

These hopes accompanied and nourish'd with great desire, had also made the Court of France negligent in making new recruits for Italy, had not Cardinal Richelieu, contrary to the opinion of the whole Coun∣cil, laboured to perswade the King to the contrary: Shewing him that in case Peace should not be concluded in the time prefixt for Truce, it would be necessary that the Citadel should be surrendred; which being come into the Spaniards hands, the state of affairs would be reduced to such a condition, as it would be bootlesse to hope for any sa•…•…sfaction or peace; and that so the great expe•…•…ience, the so great labour and troub•…•…e which they had been at for the maintaining of Cassalle, would together with the reputation and honour of the Armes of France be lost; the King

being perswaded by these reasons gave order for the levying of as many Souldiers as could be, whereof a body of 1200 being raised was sent to Pinarollo, under Marshal Marigliack, which was a good recruit to the French Camp, it being much diminished. The 15 of Octob. drew neer, and no news being heard of Peace, they treated of proroguing the Truce, whereof Sancta Croce, who naturally abhorr'd the thought of War, and the Commanders and Council no less then he were desirous, by reason of the confusion and difference of opinions and humours which was a∣mongst them, and for the distrust they had of the Duke and of Collalto, which made them despair of good success; but the French, whose num∣bers were increased, fearing that they might dissolve by delay, and build∣ing very much upon the necessities and weakness of the Enemy, refused it; as did also the Duke and Collalto, being displeased that the first suspen∣sion granted by them was ill resented. Wherefore because the world thought, and the Spaniards seemed assured, that what they had done was a that time very seasonable, they were now very backward; to the end that the good of the former suspension might appear by the contrary effects, and that so Sancta Croce, and the rest who had blamed it, might learn at their own cost to listen better in the future to their Counsels. But the condition of affairs being much alter'd from what it was when the Truce was made, made the present refusal be approved; the French were then weak, and despaired of relieving the Town, by reason of the stout opposition; the City & Citadel were reduced to the utmost extremi∣ty for want of victuals, & by the advancing of the siege: it was now clean contrary; the French were very strong in Piedmont, they met with little or no opposition, the City and Citadel were that mean while maintained with victuals by the Spaniards, and they had some provisions lay'd in for the future; The fiege was much lessened, their courage cooled, prepara∣tions slackned, and, in fine, the affairs of the Camp were much worse in Counsell, Courage, and Union, and the reputation thereof was much diminished. The Truce being expired, and nothing that was done in Ratisbone being known in Italy, the French betook themselves to re∣lieve the Town, but without victuals, or any other provisions for suste∣nance of the Citadel which they were to relieve; their whole Forces consisted of about 15000 Foot, and 2000 Horse, to boot with some 4000 which were left in Piedmont, under Monsieur Di Tauanes, to entertain or to give pretence to the Duke, and to the Dutch who re∣mained in Piedmont after the Truce, to keep from joyning with Sancta Croce, if he should oppose the succour; and to infuse more terror into the Enemy, they used many tricks and inventions to make their prepa∣rations appear greater, and the number of their men more, as well of those who remained in Piedmont, as those who went to the relief; There were three Marshals chose, who were to manage the whole busi∣nesse, Sforza, Scomberg, and Marigliack, and these were to command every day by turnes; the Duke demanded men from Sancta Croce to oppose them, but did not obtain them, were it either out of distrust, or that knowing all the Dutch were in Piedmont, would have the remainder for his own safety sake keep before Cassalle. Wherefore seeing that neither the Dutch nor the Duke moved, the French Army past over the Poe a little below Saluzzo without any opposition, and came to Scarna∣fixo, where they mustered on the fifth of Octob. and march'd on the next

day, having with them only six small pieces of Artillery. The Duke of Momorancy being gone to France after the Truce was concluded, was not present in this action. The marching of this Army, and the so constant resolution to relieve the Town, afforded much discourse touching the Duke and Collalto, whether they held private intelligence with the French or no; it being thought, that otherwise it was impossi∣ble three Marshals should take a journey of fourscore miles in an Ene∣mies Countrey, where they had no strong Holds for the safety of their march, or upon any occasion, for their retreat; and therefore subject to be assaulted not without manifest danger, and forc'd to fight in any disadvantagious place with a fresh, nimble Army, stronger then theirs: An•…•… say they had been sure to meet with no opposition, or had had a safe Conduct sent them by the Enemy; yet they might have supposed that they should meet with greater difficulties and dangers when they should be at the end of their march, and be come within sight of the Enemies Camp: For the Enemy being very well intrench'd, munited with Artillery, and being possess'd of the City and Castle of Casalle, they must necessarily either assault them upon too much disadvantage within their Quarters, or besiege them there; either of which would certainly have been a desperate business; but it was a no less dangerous and ill advised Enterprize to attempt the relief of a famish'd place with∣out victuals, which had more need of speedy food for nourishment then of men to defend them: Whereinto if they should have gotten, who sees not they must have surrendred the Town the sooner, being to be the sooner famish'd by the entrance of so many men, and would have stood in more need of victuals. The Army being parted from Scarna∣fixo march'd to Raconiggi, from thence to Somariva del Bosco, then to Cerexola, that they might from thence come into the County of Asti, getting victuals from the neighbouring Towns: Whilest they advan∣ced apace, and in good order, without any opposition, the others were n•…•…t idle before Casalle; for having notice of the Enemies coming, they began to make Trenches, as well against the Citadel as against the coming of succour, but more diligently on the side of the Hills, by which way they thought they would march, it being the higher and more advantagious; they therefore placed many pieces of Artillery there; they likewise sent for those men back who were at the begin∣ning of the Truce sent into the Territories of Millain; and upon dis∣pute whether or no they should meet the Enemy if they advanced, it was resolved to wait for them in the Trenches, that they might not lose tha•…•… advantage by going to meet them which they were sure to have by waiting for them. Whilest these Preparations were making came news of the peace which was made between the Emperour and the King of France his Agents at Ratisbone, by which many things were stipu∣lated: Those wherein Italy was concerned, were,

That upon the Duke of Nevers his humbling himself to the Emperour he should be re-invested into possession of his two Dukedoms, and received into protection by the Emperour: That upon notice of the peace all hostility should cease in Italy: That Trino should be given to the Duke of Savoy, together with as many Towns of Montferrat as might be worth 18000 Crowns year∣ly vent. The Emperour being desirous to better the Treaty at Susa, w•…•…e i•…•…

either for that it did in some sort belong to him, so as he thought no account was made of that Treaty, it being made without his Authority, or were it to recompense the Duke for the losses he had suffer'd in the present Wars, where∣in he had been ever constant to the Imperial Party, he ordered so many Towns of the Dutchy of Mantua to the Duke of Guastalla as were worth 6000 Growns per annum, to the Dutchess of Lorain what the Arbitrators should adjudge unto her within a certain prefix'd time: That the Dutch, restoring Mantua with the For•…•…s, and the Town of Caneto, should depart Italy: That the S•…•…iards should give over the Siege of Casalle, and should withdraw from Piedmont •…•…o the State of Millain: That the French should pass back over the Alps, quitting all the Towns of Piedmont and Montferrat, ex∣cept Pinarollo, Bricheras, Susa, and Avigliana: That the Duke of Savoy detaining Trino should withdraw his men into Piedmont: That Casalle and all the Forts and Towns of Montferrat should be restored, except such as should be assigned over to the Duke of Savoy: That Nevers should have leave to furnish such Towns as did belong unto him with Garrisons, as his Predecessors had done. These things being done, that the Emperour should cause the City and Forts of Mantua, and the Town of Caneto, to be assigned over to the new Duke; and that at the same time the King of France should restore the four Towns held by him in Piedmont to the Duke of Savoy; and that the new Fortifications which were made in them since they were taken should be demolished: When this should be done, that the Emperour would a•…•…andon all the Towns and places which he had taken in the Grisons Country, the Valtoline being therein comprehended; and would slight the Fortificati∣ons, upon condition that they should not be made use of by any: That the Emperour and King of France should give Hostages to the Pope, for the ob∣servance of what was agreed upon.

This was the contents of the agreement, and conditions of the peace of Ratisbone, for what belong'd to the affairs of Italy: And many o∣ther things relating to the affairs of Germany were likewise stipulated, which because they concern not our History, we will pass over.

It was evidently seen what use the French Agent made in this peace of the Emperours necessity, and of the desire he had to have his Son chosen; and how much the Electors were swayed by the interest of the Crown of France, being desirous to allay the great ends of the Spa∣niards, and to moderate the Emperours Authority and Inclination to∣wards them; confiding-upon the tacite Intelligence held by them and the other Germane Princes with the King of France, and upon the helps which they hoped for from him in these present occurrences. The Court of Spain was not well satisfied with this peace, thinking that the Emperour without any respect had unto the Crown of Spain, the Inte∣rests o•…•… Affairs thereof, and without any care of the Common Cause, had wholly applied himself to satisfie the desires of the Enemies there∣of, granting them more then they could have demanded or hoped for; and not being able •…•…o endure that they could not with the Forces of so m•…•…ny Kingdoms ob•…•…ain the demolishing of the Citadel of Casalle, they complained that the expence o•…•… so many moneys, such Forces, and so many men, had not only not produced the fruits by them desired, but had irreconcileably alienated from them an Italian Prince, Lord of two States confining upon that of Millain; had not got Savoy; had scanda∣lized

the world; raised jealousies in the Princes of Italy; and which most troubled them, had more confirmed, and almost established and radicated the power of France, not only in Italy, but in Germany: So as the Italian Agents, not knowing whether they ought to accept of this peace or no, especially since they were sure it was not accepted nor approved of by Don Carlo Doria, the Embassadour for Spain in that Diet, they forthwith sent to Spain to know that Kings pleasure; and expecting Orders from that Crown, they continued the Siege before Casalle, and kept out the French succour. Collalto was sick at this time in Vercelles, and having accepted and published the Capitulations with∣out participating them to S^ta Croce, Iulio Massarini, the Popes Agent, went immediately with them to the French Army, to the end that ac∣quainting them that all things were agreed upon, they might proceed no further: He found it in Canale, a Town in the Territories of Asti; and desiring to know the pleasure of the Commanders, he received a very doubtful answer. The French alledged, That the command to relieve Cassalle was immediately from the King; whereas the Agree∣ment made at Ratisbone came not from the King, but was made only by the Kings Agents: And therefore not knowing what to do in this case, they seemed much perplexed and irresolute: The truth was, that being uncertain whether they would be accepted or not accepted by the Spa∣niards, by reason of the disadvantagious Conditions for them, whom they found not any way obliged thereunto; and finding that the time prefix'd for putting what was agreed on in execution, touching the Duke of Nevers his Interests, which was the chief point of the present War, was somewhat long; they had reason to doubt, That should they super∣sede never so little, their Army might be dissolved before the time of executing the Articles; and it was to be apprehended, That when the Spaniard should be free from fear of their Forces, they might know the advantage, and make use of the occasion; by continuing to besiege the Citadel, now that they were sure not to be molested; which if they should once be Masters of, there was no hope, no means left, to see the Peace performed. They therefore resolved to advance to relieve the Town, without losing any time, thinking, that if they should succeed therein they could not miss of some advantagious Composition, where∣by the State of Affairs might be compounded with more reputat on and safety. The small opinion they had of the Spanish Army, and their firm belief, that neither the Duke nor Dutch would joyn there with be∣fore Casalle, did the more encourage them, and made them hotter upon the Enterprise. Mazarine wrote from the French Camp to the Duke, That in respect of the Peace made at Ratisbone, the French would pro∣ceed no further: And the Duke shew'd this Letter to Galasso, who was head of the Dutch that remained in Piedmont: And that they might have no occasion to remove, he, contrary to what he had formerly re∣fused, immediately allotted them excellent Quarters. And though the Duke appeared to have done all this for the safety of Piedmont, against the French, who were yet there under Tavanes, yet the jealousie en∣creasing daily, that he held intelligence with the French, hoping to be by them restored to his State, he was suspected to dissemble therein: Nor was Mazarine exempt from like suspition, who, though as

Agent from the Pope, he seemed to be a friend and mediator between all parties, yet the Pope himself appeared to be inwardly more incli∣ned to the preserving than to the taking of Cassalle; and his trusting to the French too much, when he writ to the Duke that they should ad∣vance no further, not suiting with the wariness and sagacity of a Media∣tor, made the Spaniards suspect the more that he did not proceed sin∣cerely with them. But the streights that the Spanish Commanders were in forc'd them to swallow down any thing, and with less specula∣tiv•…•… considerations, to dissemble also, and to minde the Kings business, which they saw was in too apparent danger; and their perceiving that both Friends, and Enemies, and Mediators, and all, both internal and external accidents, did conspire and co-operate the ruine of the Enter∣prise, did weaken their Counsels, and confound their Resolutions. At the first news that was heard, that the Enemy, being entred into the Ter∣ritories of Asti, did advance, Ieronymo Gambacorti was forthwith sent against them with a thousand Horse, with whom the Dutch Horse which were quartered in Acqui were ordered to joyn; and the Duke of Savoy was also to send them 3000 Foot from Piedmont side, to the end that with this body of men they might, if not directly, at least indirectly, oppose the French, by molesting them on the Rere, on the flanks, and by keeping them from Victuals: But neither did the Dutch Horse nor the Dukes men appear; the Horse being past over the Tannaro at Govone was entred into Piedmont, and was joyn'd to the others of their Nation; and the Dukes men went not past S^t Damiano: And the Duke trust∣ing perhaps to Mazarine his Advertisement, did not only not think of making any opposition, but indeavoured to keep the Dutch in Piedmont; so as Gambacorti's Expedition wrought no effect at all; onely that watching the Enemies ways, and finding that they advanced, he spee∣dily gave notice thereof to the Camp, that they might be prepared to receive them; whereupon it was necessary to have recourse to Collalto, and to get him to send for all the Dutch from Piedmont, to joyn with the Kings Forces against the French: But Collalto shrinking up his shoulders, and persisting in his opinion, would have the Dutch stay to defend Pi∣edmont; and the Peace made at Ratisbone, which he had proclaimed, whereby all hostile acts were forbidden him, did honest his denial: Wherefore the Camp being full of confusion and terrour, by reason of the uncertainty of the coming of the Dutch, and the certainty that the French did advance, quaked for fear. All men laid this hard dealing of Collalto to a tacite Intelligence with the Duke, and (by the Dukes means) with the French: But provision came seasonably from Germany against this so bitter and necessary accident. Don Carlo Doria, seeing it was impossible •…•…or him to hinder the conclusion of Peace at Ratisbone, which he judged to be so prejudicial to the Kings honour, & to the safety of his Affairs, and that he could not stave it off till the Citadel of Cas∣salle should be taken, obtained Letters from the Emperour to Collalto, wherein he was ordered, Th•…•…t since by the Articles of Peace he could not have to do in that business in his behalf, and since it was not known whether the King of France would accept of the Peace or no, especial∣ly not being obliged to do it, That in ca•…•…e the French should not allow thereof, he should obey San Croce, and assist him with all his Forces.

Thus the Cause and Title being altered, the War which was made before in Cesar's Name, was made in the Name of the King of Spain; and the Emperours Forces, which were Principals at first, became accessory to the King of Spain's; and the Kings, which were accessory, became upon this occasion Principal. Collalto, who before refused to send a thousand men to Casalle, and suffered all things to run to ruine, having received new Orders from the Emperour, summoned all his men into the field. Galasso was come thither the night before the French appeared, with some of them; the rest came the night after. Gamba∣corti, after he had coasted along the French Army to the Confines of the State of Millain, retreated to the Camp: And the French parting from the Territories of Asti, went to Annone, where finding the Gates shut, they agreed for passage with the Towns-men, without giving or receiving any molestation. They came from Annone, by the Valley of Grana, to Occimiano, where staying that night, and the day following, they had notice, That the Spanish Camp was well fortified with Tren∣ches and Artillery towards the Hills, and that therefore they might with less danger assault them on the Plain, where the Fortifications and Trenches were weaker, and imperfect: Wherefore they resolved to ad∣vance by the way of the Plain. Advancing thus on that side where they were least expected, they took Frassinetto, together with the neighbouring Bridge over the Poe, by which Victuals and forrage were brought to the Camp from Allessandrino and Occimiano, and whereby the Spanish Army was debarr'd Commerce with Allessandrino; and there not being many Carriages nor Barques in the Camp, wherewith to throw over another Bridge, they began to want Victuals; and the penury grew the greater by the coming of the Dutch; nor had they draught Horses for the Train of Artillery, so as it was hard for them to bring them from the Hills, where they were already planted, to the Trenches towards the Plain, where there were not above eight little Pieces. All of them were so troubled with doubt, whether the Dutch would come to the Camp, or no; and with fear, That if they should not come all would be ruined; as their coming was not sufficient to cancel their fear, nor to curb their confusion: They wanted old and experienced Camp-Masters, and Serjeants, to put their men in Battle Array: Galasso was the only man who, by order from San Croce, took that care upon him, and who discharged it like a Souldier. The French seeing that, contrary to their opinion, the Dutch were come unto the Camp, found the disadvantage of their own Forces; they were not on∣ly much inferiour to the Enemy in number, (20000 Foot and 5000 Horse being computed to be in the Spanish Camp) and for that the Spa∣niards Horse were better then theirs, and in better order, but for that though their Trenches were imperfect towards the Plain, yet were they so high as they were able to withstand the first on set, wherein the French are usually the best: But the good order wherein the Spanish Army stood did chiefly amaze them, which was thus; A great number of Pikemen and Musketeers stood on the front of the Trenches, behind which were two ranks of Battaglions in order, but at such a distance from the Trench as the Horse which were on the Wings of the Squa∣drons, and had their out-lets, might manage themselves in the space

which was between the Trench and the Squadrons, and might commo∣diously go out and annoy the Enemies on the Flank who should assault the Trenches, or over-run the Country as occasion should require. It was, notwithstanding, impossible to Spuntare a Francesi, who advanced in a double Front, divided into three Bodies, each one led on by a Mar∣shal, with the Horse on their sides, and preceded by some forlorn hopes; and yet the diffidence, irresolution, and the fear of what might happen, in San Croce, kept things equally ballanced; these desired Agreement rather then Battle; and the others, though they more needed Agree∣ment, yet seemed they less desirous of it; and the seeing the Enemy so forward to accord, made them the more backward; and God knows whe•…•…her the Mediators dealt sincerely in the business, or no: Mazarine went several times between the one Camp and the other, but in vain, the French being still resolute to relieve the City, and to fight; at last, being got neer the Trenches, their Horse on the left Wing were set upon by some few Horse led on by Octavio Picolomini, who was advanced with them rather to discover then to fight; so as all men thought they would have joyn'd Battle; for some of the French Horse went to en∣counter them, and they came to the giving of fire; but Mazarine coming at the same time from the French Camp, cried aloud, Halt, Halt; whereupon all hostile Acts ceasing, they came to this Agreement.

That Toras should come out of the Citadel with all the French, where the Duke du Mayne should tarry with 1000 Montferrians; and, That they should swear to keep the Town in the Emperours Name; That the Spaniards should do the like for what concern'd the Castle, and the City, and the Towns which they were possess'd of in Montferrat; That the French Army should retreat into France, and the Spanish into the State of Millain; That for all things else the Peace of Ratisbone should be observed.

This being thus setled, San Croce, together with the Duke of Lerma, and Don Philip, son to the late Marquess Spinola, came out of the Trench, and the Duke of Nocera, and Count Iohn Serbellone, and about 30 other Lords; the three Marshals came out of the French Army, with the like number of Lords and Commanders; and here in the same place which was intended for Battle, they mutually embraced each other; and Peace was established on the 26 of October, the year, 1629. which was readily put in execution for what was then to be done: A ra•…•…e and perhaps unhea•…•…d of ex•…•…mple, That two Armies, of two such ene∣my Nations, being so nee•…•…, nay, after the Skirmish was begun, should not only abstain from fighting, but should lovingly embrace one ano∣ther with those hands which were ready to be imbrued in one anothers blood. All men praised the courage and counsel of the French, and their happy success, who, though far inferiour in Forces, could, not∣withstanding, make such excellent use of the Enemies fear, as to make them agree and condescend unto what was contrary to all reason. And all men, on the contrary, wondred that the Spanish Army should be so void both of cou•…•…age and counsel, as not knowing how to make use of so many advan•…•…ages, but totally yield•…•…ng to the Enemies pre•…•…ensions, they should so easily grant unto them that main point whereupon the whole success of the present War did consist, and which being still maintained, would have established the foundation of the grandezza of all the Kings

Affairs, and would have kept his Dominions in perpetual security; and which being quitted, occasioned the loss of regal authority and of that preeminency and safety of the Kings States, for the maintenance where∣of Arms had with so much scandal been taken up; and which was the greater wonder, that they should abandon their own and their Kings pretensions, then when they were upon the point of obtaining them; for it was most certain that the French Army was weary with so long a march, was less in number then what it appeared to be, worse in order for Arms, Horse, and all things appertaining to war, then upon the pre∣sent occasion was requisite; so as if the Spaniards had been more reso∣lute and bold in their proceedings, the French would either not have dared to have hazarded a Battle, wherein they were to fight against well-armed Trenches; or if they should have fought, they must neces∣sarily have been defeated: but San' Croce, who was not any ways experienced in matter of war, apprehended, and was afraid of all things.

The two Armies being retired from Casalle, the Duke de Mayne re∣mained with the Montferrians master of the City, Citadel and Castle of Casalle, under the Cesarean Commissary; who though he was above all others, and had the chief command in outward appearance; yet be∣ing only to command such things as du Mayne would obey, he was su∣periour rather in shadow and ceremony, then in substance: so little good was got by what was agreed upon. San' Croce went to Sartiranna, and brought his men back into the State of Millain: the French divi∣ded their men into two parts; the one part whereof marched under Monsieur d' Arpasone through the Territories of Asti: the other, where∣in were the three Marishals, through the Canevese; the restitution of the Towns in Montferrat remained for the full and perfect execution of the Agreement: but Letters being come this mean while to San' Croce from Spain, with particular Orders what he was to do with the Citadel, which was undoubtedly held in that Court, that it would be lost, as not being to be succoured; San' Croce doubted that the new agreement would not be well resented there; and as in great resolutions the thing chosen is almost always repented, the difficulties of what was found fault with being always imagined to be past; and the consideration of what convenience might have resulted from the thing rejected entring in the place thereof: so San' Croce having forgotten the dangers and difficulties of war, and being fuller fraught with the conveniencies and advantage of Victory, being also strucken with the Letters from Court, began to repent what had been done: wherefore he made se∣veral excuses to keep from restoring the Towns of Montferrat: which the Nuntio and Mazarin perceiving, they entred their protestations against the danger which might insue by the re-entrance of the French into Casalle, they not being yet gone far from thence, and who might bring things into greater confusion then they were before: the success differ'd not from the supposal; for the Marshals sent Monsieur di Grange immediately thither with 2000 Foot; who observing the time when the Cesarean Commissary was gone out, entred by the gate of the Citadel, and shut it upon the Commissaries face, who returned; at which the Spanish and Dutch Commanders were much amazed, and

very angry; and to boot with their many complaints of it, the Dutch pursued those French which marched through the Canavese; and the Duke of Lerma, and Duke Nocera, march'd after those that were gone by Astigiana, with intention to fight them, and to vindicate the affront: but the former having pass'd the Dora Baltea, and broken the Bridge, and the others being already come to Villa nuova, it proved all in vain: upon consultation of this new accident, several things were propound∣ed; amongst the rest, that since for certain there was but little Victuals in Casalle nor in the Citadel, and that the French who were entred there∣into had brought none with them, the Victuals which were already there would soon be spent: so as falling to the Siege again, and the Winter coming on, it was probable that the French, whose weakness was better known after the Town was gotten, then it was before, would not be able to relieve it; that it would be sufficient to imploy the Dutch in the Siege, and that the Kings men might be withdrawn to Winter in the State of Millain, and so be ready to succour the Dutch if they should be assaulted by the French; and that if the Dutch should tarry, or perish in that Siege, it would be of more advantage, then prejudice, in regard of the jeajousie that the State of Millain had of them. It was therefore concluded that, since the place could not hold out long, it must necessa∣rily soon fall into their hands; and that the French mens cunning would redound to their own apparent loss and prejudice: yet the weariness of war having corrupted the Commanders taste of Victory, it was carri∣ed, that affairs should again be composed; whereunto the French, who were gotten into the Citadel, were not averse, for the danger of the the Siege, they being victual'd but for a few days: so as by the inter∣cession of the Nuntio and Mazarine, they came to this agreement, that the French should quit Casalle, that the Spaniards should bring in a thousand sacks of Corn into the Town, and should restore such places as were to be restored; to see which agreement performed, the Marshal sent Monsieur 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Freshe into Casalle, who was very neer breaking it again; for upon the entring of the Corn, and going out of the French, Fresche hearing that the Spaniards, who had already quitted Rossigliano, S^t Georgio, and other places, were not yet gone out of Villa nuova, took occasion not to go out, but recalled the French who were already gone: but la Grange being against it, who would observe the agreement, and would not suffer his men to re-enter; the Spaniards being incens'd at this second action, made their Souldiers return into Pontestura and Ros∣sigliano, and their men dr•…•…w neer Occimiano, la Villata, and other Towns neer to Casalle, seeming as if they would reassume the Siege: but the Nuntio Pancirolo and Mazarine interceded again, and they and Grange laying the fault upon Fresche, the same agreement was again made, and was duly kept. The French went out of Casalle, and the Spani∣ards out of the Towns whereinto they were re-entred; and San' Croce ordered Carlo Guasco, Governour of the lower Montferrat, that he should remove the Ammunition out of Nizza, quit the Town, and as∣sign it over into the hands of those, to whom it should be ordained by the Cesarean Commissary. Affairs being thus accommodated, the Dutch went to quarter some of them in the Valtoline, some in the Man∣tuan Territories, and some under Gallasso in the lower Montferrat, for∣cing

Contribution from all the Feudatories of the Empire in Italy, and quarter; raising great sums of money from them: they put for the like with the Genoese, desiring quarter of the Commonwealth for part of their men: but the Genoeses refused, and prepared Forces to repulse them, being more afraid of the Plague which they might bring with them, then their Arms; therefore by the interposition of the Gover∣nour of Millain the Dutch were satisfied with some drinking money given to their Captains; another accident hapned, which afforded new cause of complaint, for the not observance of agreements. The Duke du Mayne was in the Citadel with some few Souldiers; for Montferrat being partly incumbred by the Dutch who were quartered there, part∣ly possess'd by the Duke of Savoy, could not furnish men enough for the Garrison, it being also much impoverished of people by the Plague: fearing therefore some bad accident, especially since the Em∣perours, nor King of Spains Forces were not yet disbanded; he ac∣quainted the Marshals with the danger, who were quartered with their men, according to Articles, in the Towns of Piedmont: the Marshals dis∣miss'd 400 Swissers, who were of the Kings Guard, and who were under them, and went by their tacite Commission into Casalle, and were there received: but the Spaniards exclaiming against it, to appease the rumours, they were soon sent out: the resignation of the Towns of Montferrat remain'd for the intire execution of the peace of Ratisbone, which resignation was much sollicited by the Duke of Savoy, out of a desire that he had to end the differences, and his pretences to Montfer∣rat, that thereby he might have Savoy, and his Towns in Piedmont, which were still detain'd by the French, restored; who not being able to quarter their men commodiously therein, disposed of them, contra∣ry to Articles, in many of the neighbouring Towns: at this time Collalto died, who was the third Captain General of this present war: he died of the disease whereof he had been almost always afflicted, and much more by reason of the distaste he had received; for at last, by the much pressure of the Spanish Agents, he was sent for back into Germany by the Emperour, to give an account of his actions, and of his unfavoura∣ble proceedings in the business of Casalle, and in the King of Spains affairs; he having done little else in all his Government, but disturb'd and hindered Spinola's and San' Croce's designs, in keeping that Siege from success; and this not so much to vent his emulation, as by the unfortunate success thereof to signalize his glory the more in taking Mantua: wherein notwithstanding he had imployed little more then his name and authority; having been almost always sick, and for the most part but o•…•… the Dutchy of Mantua: the business being still ma∣naged by Gallasso and Aldringer. To this was added that that City be∣ing rather taken by stealth then by force of Arms, and that stealth suc∣ceeding, when the City by reason of the great mortality of Souldiers and Inhabitants was like an expiring carcase, it lessened much the glory of the Victory; and take away the difference of success, their glory will assuredly be greater, that suffer'd before Casalle, then theirs who had the Victory at Mantua.

Collalto being dead, who had full and free authority from the Em∣perour to make peace, and to set a value upon the Towns of Montfer∣rat

which were to be restored, they sent into Germany, expecting new Commands, and new Deputations from the Emperours Court: they were likewise to expect the same from France; for it was known that that King sent Monsieur di Servien, Secretary of State, into Italy with full authority. Cesar soon confer'd the Command upon Gallasso: but the Secretaries not appearing after many days expectation, made it be much suspected what the Kings mind was touching the observance of the peace; to which he profess'd publickly he did not hold himself bound; and therefore men knew not what to think touching the resti∣tution of the Towns in Montferrat: the reason alledged by the King of France why he held himself not bound, was, that he having made ano∣ther League with the King of Swedland, in favor of the German Princes, against the Emperour, much about the same time that the peace of Ra∣tisbone was in treaty, or was as good as concluded; and the Articles of Ratisbone repugning this League and Union, as also the King of France his protection of the German Princes, that King not willing to part from the League, nor from the protection therein contained, pretended that his Embassadour who under-writ the Articles of Ratisbone had nei∣ther Commission nor Command to oblige him the King touching the affairs of Germany, but only for those of Italy: so as being question∣lesly free from those of Germany, he alledged he could not be bound to observe those of Italy, by reason of the correspondent connexi∣on that the one had with the other: he therefore protested, that if he should agree to that peace for what concern'd the affairs of Ita∣ly, he would not do it, as bound thereunto by the Articles of Ratisbone, but out of his meer well-wishing to the peace and quiet of Italy. The Spaniards suspected also, that the delay made by the French Deputy proceeded from some end the King might have to keep the Spanish and Dutch Forces idle in Italy: which, the peace being once agreed upon, were destined, the Spanish for the relief of Flanders, against which the Hollanders made great warlike preparations; and the Dutch, to suc∣cour Germany, where the King of Swedlands proceedings prospering •…•…dingly, they very much press'd for assistance and succour: so to hinder the hazardous affairs of the Emperour and of the King of Spain, in both these places, from being relieved by those succours; for nothing being to be treated of in Italy without the French Deputy, the Spanish and Dutch Forces were necessarily to remain in Italy till that business should be perfectly ended: only in favour to the Duke of Savoy, the Agents who were in Italy chose Cherasco, a Town in Piedmont for the place of conference, where the Duke kept his Court, it being a place least infected with the Plague; wherea•…•… the Duke of Nevers complain'd very much, as of a thing tha•…•… would redound very much to his preju∣dice; for that the deciding of •…•…o weighty and important a business be∣ing to be made in the face, and before the eyes of his so great contradi∣ctor, the ballance would not be so rightly guided as it ought: at last, the French Deputy appeared in Italy; who being kept some days in Susa by the Marshals, came to Cherasco about the midst of Febr. in the year 1631: where Monsieur Pancirolo, Mazarine, Gallasso, Toras, the Spa∣nish Embassadour for Piedmont, and Marshal Scomberg, were present:

The Negotiation being begun, the first thing that was handled was that

which concerned the Duke of Savoy's pretensions to as many Towns of Monserrat as were to be assigned over to him, to the value of 18000 crowns annual revenue. And the Duke persisting that the Towns reve∣nues should be rated according to the ancient Rent, and not as they went now; contrary to what the Mantuan Agents pretended, as an expedient for this and all other differences and pretensions, the annual Rent of 18000 crowns was by the Deputies reduced to 15000, according as the King of France had declared by the Articles of Susa; For payment whereof fourescore and foure Towns were assigned to the Duke of Savoy, amongst which Alba and Trino; But because it appeared that the revenue of these Towns came to much more then 15000 crowns, the Duke of Savoy was injoyn'd to pay for the over∣plus 500000 crowns to Nevers, and to quit the Infanta Margarit's portion, which Nevers, as heir to Duke Francis, did owe; In lieu of which portion, the Duke of Savoy, and (in his name) the Deputies and Arbitrators did as∣sign to the said Margarite La Motto, Riva, and Costanza, three of those Towns which were at the present assigned to the Duke of Savoy, it being lawful for him to redeem them at any time upon payment of the portion. And by this assignation all the Duke of Savoy's claimes and pretensions to Mon∣ferrat were understood to be fully satisfied. As for the performance of the other points, it was agreed, that within two moneths space Nevers should be put into possession of all his Dominions, except what was assign'd to the Duke of Savoy, that between the eight, and the twentieth day of Aprill, all the Dutch and the French should foregoe Italy, that the first should return to Germany, the others to France; leaving those who were in the Mantuan Towns, which were reserved to the Emperour, and those in the Town of Pi∣edmont, which were reserved for the King of France. That the Duke of Savoy should also withdraw all his men into Piedmont, not removing those who were in the Towns assigned now unto him: That within 25 dayes the Duke of Nevers should be invested into his two Dukedoms, in the same man∣ner as his Predecessors had been. That this being done, the Forts which have been erected upon occasion of these present Wars, in the States and Towns which had been taken, should be demollished by the 23 of May, on which day Mantua and the Forts thereunto belonging, and Caneto, should be consigned to Nevers; and the Towns in Piedmont, which were held by the French, should also on the same day be delivered to the Duke of Savoy, and presently after all the Grisons, Towns, and places which were held by the Emperour, as well in Rhetia, as in the Votuline, should be set free. But the difficulty consisting in the sure performance of what was n•…•…w agreed upon, each party doubting that the Towns of Mantua and Piedmont being to be restored on the 23 of May, it might so fall out that neither of the parties, either out of their own wilfulness, or for fear of being deceived, would make restitution; or that if the one party should do it, the other party might not do so, which would re∣dound much to the prejudice of the things agreed upon, as also of the satisfa∣ction of all, and of the publick peace: it was therefore concluded, that with∣in the 15 dayes prefix'd for the demollishing of the Forts, Hostages should be delivered up to the Pope by the Emperour, and by the King of France, to be detained by the Pope, till all things were performed.

The Pope refused to receive Hostages for restitution of the Towns in Rhetia, for that it did not suit with Religion, nor with the Majest•…•… of the Popedom, to co-operate in making Towns be restored to Here∣ticks,

which were posses'd by Catholicks; and the French not being to be satisfied in this point without caution, it was agreed upon by an Ar∣ticle apart, between the Duke of Savoy and the French Agents, to which Gallasso seemed to give his consent; That the Duke at the same time should restore his Towns to him, should put into Susa and Avigliana a Garrison of Swissers, confederates with the King, and Valleggiany; who were to be chosen and pay'd by him the Duke, and who should swear to restore them to the Duke, after the due observance of what was agree∣ed upon at Cherasco. Though this capitulation seemed to be the Em∣perours intention, and that of the two Kings, who would have had freed Italy of the Dutch, and French, at one and the same time; that without disadvantage of either party all places retained should be re∣stored: yet b•…•…cause, for assurance of this agreement, it was resolved in the 16 Article of the Peace at Ratisbone, that hostages should be given, who were to be named by the I•…•…alian Agents, who were likewise to chuse to what Prince they should be given; and moreover the said A∣gents were allowed liberty to do any thing else therein, which should seem best and safest to them; and they choosing the Pope, who refused to receive Hostages; This accommodation was found to satisfie the French, who received some prejudice in the point which concerned the Grisons; but the more the French were therewith satisfied, the more unsatisfied were the Sp•…•…niards, and by their means the Emperour. The judgement given at Chirasco was also suspected by reason of the exorbitant assignment made unto the Duke of Savoy, of so many great and noble Towns in Montferrat, which to boot that by the common present calculation they came to 100000 ducates annual revenue, it was too prejudicial to the Duke of Nevers, and weakned the rest of his State so much, as not being able to undergo the burthen of maintaining Cassalle, nor to supply it with sufficient victuals; the Arbitrators who were aware of it, ordered that the Duke of Savoy should permit Nevers to extract 10000 sacks of corn yearly, at the price of the Market; which extraction, to boot with the limitation of time prefixed, reduced the maintainance and nourishment of that Town to be at the Duke of Savoy's pleasure; who by denying it, might besiege it, and bring it into great streights. It therefore seemed strange, that the Agents of the King of France, who had by his Arms profest himself to be Nevers his Pro∣tector, should consent to what was so prejudicial to their Kings Client; and the restoring of 500000 ducates, together with the freeing of Nevers from payment of the Infanta Margarits portion, being nothing else but a forcing of Nevers to alienate so great a part of his S•…•…ate at so mean a price as those two sums came to, made more for Nevers his prejudice, and consequently made the Arbitrement more exorbitant, and the conditions more unjust.

At this time the Duke of Feria was again made Governour of Millain, in the place of Sancta Croce, with whom the Court o•…•… Spain was very ill satisfied by reason of his ill government of the Kings busi∣ness: And though Feria did not like the thus dismembring of Montfer∣rat, especially since the Duke of Savoy being possest thereof by the King of France his means, he was in appearance likely to depend more upon him then upon the King of Spain, who would never condescend

that he should be Master of one foot of ground in Montferrat; yet Fe∣ria, and the other Spanish Agents, dissembling their inward resentment of this point, as not appertaining to their King; they exclaimed main∣ly, and protested against what concern'd the Garrison of Susa and Avi∣gliana; and Feria writ to the Emperour and to the King of Spain, that they should not allow of the Articles of Chirasco, nor to the restitution of Mantua; he also complained of Gallasso in the Emperours Court, as if adhering too much to Collalto, he had inclined more to the Duke of Savoy then to the King of Spain: And it was bruted abroad, that Gal∣lasso having received great sums of money from the Duke, had joyned with the French, in being so favourable to the Duke of Savoy, in the assigning of the Towns. And, as if affairs had been in a worse case then ever, Feria staid the Brigadoes which were sent for Flanders, and the Dutch, who according to the Articles of Chirasco were ready to de∣part; notwithstanding that the Emperours affairs being ill handled by the Swedes at this time did very much require succour. The business being thus interrupted, and all parties being much incens'd by this backwardness in Feria, it was thought he the more desired to embroil business, that he might have occasion to exercise his warlike •…•…alent, then to appease them; wherefore as a friend to novelty he was com∣monly noted to be of an unquiet spirit: And this was observed even in the Court of Spain, which was held to be very ill satisfied with the peace of Ratisbone, and worse with the agreement of Gasalle; it was therefore thought that Feria coveted to repair his Predecessors fault, and to signalize the beginning of his Government by actions contrary to his. But a Decree made by the Emperour after the peace of Ratis∣bone did much trouble all mens minds, by which he conferr'd all the authority of the Sacred Empire which could be conferr'd, in amplest manner, upon the King of Spain, against contumacious and rebellious Subjects: A Decree commonly practised in Germany against disobedi∣ent Princes, by which that Prince who is warranted to make War is permitted to possess himself of the disobedient Prince his Dominions, no restitution being to be made till he have paid the whole charge of the War: By virtue of this Decree, all Princes and Officers who are Sub∣jects of the Empire are bound to pay obedience to him who hath this Commission, as they should do to the Emperour, and also to deliver up unto him all Towns and Forts, and without making any reply, to turn their Arms and Forces whithersoever that King commands.

This Decree was occasioned by what had hapned before Casalle, af∣ter peace was made, by the King of France his protesting that he held himself not bound to observe the Articles of that peace, and by the agreement of Chirasco which gave little satisfaction; for the Emperour finding that the French were not content with the peace, but that the King of France, at the same time that that peace was made, had made a new League with the Swedish King, clean contrary to the Articles of Ratisbone, and that he furnish'd him with mone•…•…s for the W•…•…r of Ger∣many; and knowing that he could not possibly repair the affairs of the Empire both in Germany and Italy at one and the same time, he thought fit to leave the care of the affairs of Italy to the King of Spain, the greatest Prince and Feudatory of the Emp•…•…e: And the Duke of Feria

being substituted by the King in this Commission, Gallasso who mana∣ged the War, and Aldringer who had Mantua in possession, as also all the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Princes, Feudatories to the Empire, were to obey him, and to assist him, as they would have done the Emperours self; and Al∣dringer was bound to deliver Mantua unto him, and all the Towns which he held in that Dukedome; for that Nevers, who having in∣curr'd the penalty of High Treason, by reason of his contumacy and disobedience, had no right to that peace, but was relapsed into his for∣mer fault; and the Duke of Feria by virtue of that Decree might pro∣ceed against him with all the Forces of the Empire. For fear that this should be put in execution, the Venetians, the French, and all Princes who cared for the affairs of Italy, apprehended that all things would be ruined, if Mantua should be assigned over to the Duke of Feria; they were therefore necessitated to endeavour by all means that the peace might be observed and ratified in the first place, and afterwards reform the Articles of Chirasco, in satisfaction to the Emperour and Spaniards. Thus the agreement of Chirasco being of force, it was instituted touch∣ing the restitution of the Towns and places belonging to the Grisons, whereof the doubt remained, that the French, instead of the Garrison which by the agreement they were to put into Susa, might keep Briche∣rasco; but that Gallasso should be constituted in Mantua, and Toras in Turin, for hostages; the one for the restitution of Bricherasco, the other for the Towns and places belonging to the Grisons: And because this new agreement was made on the 19^th of Iune, the time of the former agreement being already expired, others were made like unto the for∣mer. In this second agreement the Duke of Feria was likewise limi∣ted more precisely touching the Garrison of Millain, and the number of the men were lessened which he was to keep there for Garrisons, contrary to what in the preceding peace, and particularly in this last of Chirasco, was observed; for whereas in the former it was said, that the Kings Forces should not so tarry in the State of Millain as to cause jea∣lousie in the Neighbours, in this last they obliged the Governour pre∣cisely, to send 6000 Foot and 1000 Horse out of Italy and Rhetia, of the extraordinary Forces which were in the State; and that if after the restitution of the places there should yet remain a greater number of Horse or Foot then is usually kept in that State, they should be dis∣miss'd, or should be so disposed of as no more should remain there then was usually kept in Garrison in the time of peace. This agree∣ment was perfectly observed: At the time appointed the Duke of Man∣tua was re-invested and restored to the City and State of Mantua, freed of all the Dutch, who shall for the future be no more called the Duke of Nevers, but Duke of Mantua: The Towns of Piedmont were also restored to the Duke of Savoy; and lastly, for full and entire perform∣ance of what was cove•…•…anted, the Hostages were set at liberty; so as Italy was likely to return into her former serene peace.

But new clouds soon appe•…•…ring amidst this cleer weather drew all me•…•…s eyes upon them; and seeming big of thunder, lightning and storms, made it be feared they would break out into some dangerous tempest. The King of France some few days after the Towns and Ho∣stages were with satisfaction to all parties restored, demanded some

things of the Duke of Savoy: which being directly contrary, not only to the Covenants, but to the fundamental points of the peace of Ratis∣bone, and of the Agreements made at Cherasco, did disturb the Affairs in several manners, perplex'd the minds of the Italians, and gave the Spaniards more cause of complaint, and greater reason to think them∣selves injured then before: he demanded the assignment over unto him of Susa and of Avigliana, or Pinarollo and Perosa, or of Dimone and Cunio, or lastly, Savigliano, together withall the Towns that are upon the passage to Castle Delphino: the reason of these his demands, he said, was, that he might have a way open to come into Italy, upon any no∣velty that might be attempted by the Spaniards, to the prejudice of his Confederates, and to secure himself of the Dukes friendship; whom he once more saw inclined to joyn with the Spaniards against him. The occasion of these demands were alledged to be, for that together with the ardent desire which the Spaniards, as •…•…e said, seemed to have, to exclude the new Duke of Mantua out of Italy, that they might unjustly usurp the States which did by right of succession devolve upon him; and besides, that they for the same purpose had gone against the Arti∣cles of Susa; and with their own Forces, and those of the Dutch, called into Italy by them, and paid by their moneys, had assaulted his Domi∣nions and taken Mantua from him; they now endeavoured to come to a third assault, when by reason of the restitution of the Towns of Piedmont, and the French their retiring into France, they were them∣selves alone in Italy, arm'd in the Field, the Duke being weak and un∣able to resist them, for want of moneys and men, who were consumed by War and by the Pestilence, wherewith his States had been so sore∣ly afflicted. The King justified these his doubts and jealousies; for that though the Duke of Feria had given his word to Galasso, that he would cashier the extraordinary Forces out of the State of Millain, and reduce the Souldiers to the number that were usually kept in Garri∣son in time of peace, according to the last Article of Cherasco; he, on the contrary, had retained most of the Foot, to boot with Scomburgs Regiment, and the Neapolitan Horse, which he had not only not dis∣mis'd as he was obliged to do; but had raised others by the Marquess Rangone, and drawn them neer the Confines of Millain; and that many Captains and Officers, under colour of Reformadoes, were sent by him to Naples, to raise more men, and bring them into the State of Millain; that il Signore Merodes, a Captain of the Emperours in Alsatia had encreased his •…•…roops with the men that were sent into Flanders, and that joyning with Archduke Leopold he threatned innovation against the Grisons; and that in the mean while, Merodes and his Lievtenant did by several ways molest those people, and pick new occasions to break the peace: that the Duke of Feria being desired by the Nuntio Panciruolo, and press'd thereunto by the F•…•…ench, to cashier those men, so to remove all occasions of new jealousies, he openly den•…•…ed to do it; and this for nothing else, but for that, as he sa•…•…d, the new Duke of Mantua had put new Garrisons of French Souldiers into Casalle, contrary to Covenants; and for that the Grisons, contrary to the Articles of Ratisbone, had for∣tified the passes of Stainc, and of other places; and that therefore it was necessary to provide against these inconveniences by way of anticipati∣on,

lest other more great might follow thereupon: that the Spaniards, who were now more powerful in the Emperours Court then the Dutch themselves, had labour'd very much, even since the Treaty of peace, that the Emperour would deliver the City of Mantua into their hands; and that not being able to obtain it, they had treated with the Imperial Officers who had the Government of that City, to deliver it up unto them; and that they had proceeded so far therein, as they failed but a li•…•…tle of having it done, had they not been hindred by such Officers as were faithful to the Emperour, and who would not consent to so great a piece of treachery: he also said that the Emperour bare no good will to the new Duke, nor was pleased with the peace that he himself made; for that the next day after the investment was granted, he by a secret Article, procured by the Spanish Agents, had declared the investment should be null and of no effect, if at any time the Articles of Ratisbone should not be observed; and, as if this were directly contrary to the same Articles, wherein he in express words covenanted that the invest∣ment should be granted in the same manner as it had been formerly granted to the former Dukes, the King alledged that that Declaration was procured only to serve for a pretence that the Spaniards might once more assault that Duke, and bereave him of his Dukedom upon any slight occasion: since they and the Emperour, who were parties in this business, were made judges of the breach thereof, and accusers of those that should break it: he further argued that the Spaniards fo∣mented the civil dissentions of his Royal Court, and were of intelli∣gence with his Brother and Mother, who were at this time fled from the Court of France, and were gone into Flanders: to the end, that he and his Kingdom being troubled with intestine dissentions, might not apply themselves to the Affairs of Italy, and so they might assault the Duke the third time with greater Forces: nor herewithall contented, that they endeavoured to draw the Duke of Savoy to joyn with them in their Plots contrived against the quiet of his Kingdom, as was disco∣vered by Letters of the Spanish Embassadours Resident with the Duke of Savoy, which were intercepted; and as might be better compre∣hended by the Abbot Scaglia's going into England: which Abbot be∣ing Embassadour from the Duke of Savoy in Madrid, at the same time when the Towns of Savoy and Piedmont were restored, was sent at the King of Spains charges into England to treat of new Leagues against France: he further urged the Cardinal of Savoy his going into Flanders, at the same time that the Queen-mother was to be there, and the impri∣sonment of the Baron S. Romano, who after having treated in Millain with Feria, and afterwards with the Spanish Embassadour in Turin, was gone into Languedock with the Dukes Pass-port, and with Order to raise men for the Kings Brother: moreover, Orders given for the go∣ing of 500 Spaniards, and 2000 Italians, at the same time, to Barcelona, to put those designs in execution which might by all men be imagined. Monsieur di Servien, who was the Kings Embassadour in Turin, hav•…•…ng delivered the Duke a long Discourse in writing upon these and other lighter complaints, he at last required an answer from him to these the Kings demands, within three days, to the end, that the King might know how to dispose of his Forces that were yet in the Provinces which

confine upon Italy; putting him also in mind, that he the Duke having gotten so great a part of Montferrat by the Kings means, and being con∣sequently the only man that had got advantage by the late war, he was bound, both for convenience and gratitude, to do some thing for the safety of the Affairs of Italy, and for the satisfaction and reputation of the Kings Forces. The Duke immediately acquainted the Governour of Millain with the Kings demands, and with the threats which might apparently be seen, in case he should deny them: adding, that he the Duke not having wherewith to resist, must be forc'd to chuse the lesser evil, and to comply with the Kings will, unless he were furnish'd with 10000 effectual Foot, and 1000 Horse for the defence of Savoy, and with 6000 Foot and 1000 Horse for the defence of Piedmont; and if they were paid what was their due; he should submit to the Kings will. The Governour not being able to furnish him with so many men at the prese•…•…t, offer'd to send him as many as he was able now, and that he might be su•…•…e that for the future he would procure him what assistance he could for the preservation of his Dominions. The Duke, not con∣tent with these uncertain generalities, agreed with the French Embassa∣dour to assign over Pinarollo and Per•…•…sa, and San' Brigata to those very Swissers to whom Susa was assigned the year before, upon Oath that they should hold them for the King, for six moneths space; and that time being ended, that they should re-assign them over again to him the Duke, unless by his own consent the time of assignment to the King should be prorogued; that the King might put a Governour into them, who should take the same Oath. The Duke obliged himself also, and promised not to co-operate with them who should go about to trouble the peace of France, during the Kings Mothers, and his Brothers ab∣sence; and to give free passage for the French to enter Italy, if they should be brought thither by any novelty against the Duke of Mantua. There was not any one who did not resent this so sudden and unexpect∣ed demand, and who did not wonder, and were not amazed at the Dukes so ready yielding thereunto: so as none were so void of reason, as not to think that it was agreed upon long before between him and the King; especially by the many accidents and circumstances which went to the approving thereof. The Cardinal of Savoy went to Paris a little be∣fore the French restored the Towns of Piedmont, and Prince Thomas•…•… with his Wife and Children, on whom, the Duke having no Children, the succession of Savoy fell: the occasion of the Cardinals going thi∣ther was given out to be, for his own respect, that he might go from thence to Flanders to visite his Aunt the Archdutchess; and for others to be present at some solemn Festivals which were to be had in that Court. When the Cardinal was come to Paris, he did not pursue his journey, but tarried there with his Brother, till such time as Pinarollo was assigned over into the Kings Officers hands; which being done, they all returned to Piedmont: the going of these Princes to that Court, and their tarrying there till the assigning over of Pinarollo, made all men think that they were sent thither, and kept as Hostages of the secret Agreement between the King and Duke, contrary to the Articles of Ratisbone: the secr•…•…t Capitulation of the first Agreement of Cherasco, against which the Duke of Feria did so much exclaim, seemed to say as

much. Servien's long delay in coming into Italy touching a business of so great importance, and wherein haste was required by all part•…•…es, though it was then attributed to some other cause, was afterwards •…•…eld for cer•…•…ain, that it was done to give time for this resolution which was not as then ripe, nor digested: the notable prejudice suffer'd by the Duke of Mantua, so openly taken into protection by the King of France, and consented unto by the same Kings Agents, in favour to the Duke of Savoy, who had been a profess'd enemy to the Kings interest, and who besides h•…•…ving cost that Crown so great an expence of men and moneys, had also made him lose whole Arm•…•…es, and his reputation, in the enterprise of Casalle; was commonly judged to be the price and the reward of this secret Treaty between the Duke and the King of France, touching the concession of Pinarollo: which may appear to be clearly comprehended by the very writing delivered to the Duke, by the Em∣bassadour Servien, wherein after the •…•…acite threats in case of denial, he endeavoured to perswade the Duke to give way unto the demands, by way of gratitude for the great obligation which he had to the King, by whose favour •…•…e had gotten so great a part of Montferrat. The Kings suffering himself for so frivolous and sleight occasions, which by treaty might easily be compounded, to be brought to resolve upon a thing of so great moment, when France which required peace and restauration, broke forth into combustion of Civil War by the flight of his Mother and Brother, made all men believe that without assurance of having it readily granted, he would not have adventured to make such a demand: which if it had been denied, obliged him to undertake greater wars then those which, after so much expence of moneys and blood, he was to thank fortune for his coming off with honour, with Forces already wearied, and little better then beaten, and upon a less just title then the former. On the other side, the great respect, not to say fear, which the Duke when he was already restored to all his Dominions, shew'd to have of those Forces, which when he was in a worse condition he had so boldly resisted; his so much distrust of aid from Spain, by which being assisted, he nor his Father fe•…•…red not to provoke the French Forces; his having by his so high and almost impossible demands ra∣ther rejected, then desired those succours from the Duke of Feria, which he might have received, and was bound to accept of, rather then to quit so many places of importance.

The Duke not being moved at so unjust demands, which rather then to have granted he was upon all accounts to have run any whatsoever Fortune his having yielded to the worst demand, and more pr•…•…judicial to himself of the four; his no shew of resentment after such an assigna∣tion, but his pretending a reward for it from the Crown of Spain, as if he had once more thereby secured the State of Millain, confirmed the general prejudiciate opinion, that this demand was no news unto him, but a thing long before agreed upon; this general opinion was af•…•…er∣wards better confirmed by the sale made by the Duke the next year of the same Towns to the King, and of their Territorie, wherein many other Towns were con•…•…ained; and by this sale it was comprehended, that it was not his alledged zeal to the publick peace, nor the security of his Client and Friends, but his desire to have a gate alwayes open in∣to

Italy, which caused the King to make such high and strange demands, and so contrary to the Covenants of Ratisbone and Chirasco, agreed unto by his Agents in his name, and ratified by the King himself, in the effectual restitution of the Town of Piedmont; the 500000 Ducates which the Duke of Savoy was to restore to the Duke of Mantua, for the overplus of the Towns in Montferrat, assigned to him by the Arbitre∣ment of Chirasco, the which the King being obliged to make good to that Duke, he afterwards profes'd that he kept them against the same Duke of Mantua, for the charges he had been at in making war for the defence and maintaining of his dominions, was considered in the price of so many important Towns. The Duke granted, and afterwards sold unto the King those Towns upon which the liberty and sub∣jection of Piedmont did depend, and wherein his sovereignty did consist, and his not being onely a great and free Prince and master of himself, but an Arbitrator of great affairs between two mighty Kings; and their worth being inestimable, the Towns of Montferrat which were assigned, were sold at a very under rate. For if Duke Charles Ema∣nuel did grant all the Country of Bresse to the King of France, a large Country and of great revenue, onely that he might keep Saluzzo, and thereby remain •…•…ree and absolute master of Piedmont, the French being excepted; what comparison is to be made between Pinarollo, and all the valley of Perosa, in consideration of the Marquesate of Saluzzo, especially the great opportunity and consequence of Pinarollo's scituati∣on being considered; and what proportion can the Towns assigned in Montferrat beat with Bressa which was granted, so great a Country and so full of numerous Towns? Yet the now Dukes action was excused by the necessity he was in to comply with the Kings pleasure, who being posses'd not only of the Towns lately granted in Piedmont, but of all Savoy, and so many other Towns of Piedmont; and having no hopes ever to regain them by force, it behoved him to do as the times requir∣ed, and of two evils, to chuse the least; since affairs were brought to such a condition, as he was rather to thank the King for what was in the Kings power to deny him, then to forego what not being able to regain, was really rather to be esteemed the Kings, then his; and which being denyed gave occasion not onely to retain that, but all the other Towns that the King was posses'd of. Cardinal Richelieu being proud of so advantagious an acquisition, cove•…•…ed that it might never be can∣cel'd out of the memory of man, but remain in perpetual witnesse of what he had done for the Crowns advantage; he also had contracted a particular and intense hatred against the Duke upon many accounts, but more particularly for having been brought to great extremities, both by the last Duke, and by this; when he went the preceding year with an Army into Piedmont: so as Revenge being added to the propa∣gating of the King•…•… affairs, he thirsted to see the House of Savoy reduced to such a weak condition and subjection, as the Dukes thereof should never be able to hold up their heads, or to gain-say the Kings pleasure; nor ever to put such tricks upon any of the Kings Officers or Comman∣ders as they had done upon him; and so to leave the impression of his resentment for ever engraven in the depression of that Principality; and not finding any better means how to effect it, he inform'd the Duke

that he had no other way to regain what he had lost, then to lose Pina∣rollo, and the valley of Perosa: For the King, who profess'd himself not bound to observe the peace of Ratisbone, was not to receive any preju∣d•…•…ce by not accepting thereof, save only that Mantua should not be re∣stored to the Duke of Nevers; a losse wherein his Kingdom was but little concern'd, that City being so far distant from the confines of France; Whereas by keeping Savoy and Pinarollo, with all the Towns he had in Piedmont in his possession, he got incomparable more advan∣tage, which might largely make amends for the losse of Mantua, as well for what concern'd himself, as for what concern'd the Duke of Mantua, to whom he might procure whole Montferrat in lieu thereof, together with Savoy in fee, and so better both his own and his Clients condition: For if Nevers should be Lord of Savoy, he would become a greater Prince by the vicinity of his French Dominions thereunto; and the King by retaining the sovereignty of Savoy, and possessing Montferrat, and the Towns he had taken in Piedmont, he would extend the skirts of his Dominions, and his authority equally on both sides of the Alps, with much advancement of Majesty and Reputation, by the great adhe∣rence that he would thereby get in Italy, and with much prejudice to Piedmont, which being surrounded by the Kings Forces, would in many respects be subject to the Crown of France; and therefore the King being to receive such advantage by not accepting the peace, he would not by accepting it deprive himself thereof, unless he might be sure to retain Pinarollo, and the valley of Perosa. To these so hard and so se∣vere conditions it may be believed, that fair promises were added of allowing the Duke of Savoy a good part of Montferrat, if he would give way to the Kings will: Wherefore the Duke being forced by ne∣cessity, and incited by appearing advantage, could not but consent to what was demanded.

Thus the King of France, under the colour of maintaining the liberty of Italy, and of the Italian Princes, and under pretence that the Spaniards should not curb the Duke of Mantua, did himself first curb the Duke of Savoy, and made a Prince almost his Subject, who was not only an Italian, but one so neerly allied unto him: but neither was the Duke of Mantua, when he was restored to his State, in free and full liberty of Principality; for besides the so great dismembring and lessening of his restored State, he being to receive a French Garrison in Mantua and in Casalle (for that it was impossible for him to keep those places well Garrisoned) became so dependant upon the Kings pleasure and will, as the Kings profess'd protection to him, did almost impose as much subjection upon him, as the Spaniards could have done: it be∣ing likely that the Court of Spain, which, as hath been said, was at first so neer granting him free and unconditional possession, would have consented thereunto much more willingly, if the new Duke should but have permitted them to put a Garrison into Casalle: in which case the King of Spain would, moreover, have been bound to protect him and Montferrat, just as he had done the Dukes his Predecessors, which •…•…e had so constantly done, with such profusion of his Subjects blood, and of his own moneys, as without ever pretending any recompence, he kept their State untouched against the Duke of Savoy, a Prince so

neerly allied in blood unto him; and the subjection of the Duke of Mantua▪ in respect of Montferrat, did double the subjection of Piedmont; for as Pinarollo being assigned over unto the French▪ opened a gate of free entrance into Piedmont whereby to be oppress'd: so was Casalle an∣ot•…•…er gate, which kept the Spaniards from coming to succour Piedmont when it should be infested by the French; and neither of these Princes being any ways able to resist the French, if once they were masters of these places, it was cleer enough seen into what condition the Liberty of their Principalities was reduced. The Grisons fell upon no less in∣conveniences; for under colour that the places that were restored might not be again seized on by the Austrians, the King kept means how to enter there, by putting French Garrisons into them: The King of France his authority did hereby so encrease in Italy, if not in Propriety and Dominion of State, a•…•… least in such adherence, as they not being able to do withall, he might make use of his adherents States, as of those that were Patrimonial to his Crown: but the more the Duke was to be excused for his being necessitated to yield Pinarollo to the King, the less was his loss therein compassionated; for he and his Father, whilst he was alive, had made that Principality hateful to the Italian Princes, by their joyning with the Austrian Forces, whilst they were thought to aspire after the oppressing of Italy by oppressing the Duke of Nevers: where•…•…ore the Italian Princes rejoyced, that as those Dukes had co-ope∣rated to enslave Italy, they had reap'd the fruit and reward of deserting the Common Cause, and were themselves taken in that snare of sub∣jection, in which, so they might have part of Montferrat, they cared not though others, together with themselves, had been taken; and the same Italian Princes were not displeased to find that there was a means found to fix the staggering of their conceits, wherewith they had tor∣mented others; and would not suffer any secure foundation to be laid •…•…or •…•…he common concernments: they were likewise much more c•…•…ntented, for that the more they saw the Duke waver in the favour of the French, they thought the commmon affairs the safer; and they were the surer that the Spaniards having lost all hope of winning that Prince over to them, and knowing that the French, by the Territories of Piedmont and Montferrat, did almost confine upon the State of Mil∣lain, they would be forc'd to be the better con•…•…ent, and would •…•…ay aside much of their haughty conceits and pretentions, by which they aspired to give Laws to all men, and to suffocate th•…•… Liberty and Sovereignty of the Princes of Italy; and though the double and clandestine deal∣ing between the King and Duke were contrary to the peace of Ra∣tisbone, and to the Treaties of Cherasco, yet winking at so great a gain∣saying, they allowed of the Kings justification; and, on the contrary, the Declaration made by the Emperour touching the investment of the Duke of Mantua the day before, was judged to be clandestine; and yet he who shall justly consider the cause which moved the Emperour to make that Declaration will find that he was not to be blamed for it; nor had any, and much less the King of France, reason to complain of the Articles which were granted before; for the Articles of Ratisbone being reciprocal between the Emperour and the King, it was clear that the one party observing them when the other did not, it was lawful for

the observer to withdraw from what he had on his side done: but the original fault of the first moving against the Duke of Mantua conveigh∣ing sinister influences into all actions which did depend upon that mo∣ving, did little justifie any action which might any ways prejudice the Dukes interest; and the Italians minds being incumbered by fear that the former wars of the Valtoline, and then those against Mantua and Montferrat, aimed at the inslaving of Italy, they allowed no place to any more subtile interpretations or considerations, to define what was just and honest; since justice and honesty seemed to have taken up the highest seat in the balance, which did secure the Liberty of Italy; and whatsoever co-operated to lessening the Spanish greatness, being held good for the common liberty and safety, was esteemed just and honest; according to that saying, salus populi suprema lex esto: for this respect the Duke of Feria's suspition was not thought just, who seeing the French brought into Mantua and Casalle, and the Grisons parts garti∣son'd with French, pretended that it was against the Article of Peace, the events soon shewed that the pretence was not vain, since it was seen that those places fell into the hands of the French: so as their actions were applauded, and the Spaniards suspitions blamed; some of the I•…•…alian Princes joyed to see that the French were became, as it were, Ar∣bitrators of Italy; and little less then masters of Mantua, Montferrat, and Piedmont, and Concha, if for no other cause, at least for that they thought them, by reason and opportunity, to be of equal power and authority to the Spaniards, and peradventure superiour to them, by rea∣son of the adhe•…•…ence which those Princes would rather have with him, then with the King Spain; for they desired to keep the Spanish Forces curb'd by those of France; the Spaniards being grown jealous and hate∣ful to them: this was the success of the ill advised, ill govern'd, and worse justifiable Spanish Forces; this was the fruit they reaped of their so much stirring, to no other end, but that they could not tolerate that a Prince who depended upon France should have any possessions in Ita∣ly: nor were the King of France his Forces less fortunate out of Italy; for to boot with the Garrisons put into the Grisons Country, whereby they depended no less upon his arbitrement then did the Dukes of Savoy and Mantua, he did at the same time assault Lorrain with a powerful Army, being offended with that Duke, who had received and fomen∣ted the Duke of Orleans, who, as hath been said, was fled from the Court; and the Duke of Lorrain having no means to defend himself, the Emperou•…•… and all Germany being sufficiently molested, and a great part of Germany possess'd by the Swedes, he was forced to humble him∣self to the King, and to sue for peace, which was not granted him with∣out parting with some of his chiefest Towns; and being thus received into protection, he obliged himself not only to give free passage to the King through Lorrain, whensoever he would go with an Army into Ger∣many, but to joyn with him in that war, and assist him with a certain number of men, whilst he went to defend the liberty of the German Princes, the ancient Friends and Con•…•…ederates of his Crown: where∣fore when the King drew neer Germany with his Army, the Ecclesia∣stick Electors, and many other German Lords and Princes, put them∣selves under the protection of the Crown of France, pretending fear of

the Swedish Forces, but in effect to have a Protector of their greater liberty to which they aspired against the Austrian authority. Much about the time that the Peace of Ratisbone was concluded, a League (as hath been said) was made between the King of France and the King of Swedland, in defence of all common Friends, and of all the German Princes in their oppressed Liberties, and to restore Germany, and the Princes thereof, to the same condition they were in before the war be∣gan: in which League the King of France obliged himself, to pay 400000 Crowns a year unto the Swede for maintenance of his Army: which was as much as to set up a Standard in maintenance of the Ger∣man Rebellion, unto which all male-contents might have recourse: nor did the design prove vain; for after the famous Victory of the Swede and Duke of Saxony, before Lypsick, as hath been elsewhere said, wherein the Emperours Army and that of the League was discomfited, and almost all slain, and wherein Tilly was also sorely wounded; the Protestant Princes openly adhered unto the Swede, and joyn'd with him against the Emperour; and those who in respect of the Catholick Re∣ligion could not openly adhere unto an Heretick Prince, who was ma∣nifestly bent to take •…•…he Empire from the house of Austria, and to over∣throw the Catholick Religion; and who were unsatisfied with the Au∣strian Dominion; taking pretence from their fearing the Swede, had recourse to the King of France, by whom being taken into protection, they covenanted neutrality between the Swede and the Emperour, and to permit the King of France to pass armed through their Territories; by means of which protection they were secured from the Swedish Forces; and the Emperour who was by this means bereft of the adherence and help of almost all the German Princes, and also openly assaulted by the Swede, and his adherents, and molested under-hand by the King of France, was brought to so low a condition, as not being well able to withstand so many enemies, the affairs of the Empire were in a very sad condition; to this was added, that the Duke of Bavaria, who was head of the Catholick League, and the greatest maintainer of the Ca∣tholick Religion, and who next to the Elector of Saxony was the greatest support of the Empire and of the house of Austria, especially after Saxony his revolt, was also, though very secretly, confederated with the King of France; which King by Articles of Confederacy was bound to maintain the upper Palatinate, and the Electoral Dignity, for ever, in this Duke, and in the house of Bavaria; which State and Dignity being forfeited by the Prince Elector Palatines Rebellion, were for some years before confer'd by the Emperor upon this Duke of Bavaria: the occasi∣on which moved this Prince to this resolution was commonly attributed to jealousie of the peace made at this time at Madrid, between the Kings of Spain and England; for knowing that the King of Spain was dis∣pleased at the con•…•…erring of the Electoral State and Dignity upon him, and that the authority and power of the house of Bavaria should be so encreased, and that he had opposed the Emperour in confer∣ring it upon him; and knowing that the King of England, whose Sister was Wife to the Palatine, labour'd hard that the Palatine or his Son might be restored to their former condition, he thought he had just occasion to doubt, that the Peace made between the two

Kings, who were for several respects desirous to deprive him of it, might tacitely contain some Agreement between them, to his p•…•…ejudice. And on the other side, having soon after that Peace was concluded sent the Abbot Scaglia into England, in appearance to treat of Truce and Peace in the Kings Name with the Hollanders, but in effect to treat o•…•… a League against him, as he complain'd, and as the King of France had heard; therefore both Bavaria, and the King of France easily joyn'd in this Convention, for their own safeties sake, and that they might make plots not inferiour to those that were plotted against him. And that they might the better alienate the Bavarian from the Emperour, the Kings of France and of Sweden promised him the Imperial Crown, whereof (when the Emperour should be beaten) no Germane Prince seemed to be more capable then he, as being the most powerful of all the Catholick Princes, and who had most care of the Catholick Reli∣gion; and for that he, as one of the Electors, had a Vote in chusing the Emperour; and his Brother, who was Elector, and Arch-bishop of Collen, another Vote; with whom the Arch-bishop and Elector of Triers would joyn, who was the first that had joyned in League with the King of France, and had received a French Garrison into that State, particularly, into the Fort of Hermenestein, a strong Fort, and of great consequence, being scituated where the Mose falls into the Rheyne: The Votes of the Electors of Saxony and Brandenburg, who were declared Enemies to the House of Austria, and who depended upon the Swedish King, would likewise have concurr'd in the same Election, when the Bavarian should be by that King promoted to the Empire, as he •…•…ad pro∣mised.

The Duke being therefore •…•…ed with these hopes, and apprehending that the Austrians would deprive him of the Palatinate, and Electoral Dignity, and that they would restore•…•…it to the Palatine, totte•…•…'d in his intelligence with the Emperour, and met with a new accident, which gave him more and better reason to alienate himself from the Empe∣rour. The Emperour being reduc'd to great streights by the Swedish Forces, by the rising of so many people, and by his being deserted by so many Germane Princes, had (as hath been elsewhere said) for the last remedy of the imminent danger the Empire was then in, which also threatned him, sent for Wallestine Duke of Fritland, and had once more made him general of all his Forces; for he was the only man on whom it was thought the welfare of the Empire might sa•…•…eliest depend. There had been such high distastes between this Wallestine and Bavaria, as the Bavarian in the Diet of Ratisbone had been the chief cause of his being laid aside; and, doubtlesly, had the Bavarian openly declared against the Emperour, and had adhered to the contrary Parties, the Affairs of the Empire would have been but badly sustained: But were it either, that he received such assurances from the Emperour as took from him all distrust, or, that his hopes of attaining the Empire seemed but small, especially since both the Kings who offered and promised it unto him were known to be ambitious of it themselves; or, that he was at last wisely aware, that the two Kings did desire to separate him from the House of Austria, only that they might weaken it, and so the more easily suppress it, whereupon his ruine would assuredly succeed;

he medled not with any novelty, but stood firm and constant in defence of the Catholick Religion, and of the Imperial Majesty. To this was added, that the chief ends of the two Kings, and of all the German P•…•…nces, was to restore the Palatine to his former state and dignity: whereof they were much more troubled then was the King of Spain, to se•…•… Bavaria master. He therefore had no reason to trust them in what was directly contrary to the end of the common Arms, and to the universal desire and consent of whole Germany, which for the common concernment could not see the Palatine deves•…•…ed of his Dominion, and Bavaria indued the•…•…ewith; and as it might be supposed, that the two Kings, out of these respects, did promise that unto him which they could not possibly effect; so it might also be comprehended, that the same Bavaria seemed to make league and union with the two Kings, so to keep the Austrians from depriving him of the State and Dignity which they had confer'd upon him; so uncertain and fallacious are the unions and confede•…•…acies of Princes.

In this wavering condition were the Affairs of Germany, whereof the King of France seemed to be become no lesse Arbitrator, then of those of Italy; for the Swede differ'd much from him in point of Authority, and profes'd to depend much thereupon, notwithstanding all the victo∣ries he had gotten, and all the happy course of his prosperity; and the King of France his being deeply ingaged in the affairs of Germany took him much off from the Wars of Italy; whereat, though the Govern∣our of Millain, and the Spanish Agents, were much troubled, fearing his Forces which they saw were received into the Towns of Italy, yet did not his Forces do any thing after the assignment of Pinarollo; all things passing quietly on, unless it were the preparations, and several levies of men, the Spaniards being obliged to keep greater Garrisons, upon occasion of Pinarollo, Cassalle, and Mantua.

The new Duke of Mantua, though peacefully possess'd of his States, was not at all happy in injoying them; for, not to mention the troubles which he past thorough, the monies spent, and the dangers which he ran in arriving at the succession thereof; his Dominions were so lessened, so dismembred, so consumed and wasted both in men and monies, as his need of assistance from other Princes, to maintain them, was greater then the authority or Grandure that he got by them; and having in∣gaged his Lands in France, in defending and maintaining his Dominions in Italy; he lost the advantage of both his chiefest Towns, being possess'd by others, he had little more then the bare name of Principality left him: Nor was he in a more free and absolute condition of Prince, then when he was a Subject in France, and vassal to that Crown; so as, he who would justly consider this Prince his condition, must think that his happinesse, in so great possessions, redounded to his greater misfortune, and that it had been better for him to have wanted them. To so many calamities and miseries was added the death of his two onely Sons; the Eldest, who was Prince of Mantua, dyed in Goito six dayes before that Town was •…•…estored. So as the succession of his Family fell upon a young Infant, and Son to Princess Maria, who after Duke Vincenzo's death was married, as hath been said, to the Duke of Retell, the present Dukes eldest Son, who had he lived must h•…•…ve been Prince of Mantua;

the other, who was Duke De Mena, or Du M•…•…yne, dyed some few moneths after in Mantua.

To compleat the quiet and felicity of Italy, the composure of the differences between the Common-wealth of Genoa, and Duke of Savoy yet remained; which being severall times treated of, given over, and re-assumed, could never be brought to perfection. For after that by Marquess Rambollie•…•…'s departure from Madrid the businesse was left unperfect; Dom Ramires de Prado was sent by the King of Spain to the Camp before Rochell, with commission from the King and Common-wealth, to negotiate and to conclude that peace: Where, after much discourse, they came to this conclusion; that Zuccarello should remain to the Common-wealth, upon the payment 100000 Crowns to the Duke, but with conditon that the Dukes right should be preserved to what soever more monyes he had disbursed, when he first bought that Marquesate. Neither of the parties, nor yet the King of Spain, were pleased with this peace. For the Common-wealth was not only troubled at so excessive a sum, at which they themselves against reason were assessed, but much more for that a gate was left open for the Duke to make new pretentions, which might occasion new Wars. The Duke, on the contrary, complained that his interests were valued at no higher a •…•…ate, and moreover did not accept of the Peace, because the conspiracy of Genoa hapning at the same time; he took new occasion of complaint, and altercation, upon the impunity which he pretended unto of the Conspirators, which was denyed by the Common-wealth: And pretending that their punishment was a breach of the Truce agreed upon but a little before, he thought that so great an innovation not be∣ing imbra•…•…ed, nor salved up by the peace of Rochel, that capitulation was void; which did not perfectly compose the ancient grievances, and •…•…eft the greater and more modern complaints undecided. And he being at that time joyn'd with the Crown of Spain, upon occasion of the Wars of Montferrat, neither had the King of France any authority to make him observe it; nor would the King of Spain exasperate him, to the prejudice of the new conjunction: And therefore easily laying aside the Common-wealths complaints, touching the prejudice which she pretended to receive by that peace, he did not inforce the execution thereof upon her. Thus this peace by the repugnancy of the parties, and by the tacite consent of the Arbitrators, remained unperfected; and the continuing of these differences seemed then to make for the King of Spain's advantage; for the Common-wealth being necessitated to keep in Arms, and to entertain many to defend her, the King had an Army maintained at the Common-wealths charge, whereof he might make use according as the Wars of Montferrat should succeed; this agreement then not being admitted of, and new occasions of distastes hapning, the Affairs between these two parties were in greater disorder then ever, and the Spaniards were not well looked upon by the Common-wealth, for having sided with the Duke in his complaints. In these difficulties did things continue during Duke Emanuels life; when he was dead, the composure of all differences was by his Son absolutely refer'd to the King of Spain; Wherefore the Common-wealth willingly accepted of the bargain, but with very expresse and precise exclusion of that

point which concerned the impunity of the Conspirators, of whom they would not suffer any mention to be made, it being so exorbitant a thing, of so bad example; and so contrary to the dignity and safety of Princes,

The Court of Spain was not well satisfied with this exclusion, as if 〈◊〉〈◊〉 did mi•…•… become the Majesty of the King, that the Common-wealth should proceed with such limitations and reservations, when the Duke referr'd all things absolutely to the King; at length, after many replies, the Commonwealth yielded, and put her self freely upon the compri∣mise: And the business being long disputed in that Court, between Francesco Lomellino the Common-wealths Emb•…•…ssadour, and the Dukes Embassadour Abbot Scaglia, and no resolution being made in that point, first the Pope, and then the King of France, after the re-assign∣ing of Pinarollo, offered their indeavours and Authority to the Com∣mon-wealth, in the composure of differences, acquainting her, that they would give her better satisfaction then she could hope for from the Court of Spain: But the Common-wealth, which had already referr'd all unto the King of Spain, thought her self not in a condition to accept these offers; wherefore thanking both of them for their favour shewed towar•…•…s her; she excused her self for not being able to accept of the Grace done unto her by his Holiness, and his Majesty, without being faulty to his Majesty of Spain, since she could not alter nor vary any thing from 〈◊〉〈◊〉 she had once granted him. At last the Articles of Peace were concluded in Madrid, and published about the end of No∣vember, 1631. which in substance were;

That both Parties should be obliged to restore what had been taken; by which it was declared, That the Common-wealth should restore the Towns and Places which she had taken from the Duke, the Artillery, Gally, and all Prisoners, and, That the Duke should do the like: That the Commonwealth should keep Zuccarello, paying unto the Duke at four payments 170000 Crowns of Gold, in f•…•…ll for whatsoever he could pretend unto upon that account: That all things held in Fee, or Rented, together with all Repri∣sals and Confiscations made during the War, should be restored to the former owners: That all who had served the contrary Parties in the late War should have general Pardon granted them; namely, ten of the Conspirators, who were never to re-enter the Common-wealth, under pain of the former pu∣nishment, and of not enjoying the present Grace.

The Commonwealth accepted Il Lodo, though unwillingly, rather for that they thought it not •…•…it to countervene what had been adjudged by an Arbitrator chosen by themselves, then that they did not think themselves grieved by the great sum of money, in which they thought themselves injuriously sentenced; and much more, by the impunity of the Conspir•…•…tors, to which they thought they should not have been compelled, as was promised them when they resolved to come to a free comp•…•…imise: But the Duke, on the contrary, exclaimed against this Decree, and refused to accept of it; wherewith the King thought him∣self as much injured as he had been formerly displeased with the Com∣monwealth for limiting the comprimise. The Duke complained, that the King had been too sparing in limiting the Conspirators, as well in •…•…umber, as in the Conditions of their Pardon, pretending, that all the

Conspirators should have been freely pardoned, without any limitation; he demanded, That the Galley might be restored in the same equipage, and with the same Galley-slaves t•…•…at were in her when she was taken: That the Artillery should be brought into Gavio, where it was left; and, That it might be lawful for him to send men to bring it from thence in a military manner into Piedmont: That for the payment of the 170000 Crowns of Gold, the quality of the Crown in Gold should be decla∣red; and, That the Commonwealth should be bound to ascertain the payments at the prefix'd times; and, That good security should be given for it in France, or in some other Parts, wherein he might con∣fide. The King being much displeased with this stubbornness, would by no means be brought to any other Declaration, or alteration of Ill Lod•…•…, the rather for that he feared the Duke was thus backward by the Court of France its suggestion; and it seemed that that Court thought her self prejudiced by this Decree; for that these differences being to be determined, according to the Peace of Monsone, by both the Kings, the King of Spain had ended it himself, without participating therein with the King of France, not making any account of the Peace of Mon∣sone, nor yet of the Peace of Rochel, which by common arbitriment was adjusted between the Commonwealth and the Duke. It was there∣fore suspected, That the Duke, in favour to the French, to whom by the assignation of Pinarollo he seemed to be joyned, would never be sa∣tisfied with any Declaration that the King could make, to the end that by this Appeal he might be loose, and, with scorn to the Spanish Au∣thority, put the whole negotiation and decision into the arbitriment of the King of France. This suspition was increased by the King of France his offer to the Commonwealth, That he would end this business with more satisfaction to her, if she would put it to his arbitriment.

Affairs stood thus in suspense for some moneths, during which time the Duke complain'd that so many of his Patrimonial Towns should be de•…•…ain'd from him by the Genoeses, and said, that he would have re∣covered them by force of Arms; which if he should have done, his friends would not have been wanting in assisting him, whereby the King of France was understood: He therefore caused new rumours not only between him and the Genoeses, but even between the two Crowns, which would necessarily be engaged in defence, the one of the one party, the other of the other. The Cardinal Infanta, Brother to the King, being come into Italy, he was impowred by the King, and by the Par•…•…ies, with faculty to decide these points; and the controver∣ted points being formerly discuss'd before the said Cardinal, by Iovan Michael Zoagli, Resident for the Commonwealth, and by the Abbot de la Torre, Resident for the Duke in Millain, the Cardinal declared, That as for them who had served either party with Sword in hand in the wars, the Pardon should be understood to be free and general; but as for those who had been guilty of any Commotion since the year 1625. it should be in the King to declare, whether they should be comprehend∣ed in the Pardon, or no: That the Galley should be restored in the con∣di•…•…ion that it was in at present: That the Artillery should be delivered by the Commonwealth in Savona; and by the Duke in such places as should be neerest the Commonwealths Territories: That the Crowns

should be understood, according to the Spanish valuation; and that no mention should be made of the Dukes putting in security. The Duke accepted of this Declaration, but not the Commonwealth, in re∣spect of the first point, wherein power was reserved to the King, if it should so fall out, whether offenders should be pardoned or no; as well because the arbitrement seemed to exceed the Articles of Madrid, as al∣so that they desired the business might at once be wholly decided, and that no power should be left in the King to meddle any further in the Commonwealths jurisdiction, by any Declaration: especially since the general word Commotion might be understood to reach to many other things, not at the present thought upon; in respect whereof the Commonwealth held it not good to have any occasion of coming to dispute with the King; whereupon the Cardinal made a new Declarati∣on, wherein he pronounced, that none of those who were Prisoners for any commotion or other fault, unless such as were named in the peace of Madrid should be conceived to be comprehended in the par∣don, save only such as were Prisoners of War; and that the King should make no further declaration touching any that were guilty of faults; all things were hereupon ended, and put in execution; and an end was put to this War made by the Duke, upon account of Zuccarello in appearance; but in effect, by many Princes who envied the Spanish grandezza, that they might lessen it by lessening the power of the Com∣monwealth of Genoa, so annex'd and so opportune to the power of Spain. The Commonwealth spent in this War above ten millions of Crowns, which were raised, partly by Taxes from private Citizens, partly by Gabels and new Impositions: true it is, that many Fortifica∣tions were computed into these expences; for, not to mention the les∣ser, Porto Mauritio, Gavio and Savona, were fortified with Curtains and Bulwarks Royal; but sta•…•…ely and worthy of wonder is the compass of the new Wall made about the City of Genoa its self, upon Mountains which do inviron it, which beginning from Capo de la Lanterna, which is on the West, and going round upon the back of the Mountains to∣wards the North, terminates in the Valley of Bisagno, and joyns with Capo di Carignano, which is the utmost and most Easterly point of the City; and turning from thence inward, along the Maritime shoar, joyns with the ancient Walls, incompassing about eight miles; the whole Work is almost of Free-stone; and so is, for the most part, the very Castle it self, which serves for Curtain and Bulwark; except in some places, where being unequal, it is fil'd up with a strong Wall; which being pargeted with Lime and Mortar, is not only strong, but very beautiful: this Fortification is exactly help'd by nature; for the Mountains upon which the new Walls are built, to boot with their great height, are so steep and craggy on the out side, as the Walls need fear no assault; the foundations so sound and firm, as they fear no mining, and seated so far off, as they are no•…•… sub∣ject to battery; any hostility would be obviated by the ver•…•… tumbling down of stones: the Country thereabout is so barren, as no enemies A•…•…∣my can keep long there; there wants earth to make Approaches and Trenches; and yet, as if the nature of the situation were niggardly unto them, and scanting of munition and strength; the Walls are wrought

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with such A•…•…t, Diligency and Industry, as Bulwarks are erected at due distances; the Curtains proportionably extended, and the Ditches •…•…ound about from 50 to 100 foot broad, and 12 or 15 foot deep in stone; nor doth less diligence appear to be used on the inside, round about which there goes a way, which is at least 60 foot broad, very con∣venient for carrying Artillery, and for ordering defendants upon the Wall: the Bulwarks have dis-inhabitated the Cottages upon those Moun•…•…ains, and made Lodgings for Souldiers, digging Cesterns in the very Rocks: so as there is nothing left unprovided for, either by Art or Nature, which may make for the safety and defence of this great Fa∣brick. Art and Nature have been no less propitious and favourable in the Valley of Bisagno, where the situation is plain, and where there are no Rocks: the Plain lies between two little Hills, which thrusting out like two wings; serve to the inward Works for two Flanks or great Bulwarks, from whence the Artillery may clear all the parts below; for the currant of the River being for the most part gravelly, defends it; moreover, the Bullets of the Artillery lighting from the two Hills upon the stony bed of the River would scatter such store of gravel upon the assaulters, as it would be impossible for them to advance: so as this part, which otherwise would be less defensible then any other part, is as strong as the rest; nor hath so large a circuit need of many defen∣dants for being almost unaccessible every where, the only Sentinels which keep from Scaladoes, and stoln accesses by night, which are on∣ly to be feared, are sufficient to guard it from any other misfortune: few and slender Corps de guarde, disposed in fitting places, will suffice to keep off any unexpected attempt; for those mountainous and rocky places are not subject to any long thought on assaults: there were divers Inscriptions engraven on the Gates; amongst which this, made by the Author of this present History, was reputed none of the worst.

Quartum murorum ambitum aggeribus, fossa propugna∣culis vallatum, stadiis 62 per juga montium, per ima vallium, per Maritimum littus deductum, Geno∣ensium Respublica Libertatis Munimentum excitavit.

Coeptum Opus, Anno 1630.

Perfectum, 1633.

The Commonwealth having thus by peace put an end to the trou∣bles of War, might with much reason hope for better time for the future: the Commonwealth was at this time likewise free from ano∣ther imminent which threatned her; the Plague which, as hath been Formerly said, raged in all that part of Italy which lies between the Alps and the Apenine, even to the Adriatick, pass'd also into Tuscany: so as the State of Genoa, being every where begirt by so pestilential a disease,

it seemed almost impossible she could escape it; and yet such diligence was used, so good Orders given and observed for three years space, as the State of Genoa was not at all touched therewith, except in some part of the Western River, and beyond the Apennine. The Affairs of Italy being thus peaceably setled, this present History might seem to end opportunely here; but three things (which for not interrupting the History, have not yet been spoken of, and which may fitly be brought in here) may not be pretermitted, without a blemish to this Narration. The first whereof is, that the Infanta Maria, Sister to the King of Spain, Wife to Ferdinando King of Hungary, and Son to the Emperour, came from Spain into Italy, the year 1631, to pass into Germany; and thinking it dangerous to go through Lombardy, by reason of the Plague which was then very great there, •…•…he thought to come in her own Gallies through the Adriatick to Trieste: but the Venetians not being willing upon any whatsoever occasion to wave their pretensions; and the King of Spain not being able by reason of so many Wars to assemble a pow∣erful Fleet; and howsoever not thinking it fit to expose his Sisters life to the hazard of a Naval fight; and the Venetians on the other side, to conveigh her with their own Gallies to Trieste; she therefore parted from Naples, where she had been all that Winter, and came to Ancona, and there going into the Gallies of the Commonwealth she was brought in great glory and splendor to Trieste▪ from whence she went to Cesars Court.

This same year 1631, Francisc•…•… Maria, the last Duke of Urbine, of the Family of R•…•…vere, died; who drew his ancient original from the State of Genoa, from whence came Sixtus quartus, and Iuli•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Popes of famous memory, by whose means that Dukedom came into that Fa∣•…•…ily: he died, aged 82 years, in Castle Durante, not far from the Ci∣ty of Urbin•…•…, whither he had retired himself to live privately, that he might the better attend his souls health; for some years before his death, he had not only sent •…•…or some Prelater from Rome, to satisfie the Pope, who were to govern that State in his name, but, he had also brought 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Garrisons and Commanders into his Forts, who were to swear to keep it in his name whilst he lived, and in the name of the Church when he should be dead: he had that happiness dying, which did sufficiently make amends for the loss of his State; for though that State could not come to his Niece after his death, he saw her Mistris of a much greater, having married her to Ferdinando the Second, great Duke of Tuscany; he likewise invested Iulio de la Ro∣vere, a Gentleman of Genoa, and a Venetian, being his neerest Kinsman, with the Towns of Tomba. Ripa and Monteralto, seated in the jurisdicti∣on of Sinigaglia; to the end, the memory of the Dukedom might not be extinguished after his death, but that some foot-steps of his na•…•…e and Principality might remain in the Family of the Rovere in that 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Thus did Pope Urban by industry and negotiation get the possession of that Dukedom to devolve to the Apostolick See, without e•…•…ther Arms, or trouble, or any of those great oppositions which he would have certainly met with, had they not been wisely foreseen and diverted: by this Dukes death the Prefectura of Rome was also vacated; a place of great preemin∣ence, worth 12000 Crowns a year, which was hereditary, and which be∣ginning

in Francisco Maria, Duke dela Rovere, continued in Guido Ubaldo, and in this l•…•…st Duke Francisco Maria; and the Pope confer'd it upon his Nephew Don Tadeo Barbarino, and upon his descendents.

The burning of Vesuvius, a great Mountain neer Naples, was also memorable, which hapned about Christmass, and was so great and full of terrour, as a grea•…•…er hath not been known nor read of: Some earthquake preceded the night before; and the Mountain breaking out into horrible thunder about break of day, it threw out a great flame, mixt with much ashes, and great stones, which, those that saw it say, were thrown above the first Region of the Air, and the ashes were carried by the wind into the Archipelagus; the stones, which in great num∣ber and quantity were vented out, fell down at Mel•…•…, a hundred mile•…•… off: Great store of fiery rosin issued likewise out of the same Moun∣tain, which branching forth into seven Rivolets, not unlike a swif•…•… Torrent, fell into the neighbouring Sea, to the infinite prejudice of many people, and of some Towns, which were thereby burnt. The same Mountain, on the opposite side belch'd out a swift River of water, which, causing great inundations, occasioned no less mischief then that of the fire, which burst out on the other side. The Sea, were it either by reason of the Earthquake, or for some other hidden cause, fled from the shore; in Naples the Ships lay on ground; and had not the Sea suddenly returned to its former Channel, they would have incurr'd danger of being broken. Neer to Sorento the Sea flew a mile from the shore; and (which is most miraculous) the rosin, which being fired fell from the Mountain into the Sea, kept burning for above twelve miles, insomuch as when the fire ceased, great store of Fishes, rosted by the fire, floated upon the superficies of the Sea; but none would eat them; for that very ancient Writers witness, That the like accidents having hapned in the Seas of Sicily, the eating of such Fish caused death.

It would be tedious to relate many other monstrosities which hap∣ned thereupon; especialiy since many Learned men have written whose Volumns upon it, with many Philosophical and Natural Observations, and Considerations, which are indeed rare and curious, but not worth an Historical Narration.

The End of the Twelfth Book.