Thomas Campanella, an Italian friar and second Machiavel, his advice to the King of Spain for attaining the universal monarchy of the world particularly concerning England, Scotland and Ireland, how to raise division between king and Parliament, to alter the government from a kingdome to a commonwealth, thereby embroiling England in civil war to divert the English from disturbing the Spaniard in bringing the Indian treasure into Spain : also for reducing Holland by procuring war betwixt England, Holland, and other sea-faring countries ... / translated into English by Ed. Chilmead, and published for awakening the English to prevent the approaching ruine of their nation ; with an admonitorie preface by William Prynne, of Lincolnes-Inne, Esquire.

CHAP. IX. Of the King. (Book 9)

HE cannot govern the World, that cannot govern an Empire, neither can he rule an Empire, that cannot a Kingdom; nor he a Kingdom, that cannnot a Province: nor he a Province, that cannot a City; nor he a City, that cannot a Village; nor he a Village, that cannot a Family; nor he a Family, that cannot a single house; nor he a single house that cannot govern himself; neither can he govern himself, that cannot re∣duce his affections, and bring them within the compasse of Rea∣son; which very thin•• no man is able to do, except he submit himself to the will of God. For whosoever rebels against God, who is the Supreme Wisdom, against him shall all things that are subordinate to him rebel also; and that justly, and by the Law of Retaliation, which is most just in all both Governments, and Actions of Men. Having therefore weighed in onr mind, and co••sidered all the Ideas and Formes of Humane Government, we say, that the King of Spains endeavours must be, that He may arrive to the Highest pitch of Wisdom that may be. For every Virtue is an Affection of the Mind, consisting in a certain Mean; beyound which if it arise, or fall beneath it, it comes to be a Vice. Now it is Reason, that constitutes this Mean: And therefore we are to say, that Actions alone do not render a man Vertuous; but to this purpose there is required also a Natural Inclination in the Person, which is derived both from the Complexion of his Parents, from the Aire, and from the Stars.

Seeing therefore that the Kingdom of Spain is not an Elect∣tive one, but descends by succession, I say, that the King ought to have but one wife, (for to have more, is contrary to Reason it self;) which is to be of a tall Stature; and she must be both fruitful and Eloquent, and must excel all other women in the en∣dowments both of Body and Mind. Neither must he look af∣ter the Noblensse of her Family only; for so she may chance to

be barren, or may some other waies be not so pleasing to Him; and he should be overwhelmed with all those mischieifs that Henry the Eighth was, or the Duke of Mantua, Whence Fran∣cis, the Duke of Tuscany, might seem to deserve commendation, if he had married Blanch only because he wanted an Heir to succeed him. The King is likewise to exercise the Act of Co∣pulation with his Queen under a Fortunate Planet onely, and af∣ter Digestion is finished; and besides, he must not do this, till after he hath abstained some reasonable time from the said Act, to the end that his seed may be the more fruitful; and when ever he hath any thing to do with his Queen, he ought at that in∣stant to be very hot in his love to her; for it is of great con∣cernment to the whole World, what the seed of the King be. And I could wish, that all men did observe these Rules! But the World is now come to that passe, that men take more care to have a generous Breed of Horses, then to have gene∣rous Children. Then must his Queen, when she is with Child, use some Moderate Exercise, that so the Child may be the strong∣er. When she hath brought forth a Son, there must be some woman, that is a Gentlewoman provided to be his Nurse; which Gentlewoman must also be a Wise woman, and of a high Spirit too. For, the Manners are suckt in, together with the Milk of the Nurse. When the Child is grown up to some Maturity, He must converse with Men, rather then with Wo∣men; and he must delight himself with the looking upon Ma∣thematical Figures, and also with Maps, and draughts of the Kingdoms He is born to; He may also look upon Horses, and Armes: but he must not be suffered to run about to idle Childish sports and plaies: as were the sons of Cyrus, Cambyses, and Darius: as if they had been born for themselves only, and not for their People: and who therefore (as Plato saies) came to destruction. He must have Religious Tutors, both Bishops, and Commanders, that are eminent for their knowledge in Martial affaires: He must also have Eloquent persons, that may instruct him in the Art of Aratory, and informing him rather in the So∣lid Rules, then the trifling Quiddities of Grammer. After he hath grown past a Child, he must then exercise both his Mind, and his Body also: for Valour, and Wisdom are Virtues that are proper to Princes. And we are to know, that wha•• Prince soever shall use the Exercise of Body only, and not of his Wit,

(as well his own, as his Subjects,) he shall be a slave to him that exerciseth his Wit too.

And hence it is that the King of France, and his Officers of State, yeilded themselves up to Calvin; as the Germans did to Luther; both which so bewitched their eyes, that they took all for right and good, whatsoever these laid down before them. And thus the Tartarians also, after they had made themselves Lords of the whole East, were at last made fools of by Maho∣mets Priests. And if they are not enslaved by Wicked Ingeni∣ou•• Men, yet how ever they are slaves to those that are Good, as well as Ingenious.

And hence we see, that those Kings of Iudah and of Israel, that were both dull and wicked persons, were given up into the hands of Elias, and Elisha, and others; who set them up, and deposed them from their Thrones, for their Ignorance of their own Re∣ligion. The Consuls of Rome likewise were in subjection to their Priests. And again on the other side, he, that exerciseth his Wit only, is brought under the power of him that exerciseth his Body, and Feats of Armes. Whence it is, that the Popes have so often been made the laughing stock of the Goths and Lom∣bards; and that Platonical King, Theodoricus, the second K. of Ravenna, was subdued by Belis••rius. But that King that exer∣ciseth himself both these waies, he is the truly wise King. And hence it was that the Romans never exercised their Wit, without the exercise of the Body too; as Salust informs us. I adde moreover, that a King ought not to bend his studies wholly to, and to spend all his time in one certain Science onely; as did King Alphonsus, who became one of the most famous Astrono∣mers in the World; following the Example of King Atlas, who was overcome by Perseus, a valiant Man of Armes, as the Fable tells us: nor yet would I have him to addict himself wholly to the Study of Divinity, as Henry the VIII. did, who by this means utterly ruined his own Wit. But he ought to have seve∣ral Tutors for each several Science, and be a hearer of each of them at their several appointed times. But the Knowledge most fit for the King, is, to know the Division of the World into its parts, and of his own Dominions; the different manners and Customes of the several Nations of the Earth, and their Reli∣gions and Sects; as also the stories of all the former Kings, and which of them was a Conquerour, and which was overcome, and

for what reasons: And for this purpose he must make choice of the best Historians that have written. He must likewise know the several Lawes of Nations, and which are wholsome Lawes, and which not; and the Grounds they were made upon. But chiefly He is to be well skilled in the Lawes of his own King∣dome, and of the Kings his Predecessors; and to understand by what means Charles the Fifth got here, or lost there; and how Maximilian sped in his wars: So likewise, with how many, and what kind of Nations and Kingdomes They made their Wars; and how the same Nations may be subdued. He must also give an ear to all sorts of Counsels; but let him make choice of, and publish as His own, the Best, and Soundest onely. Let his rule be also, to inflict all punishments upon his Subjects in the name, and by the Ministry of his Officers; but to confer all benefits, and rewards upon them with his own hand, and in his own name. In a word, he must be adorned with all kinds of Vertues; and let it be his chiefest desire to leave to His Successors Himself an Example worthy of their Imitation; as it must be his care to imitate all the wisest of his Predecessors.

Those Affections which he ought with his utmost power to restrain, are Grief, Pleasure, Love, Hatred, Hope, Fear, and lastly Mercy also. For when a King shewes himself to be cast down by any Ill Fortune that hath befallen him, He betrayes his own Weaknesse, discourages his Subjects; and, lastly, gives himself wholly to grieve for the same: for which King David was justly reproved by Ioab, when he lamented so excessively the death of his Son Absalon. As on the contrary side, when he is too much lifted up with Joy for any good successe, it argues in him an abject and servile Disposition and Temper: And especially, if he addict himself to keep company with Buffoons and Jesters, and give himself up to excessive Banquettings, and other the like pleasures, he must needs be despised by his Subjects: as Nero was, who minded nothing but Stage-Playes, and his Harp; or Vitellius, and Sardanapalus, who giving themselves over wholly to Women, and Feasting, were therefore scorned by their Subjects, and deposed, with the losse of their Lives.

And indeed the Love of Women will very often endanger him, unlesse he fortifie his mind against it: (as it happened to the most

Wise Salomon himself:) and especially of his own Wife, who commonly hates her Husbands nearest, and most intimate friends; conceiving, that the greatest share of His Affection is due to Her self: in so much, that she will hate and persecute the Wisest, and ablest Commanders for War that are about him. Thus we read * 1.1 Sophia, Wife to the Emperour Iustinian, dealt with Narses; who being thereby very much incensed, he took occasion to invite the Lombards into Italy; to the infinite pre∣judice and losse both of the Emperour and Empresse.

Covetousnesse also proves the ruine of Kings; as we see in Antiochus, who pillaged the Temple of Iupiter Dodonaeus; and in Caligula, who having profusely wasted all his own, most gree∣dily gaped after other mens estates: whence they both came to be hated by their Subjects, and so died a miserable death. Such a one also was Midas, who wished, That whatsoever he touched might presently ••urn to Gold; whereas he could neither eat his Gold, nor could it procure him an houres sleep when he wanted it; that is to say, it was of no use at all to him; but it onely laid him open to the spoyl of him, that had but the Skill to make use of his Iron. Caligula in one year consumed riotously seventeen Millions of Crowns, which his Predecessor Tiberius had scraped up together: and was afterward reduced to that want, that he was forced to betake himself to spoyl his Subjects, and to practise all manner of Cruelties upon them. King Solo∣mon also, what in building of Sumptuous Palaces, and Temples, and about other most chargeable Pomps and Magnificences, ex∣pended the better part of a Hundred and twenty Millions, which his Father David had left him: and notwithstanding that he had no trouble upon him from any part, yet did he so excessively overburden his Subjects with Taxes, that being become Intole∣rable to the greatest part of his People, he lost a great part of his Kingdome, in his Son Rehoboam.

We do allow in our King a desire of Honour; but so, that he aspire to it by the steps of Vertue: for otherwise He will gain onely the opinion of being Proud; which was the ruine of Al∣boin, and Attila. And indeed Honour is the Witnesse to Ver∣tue: and therefore whosoever is a Vertuous Person, he shall attain to True Honour, without any Flattery; which hath been the overthrow of many a Prince in the World.

And hence it will also follow, that a Prince should not enter into so strict a Tye of Friendship with any One, or Two of his Subjects, as to indulge them the liberty of transgressing the bounds of Justice, and the Lawes, without controul: For by so doing, the Principal Persons of his Nobility, and Comman∣ders in War, laying aside all duty, will look upon him as an Abject, Unworthy person. And, which is more, they some∣times in these cases enter into Conspiracies against Him; and that very person, whom He advanced to so much honour as to make him his Favourite, may chance to usurp the Kingdome: as we read it happened betwixt Gyges, and Candaules, King of Lydia. So likewise Sejanus did much mischief to the Emperour Ti∣berius, who notwithstanding was as subtle and crafty as any man: But yet Macro did more, who made an end of him. Neither can any thing be more destructive to a Prince, then to single out One onely, to be his Friend and Favourite. And hath not Antonio Perez been of very ill Consequence to the Present King? If the King hate any particular persons, he must by no means discover it; unlesse he find that they are hated by the People also: as are commonly all Hereticks, Infi∣dels, Usurers, and Publick Executioners of Justice upon Male∣factors: for by so doing•• He shall the more indear himself to the People. He must also take notice, that Accusations among his Subjects do not so much avail his Kingdome, as Calumnies hurt it•• and therefore He ought alwaies to encline rather to the Accused Party. And to the end that he may attain to the highest degree of his Subjects Love, and Affection, He must set up some Court of Grace, that shall be above all other Courts whatsoever; that all such persons as are condemned to death, may have yet some left to whom they may appeal.

And the King ought to pardon Offenders often, where it may be done safely enough; and where the Condemned person hath not been admitted to make his Appeal to the Kings Depu∣ties, or hath not offended either against the State, or Religion: and these Offenders by Him pardoned, may be sent out either for Souldiers, or else to the Gallies: and this will do very much good. And of this Court of Grace, I would have the King himself to be President; and it should consist onely of his Queen, and his Children, and one Bishop only.

The King must also with all Modesty, and Humility, put his chiefest trust in God, and repose but little confidence in his own strength: especially when He is not endued with any Ex∣traordinary Prudence for the managing of the same: and all the weightiest of his Actions must be referred to God, as the Au∣thor of them, that so they may be lookt upon by all with the greater reverence, and esteem. Let him never hope with a few to vanquish a greater number, nor with Undisciplined and un∣ruly Souldiers: nor to conquer a forraine enemy in his own Country: of which things I have elsewhere spoken. He must alwayes remove all Fear far from him; and ••e must discover his onely Fear to be, lest any Sad Disaster should befall either Re∣ligion, or his Subjects. And in all His Expeditions He must shew himself to the Height of Valour, and even of bold Daring too: provided that ••e do it with Reason, and that so He may the more inflame the courage of his Souldiers. Neither ought he ever to seem to be Jealous of the Worth of any one; lest he should so betray His own Timorousnesse, and Poorenesse of Spirit. And therefore, to the end that his Subjects may not re∣bel, His safest course will be, to keep them alwayes up in Armes, rather then to let them lie unarmed quietly at home: for, be∣ing in Armes, they will the easier be kept within the bounds of Obedience. Because that, if they be by fair, and Prudential meanes kept in awe, they will be ready to make use of their Armes at all times for their Kings advantage; but if, though Unarmed, they be otherwise then fairely dealt with by their Prince, they will be apt to revolt from him, or (which is worse) will find Armes, which they will turn against Him. An example of this kind we have in David and S••ul, who was Jealous o•• David, seeing his Valour and Worth. The King ought also, as often as he begins to be Jealous, and fearful of the Greatnesse of any of his Subjects, under the shew of ho∣nouring him, to send him abroad out of the Country he is powerful in, to some other; as Ferdinand, King of Arragon, dealt with the Great Duke Consalvus; removing him from N••ples, where he might possibly have raised Commotions in the State, to Spain, where he was not able to do any such thing. Neither yet are such Men too much to be slighted; for by this meanes the Prince might incurre the hatred of his Subjects; and it would be a discouragement to them from the

endeavouring at any High and Noble Actions. Therefore such persons, as He is Jealous of, are to be employed in such places, where there is the least danger to be feared from them: as, we read, Belisarius was called home by Iustinian out of Italy, where he was beloved by all men; and sent against Persia.

The Kings Anger must neither be Violent, nor Headlong; as was Alexander's of Macedon against his Nobles; for so he may chance to be made away by poyson, as Alexander was: and his Subjects may fall off from him, and so his Power will be di∣minished; as it happened to Theoderick the First King of Ra∣venna; and which was also the cause of the Emperour Valenti∣nian's death. In times of Peace He must be merciful to such as offend either out of Ignorance, or Weaknesse of Body or Mind; and that, in favour of the Multitude, and to sweeten Them: but this he must take heed of, in time of War; and he must not pardon any Egregious Offenders, or that are the Heads, and Ringleaders of any Faction: especially where the Worth of the Persons is not so great, as that, being pardoned, they may be of greater use to him, then that wherein they offended was preju∣dicial. Thus Scanderbeg pardoned Moses rebelling against him, as being the Greatest Commander he had under him: who thereby became afterwards of very great Use, and Advantage to him: In like manner as David also pardoned Ioab. But yet we must remember, that this Easinesse, and Mercifulnesse is then only seasonable, where the Crime concerns not the State it self, but onely Particular persons. And therefore the Prince ought not at any time to deny the Legal Proceeding of Justice to any one; For, for this very cause, Philip, King of Macedonia, was slain by Pausanias. And therefore, as we have formerly said, he ought to be careful, and circumspect in the curbing, and bridling of his own Passions and Affections.

But now, Piety, and Religion is of it self sufficient to make any Prince exercise his power of Dominion Justly, and happily: as we see by the Examples of the Emperour Constantine the Great, Theodosius, and the like. And here we are alwaies to remember, that it is most certain, that, The People do naturally follow the Inclinations of their Prince. And therefore Plato was wont to say, If the King but mend, all the Kingdome mends, with∣out the accession of any other Law. And therefore the Virtue

of the Prince ought to surpasse, in a manner, all Humane sense.

As concerning Making of War, it is certain and evident to all, that Warlike Princes have still had the better of those that are not so inclined: and although Wise Kings have alwaies made a shift to preserve their own, yet they have not alwaies enlarged their Dominions: but the idle, and sloathful have ever been of the losing hand. I say therefore, that a King, if he would be accounted a warlike Prince, ought to go in person to the Wars; especially, ••••ere he is certain of Victory. Thus Ioab, having for some time besieged that City of the Ammonites, and being now ready to take it, he gave notice to the King, that He should come, and be at the delivery of it up, that so the Glory of the Action might be His. For by this means the People will be ready to admire their King, as if he were something more then a King. But He must be sure to decline all Evident Dangers, and espe∣cially Duels; Lest (as the Israelites said to David) He quench the Light of Israel. For this was accounted a great fault in Alexan∣der the Great, that he would needs leap down first himself from off the Walls into a certain Town; where He by that meanes received many Wounds: For by that rash Act of his, he in His Single person brought into Hazard the Monarchy of the whole World. He must also re••ard his Old Souldiers with his Own hand, and must pre••er them to the Government of Castles, and Forts: and the rawer sort of Souldiers he must cause to exercise themselves in light skirmishes among themselves, and in exercises of the Field.

Every King that swaieth a Scepter is either a Wolfe, or a Hireling, or lastly a Shepheard; as Homer, and the Holy Gospel it self also calls him. A Tyrant is the Wolfe, that keepes the Flock for his own Advantage; and alwayes maketh away with all the Wealthiest, Wisest & Valiantest of his Subjects, that so he may fill his own bags, and may without any danger or con∣troule, Lord it as he list, and range about through the whole flock, spoyling whom he please. And if the King of Spain should go about to shew himself such a one to his Subjects, he will lose all; as did those Dionysij of Syracuse, Acciolinus of Padou••, Caligula, Nero, Vitelliu••, and the like. The Hireling is, he that kills not indeed his Subjects; but rather drawes to himself

all Profits, Honours, and advantages acquired by the service of his Souldiers and Vassals; but he doth not at all defend them from the Ravenous Wolves; I mean, False Teachers; nor other fierce Invaders, and Oppressors. As we may call the Venetians, the Hireling Rulers of Cyprus; seeing that they did not defend it against the Turkes. And the Romans also were such, in Relation of the Saguntines, from whose necks they did not keep off Hannibals yoak. And in like manner we may tearm Don Philip Maria the Hireling Vicount of the Genowayes; for he mad onely a benefit of them, but shewed not himself as a Go∣vernour over them; Which cannot now be said of the Ki••g of Spain. And these Hirelings, or Mercenary Princes, are sud∣denly losers by it, as the former were. As, wee see, the King of France lost, by suffering Calvin to mount up into the Chaire; as the Elector of Saxony likewise did, by suffering that Wolf Lu∣ther. For he that makes a prey of Mens Mind, hath command over their Bodies also: and will at length have the disposing of their Fortunes and estates too. And therefore it is a meer Folly, and Ignorance in those Princes, whosoever they be, that shall ad∣mit New Religions into their Dominions, whereby the Minds of their Subjects are lead away. And hence it was that Saul foresaw his own Ruin, so soon as ever he perceaved the af∣fections of the People inclined towards David. And the Mis∣chiefs of Germany, Poland, and France have been infinite, since Luthers making a ••Prey and carring away the Minds and Af∣fections of the Inhabitants of these Countries•• But that King is a Shepheard, that feeds Himself with the Honour, and Love of his People; and them, with his own Example, Learning, and Abundance of good Things; and withall defends them by his Armes, and Wholesome Lawes. And therefore a good King ought to be endued with so much a greater proportion of Learning and Knowledge above his People (who do infinitely herein excel Brute Beasts,) as the Shepheard is above his M••te Flock. So that a Prince (as Plato said) is somewhat above Hu∣mane Condition, and ought to be esteemed as a kind of God•• or a Christ; or at least is to be reputed as qualified with a cer∣tain measure of Divinity, and to have some emin••nt knowledge conferred upon him from above, as had that Divine Law∣giver Moses; and as at this day have the Pope, and the Bish∣ops. Or if this be not granted to Him, he ought however, ••hrough Humane Virtue at least, to submit, and yield Obedi∣ence

to the Divine Law-giver; as did Charles the Great. And there have been some, who wisely considering these things have endeavoured to perswade the World, that they were Inspired from Heaven, as did Mahom••t, and Minos; whose Lawes were thereby held in great Reverence by the People. And certainly wheresoever the King shall approve himself to be such, the People in general will be made good; where as on the contrary, if the Prince be Bad, the People will be so too. And therefore following the Example of the Pope, and his Bishops, he ought to appear as like them as he can, doing nothing at all without their approbation, but making a Union betwixt his Kingdom and their Church, so to make up one Body of a Repub∣lick betwixt them; as I have said before; and by observing the Ecclesiastical Order, and by constituting good Lawes, he must render himself Worthy of Reverence from the People: which by appearing but seldom abroad among them in Publique, he shall be sure to have from them.

As for those Acts which Humane Nature cannot abstain from, as eating, and the like, these he ought to do privately. Or if at any time he do any of them in Publi••k, He must alwaies, after the example of Philopoemen, the General of the Achaeans, have some by him to discourse touching Peace and War. Our King must not endeavour so much to be Accounted a Vertuous Person, as to be so Really: for, where any one is discovered to have but once played the Dissembler, no body will ever believe him again afterwards.

And because that, for want of Issue to succeed him, the King∣dome may easily fall to the ground; His chiefest care must be, that he get children as soon, and early as he can. And so soon as ever his Eldest Son shall be grown up to any maturity, and himself perchance is yet a young man; he may then do well to ••end him to Rome, that so he may be instructed both in the af∣faires of the World, and in those of Religion also; and withal, the Kingdom of Spain may be the more firmly incorporated in∣to the Church, by having both the Cardinals, and Popes them∣selves alwayes true to their Faction: and also, that His Son, and the Barons may not dare to joyn together, and take up Armes against Him: (which our King Philip suspected of his Son Charles;) and so, by Obeying, he shall learn how to Rule. The King of Spain ought also alwayes to design some of the House

of Austria to be his successor, in case that he should die without a successor of his own.

Let him alwayes speak the Language of his Native Country, and give Audience to such only as speak the same. He ought alwayes to keep his Court in Spain, the Head of his Em∣pire•• neither let him ever go out of it, unlesse it be to the Wars, and leaving his Son behind him: Or, to suppresse some muti∣nying Province, or some Baron that he suspects, He may go and take up his quarters among them; that so, being thereby redu∣ced to want, and scarcity, they may be forced to serve the King instead of Souldiers, and He by this means may be freed from all fears and jealousies. The rest of His Male Children, that are not brought up in the hope, and expectation of Reigning; he may make Cardinals; neither ought he at any time to commit the rains of Government to their hands, least happily they should be possessed with a desire of Ruling. And hence it is, that among the Turks it is the Custome, alwayes to make away with all the yonger Sons. And the King of China shuts up those that are next in blood to Him, in large, spacious places, which abound with all variety both of necessaries and Delights: as the King of Ethiopia confines all his to a certain very high, and most pleasant Mountain, called Amara; where they are to con∣tinue, tell they shall be called to succeed in the Kingdom. But yet for all this, neither doth the King of China, or Ethiopia, by con∣fining their nearest of kin, nor the Great Turk by killing his, nor yet the Moor, by putting out the Eyes of his, acquit themselves from the danger and fear of Seditions, and Rebellions. For notwithstanding that the Parents of these confined Persons may haply bear it with a patient and quiet mind enough; yet it may possibly be, that either the Common People, or the Nobles of the Kingdome, being moved either with Indignation, and Fury, or else Fear of Punishment, or desire of Revenge, may corrupt, and provoke those Persons so shut up; or by killing their Kee∣pers, may carry them away out of their prisons by force, and may place them in the Throne: as those they call, The Common Rebels of Spain, attempted to carry away by force the Duke of Calabria, who was at that time a Prisoner in the Sciattive Tower. And in China many most cruel Tyrants ••f both sexes, both Kings, and Queens, have been murdered. And of late years, in Ethiopia, Abdimalo was called to the Crown, not from ou••

of the Mountain of Amara, but from out of Arabia, whether he had fled to preserve himself. Neither is there any Country, where there have been more Civil Wars, and Rebellions raised, then among the Moors in Ma••ritania. The Kings of Ormus, before that that Country was subdued by the Portuguez, were wont to kill their Parents: which custome was practised also by some Emperours of Constantinople; by the Kings of Tunis also, and of Marocco, and Fez; as likewise among the Turks: as appears by the Wars betwxt Bajazet and Zerim, and of Se∣lim and his father, Bajazet the second. Therefore this Cruel∣ty of the Turks renders them not much more secure thereby. For in other Kingdomes it is onely•• Ambition, and a desire of Honour, and Rule that excites men to raise sedition, and to take up Armes against the Prince: Which Ambitious Desires may either be satisfied some other way, or be diverted to some other design, or possibly may be overawed, and crusht: But those of the Blood Royal among the Turks, and Moors, besides Ambi∣tion, have a Necessity also of seeking the preservation of their own Lives, to force them on to such Attempts. For, seeing they are all certainly enough assured, that they shall be put to death by the succeeding Emperour, they have need all of them to provide for themselves; and so are necessitated, in a manner, to take up Armes, and to implore the aid and assistance either of subjects at home, of Forrain Princes abroad. Hence it was that S••lim was wont to say, that He was to be excused for ha∣ving made away with so many of his Brothers, Nephews, and Kindred; seeing that otherwise the meanest person of the Ottoman line, that should have but scaped acting a part in that Tragedy, might have come to the same Dignity He enjoy∣ed.

But, passing by these Impious, and yet ••neffectual Examples of Cruelty, let us now come to the Daughters of the King of Spain. And these Probably may do well to be matched with the Kings, or Princes of Poland, and France: and also with the Kings of Denmark, Muscovia, England, and the like: up∣on this condition, that these Princes promise faithfully to em∣brace the Catholick Religion; which if they would do, there would thence a double Benefit accrue.

The King must take into his Court, all the most able, and most knowing in all sorts of Sciences: and He must endeavour

to render both Himself, and his Children, as excellent in them as is possible; that so the Eyes of all men may be turned upon Him, and His, and may joyn themselves unto them, seeing them live so happily and securely. In like manner, as all the People of Israel, even to the Maccabees themselves, who had God for their Guide, became yet admirers of the Romans; and en∣tring into a League with them, fled to Them for Protection. Now He that protects, or assists, may naturally be said to be Lord of him whom he protects; as the Man became Lord of the Horse, whiles He assisted him against the Stag.

Notes

• * 1.1

  He wou••d have said, Theodora: for so was Justinians wise called.