Thomas Campanella, an Italian friar and second Machiavel, his advice to the King of Spain for attaining the universal monarchy of the world particularly concerning England, Scotland and Ireland, how to raise division between king and Parliament, to alter the government from a kingdome to a commonwealth, thereby embroiling England in civil war to divert the English from disturbing the Spaniard in bringing the Indian treasure into Spain : also for reducing Holland by procuring war betwixt England, Holland, and other sea-faring countries ... / translated into English by Ed. Chilmead, and published for awakening the English to prevent the approaching ruine of their nation ; with an admonitorie preface by William Prynne, of Lincolnes-Inne, Esquire.

CHAP. XXXII. Of Navigation. (Book 32)

BUt now, for the better preserving of this Dominion of the New World entire to himself, the King of Spain had need to build him a great number of Woodden Cities, and to put them out to Sea; which being laden with Commodities, may continually passe to and fro betwixt this and the West-Indies•• and by being perpe∣tually abroad, and so scouring those Seas, may hinder the English, and others•• from making any Attempts that way. For the performing of which Design, the King of Spain will have need of very many Ships, which should also be very well Manned, with a sufficient number of Sea-men; which should sayl about to the New VVorld, and round about Africk, Asia, Calicut, China, Iapan, and the Islands adjacent; subduing all where ere they come.

And all this might easily be effected, if that the King would but give his mind to gather Men together, rather then Mony: seeing that it appears evidently enough, that in those Expediti∣ons of his against England, the Netherlands, and France, He was utterly frustrate, and failed of his designs, meerly through his trusting too much to his Mony, and his want of Able Soul∣diers.

First of all therefore in all the Islands of Sicily, Sardinia, the Canaries, those of the Achipelago, St. Lazaro, in Hispaniola like∣wise, and the Philippine Islands, I would have Seminaries to be erected for Mariners, and places appointed all along the Coast of Spain, where young youths ma•• be taught to build Ships and Gallies, and may learn to know the Stars, and the use of the Mariners Compasse, and of the Sea Tables, and Charts: all these things I say, I would have beaten into the dullest heads. And then, whensoever He destroyes any Country, He ought to have more regard to the Captives, then to the spoiles of it: and so becomming wiser then formerly, He shall change away Gold and Silver for a better sort of Merchandise.

Secondly, at what parts so ever His Navy shall arrive, He should make Havens, and erect such Work-houses; especially at the mouths of Rivers and Bayes, He should cause Ships and Gallies to be built; in the manning of which He may make use of such Mariners as have been brought up in the foresaid Semi∣naries.

Thirdly, when He hath thus gotten to be well stored with Men, He may then treat with the richer sort among the Portu∣guezes and the Genois, and let them know, that they shall have both of them free liberty to buil•• themselves Ships and Gallies, and with the same to sayle round about the New World, which is now almost wholly the King of Spains, and to go into the Havens, and to fall upon Towns and Castles there, and to keep all the Booty they shall there find, to themselves; only the pla∣ces themselves they shall deliver up to the King••, together with all the Elder Children of both sexes, for the supply of His Semina∣ries. And if they chance to take any whole large Country, they may have whole Baronies bestowed upon them for their Reward. And by this means both the King will be enriched, and the Genois will become the Instruments both of confirming and enlarging the Kings Empire: who yet are themselves so rich, as that they are able either of them to set forth whole Fleets of Ships against the Great Turk•• and to take in very many Countries for them∣selves, if they pleased: and therefore the Kings Navies ought alwayes to be so much the greater, and the better provided.

Fourthly, the Hollanders also, Dantzickers, and the Gutland∣ers are in a friendly manner to be dealt withal, and perswaded to do the same, as is said before; only upon this condition, that ••hey shall deliver in their Sons as Pledges, that what places so∣ever they shall take in, they shall not reckon upon them, as gotten to themselves; nor shall introduce Heresie into the same. And by this means they would be the easier brought in subjecti∣on to the King, even without making War upon them, in like manner as the Genueess are; and thus by degrees would the whole World be brought over to comply with the Spaniards Customes, and Manners.

Fifthly, every seventh year such persons, as are condemned to death, are to be called forth; and, under the shew of a gent∣ler punishment, are to be sent away into the West Indies: and so likewise the Children of Hereticks, and of such others as shall

be conquered by Him, either in the Low-Countries, or Africk, should be sent into the Seminaries: that afterwards they may be serviceable to the King, both at home and abroad, both in Nautical Affairs, and in the Tilling of the Ground.

And, I would have the King to be well assured, that He hath not more need of any thing, then of Men; and especially, of some most Experienced, and Able Person, for the managing of His Affairs; such as were Lycurgus, and Solon; of which sort of Men there are many more to be found now adaies, then there were then; only, by reason that they are Obnoxious to other mens envy, they are not so much taken notice of as they ought to be. There should also be Mathematicians sent out of the Low-Countries, and out of Germany, into all parts of the World, for the observing of the Motions of the Stars, and what New Constellations there are; as also to observe the Situations of Countries, the depths of the Seas, what Motion they have from the East toward the West, together with their Ebbings and Flowings, and which of them increase when the Moon is twen∣ty five daies old, and again decrease when she is twenty six; and which are fitter for the Summer Voyages, and which for Winter, and under what Star raigning; so likewise in what parts their waters are thick, and heavy, and in which they are thin & light; and again, which of them are wont to be frozen, and which not: together with all their Rocks, Islands, and Shelves: for, the knowlege of these things will tend to the advance∣ment of the Spanish Monarchy, more then any thing else what∣soever. For, God himself desires, that these works of His should be known; and He also reveales them to all such, as de∣sire earnestly after the knowledge of the same.

There ought also diligent notice to be taken of all Habitable Places, and Temperate Climes; and in what parts of the World there are Pygmies found, and where G••ants; where the Inhabi∣tants are Black, and where Red; where White, and where Green; passing along thus in order from one Climate to another. For the perfect knowledge of the World, is as good as the Gaining of That half of It. And God himself hath given the World into the Possession of the Spaniards, because that They, above all others, have the most earnestly thirsted after the knowledge of the same; and because they also graced Columbus with Honours, and dignities, for that he desired to inform him∣self

in the knowledge of World, as being the Handiwork of God himself.

Besides, this course would be also of very good use, for the bringing under (through their Admiration of the Spaniards,) and also the weakning of the Northern People.

Now, that there may be continually safe Passage for the Kings Navies to and fro, He ought to set up two Orders of Maritime Knights, after the example of those of Malta: the Masters of which Orders should have their Residence in Spain, and they should be divided into Two Colledges•• one of which should be called The Eastern, and the other, The Western: in which these Knights should be brought up from their Youth in the study of Nautical Affaires, and the Exercise of what ever concerns Na∣vigation; where also they should take an Oath, that they will imploy themselves contin••ally in the scouring of the Seas, and use their utmost endeavours, both for the Protecting, and also the Enlarging of the Spanish Monarchy; for which purpose also the Younger Sons of the Barons should be made use of espe∣cially, and be imployed in these Sea-Services, some as Com∣manders, and some as common Souldiers only. And if the King would but once resolve to put all these things into practise, He would quickly render Himself Formidable to the whole World; much more therefore to England, which yet He now stands in fear of: and besides, all hopes of being able to put forth any Fleets to Sea, would be quite cut off, both from the Turks, Per∣sians, and all others whatsoever: and withall, those Salaries which are now swallowed up by Idle, uselesse Persons, would be more profitably bestowed upon such Worthy, Heroick spirits as we here speak of.

There should also be proposed, for the greater Encourage∣ment of all such stout propagators of their Country as Cortesius was, some Proportionable Rewards; not so much of Mony, or Possessions of Lands; (for these savour too much of Covetous∣nesse; and may possibly by corruption be purchased for mony;) but rather of Honours: namely, that they should be allowed to have their Triumphs, after the example of the Ancient Romans; and should enter into Spain under their Triumphal Arches, where∣in should be described such Places as they had taken, together with the manner how those Places were taken by them. They should also have their Statues Erected, for their greater Honour;

and underneath the same there should be such New Stars as are found to appear in the New World set up, wrought in Mettal. Neither can it be imagined, how much good this course would do for the preservation of Military Discipline, and also for the exciting, and stirring up of all Mens minds towards the attempt∣ing of noble, and high things.

It would also make very much to the businesse in hand, in case that the King would but command, that all the famous Acts of what persons soever, whether Commanders, or Common Soul∣diers, should be Publickly recorded, with the Names of the Au∣thors of the same set down ••o them: for, this would serve as a Spur to stirre up others to the like Attempts. For seeing that those Monuments and short Inscripti••ns that we see in small Chappels, do enflame those that are living, through the Desire of Fame, and excite them to the study of Virtue; what ought we to think it will do, when Men shall see that their Names shall be recorded in Annals and Histories, and shall be carried through∣out the whole World, and celebrated to all Eternity? In which Particular certainly our Castilians were very much overseen; who, notwithstanding that they performed things most worthy to be committed to everlasting Memory, namely their so frequent Compassing the Earth about, their finding out of so many Islands and Continents, and, which is the most eminent piece of service of all the rest, the Discovery of the New World; yet did they never all this while take care to employ any Able person, in the commit∣ting of these famous Acts of theirs to Memory, and, after the example of the Greeks and Romans, to record them in Writing, and transmit them over to the Perpetual Memory of Posterity: Although that the Portugals have herein gone far beyond the Castilians; for they have found out such able persons, as have published abroad to the world their gallant Acts, both in Latine, and in their own Native Language.

The Second sort of Rewards should respect Profit; and this I would have to be the Chiefest Dignity, or place of Honour in the Kingdom that should be taken in: the King whereof should be carried over into Spain, and should there be instructed in the Catholick Religion; and there should also be conferred upon him some Barony in Spain; to the end that It might so be ren∣dred the more Illustrious; and also that the rest of the Indian Princes might be given to understand, that we put not to death

any of the Kings of such Countries as we subdue, if that they will but embrace Our Religion; (as, for instance, Motecuma, Atabalipa, and some other petty Kings that we could name:) but rather use them with all courtesie, and civility that may be. For, it is Fear of being put to death only, that forces those Princes to take up Armes against the Spaniard.

Businesses of State do all contain in them some Certain thing; the not knowing of which, makes all other things both Difficult, and also Vain, and to no purpose: as in sayling, there are some that spread the sailes, and others that ply their Oares, and some again are imployed either in casting forth, or taking in of Ballast; yet are all these things to no purpose, unlesse there be joyned with these an able Pilot, who by his skilful steerage of the Vessel, shall make good, and set forward the Labours of all the rest. And therefore Spain especially hath very great need of some Wise Person, that should know in what thing chiefly consists the Stern (as we may call it) of the Kingdom; without the knowledge whereof, all Conceipts, Contrivances, Labours, Charges, and Consultations whatsoever will come to nothing. After that Pope Clement the VIII began to think of making a Reformation among the Clergy, all men were ready to put to their helping hand, and assist in the framing of New Lawes, Orders, and Ceremonies, together with appointing of Fasting daies, and such Habits as every one should wear. But I, living at that time at St. Sabines, told them plainly, that all the endeavours of the Commissaries were vain; seeing that the Rule it self was sufficient for the bringing about of all those things; neither indeed did they know, wherein the main point of the businesse lay. I added moreover, that the whole businesse of the Reformation consisted in this, that no one particular person of the whole company in Monasteries, or the like Religious Houses, should have a Key or Lock to himself of his Cell, but that there should be only One Common Key, that should serve both for the Dormitory and also for every mans par∣ticular lodging. For this would have been a means at once to have put an end to all Proprieties; and to have kept out all Wanton Books, Gifts, and Obscene Poetry. But when that the Chief and Principal Governours of this Ship once perceived, that all this would redound to Their Losse, there was none of Them then that would set his hand to the Stern, nor come to the head of the matter: but they would onely have some Lawes to be

made, concerning Novices only, and such as were newly entred in Religion: but would not hear of any thing at all that touched their own interest. And so by this means the good Intention of the Pope was utterly frustrated, and came to nothing.

The Kingdome of Spain therefore hath need of some Wise Palinurus, by whose Conduct all things may be rightly managed according to the Rules before laid down. Which certainly would much more tend to the advancement of the Majesty of its Em∣pire, then any Macchiavilian Suggestions, and Cunning Devises whatsoever, which have nothing of a Good Conscience in them at all; and which besides serve as a Cloak only, to disguise the Tyranny, and Cruelty of Princes, by arming them with the Law of Majesty; and which countenance such Abuses, as even not silly Women, much lesse People that have been accustomed to Liberty, can endure. And therefore I cannot sufficiently wonder, that there should be any that should so extol this Impious Poli∣tician to the heavens, as they do; as if His Writings were a Cer∣tain Rule, and Idea of a Good, and Happy Government. And yet this I do not so much wonder, as I am angry at, when I see that most Vile Maxime in Politicks to be admitted in the Administra∣tion of State Affaires; namely, That some things are Lawful in respect of the State, and others in respect of Conscience: Then which Opinion there cannot certainly be imagined any thing to be either more Absurd, or more Wicked. For, he that shall take away, or restrain that Universal Jurisdiction, that Con∣science ought to have over All Things, as well Publick, as Pri∣vate, shewes thereby, that he hath Neither any Conscience, nor any God. The very Beasts themselves are lead by a Natural Instinct to such things as are good for them, and refuse whatso∣ever would be hurtful to them; and should the Light of rea∣son, and the Dictate of Conscience, which were given unto Man that He might know how to distinguish betwixt Good and Evill, be utterly Blind in Publick Things, and fail in busi∣nesses that are of the Greatest Moment? I have had, I confesse, I know not what Itch upon me, to give an account in writing of such Points, as that Author ought to be chastised for with the Rod of Censure; and not onely he himself, but all his Disciples, I mean, the Counsellours of Princes, and their nearest Favorites; for certainly both all the Scandals of the Church of God, and all the Perturbations and hurly burlies that have happened

in the whole World have had their rise from hence. But yet I have thought fit to hold my hand till some other time, seeing that some others have written of the same Subject already very copiously, and also because that the thing is of it self clear enough. And therefore I fell upon another Design, whereby I might Illustrate the Majesty of the Spanish Empire; the con∣servation whereof is a businesse of much greater difficulty, then the Acquisition. For, Humane Things do, as it were, Naturally encrease sometimes, and sometimes again decrease; after the example of the Moon, to which they are all subject. And there∣fore it is a most High, and weighty undertaking if not such a one as is above the Power of Man, to endeavour to Fixe them, & keep them in one Certain, standing Condition; that so they fall not from the pitch they had arrived at, nor grow worse, and fall to decay. For, in the Acquisition of any thing, both Occasion, For∣tune, and also the Enemies Errors, and other the like Acciden∣tal things do very m••ch assist; which are yet all of them pla∣ced without a Man: But to keep what is got, requires both an Excellent Wit, and singular Wisedom. Valour is of use for the getting; but Prudence, and that not Ordinary neither, for the Keeping what is Gotten. For the raysing of Tumults, and Sedition, the Vilest Persons have power enough: but Peace, and Quietnesse have need of Art and skill to maintain them. The Lacedemonians, that they might shew, that it was a businesse of greater moment to keep what was Ones Own, then to possesse himself of what was another mans, appointed punishments for those onely that had lost their shield in fight; but not those that had lost their Sword: and among the Ger∣mans, of old, it was reputed a most Heynous crime for a man to have left his sheild behind him; neither was it Lawful for any man in that Scandalous manner, to be either present at their Sa∣crifices, or to joyn with them in any of their Meetings. The Romans also were wont to call Fabius Maximus, the Shield of their Commonwealth; but•• Marcus Marcellus, The Sword: And it is certain enough, that they made much more account of Fabius, then they did of Marcellus. Of this Opinion also was Aristotle, who affirmes in his Politick••, that the Office, and Du∣ty of a Lawgiver doth not so much consist in the constituting, and Forming of Cities, as in the endeavouring to preserve them when they are formed, and to make them stand firm as long as possibly may be.

Neither need that to trouble us at all, that the Propagators of Kingdoms have alwaies been more highly esteemed then the Conservators of the same; for the reason of this is, because that their Present Acts do more affect, and take up the Eyes of men, and do make a greater Noyse, and shew, and are fuller of Osten∣tation, and Novelty, which all People so dearly love. And this is the reason, why most people do more applaud, and are delighted to hear of Expeditions, and Conquests; then they are taken with those other more Peaceful Arts of Preserving what Men had be∣fore gotten: which Arts notwithstanding, by how much the more Tranquillity, and Quiet they work withal, so much the greater both Judgment, and Wit, do they argue to be in him whosoever he be, that knowes how to make use of them. And as Constant Rivers are much more Noble then sudden Torrent••, that are cau∣sed only by the Accidental falling of some Violent Showres of Rain; which yet are with more Admiration gazed upon, then those more quietly-flowing Rivers; Just so is it with the Common People, that alwaies have him in greater Admiration and Ac∣count that Wins Countries, then that preserves them when they are gotten. And yet the truth is, that it is a much harder Task, (as Florus hath also observed) to preserve and make good a Pro∣vince, then to make one. These things are indeed gotten by strength; but they are kept by Good Lawes. And therefore I shall conclude with that of the Poet:

Non minor est virtus, quam quaerere•• parta tueri. It shews as great a Skill•• To keep, as Conquer still.

And now I conceive I have treated Copiously enough, touching the Prudence, and Occasion that the King of Spain ought to make use of, both in General, and Particular: notwithstanding that having been detained ten years in misery, and being also sick, I could not have the opportunity of furnishing my self with such things as this businesse required, nor could have the help of any Books; for indeed I had not so much as a Bible by me when I wrote this Discourse: so that I shall the more easily deserve the Readers Pardon, in case that I shall have any where doatingly failed, either by setting down some things in such places as were not proper for them; or else by writing some things twice. I have done what I was able to do; though I could not do what I would willingly have done: the fuller handling of all which

things notwithstanding I shall reserve for some fitter Opportu∣nity.

In the mean time I desire, that Your Lordship would take the pains to peruse this Tumultuary, sudden Piece; which yet I hope I shall revise again, against the next Easter: and therein I shall take the more pains and care, and shall take away, and adde, where I shall see cause. This Age of ours hath also Its Solons Lycurgusses, and Iosephs, which are sent by God himself: but they are kept under, and are not admitted to the Presence of Princes: And that Common Saying, namely, that there are no Solons, or Aristotles born now adaies, is most false. For indeed there are such born even in these our daies; and such as are better then they too: but they lye hid, and concealed; whiles that Gen∣tiles are had in admiration; but Christians are envied.

But I would have these things committed to Secret Ears: for hereafter, when they shall have been viewed over again, and cor∣rect••d, they will be more esteemed of, then the Sibylls Books were by the Roman King. It is not in the power of Envy to hinder me from speaking thus much: for, when those things which I have here delivered shall but come to be examined, and made trial of, Spain shall know what It hath to do, and shall perceive how great my desire is to assist it in what I may.

Pro captu Lectoris habent sua fata Libelli. Books either fail, or hit, By th' Scale o'th' Readers Wit.

And thus I shall now take leave of Your Lordship; whose Ho∣nours, and Deserts I desire, and earnestly pray, that Almighty God would crown with a happy length of years, and a full in∣crease.

FINIS.