The commentaries of C. Julius Cæsar of his warres in Gallia, and the civil warres betwixt him and Pompey / translated into English with many excellent and judicious observations thereupon ; as also The art of our modern training, or, Tactick practise, by Clement Edmonds Esquire, ... ; where unto is adjoyned the eighth commentary of the warres in Gallia, with some short observations upon it ; together with the life of Cæsar, and an account of his medalls ; revised, corrected, and enlarged.

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Title
The commentaries of C. Julius Cæsar of his warres in Gallia, and the civil warres betwixt him and Pompey / translated into English with many excellent and judicious observations thereupon ; as also The art of our modern training, or, Tactick practise, by Clement Edmonds Esquire, ... ; where unto is adjoyned the eighth commentary of the warres in Gallia, with some short observations upon it ; together with the life of Cæsar, and an account of his medalls ; revised, corrected, and enlarged.
Author
Caesar, Julius.
Publication
London :: Printed by R. Daniel and are to be sold by Henry Tvvyford ... Nathaniel Ekins ... Iohn Place ...,
1655.
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Subject terms
Caesar, Julius. -- De bello Gallico. -- English.
Pompey, -- the Great, 106-48 B.C.
Caesar, Julius. -- De bello civili. -- English.
Military art and science -- Early works to 1800.
Gaul -- History -- 58 B.C.-511 A.D.
Rome -- History -- Republic, 265-30 B.C.
Link to this Item
http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A31706.0001.001
Cite this Item
"The commentaries of C. Julius Cæsar of his warres in Gallia, and the civil warres betwixt him and Pompey / translated into English with many excellent and judicious observations thereupon ; as also The art of our modern training, or, Tactick practise, by Clement Edmonds Esquire, ... ; where unto is adjoyned the eighth commentary of the warres in Gallia, with some short observations upon it ; together with the life of Cæsar, and an account of his medalls ; revised, corrected, and enlarged." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A31706.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Accessed June 9, 2025.

Pages

CHAP. XXXII.

The Battell beginneth; and Caesar overcometh.

THere was one Crastinus in Caesar's Army,* 1.1 called out to this war, who the year before had led the first company of the tenth Legion, a man of singular valour; who up∣on the signe of battell given, Follow me, saith he, as many of you as were of my company; and do that endeavour to your Emperour, which you have alwaies been willing to perform. This is the onely battell remaining unfought: which being ended, he shall be restored to his dignity, and we to our liberty. And withall, looking to∣wards Caesar, I will, saith he, O Emperour, so carry my self this day, that thou shalt give me thanks, either aliver or dead. And when he had thus spoken, he was the first that ran out of the right Cornet: and about one hundred and twenty elected souldiers of the same Centurie followed voluntarily after him.

There was so much space left between both the battells, as might serve either Army to meet upon the charge. But Pompey had com∣manded his men to receive Caesar's assault, and to undergo the shock of his Army, without mo∣ving from the place wherein they stood (and that by the advice of C. Triarius) to the end that the first running out and violence of the souldiers being broken, and the battel distend∣ed, they that stood perfect in their Orders, might set upon them that were scattered and disper∣sed: hoping the piles would not fall so forcea∣bly upon the Army standing still, as when they advanced forward to meet them; and that it would fall out withall, that Caesar's souldiers, having twice as far to run, would by that means be out of breath, and spent with wea∣rinesse.

Which, in my opinion, was against all rea∣son: for there is a certain incitation and ala∣crity of spirit naturally planted in every man, which is inflamed with a desire to fight. Nei∣ther should any Commander represse or re∣strain the same, but rather increase it, and set it forward.

Nor was it in vain of ancient time ordained, that the Trumpets should every where sound, and every man take up a shout but that they thought these things did both terrifie the Ene∣my, and incite their own Party.

But our souldiers, upon the signe of Battell, running out with their Piles ready to be

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thrown, and perceiving that Pompey's soul∣diers did not make out to meet them (as men taught with long use, and exercised in former fights) stopt their course of their own accord, and almost in the mid-way stood still; that they might not come to blows upon the spending of their strength: and after a little respite of time, running on again, threw: their piles, and presently drew their swords, as Caesar had commanded them. Neither were Pompey's souldiers wanting in this business; for they received the piles which were cast at them, took the shock of the Legions, kept their ranks, cast their piles, and betook them to their swords.

At the same time, the Cavalry, according as was commanded them, issued out from Pom∣pey's left Cornet, and the whole multitude of Archers thrust themselves out. Whose assault our horsemen were not able to endure, but fell back a little from the place wherein they stood: whereby Pompey's horsemen began to presse them with more eagerness, and to put them∣selves in squadrons, to inclose the Army about. Which Caesar perceiving, gave the signe of ad∣vancing forward to the fourth Battell, which he had made up of six Cohorts; who came with such a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 upon Pompey's horsemen, that none of them were able to stand before them, but turning their backs, did not onely give place, but fled all as fast as they could to the highest Hills: whereby the Archers and Slingers being left naked without succour, were all put to the sword. And with the same violence, those Cohorts incompassed about the left Cornet, not∣withstanding any resistance that could be made by Pompey's party, and charged them behind upon their backs.

At the same time Caesar commanded the third Battell, which as yet stood still, and were not removed, to advance forward: by means of which fresh and sound men, re∣lieving such as were faint and weary, as al∣so that others did charge them behind up∣on their backs, Pompey's party were able no longer to endure it, but all turned their backs and fled.

Neither was Caesar deceived in his opinion, that the beginning of the victory would grow from those Cohorts which he placed in the fourth Battell, against the horsemen: ac∣cording as he himself had openly spoken, in his incouragement to the souldiers. For by them first the Cavalry was beaten, by them the Archers and Slingers were slain, by them Pompey's Battell was circumvented on the left Cornet, and by their means they began to flie.

As soon as Pompey saw his Cavalry beaten, and perceived the part wherein he most trusted, to be amused and affrighted, and distrusting the rest, he forthwith left the Bat∣tell, and conveighed himself on horseback into the Camp. And speaking to the Centurions that had the watch at the Praetorian gate with a loud voice, as all the souldiers might hear, he said, Keep the Camp, & defend it diligently, to prevent any hard casualty that may hap∣pen. In the mean while, I will go about to the other Ports, to settle the Guards of the Camp.

And having thus said, he went into the Praetorium, distrusting the main point, and yet expecting the event.

THE FIRST OBSERVATION.

POmpey so carried himself in the course of this war, as he rather seemed a sufferer then a doer: never disposing his Army for any at∣tempt or on-set, but onely when he brake out of the place wherein he was besieged at Dyr∣rachium. And accordingly he gave order, that in the main action & point of triall, his souldiers should suffer and sustain the assault, rather then otherwise. But whether he did well or no, hath since been in question. Caesar utterly disliked it, as a thing contrary to reason.* 1.2 Est quaedam (saith he) animi incitatio atque alacritas, naturali∣ter innata omnibus, quae studo pugnae incen∣ditur; hanc non reprimere, sed augere Impe∣ratores debent. There is a certain incitation and alacrity of spirit naturally planted in every man, which is inflamed with a desire to fight. Neither should any Commander represse or restrain the same, but rather increase it, and set it forward.

Agreeable whereunto is that of Cato the Great; that in cases of battell, and Enemy is to be charged with all violence. And to that purpose it is requisite, to put the souldiers (at some reasonable distance) into a posture of vaunting and definance, with menaces and cries of terrour; and then to spring forward in such manner, as may make them fall upon their enemies with greater furie: As Champions or Wrastlers, before they buckle, stretch out their limbs, and make their flourishes as may best serve to assure themselves, and discourage their adversaries; according as we read of Her∣cules and Antaeus.

Ille Cleonaei projecit terga Leonis,* 1.3 Antaeus Libyi: persudt membra liquore Hospes, Olympiacae servato more Palaestrae. Ille parum idens pedibus contingere ma∣trem, Auxilium membris, calidas infudit arenas. The one throws by's Cleoncan Lion's skin, The other's Libyan; and ere they begin,

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The one anoints himself from top to toe, As the Olympian Gamesters use to do. Not sure his foe would let his feet touch ground, Himself with sand Antaeus sprinkles round.

Howbeit, forasmuch as all men are not of one temper, but require severall fashions to tune their minds to the true note of a battel, we shall find severall Nations to have severall usances in this point. The Romans (as appeareth by this of Caesar) were of ancient time accustomed to sound Trumpets and Hoboies, in all parts of the Army, and to take up a great clamour and shout, whereby the souldiers (in their under∣standing) were incouraged, and the Enemy affrighted.* 1.4 Whereas, contrariwise, the Greeks went alwaies with a close and silent mouth,* 1.5 as having more to do then to say to their Enemies. And Thucydides, writing of the Lacedemoni∣ans, (the flower of Greece for matter of Arms) saith, that instead of Trumpets and Cornets to incite them, they used the sweet harmony of Flutes, to moderate and qualify their passions, least they should be transported with unbridled impetuesity.

It is reported, that Marshall Biron the Fa∣ther, seemed to dislike of our English march (hearing it beaten by the Drums) as too slow, and of no encouragement: and yet it so fitteth our Nation (as Sir Roger Williams then answe∣red) as we have divers times over-run all France with it. Howsoever, the event of this battel is sufficient to disprove Pompey's errour herein, and to make good what Caesar commanded.

THE SECOND OBSERVATION.

THese six Cohorts, which made the fourth battel, did so encounter Pompey's Caval∣ry, that they were not able to withstand them. It is said, that Caesar gave them order not to sling their Piles, as commonly they did, but to hold them in their hands like a Pike or a Javelin, and make only at the faces of those Gallants, and men at Arms on horseback. For the holding of them in their hands, I do not understand it, and cannot conceive how they could reach more then the next ranks unto them in that manner. But for making at the faces of the Cavalry,* 1.6 Florus saith that Caesar, as he galloped up and down the ranks, was heard to let fall bloudy and bitter words, but very patheticall, and effectuall for a victory: as thus, Souldier, cast right at the face: whereas Pompey called to his men, to spare their fellow-Citizens.

Eutropius, in his Epitome of Suetonius, af∣firmeth the same thing, both of the one and of the other: and Lucan seemeth to averre the same, concerning that of Caesar;

Adversosque jubetferro contundere vultus.* 1.7 He bids them strike just at the Enemies face.

Frontinus hath it thus;* 1.8 C. Caesar, cum in partibus Pompeianis magna equitum Roma∣norum esset manus, eaque armorum scientia milites conficeret, ora oculosque eorum gladiis peti jussit, & sic adversam faciem cedere co∣egit: Pompey having in his army a great com∣pany of Roman Knights, who being well-skill'd at their weapons made an end of their enemies; Caesar commanded his men to make at their fa∣ces and eyes: and thereby compelled them to turn away their faces.

THE THIRD OBSERVATION.

AMongst these memorialls Crastinus may not be forgotten, being the first man that began the battel;* 1.9 whom Plutarch calleth C. Crassinius, and saith, that Caesar seeing him in the morning as he came out of his Tent, asked him what he thought of the successe of the battel. Crastinus, stretching out his right hand unto him, cried out aloud, O Caesar, thine is the vi∣ctory; and this day shalt thou commend me ei∣ther alive or dead. And accordingly, he brake afterwards out of the ranks; and running a∣mongst the midst of his Enemies, with many that followed him, made a great slaughter. At last one ran him into the mouth, that the swords point came out at his neck, and so slew him.

By him, and others of like courage and worth, was Caesar raised from the extremity of his wants, and the disgrace of his former los∣ses, to the chiefest height of earthly glory: and herein might well assume unto himself, that which was formerly said of the people, Mag∣na populi Romani fortuna, sed semper in ma∣lis major resurrexit; Great is the fortune of the people of Rome; but it still growes greater & increaseth by troubles: together with that of Plutarch,* 1.10 Res invicta Romanorum arma, The Roman Arms are things invincible. Lucan speaking of Scaeva formerly mentioned,* 1.11 saith,* 1.12 He shewed a great deal of valour to get Rome a Lord. But upon Crastinus he laieth a heavy doom.

Di tibi non mortem, quae cunctis poena pa∣ratur, Sed sensum post fata tuae dent, Crastine, morti, Cujus torta manu commisit lancea bellum, Primaque Thessaliam Romano sanguine tinxit. Maist thou not only dy, which all men do; But dy, and have thy senses after too. A lance thrown by thy hand the fight began. When with brave Roman bloud Thessalia ran.

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SABINVS AND COTTA

Notes

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