The life & death of William, surnamed the Conqueror, King of England and Duke of Normandy, who dyed Anno Christi, 1087 by Samuel Clarke ...

THE Life and Death of WILLIAM Sirnamed the CONQUEROUR KING of ENGLAND, and Duke of NORMANDY: Who dyed Anno Christi, 1087.

THE Normans issued out of Denmark,* 1.1 and Norway, the Inhabitants of which Countries in those times were so fruitful in the Procreation of Chil∣dren, that they were forced oft-times to send multitudes abroad to seek new habitati∣ons. Amongst whom there was one * 1.2 Roul, a great Commander, attended with many lusty lads, who in the dayes of King Alfrid, first landed in England; where finding no room empty, nor any imployment, was content (upon some relief received) to seek im∣ployment else-where; which he did against Ram∣balt Duke of Frize, and Reiver Duke of Chaumont, and Henalt, with whom he often encountred, and made great spoiles in their Countries. Then pas∣sing along the Coast of France, he entred the mouth

of the River Seine, and sackt all the Country up to Roan: where the People having been a little before miserably spoiled by an other Invader, were so ter∣rified by the coming of these new Forces, that the Archbishop of Roan, by the peoples consent, offered him the obedience of that City and Country upon condition that he would protect them, and go∣vern them according to the Laws of Christ, and the customes of their Countrey. For Charles the Simple, the present King of France, being otherwise em∣broiled about the right of his Crown, neglected to defend them: So that Roul shortly after attempted the Conquest of Paris itself, and therein gave some notable overthrowes to some of the French Com∣manders: So that King Charles was forced to buy his Peace by entering into alliance with, and giving over to Roul, his right to Normandy, (formerly cal∣led Nuestria). And hereupon Roul turned Christi∣an, and was baptized by the name of Robert.

Thus he came to his Estate, which he governed with such Judgment and equity, that he left his Name honourable, and his successours a firme foundation to build upon. From him in a direct line descended six Dukes of Normandy that inheri∣ted that Dukedome, the last of which, was also cal∣led Robert, who (out of blind devotion) resol∣ving to visit Christ's Sepulchre, acquainted his Nobles therewith: They disswaded him all they could, because he had no issue, and Allaire Earl of Britaine, and the Earle of Burgundy were already contending which of them should succeed him, whereby their Country was like to become a Prey to the Souldiers, from which he in conscience was bound to secure it.

The Duke told them, that he had a little Bastard,* 1.3 of whom he had great hopes, whom he would in∣vest with that Dutchy as his Heir, and therefore he prayed them thenceforth to take him for their Lord. And (said he) To shew my trust in him, I will make the Earl of Britaine his Governour, and Seneschal of Normandy; and the King of France shall be his Guardian, and so I will leave him to God and your Loyalty.

Shortly after the Bishops and Barons did their homage to this base Son, named William, whom* 1.4 his Father begat on one Arlet, a mean woman of Falaise. And Duke Robert delivered the Child with his own hand to Henry first King of France, whom he had greatly assisted in keeping his Crown against an other Competitor: and therefore he might the more presume (if good-turns done to Princes could weigh down self-respects) to have* 1.5 found a faithful discharge of his trust. He caused also young William to doe his homage for the Dutchy of Normandy to the King, and so commit∣ted him to his Royal Faith: and going his joruney, he dyed in Asia, William being then but nine years old.

Soon after the news of his Father's death, the Nobles of Normandy, by much intreaty gat him out* 1.6 of the French King's hand, knowing that they having him amongst them, would countenance his Coun∣sellers, and such as were in Office. But they soon found that his Person without power did but in∣crease* 1.7 their discord, and factions. For presently af∣ter his right was questioned by Competitors And first Robert de Tresny, an experienced Souldier,

bringing a fair line from Roul, intertained, and feasted the chiefest men amongst them, urging to them what a wrong it was to him, that a Bastard, and a Child should be preferred before him in the Dutchy, which his Ancestors had gotten by their Valour, and what a shame it was for the Normans to be governed by such an one. And when words prevailed not, he brought it to the tryal of the Sword in a great Battel, in which (by the va∣lour of Roger de Beaumont) he was defeated and himself and his two Brethren slain.

Not long after, the King of France, (violating the trust that was reposed in him) assisted in Per∣son* 1.8 William Earl of Arques, another pretender to the Dutchy, descended also from Roul, and brought to his aid a mighty Army, yet Count Guifford, Duke William's General, by a stratagem training the French into an Ambush, overthrew them, and caused the King to return to Paris with great loss and dishonour, and forced Arques to seek relief from the Earl of Bologne, where yet he found little favour, few regarding men that are overthrown, and low.

This storm past, a worse succeeds. There lived* 1.9 with Duke William, a young Lord of the like years, called Guy, descended also from Roul, who, com∣ing to be sensible of his Interest, was advised by some stirring spirits to put in for the Dutchy, which (they said) was his right, and but usurped by the Bastard. And to promote his affairs there fell out a deadly feud between two of the greatest Lords, Vicount Neel, and the Earl of Bessin, whose quarrel Duke William either did not, or could

not pacifie, whereupon this Guy, who was late∣ly made Earl of Briorn and Vernon, interposed to end this discord; and by the advice of Grimolt de Plessis, brought it to pass that both these great men turned the point of their malice against Duke William, for not ending the difference, and there∣fore conspired with Guy to murther him at una∣wares; which also they had effected, had not a Fool, whom they suspected not, noting their pre∣parations, got away in the night to Valogne, knock∣ing, and crying at the Gates, till he was admitted to the Dukes presence (who was now about seven∣teen* 1.10 years old) whom he willed presently to flee or he would be murthered.

The Duke seeing the Fool so affrighted, con∣temns not the information, but presently takes Horse, and all alone posts towards Falaise, his strongest place. By the way his Horse was tired, and at break a day coming to a Village called Rie,* 1.11 it fell out that a Gentlemen was standing at his door, ready to ride abroad: of him the Duke enquired the next way to Falaise; the Gentleman knowing him humbly craved the cause of his so strange and untimely riding alone? The Duke told it him, and this Gentleman, called Robert de Rie, lent him a fresh Horse, and sent his two sons with him to conduct him the next way to Fa∣laise.

No sooner were they got out of sight, but the Conspirators came posting after, and enqured of the same Gentleman whether he saw the Duke: He answered, that he was gone a little before such away (shewing them another path) and offering

his service to Count Bessin, rode on with them, but led them so about, that the Duke had gotten into Falaise, whereupon, being disappointed, they returned to their homes; so strengthening them∣selves that the Duke thought fit to retreat into Roan,* 1.12 and from thence to the King of France to crave his aid, putting him in mind what faithfull service his Father had done for him: That he was his Ho∣mager; under his Protection; and that he had no other sanctuary to flee unto for succour against his mutinous and unruly Nobility. And he was so im∣portunate that the King aided him in Person with a Royal Army against his Competitors, whom they met in the Vale of Dunes, as ready to resist them, with as great a power and resolution, as the other were to assault them.

The Battel was very fierce and bloody, wherein* 1.13 the King of France, and Duke William bestirred themselves lustily; yet had not Ralfe de Tesson been false to his fellows, to recover the favour of the Duke, they had hardly carried the victory. Af∣ter this, diverse of the Conspirators (who had too great hearts to submit) passed over the Alps into Italy, where they grew very famous for their Va∣lour. But here ended not the Dukes troubles. For Guy de Burgagne escaping by flight, fortified the Castles of Briorne and Verneil; yet in the end was forced to submit both them, and himself to the Dukes mercy, and now became his Pensioner, who* 1.14 before was his Competitor. This gentle act of the Dukes brought in many others to yield up them∣selves, and had their Signiories redelivered to them, but their Castles were demolished.

Shortly after, our Duke was called into action* 1.15 again, by Geffry Martel Earl of Anjou, who usurped Alanson, Damfront and Passais, members of the Dutchy of Normandy, to recover which, the Duke raised an Army, and first got Alanson, where, be∣cause he was opprobriously scorned by them, and called the son of an Harlot, he used extream cruel∣ty. Then laid he siege to Damfront, to relieve which, Count Martel came with a great Army; and our Duke to discover his strength, sent Roger de Montgomery, and two other Knights to deliver this message to the Earl, That if he came to victual* 1.16 Damfront, he should there find him the Porter to keep him out. Whereunto the Earl answered: Tell your Duke that to morrow at break a day he shall have me there on a white Horse ready to give him the Combate, and I will enter Damfront, if I can: And that he may know me I will wear a shield d'Or, without any devise.

Roger replyed, Sir, You shall not need to take that paines: for to morrow morning you shall have the Duke in this place, mounted on a bay Horse: and that you may know him he shall wear upon the point of his Launce a Streamer of Taffaty to wipe your face. So returning, each side prepared for the morning. But the Earl, busied in ordering his Battels, was informed by two Horsmen, that came crossing the field, that Damfront was for certain surrendred to the Duke, whereupon in a great rage, he presently departed with his Army: part whereof, as they passed a streight, were cut off by Vicount Neel, who by that service redeemed his former offence, and was re∣stored

to the Dukes favour, whom ever after he served faithfully.

From Damfront the Duke with his Engines* 1.17 removed to Hambrieres, a Frontier Town of Count Martels: But by the way (had he not disco∣vered it himself) he had been entrapped in an Am∣bush and overthrown: yet before he could clear himself he lost many brave men; wherewith he was so enraged, that pressing into the midst of his Ene∣mies, he made at Count Martel, strake him down with his Sword, clave his helmet, and cut off an eare, yet he escaped out of the press, though diverse of his men were taken, and the rest routed.

But whilst he was thus contending with outward Enemies, two of his own conspired against him,* 1.18 William Guelan, Earl of Mortagne, and William Earl of Eu, both pretenders to the Dutchy of Nor∣mandy: But the first, upon suspicion, the second upon proof of intention, were both banished. And the Earldomes of Mortagne he gave to Robert, and that of Eu to Odo, both his Brethren by the Mothers side. And all these difficulties he encountred withall before he was full twenty two years old.

Now the more to confirm and strengthen his Estate against future practices, he assembled a Parla∣ment* 1.19 of his Bishops, Barons, and Gentlemen, causing them to take their Oath of Allegiance, and to raze their Castles. After which he married Matilda, the Daughter of Baldwin the fifth, Earl of Flanders, but not without some opposition. For his Uncle Mauger, Archbishop of Roan, excommunicated him

for marrying her who was his Cosen German. To* 1.20 expiate which offence (though the Pope dispen∣sed with it) he was enjoyned to build some Hospi∣tals for blind People: and two Abbyes, one for men, and the other for women; which were built at Ca••n.

These his successes made him the object of envy* 1.21 to the French Court, who incensed the King against him, to abate his power, and to find a quarrel▪ (which borderers easily may do) to set upon him. The King who was forward enough of himself, to make his cause the fairer, pretends to correct the insolencies of the Normans committed in his Territories, and to relieve Count Martel, op∣pressed by the Duke. He alleadged also, that it concerned him in honour and justice, to have that Province which held of his Crown, to be Go∣verned by a Prince of lawfull blood; wherefore he resolved utterly to extirpate Duke William, and to settle a legitimate Prince in that Dutchy. For which end, he raised two Armies through all his Dominions, whereof one he sent along the Ri∣ver* 1.22 Seine, the other into the Countrey of Bessin, meaning to encompass him.

The Duke hereupon divided his Forces also into two parts; and sent the one under his Brother Odo, Earl of Eu, Walter Guiffard Earl of Longevil, and others, into the Countrey of Caux, Himself with the other advanced toward Eureux, to op∣pose the King who was at Mentz. He also with∣drew all the Cattel and Provisions out of the Countrey, into Cities and Fortresses. The Kings Army marching to Mortimer, and finding the

Countrey to abound with all plenty, fell to make∣ing good cheer; thinking that Duke William with his men, was yet at Eureux; which the Army of Odo understanding, marched all night, and at break of day gave them so hot an Alarm, that he* 1.23 put them all into a rout, leaving their Horses and Armour to the Normans, who in the pursuit of fourty thousand left not a fourth part of them alive.

The King of France thus defeated, returned home with disgrace; and our Duke with the price of the Prisoners, recovered his Peace, and the Castle of Thuilliers, which had been taken from him in his minority. Cout Martel though much dis∣couraged with the Kings overthrow, yet made some attempts for the recovery of his Towns, but without success. Wherefore the next spring he went again to sollicit the French King to aid him against the Duke, who (said he) is now grown in∣solent upon the victory he stole last year, so that there is no living by him. Besides, he suggested that the Normans extreamly derided the French, and had a base esteem of them, making their last overthrow the subject of their sport, and Rhimes, as if the King of France, upon such an inconsi∣derable loss, durst not break a dishonourable Peace.

The King being stung with this reproach, raised a mighty Army, far greater than the former, where∣in* 1.24 were three Dukes, and twelve Earls, and not∣withstanding the solemne peace made, and so lately sworn with the Duke, he entered Normandy in the Harvest time, spoiling all before him along

the Countrey of Bessin. From thence he passed to Bayeux, and Caen, purposing to pass the River Dine at Verruil, and to destroy all as far as to Roan: Coming thither he found the Causeway long, and Bridge narrow, wherefore he caused his Van to pass over first, and to secure his Rere, lead by the Duke of Berry, himself staid behind in Caen, till his men and Carriages were passed. Duke William all this while was storing his Fortresses with men and victuals: strengthening himself and Falaise, as much as he could: yet had no Army in the Field, but only a running Camp, ready to take all advantages; and so lets the fury of this storm spend itself, till being informed of their passage over the* 1.25 Bridge, and then marching all night with ten thousand men, in the morning early he set upon the Rereward, with so dreadfull a cry, and fury, that such as were upon the Causeway being af∣frighted, thrust forward such as were before them, hasting to get over the Bridge, which, by reason of the great press, brake, so that many were drown∣ed; and such as were got over could not return to aid the rest. Nor the King (by reason of the marishes on both sides) could not yield any succor to his people; but stood a spectator of their slaughter; there were very many slain, and six of the Kings Earls taken Prisoners.

This shameful overthrow was so laid to heart by* 1.26 the King of France, that he died shortly after, and the Duke of Normandy enjoyed peace, which he imployed nobly in ordering and beautifying his State; building and endowing Churches, and Mo∣nastries: He erected also a Tomb for himself and

his wife at Caen; Feasting and rewarding his No∣bles, and other men of worth; whereby he so engaged their hearts to him, that they were wholly his to do what he pleased.

In the time of this calm he sailed over into Eng∣land,* 1.27 pretending a visit to King Edward, his kins∣man, who, because he had been protected, and bred in Normandy by Duke Richard the second (Grand∣father to them both) gave him most Royal en∣tertainment▪ Probably he came to see, and to be seen, to make way for his future designs. And not long after Herald, whether on purpose, or by some casu∣alty of weather was driven into France, is uncer∣tain; but he was gallantly entertained in Normandy by Duke William, and at Roan something was con∣cluded betwixt them; whether to divide the King∣dom of England between them; or that Herald, being a coast-dweller, should let in Duke William after the decease of King Edward the Confessour, and do his best to help him to his Kingdom, is uncer∣tain; but whatever it was, it was solemnly sworn to upon the holy Evangelists, and all the Reliques in Roan. And for more assurance Herald was betrothed to Adeliza, the Dukes Daughter, and his Brother Wolnot was lest as a pledge for the performance. Sure it is, that so much was done, either by our King Edward, who by Will left the Crown to him, or by Herald, or both, as gave him ground to challenge the Crown of England and to pursue the getting of it. Though indeed it was not in either of their powers to prejudice our State, or to alter the conse of a right succession.

As soon as Duke William heard of the death of King Edward, and of the Election and Coro∣nation of Herald, he assembled the States of Nor∣mandy, and acquainted them with the right he had to England, intreating their utmost assistance for the recovery of it, and to avenge him on the per∣jur'd. Usurper Herald; shewing them what a strong party he had in England, and the distractions of the people, which made his attempt very probable. He told them what Glory, Wealth, and greatness the obtaining of such a Kingdom would add to them. Yet notwithstanding all he could say, there were but few that liked of this attempt, and they which did, were such as had long followed him in the wars, and thereby had exhausted their estates, and were content to run any adventure that might promise hope of advantage. Of the rest, some thought it best to hold and defend their own Countrey, without adventuring to conquer an other▪ and this was the richer sort: Others were* 1.28 willing to contribute, but did it so sparingly that it little advanced the design; and the rest were so tyred with former Wars, and so willing to enjoy the blessing of Peace, that they were unwilling to forgoe a certain, for an uncertain good.

The Duke meeting with these discouragements,* 1.29 was much perplexed, which made him to deal more particularly with his best Friends, whom he knew to affect Honour, and that they would adventure their whole estates with him. These were Willi∣am Fitz-Auber, Earl of Brettevil; Gualter Guifford, Earl of Longevil; Roger, Lord de Beaumont, &c. especially his own brothers▪ Odo, Bishop of Bayeux,

and Robert Earl of Mortagne. These he procured in a full Assembly to make their offers, which they did so liberally (Fitz▪ Auber promising to furnish fourty ships with men and Amunition, the Bishop of Bayeux fourty, the Bishop of Mentz thirty, &c.) that the rest of the assembly doubting, that if without their help the Duke should carry on his design, he would not forget their backwardness, they came off more liberally.

The Duke finding them yielding, yet not so forward as was requisite for such an undertaking, dealt with the Bishops and great men apart, getting that of them severally, which of all together he could not attain, and causing every mans contri∣bution to be recorded, kindled such an emulation amongst them, that they which before would do no∣thing now strove who should do most. By his fair perswasions also he drew in most of the Princes and Nobles of France, to adventure their Persons, and much of their estates with him. As Robert Fitz Harvay, Duke of Orleance, the Earls of Britaine, Pon∣thieu, Bulloigne., Poyctou, Maine, Nevers, Hiesms, ••umarl, Signior de Tours, yea and Martel his enemy, Earl of Anjou. Indeed it was strange that these great men of France, should adventure their lives and Fortunes to add England to Normandy, and so great a Crown to a Duke who was too great for them already. But where God hath determined alterations in Kingdoms and States all things shall concurr to promote the same.

The King of France who should have most op∣posed was now a Child, and under the Tutorship of Baldwin Earl of Flanders Duke William's Father in

Law, and therefore from thence he was sure of furtherance, rather than hinderance. And to de∣lude the young King he promised faithfully, if he conquered England, to hold it of the Crown of France, as he did his Dutchy of Normandy. And to* 1.30 make the Pope his friend, he promised him to hold it of the Apostolick See: Whereupon the Pope sent him a consecrated Banner, an Agnus Dei, and one of Saint Peter's haires. The Emperour also sent him some Forces under the command of one of the Princes of the Empire. And being thus encouraged and furnished, within eight months he was ready with a powerful Army, at Saint Valery in Normandy, to transport himself into England in 896 Ships.

But now let us see how affairs stood in England:* 1.31 King Edward the Confessor, being himself without issue, had in his lifetime sent into Hungary for his Nephew Edward, called the Outlaw, the Son of Edmund Ironside, intending to make him his Suc∣cessour to the Crown; but he dying soon after his arrival in England, King Edward then gave his Son Edgar the name of Etheling, or Prince Edgar, meaning to design him for his successour; but was prevented by death before he had fully establish∣ed him; and Edgar Etheling, though he had right, yet being young, and a stranger here, and so wanting power to make good his right, Herald, the Son of* 1.32 Earl Godwin, stept into the Throne, and though hereby (violating of holy Rights) he offended the Clergy, yet not any, either of the Clergy, or Laity durst oppose him; as being the most Mar∣tiall man in the Kingdom, and such an one as the

state of the Realm then stood in need of. And besides his own worth he had the assistance of Edwin, and Marchar, the two great Earls of York∣shire, and Chester.

Indeed King Edward had appointed the Crown sometimes to William Duke of Normandy, sometimes to Edgar Etheling, and sometimes to this Herald, who was now Crowned by Aldred, Archbishop of York: And being possessed of the Throne, he was able to make good his Title: yet to make Prince Edgar some part of amends he created him Earl of* 1.33 Oxford. And Herald being thus setled, carried him∣self with great valour, and Justice for the time he enjoyed it, which was but nine months. He made all provisions for defence that a politick and active Prince could do.

The first man that begun to disturb his new Government was his younger Brother Toustaine, who in King Edward's Reign being made Gover∣nour of Northumberland, for his pride and bar∣barous cruelty, was banished the Kingdom;* 1.34 and now by reason of his former hatred against his Brother, was easily set on by the Duke of Normandy, and Baldwin Earl of Flanders, (who had married his two Daughters to Duke William, and Toustaine,) to assail Herald. He first assailed the Isle of Wight, and then set upon the coast of Kent, from whence he was chased by Herald, and forced to withdraw into the North, where seeking to land, he was thence repulsed by the Earls Marchar, and Edwin, (whose Sister Herald had married.) Then he craved aid of the Scots; and af∣terwards of Harald Harfager, King of Norwey, who

was excercising Piracy about the Orchades; with him he prevailed, and so uniting their Forces, they landed about Tinmouth, and from thence marched into the heart of the kingdom. But near Stamford King Herald of England met them with a strong* 1.35 Army, and after a long and cruel fight, ended the day with victory, and the death both of Toustaine, and the King of Norway.

No sooner was this Battel over, but with his wearied and broken Forces he was called to a* 1.36 more fatal business in the South. For now Duke William of Normandy pretending a right to the English Crown, by the Testament of the late King Edward his kinsman, upon the advantage of King Herald's being so far off with his Army, landed at Pemsey, near to Hastings in Sussex; and Herald be∣ing informed of it, gathering together his broken Forces, increasing them as much as he could by the way, with all possible speed he hasted to give the Duke Battel.

Duke William as soon as he had landed his men,* 1.37 sent his ships away, that so they might think of no∣thing but either Victory or Death. Then going himself on land his foot slipt, and he fell down, which some of his company took for an ill signe; No (said he) I have by this taken possession of this Land. Many attempts were made to compound the difference between Herald, and William, but Herald would hearken to none, presuming of suc∣cess, and judging it a disgrace to capitulate for that which was his own. And when one of his Brothers called Gyrth intreated him to consi∣der what a fearful thing it was to break an Oath,

which he had so solemnly sworn. Herald judged, that nothing which he had done being a pri∣vate man could be of force to him, being now a Prince.

Anno Christi, 1066. October the fourteenth (being also Herald's Birthday) and his Soldiers (thinking* 1.38 to honour him thereby) having spent the night in revelling and drinking (whereas the Dukes men spent it in quietness and devotion) they joyn∣ed Battel, the Kentish men being placed in the Front (as by antient custom was their due) and King Herald with his Londoners, leading the main Battel: where though the number of their Armies was not much unequall (each of them having above sixty thousand men) yet was there great odds in the expertness of the Souldiers, and more in their weapons. For the Duke had with him all the flower of France, and Flanders, whereas King He∣rald had lost his best men in the late fight, and for weapons, the Normans had long Bowes, which then were not in use among the English, it's no mar∣vel then though the Normans got the Victory. And though Herald lost his life, yet he lost not his* 1.39 credit: and the English shewed no less valour though they were Conquered, than the other did in Conquering. For King Herald (like an expert General) had ordered his men in so firme a Body, that no power of the Normans could disorder their ranks, till Duke Wìlliam used this Stratagem: He made his men to retire, and to counterfeit flight, by which meanes he drew the English on upon an hollow ground covered over with earth, wherein many of them fell and perished, as also into an

Ambush of his Horsemen, which unexpectedly fell upon them and cut them in peices,

Indeed Duke William fought that day so vali∣antly that he had three Horses slain under him: But King Herald shewed no less valour in kil∣ling many of the Normans with his own hands. In∣somuch as the fight continued doubtfull for a long time, till at last King Herald being struck into the braines with an Arrow, fell down dead, upon* 1.40 whose fall a base Norman, cut off one of his thighs, for which Duke William was so offended, that he disarmed the Souldier, and cashier'd him. Thyra King Herald's Mother, proffered a great some of money for his Body, which the Duke nobly refu∣sed and gave it her freely, who buried it in Wall∣tham Abby. And no marvel if the English had such ill success. For the People being secure from their former enemies the Danes (which peace had continued now about the space of fifty years) had discontinued the use of Armes, and were gene∣rally* 1.41 debauched with Luxury and idleness. The Clergy was grown licentious, and well content with little Learning. The Nobility given to Glut∣tony, Venery, and oppression: the common sort to drunkenness and all disorder.

Duke William, as his Valour won him the Victo∣ry,* 1.42 so his Victory won him a Crown; and suddenly of an old Duke he became a young King. Where∣fore having returned publick thanks to God for his good success in the place, which he called Battel field, near Hastings in Surrey, he led his Army towards London, yet not the direct way for fear of an other encounter, but thorow Kent,

Sussex, Surry, Hampshire, and Bark shire, and so* 1.43 coming to Wallingford, he there crossed the Thames, and passed through the Counties of Oxford, Bucks, and Hertford: And whilst he staid at Barkamsted, Aldred Archbishop of York, Woolstan Bishop of Worcester, Walter Bishop of Hereford, with the Earls* 1.44 Edwin, and Morchar, the greatest men in the King∣dome, yea and Edgar Etheling himself, came and yielded their Allegiance to him, the Pope having cursed all such as would not accept of him.

From hence as William passed towards London, he found his way stopt up with multitudes of great Trees, which by Frederick Abbot of Saint Albans, a man of Noble blood, were caused to be felled to secure his Monastery from being spoiled by the Normans; whereat William both wondering and* 1.45 fret ting, sent for the Abbot under assurance of his safe return, and asked him why he did it? Fre∣derick stoutly replied: I have done the Duty both of my Birth and Profession, and if others of my rank had done the like (as they might, and ought to have done) it had not been in thy power to have pierced the Land so far.

From hence William marched to London, where the Gates were set open, and the Bishops, Lords, and People entertained him with great signes of joy, though with small gladness; and though he had not* 1.46 their hearts, yet he had their knees; for in most humble manner they accepted of him for their Sovereign, and upon Christ-mass day after, he was Crowned at Westminster by Aldred, Archbishop of York: For that Stigand, Archbishop of Canter∣bury,

was not held Canonically invested in his See.

Here, according to the accustomed form, the Bishops and Nobles took their oaths to be his true and faithful subjects: and he (being required by the Archbishop of York) takes his Oath before the Altar of Saint Peter, to defend the Right of the Church, to establish good Laws, and to see Justice uprightly and impartially administred as became a* 1.47 good King. Nor did he ever claim any power by Conquest, but as a Regular Prince, submitted him∣self to the orders and customs of the Kingdom, de∣siring rather to hold the Scepter by his Testamenta∣ry Title than to claim it by the sword. So that though the name of Conquerour, by the flattery of the times, was given to him; yet he shewed by all the course of his Government that he assumed it not.

Being thus setled, he chose for his Counsel such* 1.48 men as he knew to be of greatest Wisdom, and ex∣perience; then he applied his thoughts to secure his new-gotten Empire. For which end he fortifi∣ed such places as lay open to danger; placed strong Garrisons upon the Coasts; and provided Ships to ride in those Harbors which lay most open to Invasions. he marched also towards Dover, (the Lock and Key of the Kingdom) to secure that place, and to overaw that Kentish, a most strong and populous Province.

But when Stigand, the Archbishop of Canterbu∣ry,* 1.49 and Eglesigne, the Abbot of Saint Austins (who were the cheifest Lords and Governours of Kent) heard of it, they assembled the Commons at Canter∣bury,

laying before them the dangers of their Province, the miseries of their Neighbours, the Pride of the Normans, and the wrongs of the Church. All which (say they) are too apparent. The English till now were ever free, and the name of Bondmen not heard among them. But now ser∣vitude attends us, if we yield to the pride of this insulting enemy; to withstand which, we are ready to adventure our lives with you. This re∣solution drew the people willingly to joyn with them, who appointed to meet at a Bay at Swans∣comb, within two miles of Graves end.

Accordingly there they met at the day, and kept themselves secret in the woods, waiting the coming of the Conquerour, agreeing to carry be∣fore them great branches of Trees, whereby they might conceal themselves, and if need were, im∣pede the march of the Normans. Which device daunted King William at his approach, who judg∣ing himself secure, was thus before he was aware, suddenly beset on every side with enemies. For now the Kentish men, having environed his Army round, threw down their Boughs, and with bent Bowes prepared for Battel: So that he which even now thought himself secure of the Kingdom, be∣gan to dispair of his Life, in which amazement, Stigand, and Eglesine pesented themselves before him, and said,

Most Noble Duke, behold here the Commons of Kent are come forth to meet and receive you as their Sovereigne, requiring your Peace, and their own Freedom, and the enjoyment of their ancient Lawes. If these be denied they are resolved to submit their

tryall to a Battel, fully purposing rather to dye than lose their Laws, and Liberties, and so to live ser∣vilely in Bondage, which Name, and Nature is, and ever shall be strange unto us, and not to be endu∣red.

William being brought into this strait, and loath to hazard all upon so nice a point, more wari∣ly than willingly granted their desires, and Pledges being given on both sides for performance, Kent yielded to him her Earldom, and Dover her Castle.

When King William had established all things for Englands security, he committed the Government of it to Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, his brother by the Mo∣thers side, and to his Cousin * 1.50 Fitz-Auber, whom he made Earl of Hereford, and in the Lent following* 1.51 sailed into Normandy, taking with him all the chief men of England, who were likeliest to make a party against him in his absence. As Edgar Etheling, Sti∣gand Archbishop of Canterbury, the two great Earls Edwin, and Morchar, Frederick Abbot of Saint Albanes, Agelnothus Abbot of Glastenbury, Wal∣teof Earl of Northumberland; Roger Earl of Hert∣ford, Rainulph Earl of Cambridge, Gospatrick Earl of Cumberland, &c. And in his absence, which was all the Summer, nothing was here attempted a∣gainst him, save that Edrick, surnamed the Forester in the County of Hereford, calling in the Welch to his assistance, forraged the remoter borders of that County. The rest of the Kingdom was quiet, expecting what would become of this new World, wherein as yet they found no great alteration, their Laws and Liberties remaining the same they

were, and they might hope that by this accession of a new Province, England would have her Domini∣on enlarged abroad, and her profit not impaired at home.

King William having disposed his affairs in Nor∣mandy,* 1.52 towards Winter returned into England, where he had three sorts of men to satisfie, 1. Such as had adventured their Lives and estates with him, 2. Those of his own Countrey, whose merits, and propinquity looked for recompence, whereof the number was very great, 3. The people of Eng∣land, by whom he must now subsist, wherein he had more to doe than in his Battel at Hastings, seeing that all rewards with money must be raised out of the stock of the Kingdom, which must needs be distastfull to the State in general; and if he pre∣ferred any of his to dignities by displacing others, it must needs bring very feeling grievances to the persons displaced. But he thrust no great men out of their room, but such as put themselves out by revolting after they had given their Fealty to him. So that it seems he contented himself, and his for the present, only with what he found rea∣dy, filling up their places who were slain in the Battel, or fled away, as many were with Herald's Sons, out of the Kingdom.

Such of desert as he could not presently prefer, he sent abroad into the Abbeys, there to live till places fell void for them, whereof twenty four he sent to the Abbey of Ely, by which policy he not only lessened his Suitors at Court, and eased the* 1.53 eye sore of the English, but had a watch over the Clergy, who were then of the greatest power in

the Kingdom, and might prevail much with the people.

But the English Nobility thinking that their splendor was darkned by the interposition of so many strangers, and fearing that yet it would be* 1.54 further eclypsed, Conspired together, and fled, some into Scotland, and others into Denmark, to try if by forraign aid they could recover them∣selves. Amongst whom, Edgar Etheling, with his Mother and two Sisters, intending for Hungary, where he was born, was driven into Scotland, where he was kindly entertained by * 1.55 Malcolin the third, whose former sufferings in exile had taught him to pity others in the like distress: and whom also it concerned to look to his own, now his neighbours House was on fire. This induced him also to make a League with Edgar, and to tie it the stronger, he took to wife Margret, the sister of Edgar (a very virtuous Lady) by whom the blood of our antient Kings was preserved and conjoyned with the Normans in King Henry, the second, and so became English again.

Edgar being thus in Scotland, there repared to him the Earls Edwin, and Morchar, Hereward, Gospatrice, Siward and others, and shortly after Stigand and Aldrid the two Archbishops: with diverse of the Clergy, who in that third year of King William's Reign, raised great commotions in the North, and sought most eagerly to reco∣ver their lost Country. But it now proved too late, the King having setled the Government of the Kingdom, so that instead of prevailing they gave advantage to the Conquerour to make him∣self

more than he was. For all oppositions made by Subjects against their Soveraigns, do, if they suc∣ceed not, tend much to their advancement; and no∣thing gave deeper rooting to the Normans here, then the petty revolts made by scattered Troops in several places, begun without Order, and fol∣lowed without resolution.

King William, foreseeing new stirs from Scotland, sent to Malcolme to deliver up to him his enemy Etheling, which if he refused he threatned him with Wars. Malcolme returned answer: That it was unjust and wicked, especially in a Prince, to betray to his enemy, one that came to his Court for protection, especially being now so nearly allied to him. William, thus disappointed, feared a dange∣rous Rebellion in his Kingdom, to prevent which he built four strong Castles. One at Hastings: A* 1.56 second at Lincoln: A third at Nottingham: And a fourth at York, in all which he placed strong Gar∣risons. And disarming the English, he commanded every Housholder to put out both fire and candle at eight a clock at night, at which hour he appoin∣ted that in every Town a Bell should be rung; cal∣led by the French Coverfew, or Cover fire, to pre∣vent nightly tumults which otherwise might arise. Then did he give the Earldom, and all the Lands that Edwin held in York-shire, to Allain Earl of Britaine. The Archbishoprick of Conterbury, he conferred on Lankfranc Abbot of Caen. That of Tork upon Thomas his Chaplaine, and all the rest of the English, which were out in Rebellion, had their places supplied by the Normans.

Shortly after, Goodwin, and Edmund the sons of the* 1.57 late King Herald, coming with some Forces out of Ireland, landed in Summersetshire, and fought with Adnothus, one of King William's Captains, whom they slew with many others, and taking great booties in Cornwall and Devonshire, returned back into Ireland.

Exeter also thought to shake off the Norman* 1.58 yoak. And Northumberland, to recover their for∣mer liberties took Armes, against whom the King sent Robert Cumin, and himself went against Exe∣ter and besieged it, and at last the Citizens opened their Gates and submitted to his mercy, the Ring∣leaders escaping into Flanders. But in the North, Cumin lying secure in Durham, was suddenly in the night surprised by Edgar Etheling, and his followers, who slew Cumin, and all his Normans being about seven hundred, one onely escaping to carry the ill newes to King William.

During these stirs in England the English fugi∣tives in Denmark so far prevailed with King Swaine, that he sent a strong Navy of three hundred ships, well fraught with Souldiers, under his two* 1.59 Sons Harold, and Canute, who arriving in Humber, marched to York, to whom also Edgar, and his associats out of Scotland, joyned themselves. At whose approach the Citizens were so terrified that* 1.60 they set fire on the suburbs, and the flame by an high wind, was driven over the wall, whereby a great part of the City was consumed, together with the Cathedral Church and a famous Library of great worth, and the Garrison of Normans con∣sisting of 3000. were all slain.

This so incensed King William, that speedily* 1.61 raising an Army, he entered Northumberland, pitti∣fully wasted by the Danes, and made spoil of all, and with a good summe of money purchased the departure of the Danes▪ These devastations in sundry Counties made such a Dearth, that the Peo∣ple were forced to eat Horses, Dogs, Cats, Rats, &c. and between York and Durham, for the space of* 1.62 sixty miles, for nine years together, there was such an utter desolation, that neither House was left standing, nor field tilled.

After this great defeat most of the Lords came in* 1.63 upon the publick Faith, and were conducted to Bark∣hansted, by the Abbot Frederick, where upon their submission, and Oath of Allegiance retaken, they were restored to his favour, and to give them satis∣faction, King William, before the Archbishop Lank∣franc, and the Lords, again sware to observe the an∣tient Laws of the Realm, established by his Noble Predecessors, especialy those of Saint Edward. Yet not long after these. Lords upon new discontents brake out again. But Earl Edwin, making towards* 1.64 Scotland, was murthered by the way by his own men. The Lords Morchar and Hereward, betook themselves to the Isle of Ely, intending to secure themselves there for that Winter; to whom also re∣paired Earl Syward and the Bishop of Durham out of Scotland. But the King who was no time giver,* 1.65 presently besieged them with flat Boats on the East, and made a Bridge two miles long on the West, and so brought his men upon them, who seeing themselves surprised, yielded to the Kings mercy: Only Hereward desperatly marched with his People

through the Fens, and fled into Scotland, the rest were sent to diverse Prisons where they dyed, or remained during the Kings life.

Those Lords that continued Loyal upon the late submission, were imployed and preferred by the* 1.66 King. As Edric, the Forrester. And Gospatrice was made Earl of Northumberland, and sent against King Malcolme, who wasted the Countries of Tis∣dale, Cleaveland, and Cumberland. Waltheoff, the Son of Earl Syward, he married to his Neece Judith, a very valiant man: shewing a Noble nature to love vertue, even in his enemies. And now King William, finding Scotland, to be a place of retreat for all his discontented Subjects, and where his Competitor Edgar lived, he entered the Kingdom with a great Army, which encountring more with wants than Forces, and both Kings considering the* 1.67 uncertain events of War, upon fair overtures con∣cluded a Peace, agreeing upon the bounds of each Kingdom; and Delinquents with their partakers were generally pardoned. And shortly after Edgar Etheling, came in volutarily, and was re∣stored to the Kings favour, who allowed him a liberal maintenance, which held him ever after quiet.

King William being now gone into Normandy, there was amost dangerous Conspiracy begun against him by Ralph de Waher Earl of Suffolk and Norfolk;* 1.68 Roger Fitz Aubre, (or Osburne) Earl of Hereford: Wal∣theoff, Earl of Northumberland, with Eustace, Earl of Bulloine (suborned, as it was thought, by the King of France, there unto). These Lords conspired to keep William in Normandy, and to dispossess

him of his Kingdom; for which end they agreed to joyn theirs with the Danish Forces, whom they intended to call in. This was a dangerous Combi∣nation, the King being in Normandy besieging the Castle of Dole, in Britaine, belonging unto Ralph Wa∣her, and defended against him by the King of France, and at such a time when all his Neighbor Princes were jealous of him, and ill affected to him. The King of Scotland, and the Princes of Wales, ready to joyn with them at home. Swaine King of Den∣mark, with a Navy of two hundred sail ready to invade England; to which Drone, King of Ireland, joyned sixty five ships. And this did more distract and incense him, because most of these great Lords were either his kinsmen or nearly allied to him.

This grand Conspiracy was discovered by Wal∣theoff* 1.69 to Archbishop Lankfranc, who perswad∣ed the Earl to go to the King and to inform him of the greatness of his danger. Yet notwithstand∣ing this discoverie, Roger, and Ralph, proceed in their intentions, and raise Forces. But by the dili∣gence of Odo, Bishop of Baiaux, the Kings Brother,* 1.70 the Bishop of Worcester, and the Abbot of Evesham, they were so prevented that they could never unite their Forces: Whereupon Ralph fled into France; Roger was taken and imprisoned; Wal∣theoff was beheaded; and so this flame was ex∣tinct.

The greatest and last insurrection was in Nor∣mandy,* 1.71 by King William's own Son Robert, who by the instigation, and assistance of Philip King of France, (envying Williams greatness) entered

Normandy, and claimed it as his own right. His Father indeed had promised him it long before, but Robert impatient of delaies, endeavored by a strong hand to wrest it from his Father. King William hear∣ing hereof passed with a strong Army over into Nor∣mandy, where in a Battel meeting with his Son, hand to hand, he was by him unhorsed, and hurt in the arm. But his Son perceiving by his voice that it was his Father, suddenly leaped off his* 1.72 Horse, took him up in his armes, fell down at his feet, and humbly intreated his pardon, which his Father easily granted, embraced his Son, and ever after they lived in mutual love.

After this King William sent this his Son Robert, with an Army against Malcolm King of Scots, who had invaded Northumberland, who at the coming of Duke Robert, retired. At which time Duke Robert began to found a Castle upon the Ri∣ver of Tine, whereof the Town of Newcastle did take its beginning, and Name, which formerly was* 1.73 called Moncaster. These frequent Wars put the State to an infinite charge, the King entertain∣ing all this while, besides Normans, very many French. Finding the English (in respect of many great Families that were allied to the Danes) ra∣ther to incline to that Nation than to the Nor∣mans.

In the fifteenth year of his Reign he subdued Wales, and brought the King thereof to do him Homage. And presently after quarrels arose be∣tween King William, and the King of France.* 1.74 The King of France invades Normandy, and takes the City of Vernon. The King of England

invades France, and subdued the Country of Xantoigne, and Poicton, and so returned to Roan. Then did the King of France summon our King to do him Homage for England, which he refused, saying he held it of none but God, and his sword: But for the Dutchy of Normandy, he offered him Homage, which yet would not satisfie the King of France. Whereupon he made a new invasion but with more loss than profit. In the end they con∣cluded a crazy Peace, which held only till King Wil∣liam had recovered a sickness, whereinto (through his travel, age, and corpulency) he was faln; which occasioned the young and lusty King of France jeeringly to say, that he lay in of his great* 1.75 belly in Roan. This so irritated King William that so soon as he was recovered, he gathered a very strong Army with which he entered France in the chiefest time of their Fruits, spoiling all before him till he came to Paris, where the King of France then* 1.76 was, to whom he sent to shew him of his upsiting. From thence he marched to Mentz, which he wholly sackt, where he caught the occasion of* 1.77 his Death, by the strain of his Horse amongst the breaches: from whence he was conveighed sick to Roan.

Anno Christi, 1078. King William, before his go∣ing into Normandy, the more to assure himself, and his successors of the English Crown, on the East side of London, built a strongly fenced Castle* 1.78 or Magazine for his Warlike Amunition, which he entrenched with a long and deep Ditch, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 now called the Tower of London: the Surveyor of which worke, was Gundulphus, Bishop of Rochester

the mortar of it being tempered with the blood of Beasts. Then to fill his Coffers he imposed great Subsidies upon the Land, causing an exact survey to be taken of the whole kingdom; yea, and of every particular part and commodity thereof, so* 1.79 that there was not a Hide of Land, Lake, Water or Wast, but he knew the value, the Owners, and Possessors, together with the Rents, and profits therof. As also of all Cities, Towns, Villages, Monasteries, and Religious Houses. Causing all the People in England to be numbered, their Names to be taken, with notice what every one might dispend by the year, their substance, money, and Bondmen were recorded. How many yoak of Oxen and plough-lands were in the Realm: and what services they owed that held of him in Fee: All which was certified by Oaths of the Commissioners.

This done, he caused six shillings to be paid him for every Hide of Land. The Book that cōtained this Survey, was called the Roule of Winchester, as being kept there at first. But ever since it hath been called Doomsday Book, because of the General and inevitable censure thereof; and since it hath* 1.80 been kept in the Kings Exchequer at Westminster, This grievous exaction made the English miserably groan under their present State, whereby the King and his Normans were daily more hated: and he on the contrary loved them so little that he fought by all means to bring the English Name, and Na∣tion to ruine. He gave also further offence both to God and Man, by depopulating the fruitful Coun∣try, lying South from Salisbury to the Sea: pulling down Towns, and Villages, with thirty six Parish

Churches, and so laid open all the Country for* 1.81 thirty miles space, for wild beasts for his own Game in Hunting: which place hath ever since been called the New Forrest. He also imposed such severe punishments upon such as offended in hunting his Game that he was called the Father of wild Beasts. But God's severe Judgment pursu∣ed him for his wickedness; for in this Forrest, Richard his second Son, was gored by a Deer, whereof he dyed. Rufus, an other of his Sons, be∣ing taken for a Deer, was shot thorow with an Ar∣row* 1.82 and slain. Henry, his Grandson by Robert Curtoise his Eldest Son, eagerly pursuing a Deer was by a bough struck into the jawes, and left hanging till he died.

Although King William at his Coronation had taken an oath to observe the Laws of King Edward, then in use: which oath he renewed at Barkhamsted, yet did he abbrogate many of them, and brought in the Nor∣man Laws, written in French, commanding that all Causes should be pleaded, and all matters* 1.83 of Form dispatched in French; either on purpose to entrap men through ignorance of the Language, or else to make the Normans Language predominant in this Kingdom, which yet he could never effect, there being not so much as any footsteps of that Language remaining in the English Tongue. Forms of Judg∣ment by Fire, and Water, called Ordeal, formerly much used, were now antiquated and shortly af∣ter quite abolished by the Pope, as savouring too much of Paganism. That of Combat continued longer, but was of no ordinary use. Actions both Criminal, and Real, began now wholly to be judg∣ed

by the verdict of twelve men, called by the name of Enquest. And whereas the Bishops for∣merly dealt in Secular Causes, and shared with the King in many Mulcts imposed on Delinquents, now the King confined all the Clergy within the* 1.84 compass of their own Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction, to meddle only in matters concerning mens Souls. He set up Sheriffs in every Shire, and Justices of Peace to punish Malefactors. And lastly, he ordain∣ned his Councel of State his Chancery, his Exche∣quer, and his Courts of Justice, which alwayes re∣moved with his Court. These places he furnished with Officers, and assigned four Terms in the year for determining controversies amongst the People, commonly held at Westminster.

As for his Provisionary Revenues, his Tenants who held Lands of the Crown, paid him no mony* 1.85 but only Corn, and Victuals; and a just note of the quality, and quantity of everyman's ratement was taken through all the Shires of the Kingdom, and leavied constantly for the maintenance of the Kings House. One Law he made which was extreamly distastfull to the Gentry. That whereas they might at their pleasure, hunt & take Deer which they found abroad in the woods, now it was ordained that upon penalty of putting out their eyes, none should presume to take or kill any of them, the King pre∣serving them for his own Game.

In the first year of his Reign he granted to the* 1.86 City of London, their first Charter and Liberties in as Large a manner as they enjoyed them under King Edward the Confessor; which he did at the request of William a Norman, Bishop of London; in grate∣ful

remembrance whereof, the Lord Major and Aldermen upon their solemn days of their resort to Pauls, do still walk to the Grave-stone where this Bishop lies interred. Also this King was the first that brought the Jewes into England. He also enacted a Law that whosoever forced a woman should lose his Genitals. In his time the use of long Bows came first into England, which, as they were the weapons wherewith under this King France Conquered England, so they were the weapons with which England under succeeding Kings conquered France. This King also appointed a Constable at Dover Castle, and a Lord Warden of the Cinque-Ports. In short, He ordained such good Laws, and had them so well executed, that a Girle might carry a bag of money all the Coun∣try over without danger of being rob'd. And in his time the setting of Seals to Bonds and writings was first used.

In King William's time Stigand Archbishop of Canterbury, was removed from his See and kept Prisoner during his Life in the Castle of Winchester;* 1.87 and Lanfranc, an Italian▪ succeeded him; who in a Synod at London, removed the Bishops Sees from small Towns to Cities: as from Silliway to Chiche∣ster; from Kyrton to Exeter; from Wells to Bath; From Sherborn to Salisbury; from Dorcester to Lin∣colne; and from Lichfield to Chester; and from thence again to Coventry.

He founded the Abbey of Battel in Sussex, where* 1.88 he overcame Herald. The Abbey of Selby in York∣shire; And a third near London, called Saint Savi∣ours. He founded also the Priory of Saint Nicholas at

Exeter, and gave great Priviledges to Saint Martins Le Grand in London. In Normandy he founded an Abby at Caen: and he gave to the Church of Saint Stephens there, two Mannors in Dorsetshire; one in Devonshire; an other in Essex; much Land in Bark▪shire, some in Norfolk; an house in Woodstreet London, with many Avowsions of Churches.

In his time Saint Pauls Church being burnt down,* 1.89 Maurice Bishop of London, began this which is now standing; A work so admirable and stupendious that many thought it would never have been finish∣ed. Towards the building of the East end of it, the King gave the choice Stones of his Castle in the West end of the City; in which place afterwards was founded a Monastery of Black Friers. And af∣ter the death of Maurice, Richard, his next succes∣sor, gave all the Rents of his Bishoprick towards the building of this Church; yet the finishing of it was left to his successors. About the same time William, Bishop of Durham; founded University Colledge in Oxford:

In the twentieth year of his Reign, their hap∣pened so great a fire in London, that from the West Gate to the East Gate it consumed all the Houses and Churches, at which time (as was said before) Pauls Church was burnt down. Burning Feavers also consumed the People. Murrains devoured an* 1.90 infinite number of Cattel; great Rains and Floods destroyed the Fruites of the Earth, whence ensued a great Famine; and by them the Hills were so soft∣ned, and undermined, that some of them fell, and overwhelmed the Neighbouring Villages. Tame

Fowls, as Hens, Geese, Peacocks, &c. fled into the Woods, and Forests, and turned wild.

Odo, the Kings Brother, Bishop of Bayeux, hoping to obtain the Popedom had heaped up vast Trea∣sures for the purchasing of it. But as he was about to begin his journey, he was seized upon by the King, and imprisoned, and his House being searched, there were found such heaps of Gold as caused ad∣miration in all that saw it, and many of his Bags were drawn out of Rivers, where they were laid, full of Gold beaten to Powder.

King William wanting mony seized upon the Plate,* 1.91 Jewels, and Treasure within all the Monastries in England. Pretending, that the Rebels had conveyed their Riches into these Religous Houses (as into Sanctuaries, and priviledged places) to defraud him thereof▪ He made also all Bishopricks and Abbyes that held Baronies (alwayes free be∣fore) to contribute to his Wars and other occa∣sions.

We left King William sick at Roan, occasioned part∣ly* 1.92 by heat and partly by the leap of his Horse which brake the inward Rim of his Belly; And perceiving his approaching Death, he made his Will, wherein he commanded that all his Treasure should be distri∣buted to Churches, Ministers, and the Poor; ap∣pointing to each their several portions. His Duke∣dom of Normandy▪ he left to his eldest Son Robert, to whom he had formerly given it. His Kingdom of England he left to his second Son William. And Henry his youngest Son, surnamed Beauclark, hearing himself neglected by his Father, with tears said, And what Father do you give me? the King

answered, Five thousand pounds of Silver out of my Treasury. But (replied he) what shall I do with the Treasure if I want an Habitation? His Father answered, Be patient my son, and comfort thyself in God, suffer quietly thy Elder Brothers to go be∣fore thee. Robert shall have Normandy, and Willi∣am England, but thou in time shalt have intirely all the honour that I have gotten, and shalt excell thy Brethren in Riches and Power.

His Son William he sent away into England, and by him Letters to Archbishop Lanfranc. His Prisoners he commanded to be set at liberty; and then dyed September the ninth in the fifty sixth year of his Dutchy, the twenty first of his Kingdom, and the sixty fourth of his age, Anno Christi. 1087.

No sooner had this late Glorious▪ Princes Soul left his Body, but his Dead Corps was presently abandoned by his chiefest Followers, who posted* 1.93 away every one to defend his own; whilst his me∣nial Servants despoiled him of his Armor, Vessels, Apparel, and all princely furniture, leaving his Dead Body naked upon the floor, where it lay stinking till one Harluins, a poor Country Knight, at his own cost undertook to cary it to Caen, unto Saint Stevens Church formerly founded by this King.

At his entrance into Caen, the Monks came forth to meet him; But at the very instant, a sudden fire* 1.94 happening, presently invaded a great part of the City, whereupon his Hearse was forsaken by all, e∣very one applying himself to help to quench the fire. After which being carried to Church and the Stone Coffin set ready, which was to receive the Body, one Ascelinus Fitz-Arthur, stood up and for∣bad

the burial, saying, This very place was the floor of my Fathers House, which this dead Duke violent∣ly took from him: and here upon part of my Inheri∣tance founded this Church; This ground therefore I challenge, and in Gods behalf, forbid that the Body of my Despoiler he covered in my Earth, neither shall it be interred within the precincts of my right. Whereupon they were forced to compound with him for a present sum of money, and for one hun∣dred pound weight of Silver afterwards to be paid, and so the Exequies went forward. But when the Corps came to be laid into the Tomb, it proved too litle, and the belly being pressed▪ and not bowelled, brake, and with an intollerable stink, so offended the by-standers, that with great amaze∣ment, they all hasted away, and the poor Monks were left to shuffle up the Burial, who also were glad when they gat to their Cells.

He was of an indifferent stature, of a comly per∣son,* 1.95 of a good presence, till his corpulency in∣creasing with age, made him unweildy; of so strong a constitution that he was never sick, till a litle before his Death. His strength such that few men could draw his Bow; Of wit ready, and very Politick; In Speech Eloquent; Resolute in at∣tempts; In hazards valiant; A great Souldier, and very successful; His Charters of an other tenour, and very brief; as may appear by one that run thus.

1 William, the third year of my Reign, Give to thee Norman Hunter, to me that art both leese and Deer,

The Hop and the Hopton, and all the Bounds up and down,

Under Earth to Hell, above the Earth to Heaven;

From me and mine, to thee and thine,

As good, and as faire, as ever they mine wear.

To witness that this is sooth, I bite the whitewax with my Tooth.

Before Jugg, Maud, and Marjery, and my young∣est Son Henry.

For a Bow, and a broad Arrow, when I come to hunt upon Yarrow.

His only wife was Mathilda, or Maud, Daugh∣ter* 1.96 to Baldwin the fifth, surnamed the Gentle, Earl of Flanders, by whom he had,

Robert surnamed Curtois, or Short Thighs, who succeeded his Father in the Dutchy of Normandy* 1.97 whereof he was dispossessed by his Brother Henry, King of England, at the Battel of Ednarchbray, Anno. 1106. where being taken Prisoner, his eyes were put out, and he was sent to the Castle of Cardiff in Wales; and after twenty years imprison∣ment, died there.

William the elder, surnamed Miser, who in the right of Queen Maud, was Earl of Flanders, who died six years before his Father.

Richard was born in Normandy, and as he was hunting in the new Forrest, whilst he was young, was slain by a Stag.

William surnamed Rufus, who succeeded his Fa∣ther in the Kingdom of England.

Henry surnamed Beau-clerk, or the Fine Schol∣lar,

who after his Brothers Death came to be King of England, and Duke of Norman∣dy.

Cicily his eldest Daughter was by her Father made a Nun, and afterwards was chosen Ab∣bess* 1.98 in the Monastery built by her father in Caen.

Constance his second Daughter, was first married to Allain Earle of Little Britaine, who was af∣terwards by King William made Earl of Rich∣mond.

Alice, his third Daughter was married to Steven Earl of Bloys.

Gundred his fourth Daughter was married to William Warren, who was the first Earl of Surry, in England.

Ella his fifth Daughter: some say, she dyed young.

Margeret, his youngest Daughter, who was con∣tracted to Alphonso King of Galicia in Spain; but dyed before the marriage was consummated.

There was one Randolph Peverel, to whom Ed∣ward the Confessor was very bountifull, because he had married his kinswoman, the Daughter of Ingelrick, a man of great Nobility among the English Saxons. A Lady of that admirable beauty, that with her looks she conquered the Conquerour William, who desired nothing more than to be her Prisoner in Armes, which to effect, he begins to express a kind of love to the remembrance of her deceased Father Ingelrick, enriching the Colledge of Martins Le Grand, in London, first founded by

him, and her Uncle Edward. Then he honours and advances her two Brethren, William Peverel, Castellane, or keeper of Dover Castle, and Payne Peverel, Baron of Bourn, in Cambridgshire, the Founder of Barnwell Abbey, and Standard∣bearer to Robert, Duke of Normandy, in the Holy War against the Infidels.

He prefers her kindred and Friends: He sollicites her by the Messengers of the Devils Bedcham∣ber, his fly Enchanting Bawdes, and comes some∣times himself (like Jupiter) in a Golden shower. Thus by these forcible demonstrations of his love, and unavoidable allurements (especially from a King) she was brought at length to his un∣lawfull Bed, unto whom she bare a Son nam∣ed William, who was Lord of Nottingham, and Founder of Lenton Abby. The Lady his Mo∣ther (touched with remorse of Conscience for her sin) to expiate her guilt (for such was the Doctrine taught in those dayes) founded a Col∣lege in Hatfield Peverel, in Essex, wherein, setting apart all worldly imployments, she spent the re∣mainder of her dayes.

King William, having once setled himself in the Kingdom, divided a great part of it among his followers: To Allen, surnamed the Red, Earl of Britain, who came into England with him and was his Son in Law, he gave the Honour, and County of Edwin, within the Province of York by his Charter in these words.

I William (surnamed the Bastard, King of Eng∣land) give and grant to thee my Nephew Allen, Earl of Britain, and to thy Heirs for ever, all those Villages, Towns, and Lands, which were late in the possession of Earl Edwin in York∣shire, with Knights Fees, Churches, and other li∣berties and customes as freely and as honourably as the said Edwin held them.

Given at the siege before York▪

FINIS.

Notes

• * 1.1

  His Pedi∣gree.
• * 1.2

  or Rolls.
• * 1.3

  His Birth and Pa∣rentage.
• * 1.4

  He is made Duke of Normandy
• * 1.5

  and com∣mited to the French King.
• * 1.6

  He comes into Nor∣mandy.
• * 1.7

  His trou∣bles by Compe∣titors.
• * 1.8

  The King of France against▪ him.
• * 1.9

  New troubles.
• * 1.10

  Treason against▪ him.
• * 1.11

  A special▪ Provi∣dence.
• * 1.12

  He retires to the French King.
• * 1.13

  His Va∣lour and Victory.
• * 1.14

  His meek∣ness.
• * 1.15

  His new troubles.
• * 1.16

  He reco∣vers his Towns.
• * 1.17

  His Va∣lour.
• * 1.18

  A new Conspi∣racy.
• * 1.19

  He calls a Parlament
• * 1.20

  His Mar∣riage▪
• * 1.21

  He is en∣vied by the French King,
• * 1.22

  who in∣vades his Country.
• * 1.23

  The French beaten.
• * 1.24

  The King of France invades his Coun∣try again,
• * 1.25

  and is a∣gain bea∣ten.
• * 1.26

  The King of France dies.
• * 1.27

  He goes into Eng∣land.
• * 1.28

  His pre∣parations.
• * 1.29

  His Policy
• * 1.30

  His subtil∣ty.
• * 1.31

  The af∣fairs in England.
• * 1.32

  Herald made King, An. 1066.
• * 1.33

  His pru∣dence and policy.
• * 1.34

  His oppo∣sition and successe.
• * 1.35

  His victo∣ry.
• * 1.36

  Duke William comes in∣to Eng∣land.
• * 1.37

  His poli∣cy.
• * 1.38

  The Bat∣tel be∣tween him and Herald.
• * 1.39

  Their mutual valour.
• * 1.40

  Herald slain.
• * 1.41

  Englands sins.
• * 1.42

  Duke Williams victory.
• * 1.43

  His Pro∣gress.
• * 1.44

  The Eng∣lish sub∣mit to him.
• * 1.45

  A stout Abbot.
• * 1.46

  He comes to London; Is receiv∣ed with Joy. His Coro∣nation.
• * 1.47

  No Con∣querour.
• * 1.48

  His Pru∣dence.
• * 1.49

  The Ken∣tish mens Policy.
• * 1.50

  or Fitz-Osburne.
• * 1.51

  King William goes into Nor∣mandy.
• * 1.52

  Returns into Eng∣land.
• * 1.53

  His Pru∣dence. and Poli∣cy.
• * 1.54

  The Eng∣lish rebel.
• * 1.55

  or Mal∣col••••.
• * 1.56

  He built 4 Castles.
• * 1.57

  Troubles out of Ire∣land.
• * 1.58

  In the West and North.
• * 1.59

  England invaded by the Danes and Scots.
• * 1.60

  York burnt.
• * 1.61

  King William goes a∣gainst them.
• * 1.62

  Woful de∣vastati∣ons.
• * 1.63

  The King Conquers.
• * 1.64

  New dis∣contents.
• * 1.65

  Ely taken.
• * 1.66

  King Wil∣liam's cle∣mency.
• * 1.67

  Peace with Scotland.
• * 1.68

  A new Conspi∣racy.
• * 1.69

  Discover∣ed.
• * 1.70

  Preven∣ted.
• * 1.71

  His son Robert rebels.
• * 1.72

  Is recon∣ciled to his Fa∣ther.
• * 1.73

  New-Castle built.
• * 1.74

  Quarrels with France.
• * 1.75

  The French King jeers him.
• * 1.76

  His re∣veng.
• * 1.77

  His sick∣ness.
• * 1.78

  The Tow∣er built.
• * 1.79

  England surveied.
• * 1.80

  Dooms∣day Book.
• * 1.81

  New for∣rest made.
• * 1.82

  Remark∣able Judg∣ments.
• * 1.83

  The Laws in French
• * 1.84

  Bishops Power a∣bated.
• * 1.85

  His hous∣hold Pro∣vision.
• * 1.86

  The Char∣ter of London renewed.
• * 1.87

  Bishops Sees Changed.
• * 1.88

  his works of Piety.
• * 1.89

  Pauls Church burnt. and re∣edified.
• * 1.90

  Great Judg∣ments.
• * 1.91

  He de∣spoiles the Mo∣nasseries.
• * 1.92

  His last VVill.
• * 1.93

  His Death.
• * 1.94

  Vanity of▪ Vanties.
• * 1.95

  His Cha∣recter.
• * 1.96

  His Wife.
• * 1.97

  His Sons.
• * 1.98

  His Daug∣ters.