Physiologia Epicuro-Gassendo-Charltoniana, or, A fabrick of science natural, upon the hypothesis of atoms founded by Epicurus repaired [by] Petrus Gassendus ; augmented [by] Walter Charleton ...

THE CONTENTS, SERIES, AND ORDER OF THE WHOLE BOOK.

BOOK THE FIRST.

CHAP. I. All Modern Philosophers reduced to four general Orders; and the principal causes of their Dissen∣tion▪ pag. 1.

SECT. I.

ARTIC:

1 THe principal Sects of the ancient Grecian Philosophers, only enumerated.

pag. 1

2 The same revived among the Moderns, with encrease.

2

3 Who are reduced either to the Pedantique or Female Sect.

2

4 Or, to the Assertors of Philosophical Liber∣ty.

3

5 Or, to the Renovators.

3

6 Or to the Electors.

4

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 THe principal causes of the Diversity of Philosophical Sects; and the chiefest a∣mong them, the Obscurity of Nature.

5

2 The Imperfection of our Understanding.

5

3 The Irregularity of our Curiosity. A para∣dox.

6

CHAP. II. That this World is the Vniverse. pag. 9.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THe Ambition of Alexander in affecting the Conquest, less vain then that of ma∣ny ancient Philosophers in affecting the Know∣ledge of a Multitude of Worlds.

9

2 A reduction of those Philosophers to four di∣stinct Sects; respective to their distinct per∣swasions: and the Heads of each Sect nomina∣ted.

9

3 The two main pillars on which the opinion of a Plurality of Worlds was anciently erected.

10

SECT. II. The Redargution.

ARTIC.

1 THe Question stated to be concerning the re∣al Existence, not the possibility of an Infinity of Worlds.

11

2 Because the supposed Infinity of the Extra∣mundan Spaces, is no impossibility.

ibid.

3 Because an Infinity of Bodies is also possible as to the Omnipotence of God.

ibid.

4 The Error of concluding the Esse, from the Posse of an Infinity of Worlds.

12

5 The first main Pillar of a Plurality of world•• subverted

ibid.

6 The second Pillar found sophisticate, and de∣molished.

13

7 A Plurality of Worlds manifestly repugnant to Authority Divine

14

8 And Human.

ibid.

9 The result of all; the Demonstration of the Authors Thesis, That this World is the Uni∣verse.

ibid.

10 Extramundane Curiosity, a high degree of Madness.

15

CHAP. III. Corporiety and ••nanity, p. 16

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 BOdy and Inanity, the two general Parts of the Vniverse.

2 Three the most memorable Definitions of Cor∣poriety extant among Physiologists, recounted and examined.

ibid.

3 Four Descriptions of the nature of Inanity, by Epicurus, Cleomedes, Empericus, Aristotle.

17

4 Their importance extracted: and what is the formal or proper notion of a Vacuum.

18

5 The Existence of Bodies in the World, mani∣fest by Sense: whose Evidence is perfect De∣monstration.

ibid.

CHAP. IV. A Vacuum in Nature. p 21.

SECT. I.

ART.

1 The Distinction of a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 into (••) Natu∣ral, and (2) Praeternatural▪ and the one called Disseminate, the other Co••cervate.

21

2 The nature of a Dissemi••••te Va••uity, ex∣plained by the Analogy of a heap of Corn.

ibid.

3 The first Argument of a Disseminate Vacui∣ty, desumed from the evidence of Motion, in General: and Aristotles error concerning the Essence or Place, concisely detected, and cor∣rected.

22

4 Motion demonstrated by Sense: and Zeno's ae∣nigmatical Argument▪ for an Vniversal Quiet, dissolved.

23

5 The Consequution of the Argument (if no Vacuum, no Motion) illustrated.

24

6 An Objection, that the ••ococession of some Bodies, depends on their ••arity or Porosity; not on a Disseminate Vacui••••: praevented.

ibid.

7 No beginning of Motion, without Inanity in∣ter••••ersed.

25

SECT. II.

ART••C.

1 A Second Argument of a Vacuity Disse∣minate, collected from the reason of Ra∣refaction and Condensation.

ibid.

2 The eminent Phaenomenon ••f an Aerosclopet, or Wind Gun, solved by a Vacuity Dissemi∣nate among the incontiguous (quoad totas su∣perficies) parts of aer.

26

3 Experiment of an Aeolipile, or Hermetical Bellows, attesting a Vacuity Disseminate.

ibid.

4 Experiment of a Sulphurate Tapor, included in a Glass Vial, partly 〈◊〉〈◊〉 with Water: of the same importance.

27

5 No Combustible in Aer: and so the opinion of the Aristoteleans, that the Extinction of F••ame imprisoned, is to be charged on the De••ect of Aer for its sustentation; grosly er∣r••neous.

28

6 A fourth singular and memorable Experiment of the Authors, of Y••e at the nose of a large Reverberatory Furnace, charged with Ignis rotae; evidencing a Vacuity interspersed in the Aer.

29

7 An inference from that Experiment; that Aer as to its General Destination, is the Com∣mon Receptary of Exhalations.

ibid.

8 A second Illation, that the Aer doth receive Exhalations at a certain rate, or definite pro∣portion; which cannot be transcended without prodigious violence.

30

9 The Existence of Inane Incontiguities in the Aer, confirmed by two considerable Arguments.

ibid

SECT. III.

ARTIC.

1 THat Water also contains Vacuola empty Spaces; demonstrated.

31

2 From the Experiment of the Dissolution of Alum, Halinitre Sal Ammoniac, and Sugar, in Water formerly sated with the Tincture of Common Salt.

ibid.

3 The verity of the Lord Bacons Assertion, that a repeated infusion of Rhubarb acquires as strong a virtue Cathar••••ical as a simple infu∣sion of Scamony, in equal quantity: and why

32

4 Why two Drachms of Antimony impraegnate a pint of Wine with so strong a vomitory Fa∣culty as two ounces.

ibid.

5 Why one and the same Menstruum may be en∣riched with various Tinctures.

ibid.

SECT. IV.

ARTIC.

1 TWo other Arguments of a Vacuity Disse∣minate inferrible from (1) the difference of Bodies in the degrees of Gravity: (2) the Calefaction of Bodies by the penetration of ig∣neous Atoms into them.

33

2 The Experiments vulgarly adduced to prove no vacuity in nature, so far from denying, that they confess a Disseminate one.

ibid.

3 The grand Difficulty of the Cause of the Aers restitution of it self to its natural contexture, after rarefaction and condensation, satisfyed in brief.

ibid.

CHAP. V. A Vacuum praeternatural. p. 35.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 WHat is conceived by a Coacervate Va∣cuity: and who was the Inventer of the famous Experiment of Quick-silver in a Glass Tube, upon which many modern Physi∣ologists

have erected their perswasion of the possibility of introducing it.

35

2 A faithful description of the Experiment, and all its rare Phaenomena.

36

3 The Authors reason, for his selection of onely six of the most considerable Phaenomena to ex∣plore the Causes of them.

37

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 THe First Cardinal Difficulty.

37

2 The Desert space in the Tube argued to be an absolute Vacuum coacervate, from the im∣possibility of its repl••tion with Aer.

ibid.

3 The Experiment praesented in Iconism

38

4 The Vacuity in the Desert Space, not praevent∣ed by the insinuation of Aether.

40

5 A Paradox, that Nature doth not abhor all vacuity, per se; but onely ex Accidenti, or in respect to Fluxility.

ibid.

6 A second Argument against the repletion of the Desert space by Aether.

41

7 The Vacuity of the Desert space, not praevent∣ed by an Halitus, or Spiritual E••••lux from the Mercury: for three convincing reasons.

42

8 The Authors Apostacy from the opinion of an absolute Coacervate Vacuity in the desert space: in regard of

ibid.

9 The possibility of the subingression of light.

ibid.

10 Of the Atoms or insensible bodies of Heat and Cold: which are much more exile and pene∣trative then common Aer.

43

11 Of the Magnetical E••••lux of the Earth: to which opinion the Author resigns his Assent.

44

12 No absolute plenitude, nor absolute Vacuity, in the Desert Space: but onely a Disseminate Vacuity.

ibid.

SECT. III.

ARTIC.

1 THe second Difficulty stated.

45

2 Two things necessary to the creation of an excessive, or praeternatural Vacuity.

ibid.

3 The occasion of Galilaeos invention of a Brass Cylindre charged with a wooden Embol, or Sucker: and of Torricellius invention of the praesent Experiment.

ibid.

4 The marrow of the Difficulty, viz. How the Aer can be impelled upward, by the Restagnant Quick silver, when there externally wants a fit space for it to ci••culate into.

46

5 The solution of the same, by the Laxity of the Contexture of the Aer.

ibid.

6 The same illustrated, by the adaequate simile of Corn infused into a Bushel.

ibid.

7 A subordinate scruple, why most bodies are mo∣ved through the Aer▪ with so little resistence, as is imperceptible by sense?

47

8 The same Expeded.

ibid.

9 A second dependent scruple concerning the Cause of the sensible resistence of the Aer, in this case of the Experiment: together with the satisfaction thereof, by the Gravity of Aer.

ibid.

SECT. IV.

ARTIC.

1 THe State of the Third Difficulty.

48

2 The Solution thereof in a Word.

ibid.

3 Three praecedent positions briefly recognized, in order to the worthy profounding of the myste∣ry, of the Aers resisting Compression beyond a certain rate, or determinate proportion

ibid.

4 The Aequiponderancy of the External Aer, pendent upon the surface of the Restagnant Mercury, in the vessel to the Cylindre of Mer∣cury residuous in the Tube, at the altitude of 27 digits: the cause of the Mercuries constant subsistence at that point.

49

5 A convenient simile, illustrating and enforcing the same.

50

6 The Remainder of the Difficulty; viz. Why the Aequilibrium of these two opposite weights, the Mercury and the Aer, is constant to the praecise altitude of 27 digits: removed.

ibid.

7 Humane Perspicacity terminated in the exte∣rior parts of Nature, or simple Apparitions: which eluding our Cognition, frequently fall under no other comprehension, but that of rati∣onal Conjecture.

ibid.

8 The constant subsistence of the Mercury at 27 digits, adscriptive rather to the Resistence of the Aer, then to any occult Quality in the Mer∣cury.

51

9 The Analogy betwixt the Absolute and Respe∣ctive Aequality of weights, of Quick-silver and Water, in the different altitudes of 27 digits and 32 feet.

52

10 The definite weights of the Mercury at 27 digits, and Water at 32 feet, in a Tube of the third part of a digit in diametre; found to be neer upon two pound, Paris weight.

ibid.

11 Quaere, Why the Aequilibrium is constant to the same point of altitude in a Tube of a large concave, as well as in one of a small; when the force of the Depriment must be greater in the one, then the other.

53

12 The solution thereof by the appropriation of the same Cause, which makes the descent of two bodies, of different weights, aequivelox.

ibid.

SECT. V.

ARTIC.

1 THe Fourth Capital Difficulty proposed.

54

2 The full solution thereof, by demonstrati∣on.

ibid.

3 The same confirmed by the theory of the Cause

of the Mercuries frequent Reciprocations, be∣fore it acquiesce at the point of Aequipondium.

ibid.

SECT. VI.

ARTIC.

1 THe Fifth Principal Difficulty.

55

2 Solved, by the Motion of Restauration na∣tural to each ins••nsible particle of Aer.

ibid.

3 The incumbent Aer, in this case, equally di∣stressed, by two contrary Forces.

56

4 The motion of Restauration in the Aer••exten∣ded to the satisfaction of another consimilar Doubt, concerning the subintrusion of Water into the Tube; if superaffused upon the restag∣nant Mercury.

ibid.

5 A Third most important Doubt, concerning the nonapparence of any Tensity, or Rigidity in the region of Aer incumbent upon the Restag∣nant Liquors.

ibid.

6 The solution thereof, by the necessary relicti∣on of a space in the vic•••••• region of Lax aer, equal to that, which the Hand commoved pos∣sesseth in the region of the Comprest.

57

7 A confirmation of the same Reason, by the adae∣quate Example of the Flame of a Tapour.

ibid.

8 2 By the Experiment of Urination.

ibid.

9 3 By the Beams of th•• Sun, entring a room, through some slender crany, in the appearance of a White shining Wand, and constantly main∣taining that Figure, notwithstanding the agi∣tation of the aer by wind, &c.

58

10 4 By the constancy of the Rainbow, to its Fi∣gure, notwithstanding the change of position and place of the cloud and contiguous aer.

ibid.

11 Helmonts D••lirium, that the Rainbow is a supernatural Meteor: observed.

ibid.

SECT. VII.

ARTIC.

1 THe sixth and last considerable Difficul∣ty.

ibid.

2 The cleer solution there••••, by the great dispro∣portion of weight betwi••t Quick-silver and Water.

59

3 A Corollary; the Altitude of the Atmo∣sphere conjectured.

ibid.

4 A second Corollary; the desperate Difficulty of conciliating Physiology to the Mathema∣ticks: instanced in the much discrepant opini∣ons of Galilaeo and Mersennus, concerning the proportion of Gravity that Aer and Water hold each to other.

ibid.

5 The Conclusion of the Digression: and the reasons, why the Author ••••••cribes a Cylin∣drical Figure to the portion of Aer impendent on the Restagnant Liquors, in the Experiment.

60

CHAP. VI. Of PLACE. p. 62.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THe Identity Essential of a Vacuum and Place, the cause of the praesent Enquiry into the Nature of Place.

ibid.

2 Among all the Quaeries about the Hoti of Place; the most important is, Whethor Epi∣curus or Aristotles Definition of it, be most a∣daequate.

ibid.

3 The Hypothesis of Aristotles Definition

63

4 A convenient supposition inferring the necessi∣ty of Dimentions Incorporeal.

ibid.

5 The Legality of that supposition.

ibid.

6 The Dimensions of Longitude, Latitude, and Profundity, imaginable in a Vacuum.

64

7 The Grand Peripatetick objection, that No∣thing is in a Vacuum; ergo no Dimensions.

ibid.

8 Des Chartes, and Mr. White seduced by the plausibility of the same.

65

9 The Peripateticks reduction of Time and Place to the General Categories of Substan∣ces and Accidents, the cause of this Epidemick mistake.

ibid.

10 Place neither Accident nor Substance.

66

11 The praecedent Giant-Objection, that No∣thing is in a Vacuum; stab'd, at a blow.

ibid

12 Dimensions Corporeal and Incorporeal, or Spatial.

67

13 The former supposition reassumed and enlar∣ged.

ibid.

14 The scope and advantage thereof; viz. the comprehension of three eminent Abstrusities concerning the Nature of Place.

ibid.

15 The Incorporiety of Dimentions Spatial, Discriminated from that of the Divine Es∣sence, and other Substances Incorporeal.

68

16 This persuasion, of the Improduction and Independency of Place; praeserved from the suspition of Impiety.

ibid.

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 PLace, not the immediate superfice of the Body invironing the Locatum; contra∣ry to Aristotle.

69

2 Salvo's for all the Difficult Scruples, touching the nature of Place; genuinely extracted from Epicurus his 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

ibid

3 Aristotles ultimate Refuge.

70

4 The Invalidity thereof: and the Coexistibili∣ty, or Compatibility of Dimensions Corpo∣real and Spatial.

71

CHAP. VII. Of Time and Eterntiy. p. 72.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THe Hoti of Time more easily conceivable by the Simple Notion of the Vulgar, then by the complex Definitions of Philoso∣phers.

ibid.

2 The General praesumption that Time is Corpo∣real, or an Accident dependent on Corporeal Subjects; the chief Cause of that Difficulty.

73

3 The variety of opinions, concerning it; ano∣ther Cause of the Difficulty: and Epicurus Description of its Essence, recited and explain∣ed.

ibid.

4 Time defined to be Coelestial Motion, by Zeno, Chrysippus, &c. and thereupon affirmed, by Philo, to be onely Coaevous to the World.

74

5 Aristotles so much magnifyed Definition of Time to be the Measure of Motion Coelestial, &c. perpended and found too light.

ibid.

SECT. II.

ARTIC▪

1 TIme, nor substance, nor Accident: but an Ens more General, and the Twin-brother of Space.

ibid.

2 A Paralellism betwixt Space and Time.

ibid.

3 Time, Senior unto, and independent upon Mo∣tion: and onely accidentally indicated by Mo∣tion, as the Mensuratum by the Mensura.

76

4 A demonstration of the independence of Time upon Motion, from the miraculous Detention of the Sun, above the Horison, in the days of Joshua.

77

5 An Objection, that, during the arrest of the Sun, there was no Time, because no Hours; satisfyed.

ibid.

6 The Immutability of Time also asserted against Aristotle.

ibid.

SECT. III.

ARTIC.

1 THe Grand Question, concerning the Dispa∣rity of Time and Aeternity: stated.

78

2 Two praeparatory Considerations, touchant the aequivocal use of the word Aeternity: requi∣site to the cleer solution thereof.

ibid

3 Two decisive Positions, thereupon inferred and established.

79

4 The Platonicks Definition of Eternity, to be one Everlasting Now; not intelligible, and therefore collusive.

80

5 Their Assertors subterfuge, that Eternity is Coexistent to Time; also unintelligible.

ibid.

6 Our Ecclesiastick Doctors, taking Sanctuary in the 3. Exod. for the authorizing of their Doctrine, that the Present Tense is onely competent to God, and so that Eternity is one permanent Instant, without Fusion or Suc∣cession: not secure from the rigour of our De∣monstration.

81

7 The Objective Praesence of all things at once, to the Divine Intellect; no ways impugned by our contradiction of the Doctors theory.

ibid

8 Nor the Immutability of the Divine Nature, against Aristotle.

82

9 Coronis.

83

The Second Book.

CHAP. I. The Existence of Atoms, Evicted. p. 84.

SECT. I.

ARTIC:

1 THe right of the Authors Transition from the Incorporeal to the Corporeal part of Nature: and a series of his subsequent speculations:

ibid.

2 Bodies generally distinshed into Principles and Productions, with their Scholastick Denomi∣minations and proprieties.

85

3 The right of Atoms to the Attributes of the First Matter.

ibid.

4 Their sundry Appellations allusive to their three eminent proprieties.

ibid.

5 Two vulgarly passant Derivations of the word, Atom, exploded.

86

6 Who their Inventor: and who their Nomen∣clator.

87

7 Their Existence demonstrated.

87

8 That Nature, in her dissolution of Concretions, doth descend to the insensible particles.

88

9 That she can run on to Infinity.

ibid.

10 But must consist in Atoms, the Term of Ex∣solubility.

11 A second Argument of their Existence, drawn from that of their Antitheton Inanity.

89

12 A third, hinted from the impossibility of the Production of Hard Bodies, from any other Principle.

ibid.

13 A Fourth, from the Constancy of Nature in the specification and Determinate Periods of her Generations.

ibid.

CHAP. II. No Physical Continuum, infinitely Divisible. p. 90.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THe Cognation of this Theorem, to the Argument of the immediately praecedent Chapter.

ibid▪

2 Magnitude divisible by a continued progress through parts either Proportional, or Aliquo∣tal.

ibid.

3 The use of that Distinction in the praesent.

9••

4 The verity of the Thesis, demonstrated.

ibid.

5 Two detestable Absurdities, inseparable from the position of Infinite parts in a Continuum.

ibid.

6 Aristotles subterfuge of Infinitude Potential;

92

7 Found openly Collusive.

93

8 A second subterfuge of the Stoick;

ibid.

9 Manifestly dissentaneous to Reason.

ibid

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 THe Absurdities, by Empericus, charged upon the supposition of only Finite parts in a Continuum.

94

2 The sundry Incongruities and Inconsistences, by the Modern Anti-Democritans, imputed to the supposition of Insectility.

ibid.

3 The full Derogation of them all together, by one single Responce; that the minimum of A∣tomists is not Mathematical, but Physical, con∣trary to their praesumption.

95

4 A seeming Dilemma of the Adversary, ex∣peditely evaded.

96

5 A Digression, stating and determining that notable Quaestion, Whether Geometrical De∣monstrations may be conveniently transfer∣red to the Physical or sensible Quantity?

ibid.

CHAP. III. Atoms, the First and Vniversal Matter. p 99.

SECT. I.

ART.

1 THe introduction, hinting the two general assumptions of the Chapter.

ibid.

2 Democritus and Epicurus vindicated from the absurd admission of Inanity to be one Principle of Generables.

ibid.

3 Atoms not inconsistent with, because the Prin∣ciples of the four vulgar Elements.

100

4 The dissent of the Ancients, about the number of Elements.

101

5 No one of the four Elements sufficient to the production of either any of the other three, or of any Compound nature

ibid.

6 The four Elements, not the Protoprinciple of Concretions.

102

7 Atoms discriminated from the Homoiomerical Principles of Anaxagoras.

ibid.

8 The principal Difficulties urged against the Hypothesis of Atoms, singularly solved.

103

9 A recapitulation of the praemises, introdu∣ctory to the verification of the praesent thesis:

106

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 THe 4 notable opinions, concerning the Com∣position of a Continuum.

107

2 A Physical Continuum cannot consist of Points Mathematical.

ibid.

3 Nor of Parts and Points Mathematical, uni∣ted.

108

4 Nor of a simple Entity, before division indi∣stinct: but of Indivis••bles.

ibid.

5 A second Apodictical reason, desumed from the nature of Vnion, evi••cing that Atoms are the First and Catholick Principle of Concretions.

109

6 An objection praevented.

ibid.

7 The reason of the Authors supercession of all other Arguments of the like importance.

ibid.

CHAP. IV. The Essential Proprieties of Atoms: p. 111.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THe two links connecting this to the praece∣dent Chapter.

ibid.

2 The General Proprieties of Atoms: and the Inseparability of each, demonstrated.

ibid.

3 The Resistence of Atoms, no distinct proprie∣ty; but pertinent to their Solidity or Gravity▪

112

4 The specifical Proprieties of Atoms.

ibid.

SECT. II. Concerning the Magnitude of A∣toms. p. 113.

ARTIC.

1 BY the Magnitude, is meant the Parvity of Atoms.

ibid.

2 A consideration of the Grossness of our senses, and the extreme subtilty of Nature in her o∣perations; praeparatory to our Conjectural ap∣prehension of the Exiguity of Her Materials, Atoms.

ibid.

3 The incomprehensible subtility of Nature, ar∣gued from the Artifice of an exquisite Watch, contrived in a very narrow room.

114

4 The vast multitude of sensible particles, and the vaster of Elemental Atoms, contained in one grain of Frankinsense; exactly calculated.

ibid.

5 The Dioptrical speculation of a Handworm, discovering the great variety of Organical Parts therein, and the innumerability of their Component Particles.

115

6 A short Digressive Descant upon the Text of Pliny, touching the multiplicity of parts in a Flea; hinting the possible perspicacity of Rea∣son.

ibid.

7 The Exility of Atoms, conjectural from the great diffusion of one Grain of Vermillion dis∣solved in Water.

116

8 The same, inferrible from the small quantity of oil depraedated by the Flame of a Lamp, in a quarter of an hour.

ibid.

9 The Microscope of great use, in the discern∣ment of the minute particles of Bodies: and so advantageous to our Conjecture, of the exi∣lity of Atoms.

ibid

SECT. III. Concerning the Figures of Atoms. p. 117.

ARTIC.

1 AN Epitome of all that directly concerns the Fig••res of Atom•• in three General Canons.

ibid.

2 The First Canon explained and certifyed.

ibid.

3 The Exility of Atoms, do••h not necessitate their General Roundness 〈◊〉〈◊〉 contrary to the common conceit.

ibid.

4 The Diversity of Figures in Atoms, evicted from the sensible Dissimilitude of Individuals, as well Animate as Inanimate.

118

5 A singular Experiment, antoptically demon∣strating the various Configurations of the mi∣nute Particles of Concretions.

119

6 A variety of Figures in Atoms, necessary to the variety of all Sensibles.

ibid.

7 The second Canon, explained and Certified.

120

8 The Third Canon, explained, and refuted.

121

SECT. IV. Concerning the Motions of Atoms. p. 121.

ARTIC.

1 TWo introductory Observables.

ibid.

2 The Motion of Atoms, according to the General Distinction of the Ancients, Two-fold; viz Natural, and Accidental: and each of these redivided into two different Species.

ibid.

3 The summary of Epicurus Figment, of the Perpendicular Motion of Atoms, without a common Centre.

122

4 His Declinatory natural Motion of Atoms, excused; not justified.

ibid.

5 The genuine sense of Epicurus, in his distincti∣on of the Reflex Motion of Atoms into ex Plaga, and ex Concussione.

123

6 The several Conceptions of Epicurus, about the perpetual Motions of Atoms.

124

7 The perpetual Inquietude of Atoms, even in compact Concretions, adumbrated in melted Lead.

ibid.

8 The same more sensibly exemplified, in the spi∣rit extracted from Mercury, Tin, and Subsi∣mate.

125

9 The Mutability of all Concretions, a good Ar∣gument of the perpetual intestine Commotion of Atoms, in the most adamantine Compositi∣ons.

ibid.

10 What we are to explode, and what retain, in the opinion of Epicurus, touching the Motion of Atoms.

ibid.

The Third Book.

CHAP. I. The Origine of Qualities. p. 127:

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 AN introductory Advertisement••; of the ob∣scurity of many thing to Reason which are manifest to sense: and of the Possibility, not necessity of the Elementation of Concreti∣ons, and their sensible Qualities, from the Prin∣ciples praesumed.

127

2 The Authors Definition of a Quality, in ge∣ral: and genuine exposition of Democritus mysterious Text, concerning the Creation of Qualities.

128

3 The necessary deduction of Qualities from Na∣ked or Unqualified Principles.

130

4 The two primary Events of Atoms, viz. Order and Position, associated to their three essential Proprieties, viz. Magnitude, Figure, and Motion; sufficient to the Origination of all Qualities.

ibid.

5 The necessity of assuming the Magnitude and Motion of Atoms, together with their Order and Situation, as to their production of Quali∣ties, evicted by a double instance.

131

6 The Figure, Order and Position of Parts in Concretions, alone sufficient to the Caussation of an indefinite variety of Qualities, from the analogy of Letters.

ibid.

7 The same Exemplifyed in the arise of White Froth, on the Waves of the Sea.

132

8 The Nativity of Colours in General, explain∣ed by several obvious Examples.

ibid.

9 The Accention of Heat, from Concretions actu∣ally Cold, upon a meer ttransposition of their Component Particles; exemplifyed in sundry Chymical Experiments.

133

10 The Generation of all kinds of sensible quali∣ties in one and the same Con••retion, from the variegated positions of its particles: eviden∣ced in the Example of a putrid Apple.

134

11 The assenting suffrage of Epicurus.

ibid.

CHAP. II. That Species Visible are Substantial Emanations. p. 136.

SECT. I.

ARTIC:

1 THe Visible Images of objects, substantial: and either corporeal Emanations from the superficial parts of Concretions; or Light it self, disposed into contextures, consimilar to the figure of the object.

ibid,

2 The position of their being Effluviaes, derived from Epicurus; and praeferred to the common doctrine of the Schools of the Immateriality of Species Visible.

ibid.

3 Epicurus Text concerning the same.

137

4 The faithful Exposition thereof.

ibid.

5 The contents thereof reduced to four heads.

134

6 The Existence of Images visible, certifyed by autoptical Demonstration.

ibid▪

7 Epicurus opinion, of the substantiality of Ima∣ges Visible, consonant to the judgement of Pla∣to and Empedocles.

139

8 The Aristoteleans Thesis, that Images optical are meer Accidents, recited: and

ibid.

9 Convicted of sundry Impossibilities, Incon∣sistences, and Absurdities.

ibid.

10 The grand Objection of Alexander, that a con tinual Efflux of substance must minorate the Quantity ••f the most solid Visible.

140

11 Solved by two Reasons; the possible Accreti∣on of other particles; and the extreme Tenui∣ty of the Emanent.

141

12 The Tenuity of Images visible, reduced to some degree of Comprehensibility, by conceiving them to be most thin Decortications.

ibid.

13 By Instance, in the Visible species of the Foot of a Handworm.

ibid.

14 By exemplifying in the numerous round Films of Wax, successively derepted from a Wax ta∣por by the flame thereof, in the space of an hour▪ and

142

15 In the innumerable Films of Oyl, likewise successively delibrated, by the flame of an El∣lychnium, or Match, perpendicularly floating in a vessel of equal capacity with Solomons Brazen Sea, in the space of 48 hours.

ibid.

16 By the Analogy betwixt an Odorable and Vi∣sible Species.

ibid.

17 The Manner and Reason of the Production of visible Images; according to the hypothesis of Epicurus.

143

18 The Celerity of the Motion of visible Ima∣ges, reasoned; and compared to that of the Light of the Sun.

144

19 The Translation of a moveable from place to place, in an indivisible point of time, impossi∣ble: and why?

ibid.

20 The Facility of the Abduction, or Avolation of Images Visible, from solid Concretions; sol∣ved by the Spontaneous Exsilition of their su∣perficial Atoms: and the Sollicitation of Light incident upon them.

ibid.

21 That Objects do not emit their Visible Images; but when Illustrated: a Conceit though para∣doxical, yet not improbable.

145

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 VIsible Images Systatical, described; and di∣stinguisht from Apostatical ones.

146

2 Their Existence assured, by the testimony of Diodorus Siculus: and

ibid.

3 Damascius, together with the Autopsy of Kir∣cher.

ibid.

4 Kirchers Description of that famous Appari∣tion at Rhegium, called Morgana Rheginorum: and

147

5 Most ingenious Investigation of the Causes thereof.

ibid.

6 His admirable Artifice, for the exhibition of the like aereal Representation, in Imitation of Nature.

148

CHAP. III. Concerning the Manner and Reason of VISION. p. 149.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THe Reason of Vision, according to the opi∣nion of the Stoicks.

149

2 Of Aristotle.

150

3 Of the Pythagoreans.

ibid.

4 Of Empedocles.

ibid.

5 Of Plato.

ibid.

6 Of Epicurus.

ibid.

7 Of Mons. Des Chartes.

151

8 The ingenuity of Des Chartes Conceit, acknow∣ledged: but the solidity indubitated.

152

9 The Opinion of Epicurus more satisfactory, then any other: because more Rational, and less obnoxious to inexplicable Difficulties.

ibid.

10 The Two most considerable Difficulties oppo∣sed to Epicurus position, of the Incursion of Substantial Images into the Eye.

153

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 THat the superfice of no body is perfectly smooth: evicted by solid Reason, and Autopsie.

ibid.

2 That the visible Image doth consist of so many Rays as there are points designable in the whole superfice of the object: and that each Ray hath its line of Tendency direct, respective to the face of that particle in the superfice, from which it is emitted.

154

3 That the Density and Union of the Rays, com∣posing the visible Image, is greater or less; ac∣cording to their less, or greater Elongation from the Object.

ibid.

4 That the Visible Image is neither total in the total medium; nor total in every part thereof: but so manifold as are the parts of the medi∣um from which the object is discernable. Con∣trary to the Aristoteleans.

155

5 PARADOX. That no man can see the same particle of an object, with both Eys at once; nay, not with the same Eye, if the level of its Visive Axe be changed.

ibid.

6 CONSECTARY. That the Medium is not possessed with one simple Image; but by an Aggregate of innumerable Images, deradi∣ate from the same object: all which notwith∣standing constitute but one entire Image.

156

7 CONSECTARY. 2. That Myriads of different Images, emanant from different objects, may be Coexistent in the Aer; with∣out reciprocal penetration of Dimensions, or Confusion of particles: contrary to the Peri∣pateticks.

ibid

8 That the place of the visible Images ultimate Reception, and complete Perception; is the Concave of the Retina Tunica.

157

9 That the Faculty forms a judgement of the Conditions of the Object, according to the re∣presentation thereof by the Image, at its im∣pression on the principal part of Vision, the Amphiblestroides.

ibid.

10 CONSECTARY. That the Image is the Cause of the Objects apparence of this or that determinate Magnitude.

158

11 CONSECTARY. 2 That no Image can replenish the Concave of the Retina Tuni∣ca, unless it be deradiated from an object of an almost Hemispherical ambite.

159

12 Why, when the Eye is open there is alwayes pourtrayed in the bottom thereof, some one To∣tal Image; whose various Parts, are the Spe∣cial Images of the several things included in the visual Hemisphere.

ibid.

13 PARADOX. That the prospect of a shilling, or object of a small diametre is as great, as the Prospect of the Firmament.

160

14 Why an object appears both greater in Di∣mensions and more Distinct in parts, neer at hand, than far off.

ibid.

15 Why an object, speculated through a Convex Lens, appears both greater and more distinct; but through a Concave, less and more Con∣fused: than when speculated only with the Eye.

161

16 DIGRESSION. What Figur'd Per∣spicils are convenient for Old: and what for Purblind persons.

162

17 That to the Dijudication of one of two ob∣jects, apparently Equal, to be really the Great∣er; is not required a greater Image: but only an Opinion of its greater Distance.

163

18 Des Cartes Opinion concerning the Reason of the Sights apprehending the Distance of an object:

164

19 Vnsatisfactory; and that for two considerati∣ons.

ibid.

20 And that more solidone of Gassendus (viz. that the Cause of our apprehending the Di∣stance of an object, consisteth in the Com∣paration of the several things interjacent be∣twixt the object and the Eye, by the Ratio∣nal Faculty) embraced and corroborated.

ibid.

21 PARADOX. That the same Object, spe∣culated by the same man, at the same distance, and in the same degree of light; doth alwayes appear greater to one Eye, than the other.

165

22 A second PARADOX. That all men see (distinctly) but with one Eye at once: contrary to that eminent Optical Axiom, that the Visive Axes of both ey•• concur, and unite in the object.

166

23 The three degrees of Vision, viz. most per∣fect, perfect, and imperfect: and the verity of the Paradox restrained onely to the two former Degrees.

167

SECT. III.

ARTIC.

1 A Research into the Reason of the different Effects of Convex and Concave Glas∣ses; as well Dioptrical, as Catoptrical.

ibid.

2 A COROLLARIE. Hinting the Causes, why an Elliptical Concave reflects the incident rays, in a more Acute angle, than a Parabolical: and a Parabolical than a Sphe∣rical.

170

3 A CONSECTARY. Why a Plane Perspicil exhibits an object in genuine Dimen∣sions; but a Convex, in Amplified, and a Concave in minorated.

171

SECT. IV.

ARTIC.

1 A Recapitulation of the principal Argu∣ments precedent: and summary of the subsequent.

173

2 The Eye Anatomized: and the proper use of each Part thereof, either absolutely Neces∣sary, or onely Advantagious to Vision concisely demonstrated. viz. 1 The Diaphanity of the Horny Membrane, and the three Humors, A∣queous, Chrystalline, and Vitreous. 2 The Convexity of all its parts except the Amphi∣blestroides. 3 The Uvea Tunica, and Iris. 4▪ The Pupilla. 5 The Blackness of the in∣side of the Uvea Tunica. 6 The Tunica A∣rachnoides. 7 The Ciliary Filaments there∣of. 8 The Chrystalline. 9 The Retina Tu∣nica. 10 The six Muscles, viz. 1 The Di∣rect, as the Atollent, Depriment, Adducent, Abducent. 2 And Oblique, as the 2 Cir∣cumactors, or Lovers Muscles.

173, to 177

3 Why the Situation of an object is perceived by the sight.

177

4 The Reason of the eversion of the Image, in the Amphiblestroides.

178

5 The same illustrate by an Experiment.

ibid.

6 Why the Motion and Quiet of objects are dis∣cerned by the sight.

ibid.

7 Why Catoptrical Images imitate the motions of their Antitipes or Originals.

ibid.

8 Why the right side of a Catoptrical Image respects the Left of its Exemplar. And why two Catoptrick Glasses, confrontingly posited, cause a Restitution of the parts of the Image to the natural Form.

180

CHAP. IV. The Nature of Colours. p. 182.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THe Argument duly acknowledged to be su∣perlatively Difficult, if not absolutely Acataleptical.

ibid.

2 The sentence of Aristotle concerning the Na∣ture of Colours: and the Commentary of Sca∣liger thereupon.

183

3 The opinion of Plato.

ibid.

4 Of the Pythagorean and Stoick.

184

5 Of the Spagyrical Philosophers.

ibid.

6 The reason of the Authors desertion of all these; and election of Democritus and Epicurus judgement, touching the Generation of Colours.

ibid.

7 The Text of Epicurus, fully and faithfully ex∣pounded.

185

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 A PARADOX. That there are no Co∣lours in the Dark.

186

2 A familiar Experiment, attesting the Verity thereof.

ibid.

3 The Constancy of all Artificial Tinctures, de∣pendent

on the constancy of Disposition in the superficial Particles of the Bodies that wear them.

187

4 That so generally magnified Distinction of Co∣lours into Inhaerent, and meerly Apparent; redargued of manifest Contradiction.

ibid.

5 The Emphatical, or Evanid Colours, created by Prisms; no less Real and Inhaerent, than the most Durable Tinctures.

188

6 COROLLARY. The Reasons of Empha∣tical Colours, appinged on Bodies objected, by a Prism.

189

7 The true Difference of Emphatical and Du∣rable Colours, briefly stated.

ibid.

8 No Colour Formally inhaerent in objects; but only Materially, or Effectively: contrary to the constant Tenent of the Schools.

ibid

9 The same farther vindicated from Difficulty, by the tempestive Recognition of some praecedent Assumptions of the Atomists.

190

SECT. III.

ARTIC.

1 THe Nativity of White; or the reason of its perception by the sight.

191

2 Black, a meer Privation of Light.

ibid.

3 The Genealogy of all Intermediate Colors.

ibid.

4 The Causes of the Sympathy and Antipathy of some Colours

192

5 The intermis••ion of small shadows, among the lines of Light; absolutely necessary to the Ge∣neration of any Intermediate Colour.

ibid.

6 Two eminent PROBLEMS concerning the Generation and Transposition of the Ver∣million and Caerule, appinged on Bodies by Prismes.

193

7 The Solution of the Former: with a rational Conjecture of the Cause of the Blew, apparent in the Concave of the Heavens.

194

8 The Solution of the Latter.

195

9 The Reasons, why the Author proceeds not to investigate the Causes of Compound Colours in Particular.

196

10 He confesseth the Erection of this whole Dis∣course, on simple Conjecture: and enumerates the Difficulties to be subdued by him, who hopes to attain an Apodictical Knowledge of the Es∣sence and Causes of Colours.

ibid.

11 Des Cartes attempt to dissolve the chief of those Difficulties; unsuccessful: because groun∣ded on an unstable Hypothesis.

197

CHAP. V. The Nature of Light. p. 198.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THe Clasp, or Ligament of this, to the prae∣cedent Chapter.

ibid.

2 The Authors Notion of the Rays of Light.

ibid.

3 A Parallelism betwixt a stream of Water ex∣silient from the Cock of a Cistern, and a Ray of Light emanent from its Lucid Fountain.

ibid▪

PRAECONSIDERABLES.

199

4 Light distinguisht into Primary, Secondary, &c.

199

5 All Light Debilitated by Reflection: and why.

ibid.

6 An Example, sensibly demomonstrating the same.

200

7 That light is in perpetual Motion; accor∣ding to Aristotle.

ibid.

8 Light, why Corroborated, in some cases, and Debilitated in others, by Refraction.

201

COROLLARY. Why the Figure of the Sun, both rising and setting, appears rather Ellipti∣cal, than Sphaerical.

ibid.

9 PARADOX. That the proportion of So∣lary Rays reflected by the superior Aer, or Ae∣ther, toward the Earth, is so small, as not to be sensible.

202

10 That every Lucid Body, as Lucid, doth emit its Rays Sphaerically: but, as Visible; Py∣ramidally.

ibid.

11 That Light is invisible in the pure medium.

203

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 THe necessity of the Authors confirmation of the First Praeconsiderable.

204

2 The Corporiety of Light, demonstrated by its just Attributes: viz. 1 Locomotion. 2 Resiliti∣on. 3 Refraction. 4 Coition. 5 Disgregati∣on. 6 Igniety.

224, 225

3 Aristotles Definition of Light, a meer Am∣bage, and incomprehensible.

205

4 TheCorporiety of Light imports not the Coex∣istence of two Bodies in one Place; contrary to the Peripatetick.

206

5 Nor the motion of a Body to be Instantaneous.

ibid.

6 The Invisibility of Light in the limpid medi∣um, no Argument of its Immateriality: as the Peripatetick praesumes

ibid.

7 The Corporiety of Light fully consistent with the Duration of the Sun: contrary to the Peri∣patetick.

207

8 The insensibility of Heat in many Lucent Bo∣dies, no valid Argument against the praesent Thesis, that Light is Flame Attenuated.

ibid.

CHAP. VI. The Nature of a Sound. p 208.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 AN Elogy of the sense of Hearing: and the Relation of this and the praecedent Chapter.

ibid.

2 The great Affinity betwixt Visible and Audi∣ble species; in their representation of the su∣perficial Conditions of Objects.

209

3 In the Causes and manner of their Destructi∣on.

ibid.

4 In their Actinobolism, or Diffusion, both Sphaerical and Pyramidal.

210

5 In their certifying the sense of the Magnitude, Figure, and other Qualities of their Origi∣nals.

ibid.

6 In the obscuration of Less by Greater.

211

7 In their offence of the organs, when excessive.

ibid.

8 In their production of Heat by Multiplication.

ibid.

9 In their Variability, according to the various disposition of the Medium.

ibid.

10 In their chief Attributes, of Locomotion, Exsilition, Impaction, Resilition, Disgrega∣tion, Congregation.

ibid.

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 THe Product of the Praemises, concerning the points of Cons••nt, and Dissent of Audible and Visible Species: viz That Sounds are Corporeal.

213

2 An obstruction of praejudice, from the gene∣rally supposed repugnant Authorities of some of the Ancients; expeded.

ibid.

3 An Argument of the Corporiety of Sounds.

214

4 A Second Argument.

ibid.

COROLLARY.

ibid.

ibid.

5 The Causes of Concurrent Echoes, where the Audient is equally (almost) distant from the Sonant and Repercutient.

ibid.

COROLLARY. 2.

215

6 Why Concaves yield the strongest and longest Sounds.

ibid.

COROLLARY. 3.

ibid

7 The reason of Concurrent Echoes, where the Audient is neer the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and remote from the sonant.

ibid.

COROLLARY. 4.

ibid.

8 W••y 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Monophon rehearse so much the f••••er syllables, by how much neerer the audient is to the R••f••••ctent.

ibid.

COROLLARY.

ibid.

ibid.

9 The reason of Polyphon Echoes.

ibid.

10 A Third Argument of the Materiality of Sounds:

216

11 The necessity of a certain Configuration in a Sound; inferred from the Distinction of one sound from another, by the Sense.

ibid.

12 The same confirmed by the Authority of Py∣thagoras, Plato, and Aristotle.

ibid.

13 And by the Capacity of the most subtle parts of the Aer

217

14 The Reason and manner of the Diffusion of Sounds, explicated by a congruous Simile.

ibid.

15 The most subtle Particles of the Aer onely, the material of Sounds.

218

PARADOX.

ibid.

16 One and the same numerical voice, not heard by two men, nor both ears of one man.

ibid.

17 A PROBLEM not yet solved by any Philo∣sopher: viz. How such infinite Variety of Words is formed only by the various motions of the Tongue and Lips.

219

18 A Second (also yet unconquered) Difficulty, viz. the determinate Pernicity of the Aers mo∣tion, when exploded from the Lungs, in Speech.

ibid.

19 All Sounds Created by Motion, and that ei∣ther when that intermediate Aer is confracted by two solids mutually resistent; or when the aer is percust by one Solid; or when a solid is percust by the Aer.

ibid.

20 Rapidity of motion necessary to the Creation of a Sound, not in the First Case.

220

21 But, in the Second and Last.

ibid.

22 That all Sounds are of equal Velocity in the Delation.

ibid.

23 The Reason thereof.

ibid.

24 To measure the Velocity of great Sounds.

221

25 Sounds, not subject to Retardation from ad∣verse; nor Acceleration, from Secund Winds.

ibid.

SECT. III.

ARTIC.

1 THat all Sounds, where the Aer is percussed by one solid, are created immediately by the Frequency, not the Velocity of motion; de∣monstrated.

222

2 And likewise, where the Aer is the Percutient.

ibid.

3 That all Acute sounds arise from the more, and Grave from the less Frequent percussions of the aer, demonstrated.

223

4 The suavity of musical Consonances, deduced from the more frequent; and Insuavity of Dis∣sonances from the less frequent Vnion of the vibrations of strings, in their Terms.

224

5 The same Analytically pr••sented in Scheme.

226

6 A just and unanswerable Exception against the former Harmonical Hypothesis.

ibid.

7 PROBLEM 1. In what instant, an Har∣monical

Sound, resulting from a Chord per∣cussed, is begun.

227

8 That a Sound may be created in a Vacuum; contrary to Athanas. Kircher in Art. Magn. Consoni & Dissoni lib. 1. cap. 6, Digres.

229

9 Why all Sounds appear more Acute, at large, than at small distance.

231

10 Why Cold water falling, makes a fuller noise, than warm.

ibid.

11 Why the voice of a Calf is more Base than than that of an Ox, &c.

232

12 Why a Dissonance in a Base is more deprehen∣sible by the ••ar, than in a Treble voice.

ibid.

CHAP. VII. Of Odours. p. 233.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THat the Cognition of the Nature of Odours is very difficult; in respect of the Im∣perfection of the sense of Smelling, in man: and

ibid.

2 The contrary opinions of Philosophers, con∣cerning it.

234

3 Some determining an Odour to be a substance.

ibid.

4 Others a meer Accident or Quality.

235

5 The Basis of the Latter opinion, infirm and ruinous.

235

6 That all odor••us Bodies ••mit corporeal Exha∣lations.

ibid.

7 That Odours cause sundry Affections in our Bodies, such as are consignable onely to sub∣stances.

ibid.

8 That the Reason of an Odour's affecting the sensory, consists only in a certain Symbolism be-the Figures and Contexture of its Particles, and the Figures and Contexture of the Par∣ticles of the Odoratory Nerves.

236

9 That the Diversity of Odours depends on the Diversity of Impressions made on the sensory, respondent to the various Figures and Contex∣ture of their Particles.

237

10 Why some persons abhor those smells, which are grateful to most others.

ibid.

11 Why, among Beasts, some species are offended at those scents in which others highly delight.

238

12 The Generation and Diffusion of Odours, due onely to Heat.

ibid.

13 The Differences of Odours.

239

14 The Medium of Od••urs.

240

CHAP. VIII. Of Sapours. p. 241.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 FRom the superlative Acuteness of the sense of Tasting, Aristotle concludes the cog∣nition of the Nature of Sapours to be more ea∣sily acquirable, than the nature of any other sensible object▪ but refutes himself by the ma∣ny Errors of his own Theory, concerning the same.

ibid.

2 An Abridgment of his doctrine, concerning the Essence and Causes of a Sapour, in General.

242

3 And the Differences of Sapour, with the par∣ticular Causes of each.

ibid.

4 An Examination and brief redargution of the same Doctrine.

244

5 The post position thereof to the more verisimilous Determination of the sons of Hermes, who ad∣scribe all Sapours to Salt.

ibid.

6 But far more to that most profound and satis∣factory Tenent of Democritus and Plato; which deduceth the Nativity of Sapours from the various Figures and contextures of the mi∣nute particles of Concretions.

ibid.

7 The advantages of this sentence, above all o∣thers touching the same subject.

245

8 The Objections of Aristotle concisely, though solidly solved.

24••

9 That the salivous Humidity of the Tongue s••r∣veth to the Dissolution and Imbibition of Salt in all Gustables.

247

CHAP. IX. Of Rarity, Density, Perspicuity, Opacity. p. 248.

SECT. I.

ART.

1 THis Chapters right of succession to the for∣mer.

ibid.

2 The Divers acceptation of the term, Touching▪

ibid.

3 A pertinent (though shortt) Panegyrick on the sense of Touching.

249

4 Some Tactile Qualities, in common to the per∣ception of other senses also.

ibid.

5 A Scheme of all Qualities, or Commonly, or Property appertaining to the Sense of Touch∣ing, as they stand in their several Relation to, or Dependencies on, the Vniversal Matter, Atoms: and so, of all the subsequent Capital Arguments to be treated of, in this Book.

250

6 The right of Rarity and Density to the Pri∣ority of consideration.

ibid

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 THe Opinion of those Philosophers, who place the Reason of Rarity, in the actual Di∣vision of a Body into small parts; and the brief Refutation thereof.

51

•• A second Opinion, de••iving ••arity and Density from the several proportions, which Quantity hath to its substance: convicted of incompre∣hensibility, and so of insatisfaction.

ibid.

3 A third, desuming the more and less of Rarity in Bodies, from the more and less of VACV∣ITY intercepted among their particles: and the advantages thereof above all others, con∣cerning the same.

ibid.

4 The Definitions of a Rare, and of a Dense Body; according to the assumption of a Vacu∣ity D••sseminate.

252

5 The Congruity of those Definitions, demon∣monstrated.

ibid.

6 That Labyrinth of Difficulties, wherein the thoughts of Physiologists have so long wander∣ed; reduced to a point, the genuine state of the Quaestion.

ibid.

7 That Rarity and Density can have no other Causes immediate, but the more and less of Inanity interspersed among the particles of Concretions; DEMONSTRATED.

253

8 Aristotles Exceptions against Disseminate In∣anity; neither important nor c••mpetent.

ibid.

9 The Hyp••the••is of a c••rt••in Aethereal substance to replenish th•• por••s ••f Bo••ies, in Ra••ifaction; demonstrated insufficient, to solve the Difficul∣ty, or demolish the Ep••cu••ean Th••sis of small Vacuities.

254

10 The Facility of understanding the Reasons and Manner of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and Condensation, from the Conc••ssion of s••all Vacuities, illu∣strated by a 〈…〉〈…〉.

255

11 PARADOX. Tha•• the Matter of a Body, when 〈…〉〈…〉 no more of true Place, 〈…〉〈…〉, and the Co••c••li∣a••ion thereof to the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Definitions of a Rare and of a Den••e Bo••y.

2••6

12 PROBLEM. 〈…〉〈…〉 be capable of Condensation to so hi••g 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as it is of Rari••faction: and the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 ••olution therof.

ibid.

SECT. III.

ART C.

1 THe opportunity of the present speculation, concerning the C••uses of Per••picuity and Opacity.

••••8

2 The true Notions of a Per••picuum and Opa∣cum.

ibid.

3 That every Concretion is so much the more 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by how much th•• more, and more am∣ple Inane Spaces 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in••••rcepted among its par∣ticles; caeteus pa••••bus.

ibid.

4 Why Glass though much more Dense, is yet much more Diaphanous, than Paper.

259

5 Why ••he Diaphanity of Glass is gradually di∣minished, according to the various degrees of its Crassitude.

ibid.

6 An Apodictical Confutation of that popular Er∣ror, that Glass is totally, or in every particle, Diaphanous.

260

CHAP. X. Of Magnitude, Figure; And their Consequents, Subtility, Hebe∣tude, Smoothness, Asperity. 261

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THe Contexture of this Chapter, with the praecedent.

ibid.

2 That the Magnitude of Concretions, ariseth from the Magnitude of their Material Princi∣ples.

ibid.

3 The praesent intenti••n of the term, Magnitude.

ibid.

4 That the ••uantity of a thing, is meerly the Matter of it.

2••2

5 The Quantity of a thing, neither Augment∣ed by its Rarefaction, nor diminished by its Condensation: contrary to the Aristotelians, who distinguish the Q••antity of a Body from its Substa••ce.

ibid.

6 The reason of Quantity, explicable also meer∣ly from the notion of Place.

263

7 The Existence of a Body, without real Exten∣sion; and of Extension without a Body: though impossible to Nature yet easie to God.

ibid.

8 COROLLARY. That the primary Cause, why Nature admits no Penetration of Dimen∣si••ns, is rather the Solidity, than the Extensi∣on of a Body.

264

9 The reasons of Quantity Continued and D••s∣crete, or Magnitude and Multitude.

ibid.

10 That no Body is perfectly Continued, beside an Atom.

ibid.

11 Aristotles D••finition of a Continuum▪ in what respect true and what false.

265

12 Figure (Physical••y considered) nothing but the superficies, or terminant Extremes of a Body.

ibid.

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 THe Continuity of this, to the first Section.

266

2 Subtility and Hebetude, how the Consequents of Magnitude.

ibid.

3 A considerable Exception of the Chymests (viz.

that some Bodies are dissolved in liquors of grosser particles, which yet conserve their Con∣tinuity in liquors of most subtile and corro∣sive particles) prevented.

ibid.

4 Why Oyle dissociates the parts of some Bodies, which remain inviolate in Spirit of Wine: and why Lightning is more penetrative, than Fire.

267

5 Smoothness and Asperity in Concretions, the Consequents of Figure in their Material Prin∣ciples.

ibid.

CHAP. XI. Of the Motive Vertue, Habit, Gra∣vity, and Levity of Concretions. ••69

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THe Motive Virtue of all Concretions, deri∣ved from the essential Mobility of Atoms

ibid.

2 Why the Motive Virtue of Concretions doth reside principally in their spiritual Parts.

270

3 That the Deviation of Concretions from mo∣tion Direct; and their Tardity in motion: a∣rise from the Deflections and ••epercussions of Atoms composing them.

ibid.

4 Why the motion of all Concretions necessarily praess••p••ss••th something, that remains unmo∣ved; or that, in respect of its slower motion, is equival••nt ••o a thing Vnmoved

ibid.

5 What 〈◊〉〈◊〉 A••tive Faculty of a thing, is.

271

6 That in Nature every Faculty is Active: none Passive.

ibid.

7 A Peripatetick Contradiction, assuming the Matter of al•• Bodies to be devoid of all Acti∣vity; and yet d••suming some Faculties à tota substantia.

272

8 That the ••aculties of Animals (the Ratiocina∣tion of man onely excepted) are Identical with their spirits.

ibid.

9 The Reasons of the Coexistence of Various Fa∣culties in one and the same Concretion.

ibid.

10 Habit defi••ed

273

11 That the Reason of all Habits in Animals, consisteth principally in the conformity and flexibility of the Organs, which the respective Faculty makes use of, for the performance of its proper Actions,

ibid.

12 Habits, acquirable by Bruits: and common not onely to Vegetables, but also to some Minerals

2••4

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 GRavity, as to its Essence or Formal Rea∣son, very obscure.

275

2 The opinion of Epicurus good as to the Cause of Comparative: insufficient as to the ••ause of Absolute Gravity.

ibid.

3 Aristotles opinion of Gravity, recited.

ibid.

4 Copernicus theory of Gravity, insatisfactory; and wherein.

276

5 The Determination of Kepler, Gassendus, &c. that Gravity is Caused me••rly by the At∣traction of the Earth: espoused by the Author.

277

6 The External Principle of the perpendicular Descent of a stone, projected up in the Aer; must be either Depellent, or Attrahent.

ibid.

7 That the Resistence of the Superior Aer is the onely Cause which gradually refracteth, and in fine wholly overcometh the Im••rest Force, whereby a stone projected, is elevated upward.

ibid.

8 That the Aer, distracted by a stone violently ascending, hath as well a Depulsive, as a Re∣sistent Faculty; arising immediately from its Elaterical, or Restorative motion.

279

9 That nevertheless, when a stone, projected on high in the Aer, is at the highest point of its mountee; no Cau••e can Beg•••• its Downward Motion, but the Attractive Virtue of the Earth.

280

10 Argument, that the T••r••aqueous Globe is en∣dowed with a certain Attractive Faculty in or∣der to the D••tention and Retraction of a••l its Parts.

2••1

11 What are the Parts of the TerrestrialGlobe

282

12 A Second Argument that the Earth is Mag∣netical

ibid.

13 A Parallelism betwixt the Attraction of Iron by a Loadstone, and the Attraction of Terrene bodies by the Ea••th.

283

14 That as the sphere of the Loadstones Allective Virtue is limited: so is that of the Eart••s ma∣gnetism.

ibid.

15 An Objection of the Disproportion between the great Bulk of a large stone and the Exility of the supposed magnetique Rays of the Earth: Solved by three weighty Reasons.

284

16 The Reason of the Aequivelocity of Bodies, o•• different weights, in their perpendicular De∣scent: with sundry unquestionable Authori∣ties to confirm the Hoti thereof.

••85

17 That the whole Terrestrial Globe is devoid of Gravity: and that in the universe is no High∣est, nor Lowest place.

2••6

18 That the Centre of the Vniverse is not the Lowest part thereof: nor the Centre of the Earth, the Centre of the World

287

19 A Fourth Argument, that Gravity is onely Attraction.

289

20 Why a greater Gravity, or stronger Attra∣ctive force is imprest upon a piece of Iron by a Loadstone, than by the Earth

ibid.

21 A Fifth Argument, almost Apodictical;

that Gravity is the Effect of the Earths At∣traction.

ibid.

SECT. III.

ARTIC.

1 LEvity nothing but less Gravity.

290

2 Aristotles Sphere of Fire, extinguisht.

291

3 That Fire doth not As••ned spontaneously, but Violently; i. e. is impell'd upward by the Aer.

ibid.

CHAP. XII. Of Heat and Cold. p. 293.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THe Connection of this to the immediately precedent Chapter.

ibid.

2 Why the Author deduceth the 4 First Qualities, not from the 4 vulgar Elements; but from the 3 Proprieties of Atoms.

ibid

3 The Nature of Heat is to be conceived from its General Effect; viz. the Penetration, Dis∣cussion, and Dissolution of the Bodies con∣crete.

ibid.

4 Heat defined as no Immaterial, but a Substan∣tial Quality.

294

5 Why such Atoms, as are comparated to produce Heat, are to be Named the Atoms of Heat: and such Concretions, as harbor them, are to be called Hot, either Actually, or Potentially.

ibid.

6 The 3 necessary Proprieties of the Atoms of Heat.

ibid.

7 That the Atoms of Heat are capable of Ex∣pedition or deliverance from Concretions, Two ways; viz. by Evocation and Motion.

296

8 An Unctuous matter, the chief Seminary of the Atoms of Heat: and why.

297

9 Among Vnctuous Concretions, Why some are more easily inflammable than others.

298

10 A CONSECTAR••. That Rarefacti••n is the proper Effect of Heat

ibid

11 PROBLEM 1. Why the bottom of a Cal∣dron, wherein Water i•• boyling, may be touched by the hand of a man, without burning it: Sol.

299

12 PROBLEM 2. Why Lime becomes ardent upon the affusion of 〈◊〉〈◊〉. Sol.

300

13 PROBLEM 3 Why the Heat of Lime burning is more vehement, than the Heat of a∣ny Flame whatever. Sol.

ibid.

14 PROBLEM 4. Why boyling Oyl scalds more vehemently, then boyling Water. Sol.

301

15 PROBLEM 5. Why Metals, melted or made red hod, burn more violent than the Fire, that melteth or heateth them. Sol.

ibid.

16 CONSECTARY. That, as the degrees of Heat, so those of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 are innumerably va∣rious.

ibid.

17 That to the Calefaction, Combustion, or▪ In∣flammation of a body by fire, is required a cer∣tain space of time; and that the space is great∣er or less, according to the paucity, or abun∣dance of the igneous Atoms invading the body objected; and more or less of aptitude in the contexture thereof to admit them.

30••

18 Flame more or less Durable, for various re∣spects.

303

19 CONSECTARY. 3. That the immediate and genuine Effect of Heat, is the Disgregati∣on of all bodies, as well Homogeneous, as Hete∣rogeneous: and that the Congregation of Ho∣mogeneous Natures, is onely an Accidental Effect of Heat; contrary to Aristotle.

305

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 THe Link connecting this Section to the for∣mer.

306

2 That Cold is no Privation of Heat; but a Real and Positive Quality: demonstrated.

ibid.

3 That the adaequate Notion of Cold, ought to be desume•• from its General Effect, viz. the Congreg••tion and Compaction of bodies.

307

4 Cold, no Immaterial; but a Substantial Qua∣lity.

ibid.

5 Gassendus conjectural Assignation, of a Te∣trahedical Figure to the Atoms of cold; assert∣ed by sundry weighty considerations.

ibid

6 Cold, not Essential to Earth, Water, nor Aer.

309

7 But to some Special Concretions, for the most part, consisting of Frigorifick Atoms.

312

8 Water▪ the chief Antagonist to Fire; not in respect of its Accidental Frigidity, but Essen∣tial Humidity: and that the Aer hath a juster title to the Principality of Cold, than either Water, or Earth.

313

9 PROBLEM: Why the breath of a man doth Warm, when expired with the mouth wide open; and Cool, when efflated with the mouth con∣tracted.

ibid.

10 Three CONSECTARIES from the pre∣mises.

314

CHAP. XIII. Fluidity, Stability, Humidity, Siccity. p. 316.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 WHy Fluidity and Firmness are here con∣sidered before Humidity and Siccity.

ibid.

2 The Latin Terms, Humidum and Siccum, too narrow to comprehend the full sense of Ari∣stotle, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉

ibid.

2 The Latin Terms, Humidum and Siccum, too narrow to comprehend the full sense of Ari∣stotle. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

ibid.

3 Aristotles Definition of a Humid substance, not praecise enough; but, in common also to a Fluid; and his Definition of a Dry, accom∣modable to a Firme.

317

4 Fluidity defined.

318

5 Wherein the Formal Reason thereof doth con∣sist.

ibid.

6 The same farther illustrated, by the twofold Fluidity of Metals; and the peculiar reason of each.

319

7 Firmness defined:

320

8 And derived from either of 3 Causes.

ibid.

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 HUmidity defined.

321

2 Siccity defined.

322

3 Siccity rather Comparative than Absolute.

ibid

4 All moisture either Aqueous or Oleaginous.

ibid.

5 PROBLEM ••. Why pure water cannot wash out oyl from a Cloth; which yet water, where∣in Ashes have been decocted, or soap dissolved, easily doth? Solut.

323

6 PROBLEM 2. Why stains of Ink are not to be taken out of cloaths, but with some Acid Liquor? Solut.

ibid.

CHAP. XIV. Softness, Hardness, Flexility▪ Tra∣ctility, Ductility, &c. p. 325.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THe Illation of the Chapter.

ibid.

2 Hard and Soft, defined.

ibid.

3 The Difference betwixt a Soft and Fluid.

326

4 Solidity of Atoms, the Fundament of Hard∣ness and Inanity intercepted among them, the fundament of Softness, in all Concretions.

ibid.

5 Hardness and Softness, no Absolute, but meer∣ly Comparative Qualities; as adscriptive to Concretions, contrary to Aristotle.

327

6 Softness in Firme things, deduced from the same cause, as Fluidity in Fluid ones.

ibid.

7 The General Reason of the Mollification of Hard, and Induration of Soft bodies.

ibid.

8 The special manners of the M••llification of Hard: and Induration of Soft bodies.

328

9 PROBLEM Why Iron is Hardned, by being immersed red-hot into Cold Water; and its SOLVTION.

ibid.

10 The Formal Reasons of Softness and Hard∣ness.

329

11 The ground of Aristotles Distinction betwixt Formatilia and Pressilia.

ibid.

12 Two Axioms, concerning, and illustrating the nature of Softness.

330

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 FLexility, Tractility, Ductility, &c. derived from Softness, and Rigidity from Hard∣ness

3••1

2 PROBLEM. What is the Cause of the moti∣on of Restoration in Flexiles? and the Solut.

ibid.

3 Two Obstructions expeded.

332

4 Why Flexile bodies grow weak, by overmuch, and over frequent Bending

333

5 The Reason of the frequent Vibrations, or Di∣adroms of Lutestrings, and oth••r Tractile Bo∣dies; declared to be the same with that of the Restorative Motion of Flexiles: and demon∣strated.

ibid.

6 PROBLEM. Why the Vibrations, or Dio∣droms of a Chord distended and percussed, are Aequitemperaneous, though not Aequispatial: and the SOLVT.

335

7 PROBLEM. VVy doth a Chord of a duple length, perform its diadroms in a proportion of time duple, to a Chord of a single length; both being distended by equal force; and yet if the Chord of the duple length be distended by a du∣ple force or weight, it doth not perform its Di∣adroms, in a proportion of time duple to that of the other; but onely if the Force or weight di∣stending it, be quadruple to the First supposed: and its SOLVT.

336

8 The Reasons of the vast Ductility, or Exten∣sibility of Gold.

337

9 Sectility and Fissility, the Consequents of Softness.

ibid.

10 Tractility and Friability, the Consequents of Hardness.

338

11 Ruptility the Consequent partly of Softness, partly of Hardness.

339

12 PROBLEM. VVhy Chords distended, are more apt to break neer the Ends, than in the middle? and its SOLVT.

ibid.

CHAP. XV. Occult Qualities made Manifest. p. 341

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THat the Insensibility of Qualities doth not import their Unintelligibility; contra∣ry to the presumption of the Aristotelean.

ibid.

2 Vpon what grounds; and by whom, the San∣ctuary of Occult Qualities was erected.

342

3 Occult Qualities and profest ignorance, all one.

ibid.

4 The Refuge of Sympathies and Antipathies, e∣qually

obstructive to the advance of Natural Scienee, with that of Ignote Proprieties.

343

5 That all Attraction, referred to Secret Sym∣pathy; and all Repulsion, adscribed to secret Antipathy, betwixt the Agent and Patient, is effected by Corporeal Instruments, and such as resemble those whereby one body Attracteth, or repelleth another, in sensible and mechanique operations.

ibid.

6 The Means of Attractions sympathetical, ex∣plicated by a convenient Simile.

345

7 The Means of Abaction and Repulsions An∣tipathetical, explicated likewise by sundry si∣militudes.

346

8 The First and General Causes of all Love and Hatred betwixt Animals.

347

9 Why things Alike in their natures, love and delight in the Society each of other: and why Unlike natures abhor and avoid each other.

ibid

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 THe Scheme of Qualities (reputed) occult.

348

2 Natures Avoidance of Vacuity, imputed to the tyzugia or Conspiration of all parts of the Vniverse; no Occult Quality.

ibid.

3 The power and influence of Caelestial Bodies, upon men, supposed by Judicial Astrologers, in∣consistent with Providence Divine, and the Li∣berty of mans will.

349

4 The Afflux and Reflux of the Sea, inderiva∣tive from any immaterial Influx of the Moon.

ibid.

5 The Causes of the diurnal Expansion & conver∣sion of the Heliotrope and other Flowers.

ibid.

6 Why Garden Claver hideth its stalk, in the heat of the day.

350

7 Why the House Cock usually Crows soon af∣ter midnight; and at break of day.

ibid.

8 Why Shell-fish grow fat in the Full of the moon, and lean again at the New.

352

9 Why the Selenites resembles the Moon in all her several Adspects.

ibid.

10 Why the Consideration of the Attraction of Iron by a Loadstone, is here omitted.

353

11 The secret Amities of Gold and Quicksilver of Brass and Silver, unridled.

ibid.

12 A COROLLARY. Why the Granules of Gold and Silver, though much more ponderous then those of the Aqua Regis and Aqua ••or∣tis, wherein they are dissolved, are yet held up, and kept floating by them.

354

13 The Cause of the Attraction of a Less Flame by a Greater.

ibid.

14 The Cause of the Involation of flame to Naphtha at distance.

ibid.

15 Of the Ascention of Water into the pores of a Spunge.

355

16 The same illustrated by the example of a Syphon.

ibid.

17 The reason of the Percolation of Liquors, by a cloth whose one end lieth in the liquor, and o∣ther hangs over the brim of the vessel, that contains it.

356

18 The reason of the Consent of two Lute∣strings, that are Aequison.

ibid.

19 The reason of the Dissent betwixt Lutestrings of sheeps Guts, and those of Woolfs.

••57

20 The tradition of the Consuming of all Fea∣thers of Foul, by those of the Eagle; explo∣ded.

358

21 Why some certain Plants befriend, and ad∣vance the growth and fruitfulness of others, that are their neighbours.

ibid.

22 Why some Plants thrive not in the society of some others.

359

23 The Reason of the great friendship betwixt the Male and Female Palm-trees.

360

24 Why all wines grow sick and turbid, during the season wherein the Vines Flower and Bud.

361

25 That the distilled waters of Orange flowers, and Roses, do not take any thing of their fra∣grancy, during the season of the Blooming and pride of those Flowers; as it vulgarly belie∣ved.

ibid.

SECT. III.

ARTIC.

1 WHy this Section considers onely some few select Occult Proprieties, among those many imputed to Animals.

362

2 The supposed Antipathy of a Sheep to a Woolf solved.

ibid.

3 Why Bees usually invade Froward and Cho∣lerick Persons: and why bold and confident men haue sometimes daunted and put to flight, Lyons and other ravenous Wild-Beasts.

363

4 Why divers Animals Hate such men, as are u∣sed to destroy those of their own species: and why Vermin avoid such Gins and Traps, wherein others of their kinde have been caught and destroyed.

ibid.

5 The Cause of the fresh Cruentation of the Carcass of a murthered man, at the presence and touch of the Homicide.

364

6 How the Basilisk doth empoyson and destroy, at distance.

365

7 That the sight of a Woolf doth not cause Hoars∣ness and obmutescence in the spectator; as is vulgarly reported and believed.

366

8 The Antipathies of a Lyon and Cock: of an Elephant and Swine meerly Fabulous.

••67

9 Why a man intoxicated by the venome of a Ta∣rantula, falleth into violent fits of Dancing: and cannot be cured by any other means, but Musick.

ibid.

10 Why Divers Tarantiacal Persons are affected and cured with Divers Tunes, and the musick of divers Instruments.

369

11 That the venome of the Tarantula doth pro∣duce the same effect in the body of a man; as it doth in that of the Tarantula it self: and why.

ibid.

12 That the Venom of the Tarantula is lodged in a viscous Humor, and such as is capable of Sounds.

371

13 That it causeth an uncessant Itching and Ti∣tillation in the Nervous and Musculous parts of mans body, when infused into it, and fer∣menting in it.

ibid.

14 The cause of the Annual Recidivation of the Tarantism, till it be perfectly cured.

372

15 A Conjecture, what kind of Tunes, Strains, and Notes seem most accommodate to the cure of Tarantiacal Persons in the General.

ibid

16 The Reason of the Incantation of Serpents, by a rod of the Cornus.

373

17 DIGRESSION. That the Words. Spells, Characters, &c. used by Magicians, are of no vertue or Efficacy at all, as to the Effect inten∣ded; unless in a remote interest, or as they exalt the Imagination of Him, upon whom they praetend to work the miracle.

ibid.

18 The Reason of the Fascination of Infants, by old women▪

374

19 The Reason of the stupefaction of a mans hand by a Torpedo.

375

20 That ships are not Arrested in their course, by the Fish called a Remora: but by the Contra∣ry impulse of some Special Current in the Sea.

ibid.

21 That the Echineis, or Remora is not Ominous.

3••7

22 Why this place admits not of more than a Ge∣neral Inquest into the Faculties of Poysons and Counterpoisons.

ibid.

23 Poysons defined.

ibid.

24 Wherein the Deleterious Faculty of poyson doth consist.

ibid.

25 Counterpoisons defined.

378

26 Wherein their Salutiferous Virtue doth con∣sist.

ibid.

27 How Triacle cureth the venome of Vipers.

ibid

28 How the body of a Scorpion, bruised and laid warm upon the part, which it hath lately woun∣ded and envenomed; doth cure the same.

379

29 That some Poisons are Antidotes against others by way of direct Contrariety.

ibid.

30 Why sundry particular men, and some whole Nations have fed upon Poisonous Animals and Plants, without harm·

380

31 The Armary Unguent, and Sympathetick Powder, impugned.

ibid.

32 The Authors Retraction of his quondam De∣fence of the Magnetick Cure of Wounds, made in his Prolegomena to Helmonts Book of that subject and title.

381

CHAP. XVI. The Phaenomena o•• the Loadstone Explicated▪ p. 383.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THe Nature and Obscurity of the Subject, hinted by certain Metaphorical Cogno∣mina, agreeable thereunto, though in divers re∣lations.

ibid.

2 Why the Author insisteth not upon the (1) se∣veral Appellations, (2) Inventor of the Loadstone, (3) invention of the Pixis Nautica.

384

3 The Virtues of the Loadstone, in General, Two, the Attractive, and Directive.

ibid.

4 Epicurus his first Theory of the Cause and Manner of the Attraction of Iron by a Load∣stone; according to the Exposition of Lucre••i∣us.

ibid▪

5 His other solution of the same, according to the Commentary of Galen.

386

6 Galens three Grand Objections against the same, briefly Answered.

387

7 The insatisfaction of the Ancients Theory ne∣cessitates the Author to recur to the Specula∣tions and Observations of the Moderns, con∣cerning the Attraction of Iron by a Magnet; and the Reduction of them all to a few Capi∣tal observables. viz.

388

8 A Parallelism betwixt the Magnetique Facul∣ty of the Loadstone and Iron; and that of Sense in Animals.

389

9 That the Loadstone and Iron interchangeably operate each upon other, by the mediation of cer∣tain Corporeal Species, transmitted in ••ays: and the Analogy of the Magnetick, and Lumi∣nous Rayes.

390

10 That every Loadstone, in respect of the Cir∣cumradiation of its Magnetical Aporrhae's ought to be allowed the supposition of a Centre Axis, and Diametre of an Aequator: and the Advantages thence accrewing.

391

11 The Reason of that admirable Bi-form, or Janus-like Faculty of Magneticks: and why the Poles of a Loadstone are incapable, but those of a Needle easily capable of transplantation from one Extreme to the contrary.

392

12 An Objection, of the Aversion or Repulsi∣on of the North Pole of one Loadstone, or Needle, by the North Pole of Another: prae∣vented.

393

13 Three principal Magnetick Axioms, deduced from the same Fountain.

ibid.

14 A DIGRESSION to the Iron Tomb of Mahomet.

394

15 That the Magnetique Vigour, or Perfection both of Loadstones and Iron, doth consist in ei∣ther

their Native Purity and Vniformity of Substance, or their Artificial Politeness.

396

16 That the Arming of a Magnet with polished Steel, doth highly Corroborate; but as much diminish the sphere of its Attractive Virtue.

ibid.

17 Why a smaller or weaker Loadstone, doth snatch away a Needle from a Greater, or more Potent one; while the small or weak one is held within the sphere of the great or stronger ones Activity: and not otherwise.

397

18 COROLLARY. Of the Abduction of Iron from the Earth by a Loadstone.

398

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 THe Method, and Contents of the Sect.

ibid.

2 Affinity of the Loadstone and Iron.

ibid.

3 The Loadstone conforms it self, in all respects, to the Terrestrial Globe; as a Needle con∣forms it self to the Loadstone.

399

4 Iron obtains a Verticity, not onely from the Loadstone, by affriction▪ or Aspiration; but al∣so from the Earth it self: and that according to the laws of Position.

400

5 One and the same Nature, in common to the Earth, Loadstone and Iron.

401

6 The Earth, impragnating Iron with a Polary Affection, doth cause therein a Local Immuta∣tion of its insensible particles.

402

7 The Loadstone doth the same.

403

8 The Magnetique Virtue, a Corporeal Efflux.

ib.

9 Contrary Objections, and their Solution••▪

404

10 A Parallelism of the Magnetique Virtue, and the Vegetative Faculty of Plants

405

11 Why Poles of the same respect and name, are Enemies: and those of a Contrary respect and name, Friends.

406

12 When a Magnet is dissected into two pieces, why the Boreal part of the one half, declin••s Conjunction with the B••rea•• part of the other; and the Austral of one with the Austral of the other.

ibid.

13 The Fibres of the Earth extend from Pole to Pole; and that may be the Cause of the firm Cohaesion of all its Parts, conspiring to con∣serve its Spherical Figure.

407

14 Reason of Magnetical Variation, in divers climates and places.

ibid.

15 The Decrement of Magnetical Variation, in one and the same place, in divers years.

410

16 The Cause thereof not yet known.

ibid.

17 No Magnet hath more than Two Legitimate Poles: and the reasons of Illegitimate ones

411

18 The Conclusion, Apologetical; and an Ad∣vertisement, that the Attractive and Directive Actions of Magnetiques, arise from one and the same Faculty; and that they were distin∣guished onely 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, for conveni∣ence of Doctrine.

412

The Fourth Book.

CHAP. I. Of Generation and Corruption. p. 415

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 THe Introduction.

ibid

2 The proper Notions of Generation and Corruption.

4••6

3 Various opinions of the Ancient Philosophers, touching the reason of Generation: and the prin¦cipal Authors of pacti.

417

4 The two great opinions of the same Philosophers concerning the manner of the Commistion of the Common Principles in Generation; faith∣fully and briefly stated.

418

5 That of Aristotle and the Stoicks, refuted: and Chrysippus sub••ersuge, convicted of 3 Ab∣surdities.

419

6 Aristotles twofold Evasion of the Incongruities at∣tending the position of the Remane••ce of things commixed, notwithstanding their supposed reciprocal Transubstantiation: found lik••wise meerly S••phistical.

420

7 That the F••rms of things, arising in Genera∣tion▪ are no New substances, nor distinct from th••ir matter: contrary to the Aristoteleans.

422

8 That the Form of a thing, is onely a certain Quality, or determinate Modification of its Matter.

424

9 An abstract of the theory of the Atomists, touching the same.

4••5

10 An illus••ration thereof, by a praegnant and ••p∣portu•••• I••stance. viz. the Gen••ration of Fire, Flame, Fume, Soot, Ashes, and Salt, from Wood dissolved by Fire.

4••6

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 THat in Corruption, no substance perisheth; but only that determinate Modification of substance, or Matter, which specified ••he thing.

428

2 Enforcement of the same Thesis by an illustri∣ous Example.

429

3 An Experiment demonstrating that the Salt of Ashes was praeexistent in Wood; and not produced, but onely educed by Fire.

ibid.

4 The true sense of three General Axioms, de∣duced from the precedent doctrine of the A∣tomists.

4••0

5 The General Intestine Causes of Corruption, chiefly Two: (1) the interception of Inani∣ty among the solid particles of Bodies. (2) The essential Gravity and inseperable Mobi∣lity of Atoms.

431

6 The General Manners, or ways of Generation and Corruption.

432

7 Inadvertency of Aristotle in making Five General Modes of Generation.

433

8 The special Manners of Generation, innume∣rable▪ and why.

ibid.

9 All sorts of Atoms, not indifferently competent to the Constitution of all sorts of things.

434

CHAP. II. Of Motion. p. 435.

SECT. I.

ARTIC.

1 WHy the Nature of Motion, which de∣served to have been the subject of the first speculation, was reserved to be the Argu∣ment of the Last, in this Physiology.

ibid.

2 An Epicurean Principle, of fundamental con∣cern to motion.

436

3 Aristotles Position, that the first Principle of motion, is the very Forme of the thing mo∣ved; absolutely incomprehensible: unless the Form of a thing be conceived to be a certain tenuious Contexture of most subtile and most active Atoms.

ibid.

4 A second Epicurean Fundamental, concerning motion: and the state of the Difference betwixt Epicurus, Aristotle, and Plato, touching the same.

4••7

5 Epicurus's Definition of motion, to be the Re∣move of a body from place to place; much more intelligible and proper, than Aristotles, that it is the Act of an Entity in power, as it is such.

438

6 Empericus his Objections against that Defi∣nition of Epicurus: and the full Solution of each.

439

7 That there is motion; contrary to the Sophisms of Parmenides, Melissus, Zeno, Diodorus and the Scepticks.

441

SECT. II.

ARTIC.

1 ARistotles Definitions of Natural and Vi∣olent motion; incompetent▪ and more adaequate ones substituted in the room of them.

444

2 The same deduced from the First Epicurean Principle of motion, praemised: and three con∣siderable Conclusions extracted from thence.

445

3 A short survey of Aristotles whole theory con∣cerning the Natural motion of Inanimates: and the Errors thereof.

446

4 Uniformity, or Aequability, the proper Chara∣cter of a Natural motion: and the want of u∣niformity, of a Violent.

447

5 The Downward motion of Inanimates, derived from an External Principle; contrary to Ari∣stotle.

449

6 That that External Principle, is the Magne∣tique Attraction of the Earth

450

7 That the Vpward motion of Light things, is not Accelerated in every degree of their As∣cent as Aristotle praecariously affirmed: but, the Downward motion of Heavy things is Ac∣celerated in every degree of their Descent▪

ibid

8 The Cause of that Encrease of Velocity in Bodies descending; not the Augmentation of their Specifical Perfection as they approach neerer and neerer to their proper place: as Simplicius makes Aristotle to have thought.

452

9 Nor the Diminution of the quantity of Aer underneath them: as some Others conjectured.

ibid.

10 Nor, the Gradual Diminution of the Force imprest upon them, in their projection upward: as Hipparchus alleadged.

453

11 But, the Magnetique Attraction of the Earth.

ibid.

12 That the Proportion, or Ration of Celerity to Celerity, encreasing in the descent of Heavy things; is not the same as the Proportion, or Ration of Space to Space, which they pervade: contrary to Michael Varro the Mathematici∣an.

455

13 But, that the moments or Equal degrees of Celerity, carry the same proportion, as the mo∣ments or equal degrees of Time, during the motion: according to the Illustrious Galilaeo.

456

14 Galilaeo's Grounds, Experience, and Reason.

457

15 The same Demonstrated.

458

16 The Physical Reason of that Proportion.

460

17 The Reason of the Equal Velocity of Bodies of very different weights, falling from the

same altitude; inferred from the same Theory.

ibid.

18 Gravity Distinguish't into Simple, and Ad∣jectitious.

461

19 The Rate of that superlative velocity with which a Bullet would be carried, in case it should fall from the Moon, Sun or region of the Fixed stars, to the Earth: and from each of those vast heights, to the Centre of the Earth.

462

SECT. III.

ARTIC.

1 WHat, and whence is that Force, or Virtue Motive, whereby Bodies Projected are carried on after their Dismission from the Pro∣jicient.

463

2 The M••nner of the Impression of that Force.

465

3 That all M••tion, in a free or Empty space, must be Vniform, and Perpetual: and that the chief Cause of the Inequality and Brevity of the motion of things projected through the Atmosphere, is the ma••netique Attraction of the Earth.

466

4 That, in the Atmosphere, no body can be pro∣jected in a Direct line; unless perpendicular∣ly Vpward, or Downward: and why.

468

5 That the Motion of a stone proj••cted upwards obliquely, is Composed of an Horizontal and Perpendicular together.

ibid.

6 Demonstration of that Composition.

469

7 That of the two different Forces, impressed up∣on a ball, thrown upward from the hand of a man standing in a ship, that is under sayl: the one doth not destroy the other, but each attains its proper scope.

ibid.

8 That the space of time, in which the Ball is Ascending from the Foot to the Top of the Mast: is equal to that, in which it is again Descending from the top to the foot.

470

9 That, though the Perpendicular motion of a stone thrown obliquely upward, be unequal, both in its ascent and descent: yet is the Hori∣zontal of Equal Velocity in all parts of space.

ibid.

10 The Reason and Manner of the Reflexion or Rebounding motion of Bodies, diverted from the line of their direction by others encountring them.

471

11 That the Emersion of a weight appensed to a string, from the perpendicular, to which it had reduced it self, in Vibration; is a Reflexion Median betwixt No Reflexion at all, and the Least Reflexion assignable; and the Rule of all other Reflexion whatever.

472

12 The Reason of the Equality of the Angles of Incidence and Reflexion.

ibid.

13 Two Inferences from the praemises: viz· (1) That the oblique Projection of a Globe against a plane, is composed of a double Parallel: and (2) That Nature suffers no diminution of her right to the shortest way, by Reflexion.

474

14 Wherein the Aptitude or Ineptitude of bodies to Reflexion doth consist.

ibid.