The commentaries of C. Julius Cæsar of his warres in Gallia, and the civil warres betwixt him and Pompey / translated into English with many excellent and judicious observations thereupon ; as also The art of our modern training, or, Tactick practise, by Clement Edmonds Esquire, ... ; where unto is adjoyned the eighth commentary of the warres in Gallia, with some short observations upon it ; together with the life of Cæsar, and an account of his medalls ; revised, corrected, and enlarged.

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Title
The commentaries of C. Julius Cæsar of his warres in Gallia, and the civil warres betwixt him and Pompey / translated into English with many excellent and judicious observations thereupon ; as also The art of our modern training, or, Tactick practise, by Clement Edmonds Esquire, ... ; where unto is adjoyned the eighth commentary of the warres in Gallia, with some short observations upon it ; together with the life of Cæsar, and an account of his medalls ; revised, corrected, and enlarged.
Author
Caesar, Julius.
Publication
London :: Printed by R. Daniel and are to be sold by Henry Tvvyford ... Nathaniel Ekins ... Iohn Place ...,
1655.
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Subject terms
Caesar, Julius. -- De bello Gallico. -- English.
Pompey, -- the Great, 106-48 B.C.
Caesar, Julius. -- De bello civili. -- English.
Military art and science -- Early works to 1800.
Gaul -- History -- 58 B.C.-511 A.D.
Rome -- History -- Republic, 265-30 B.C.
Link to this Item
http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A31706.0001.001
Cite this Item
"The commentaries of C. Julius Cæsar of his warres in Gallia, and the civil warres betwixt him and Pompey / translated into English with many excellent and judicious observations thereupon ; as also The art of our modern training, or, Tactick practise, by Clement Edmonds Esquire, ... ; where unto is adjoyned the eighth commentary of the warres in Gallia, with some short observations upon it ; together with the life of Cæsar, and an account of his medalls ; revised, corrected, and enlarged." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A31706.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Accessed June 4, 2024.

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CHAP. IV.

Caesar cometh into Gallia, and by a device getteth to his army.

THese things being told Caesar in I∣taly;* 1.1 assoon as he understood that the matters in the city were by the wisdome of Pompey brought into better state, he took his journey into Gallia, and being come thither he was much troubled how to get to his army. For if he should send for the Legions into the Province, he understood that they should be certainly fought withall by the way in his absence. If he himself should go unto them, he doubted how he might safely commit his person to any, although they were such as were yet in peace. In the mean time Lucterius of Cahors being sent against the Rutheni, doth easily unite that State to the Arverni: and proceeding further against the Nitiobriges and the Ga∣bali, he received hostages of both of them, and having raised a great power, he laboured

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to break into the Province, and to make to∣wards Narbo. Which being known, Caesar resolved by all means to put him by that pur∣pose, and went himself to Narbo. At his coming he incouraged such as stood doubtfull or timorous, and placed garrisons amongst the Rutheni, the Volsci, and about Narbo, which were frontier places and near unto the enemy, and commanded part of the forces which were in the Province, together with those supplies which he had brought out of Italy, to go a∣gainst the Helvii, which are adjoyning upon the Arverni. Things being thus ordered, Lucterius being now suppressed and removed holding it to be dangerous to enter among the garrisons, he himself went towards the Hel∣vii. And albeit the hill Gebenna, which di∣videth the Arverni from the Helvii, by reason of the hard time of winter and the depth of the snow, did hinder their passage; yet by the industry of the souldier making way through snow of six foot deep, they came into the con∣fines of the Arverni: who being suddenly and unawares suppressed, little mistrusting an in∣vasion over the hill Gebenna, which incloseth them in as a wall, and at that time of the year doth not afford a path to a single man alone, he commanded the horsemen to scatter them∣selves far and near to make the enemy the more afraid. These things being speedily carried to Vercingetorix, all the Arverni full of fear and amazement flocked about him, be∣seeching him to have a care of their State, and not to suffer themselves to be sacked by the e∣nemy, especially now at this time, when as all the war was transferred upon them. Upon their instant intreaty he removed his camp out of the territories of the Bituriges, and mar∣ched towards the country of the Arverni. But Caesar having continued two dayes in those places, forasmuch as he understood both by use and opinion, what course Vercingetorix was like to take; he left the army, pretending some supplies of horse, which he went to raise, and appointed young Brutus to command those for∣ces, admonishing him to send out the horsemen into all quarters, and that he himself would not be absent from the camp above three dayes. These things being thus settled, none of his followers knowing his determination, by great journeys he came to Vienna; where taking fresh horse, which he had layd there many dayes before, he ceased neither night nor day, untill he came through the confines of the Hedui to the Lingones, where two legions wintered: to the end if the Hedui should undertake any thing against him, he might with speed pre∣vent it. Being there, he sent to the rest of the Legions, and brought them all to one place, before the Arverni could possibly have notice of it.

OBSERVATIONS.

CAesar upon his first entrance into Gallia,* 1.2 was perplexed how to get to his army: and the matter stood in such terms, as brought ei∣ther the legions or his own person into hazard. For (as he saith) if he should send for the le∣gions to come unto him, they should doubt∣lesse be fought withall by the way, which he was loath to adventure, unlesse himself had been present: or otherwise if he himself had gone unto them, he doubted of the entertain∣ment of the revolting Galles, and might have o∣verthrown his army, by the losse of his own per∣son. In this extremity of choice, he resolved upon his own passage to the army, as lesse dangerous and more honourable, rather then to call the legions out of their wintering camps, where they stood as a check to bridle the inso∣lency of the mutinous Galles, and so to bring them to the hazard of battel in fetching their Generall into the field: whereby he might have lost the victory before he had begun the wars. And for his better safety in this passage, he u∣sed this cunning. Having assured the Roman Province by strong and frequent garrisons on the frontiers, and removed Lucterius from those parts; gathering together such supplies as he had brought with him out of Italy, with other forces which he found in the Province, he went speedily into the territories of the* 1.3 Arverni, making a way over the hill* 1.4 Gebenna, at such a time of the year as made it unpassable for any forces, had they not been led by Caesar; only for this purpose, to have it noised abroad, that whereas Vercingetorix and the Arverni had principally undertook the quarrell against the Romans, and made the beginning of a new war, Caesar would first deal with them, and lay the weight thereof upon their shoulders, by calling their fortunes first in question, to the end he might possesse the world with an opinion of his presence in that country, and draw Vercinge∣torix back again to defend his state, whilst he in the mean time did slip to his army without suspition or fear of perill: for staying there no longer then might serve to give a sufficient co∣lour to that pretence, and leaving those forces to execute the rest, and to make good the secret of the project, he conveyed himself to his army with such speed and celerity,* 1.5 as doth verify the saying of Suetonius; quod persaepe nuncios de se praevenit, that he often outwent the ordinary messengers.

These blinds and false intendments are of speciall use in matter of war, and serve as well to get advantages upon an enemy, as to clear a difficulty by cleanly evasion: neither is a Com∣mander the lesse valued for fine conveyance in military projects, but deserveth rather greater

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honour for adding art unto valour, and sup∣planting the strength of opposition with the sleight of wit.

—Dolus an virtus quis in hoste requirit?

Who looks at fraud or valour in a foe? hath alwayes been held a principle amongst men of warre. And Lisander his counsell is the same in effect, that where the Lions skin will not serve the turn, there take the Foxes. Carbo spake it to the commendation of Sylla, that he had to do both with a Lion and a Fox, but he feared more his Foxes pate then his Lions skin. It is reported that Anniball excelled all other of his time for abusing the enemy in matter of stratageme, for he never made fight but with an addition of assistants, supporting force with art, and the fury of armes with the subtiltie of wit.

Of late time amongst other practises of this nature, the treaty at Ostend is most memorable, entertained onely to gain time: that while speech of parlee was continued, and pledges de∣livered to the Archduke Albertus, for the safety of such as were sent into the town to capitulate with the Generall, there might be time gained for the sending in of such supplies of men and munition as were wanting, to make good the defence thereof: which were no sooner taken in, but the Treaty proved a stratageme of warre.

In these foiles and tricks of wit, which at all times and in all ages have been highly esteemed in men of warre, as speciall vertues beseeming the condition of a great Commander, if it be demanded how far a Generall may proceed in abusing an enemy by deeds or words; I cannot speak distinctly to the question: but sure I am, that Surena, Lieutenant generall of the Parthi∣an army, did his master good service, in abusing Crassus the Roman Generall by fair promises; or as Plutarch saith,* 1.6 by foul perjury, till in the end he brought his head to be an actor in a Tra∣gedy: albeit Surena never deserved well of good report since that time. Howsoever, men of civill society ought not to draw this into use from the example of souldiers, forasmuch as it is a part of the profession of cutting of throats, and hath no prescription but in extremities of warre.

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