Bartholinus anatomy made from the precepts of his father, and from the observations of all modern anatomists, together with his own ... / published by Nich. Culpeper and Abdiah Cole.

THE FOURTH BOOK OF THE LIMBS. (Book 4)

BY Limbs we understand those Members which grow as it were* 1.1 out from the Trunk of the Body, viz. the ARMES above, the LEGS be∣neath. In which are chiefly considered the Muscles, Veins, Arteries, Nerves* 1.2 and Bones. Of the four last I shall treat, in the four following Manuals: but of the Muscles of the Limbs in this Book, as also of the neighboring Parts, viz. the Head, Neck, Chest, Back, &c. their Muscles; not because they apper∣tain to the Limbs, but because in the Order of Disse∣ction, an Anatomist cannot shew them before the Muscles of the Limbs.

Chap. I. Of the Arm and Hand in Ge∣neral with the Nails.

ARistotle calls the Arm with its Hand,* 1.3 Organon Organón, the Instrument of Instruments, wherewith Man otherwise naked and unarmed is guifted, that he may not be in∣ferior to the Brute-beasts and conquered by them; but may overcome them, making for himself Weapons, and other necessary Instruments. Man therefore hath received Reason and Hands, which Beasts have not; and the Hand is his Servant and Instrument.

Now the old Writers Hippocrates and Galen by HAND did understand that* 1.4 Part of the Body, from the top of the Shoulder to the ends of the Fingers, and this is termed summa Manus.

And it is divided into the Arm and Hand strictly so called, or the extrema manus.

And the Arm is divided again, into the Shoulder and Cubit, the Shoulder is the part of the Arm from the Shoulder-tip to the bending of the Elbow.

The Cubit is that part from the bending of the El∣bow unto the Wrist.

The Manus extrema or Hand properly so called, is divi∣ded into the Brachiale or Wrist, which is the part be∣tween the Elbow and Palm; into the Postbrachiale or Metacarpum, after-wrist, which is the part between the Wrist and beginning of the Fingers, and into the Fingers. The Postbrachial part internal is called the Palm of the Hand, the external part is called the Back of the Hand.

There are many Fingers, that the acti∣on* 1.5 of the Hand might be the better per∣formed, which is laying hold: also that we might be able to take up the smallest matters, which we do by two fingers, and other things of many-shaped Figures: and because all things could not be comprehended with one hand, two were made that meeting together, the one might help the other.

The right Hand is more active com∣monly and more ready for motion, not* 1.6 for those causes which others childishly cite, but 1. Because in a mans right side is the Vena sine pari so called, which peradventure is double in such as can use both hands alike. 2. Because the bones are more heavy in the Shoulder, Shoulder-blade and whol arm, then on the other side, as some men know for certain; which may proceed from an impression of more plen∣tiful Heat in the Mothers Womb, the right part wher∣of is hotter then the other. Hence Aristotle teaches, that naturally the right hand excels the left; and in a∣nother place, he tells us the first endeavor of motion is on the right side; so that when a man is about to walk, first moves his right Leg; a Bird about to flie, moves first its right wing. 3. Because the trunk of the Sub∣clavian Artery is greater on the right side then the left, as they know that have diligently considered the mat∣ter in opposition to Riolanus, though the difference is not, neither needed to be very great. Plato conceives that all men are naturally ambidexters, viz. that they can use both hands alike, and that it is mens unskilful∣ness and ignorance that makes them right handed on∣ly or left handed. But Aristotle is of Opinion, that from our first Formation, the right sides of our Bodies, are alwaies in a manner hotter and stronger then the left, unless any man by much custom, and much exer∣cise, do draw much Heat and Spirit to his left Hand that he may become Ambidexter, and able to use it as his right.

Now the Fingers for perfection of A∣ction* 1.7 are made five in number, differing in length and thickness. Tis besides na∣ture, if either the Fingers be quite wan∣ting, which I have seen at Malta and at Florence; or if in place of true Fingers there appear only certain soft

marks as big as Peason, which I lately observed here at Hafnia.

The first is cal'd Pollex a Pollendo because of its strength, and it alone is opposed to the whole four, when any thing is to be taken up, and therefore it is thick.

The second is cal'd Index and Demonstrator, the she∣wer, or pointer: because therewith we point at any thing.

The third is the longest and middlemost, cal'd Im∣pudicus the shameless, because Physitians use it in filthy and stinking places; not is it wont to be adorned with Rings.

The fourth is termed Medicus, also Annularis, the Ring-finger, because it is adorned with a Gold Ring before any of the rest, by reason of a common bu•• false opinion Repugnant to Anatomy, viz. that a Vein should come from the Heart to this Finger above all the rest; now the Heart is comforted with Gold.

The fift cal'd Auricularis the Ear-finger, because fit∣test to pick the Ears, is smallest, and by us cal'd the lit∣tle Finger.

The Cause therefore of laying hold, which is the action of the Hand, or* 1.8 as others speak less accurately, its chie∣fest use, is the apt composition of the* 1.9 whole Hand. Yet the chief Organ of this motion is a Muscle: the strength is in the Bones, which are three in every fin∣ger, the lower of which as the sustainer is alwaies greater then that which is above it and stronger, and in the Joynts they are furnished on each fide with a Gristle, on which an Oyly moisture is poured out for Hummectations sake, and to Facilitate the moti∣on.

A secondary use of the Arms and Hands as Kyperus learnedly Discourses, is the better to help our going by their weight and ballancing; Yea and to speed our going; and therefore dancers on the Ropes, whose Foot is broader then that which they tread on, do bear themselves up with long Poles, and when they dance a pace, they ballance themselves with their Hands, which they move this way and that way.

The Nails are placed externally on the tops of the Fingers, as also of* 1.10 the Toes: whose upmost part being white, is called the Root of the Nailes, the white half Moon, and the little Skin which grows to the Root.

Their matter is not Alimentary Humors; as Aemi∣lius, Parisanus and Plempius would have it, and others, but thick Excrements, not which ascend from the Heart, as Rosa Anglicana conceives; or from the Ar∣teries, but from the Bones and Gristles, as the great Hippocrates doth affirm.

The Efficient is that heat which the Soul directs to this rather then any other part of the Body. But the Nailes are not made by the Soul, as Parisanus and Plempius contend, because in Cacochymick and Phlegmatick persons they grow more abundantly, in such as have been twenty five years dead, according to the observation of Pareus. Nor are we moved when they say that there is a great variety of colours in horns and shels of Fishes, for they no more prove the action of the Soul in such things, then in party co∣loured and speckled Marble.

Their End and Use is,

• I. To fence the ends of the Fingers and Toes which are exceeding soft, and to saveguard them by their hardness, so that they may more easily take up any thing. So in the Feet, that they may be able to resist the hardness of the Ground and stand firm. And therefore it was ill said by him of old, that the Gods had erred in their placeing the Nails.
• II. For ornament: and therefore we cover our Fingers when the Nails are impaired.
• III. To rub, scrarch and defend, which is a secon∣dary use.
• IV. To free the Body from superfluous Humors and steams Fuliginous.
• V. To afford Physiognomists and Physitians tokens of Life and Health, which may be seen in divers au∣thors. And Achmetes ch. 74. 75. interprets dreams concerning them, according to the Tradition of the Indians, Persians and Aegyptians.

Their form we gather from the Accidents.

Their Figure is somwhat convex, that they may ap∣ply themselves to the Fingers.

They have a substance indifferently hard that they may resist, but yet flexible, that they may yeild a lit∣tle and not break.

They are Transparent and therefore* 1.11 variously coloured: for according to the flesh beneath them, they are red, blew∣ish, &c. And therefore Physitians are wont to observe the Colour of the Nails; for the Nails, for examples sake, grow pale when the heat of the Heart is deficient; in such as are at deaths door they are livid and brown. Those same white spots which in yong people somtimes appear in their Nails, spring from a vigorous heat, which drives hidden Excrements to the Nails, and separates them from others of a different Nature.

They are knit about the Root with a* 1.12 Ligament, and Skin grows about them without; and flesh grows under them, or rather the tendons of Muscles, there dilated: there is therefore in that place an exquisite sense, and great pain when they are hurt.

And so much may suffice to have spoken of the Nails, briefly, and by way of Compendium.

Chap. II. Of the Muscles of the Humerus, or of the Bra∣chium, peculiarly so called.

THe common containing Parts being removed, viz. the Scarf-skin, the Skin, the Fat, the Mem∣brana carnosa, &c. the MUSCLES shew themselves, by which the motion is made, of which I am to treat in this whole Book; in a convenient place, though Hof∣man think otherwise, especially because the Doctrin of the Muscles is useful and necessary, by reason of Issues, Wounds, &c. And in the other parts they could not be treated off.

Now touching the action of the Muscles of the Arm in general, it is to be noted, that the inner Muscles do mostly serve to bend, and the outer to extend. And in the whole Arm the internal Muscles are more and stronger then the external, because bending is more worthy then the extension.

The Humerus is variously moved,* 1.13 and therefore it hath sundry Muscles, partly lying upon the Chest, and partly growing to the Scapulae or Shoulder-blades, &c. Some reckon them seven, o∣thers

[illustration]

[illustration]

[illustration]

[illustration]

The FIGURE Explained.

This TABLE represents all the Muscles of the Body described by the Authour, which are to be seen before.

• AA. The Muscles of the Neck, called Musculi long.
• B. The Muscles Scalenus.
• C. The Muscle Mastoides which bends the Head.
• dd. The Vertebra's of the Neck.
• E. The Levator Scapulae, lifter of the Shoulder.
• FF. The Claviculae or Chanel bones.
• G. The Breast-bone, call'd Sternum.
• H. The Acromon or Shoulder-tip.
• ii. The Musculus Subclavius.
• K. The Pectoral Muscle.
• L. The Muscles Deltoides.
• MM. The Muscle Biceps.
• N. The Musculus perforatus, or bored Muscle.
• O. The Serratus minor, or Smaller-saw-muscle.
• PP. The greater Saw-muscle, or Serratus ma••or.
• qqqq. The Intercostal or Rib between Muscles.
• RRRR. The branchiaeus on each Arm, conspicuous from each part of the Biceps.
• SS. The first Arm extender, or the Longus.
• TT. The Musculus Radij pronator rotundus.
• V. Radij Pronator Quadratus.
• W. Supinator Radij primus.
• X. Carpi flexor primus or externus.
• Y. Musculus palmaris.
• Z. Carpi flexor alter, or the internus.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Os Radij.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Os Cubiti.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Ligament which fastens the Cubitus to the Radi••••?
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Digitorum flexor sublimus or Perforatus.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Profundus or Perforans, under the former.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Musculi Lumbricales.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Flexor pollicis or Thumb-bender.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Muscles which draw the Thumb towards the Hand.

The following Characters serve to point out those Muscles, which run out from the Region of the Loyns to the End of the Feet, in the forepart of the Body.

• A. The Muscle Ps••as or Lumbaris.
• B. The Muscle Iliacus.
• C. The Obturator internus.
• DDDD. The Musculus Triceps, or Tripple-headed Muscle.
• EE. The Musculus Lividus.
• FF. The Rectus in its scituation, but on the right Leg hanging by its End.
• GG. The Vastus internus.
• H. The Vastus externus, which on the right Leg hangs separated.
• H. The Musculus membranosus, or the Fascia lata.
• KK. The Musculus Crureus.
• LL. The Musculus longus, Fascialis or Sartorius.
• MM. The Musculus gracilis.
• NN. The Musculus Tabiaeus anticus.
• O. The Musculus peroneus Biceps.
• PP. The Muscle which extends the four Toes of the Foot.
• Q. The Muscle which extends the great Toe.
• R. The Musculus Gastroenemius.
• rrrr. The Musculi Interossei.
• S. The transverse Ligament of the Foot.
• T. The Tibia.
• V. The Fibula.
• X. The Patella.

eight and Casserius nine. For the Arm is said to be lift up by two Muscles, Deltoides and Supra-spinatus; and downwards by two, the Ani scalptor and Rotundus major: forewards by one alone, viz. the Pectoralis; backwards by three, the Infra-spinatus and Sub-scapu∣laris, and the Transversus brevior. But they conceive the circular motion thereof is caused by all of them acting one after another: but others will have the Arm to be wheeled about by the Infra-spinatus, Supra∣spinatus, and Sub-scapularis. But I shall in recounting them follow the order of Dissection.

The first is termed Pectoralis, because it takes up the Breast or forepart of the Chest being great and fleshy; which Galen conceived might be divided into three or four.

It arises from wellnigh the whole Brest-bone, and the Gristles thereto annexed; where it is a little ten∣dinous in part of the Clavicula, and the fift, sixt and seventh true Ribs. 'Tis implanted with a short, broad Nervous and strong tendon, into the Os Humeri, be∣tween the Deltoides and the Biceps.

Its Use is, to move the Arm to the Brest, and as the Fibres are contracted more to the upper or lower part or right forward, so doth the Arm incline this way or that way. This is the Muscle which suffers in that torment which the Italians call Tratta de corda, the Strappado. For it is very much haled and drawn a sunder, when the Arms are pulled forcibly back∣wards.

The second is called Deltoides, from its likeness to the Greek letter Δ also Triangularis Humeralis, which is fleshy and so abides, and is spread upon the Head of the Shoulder.

It arises from the middle of the Clavicula, looking towards the Scapula, and from the top of the Humerus, with a fleshy end indeed, but yet a strong tendon lies concealed therein.

Its Use is to lift up the Arm. In the* 1.14 middle hereof the Ancients were wont to make Fontanels or Issues; but o∣thers in the external part of the said Muscles: but an Issue is better made in the space be∣tween the Deltoides and the Biceps, as I shew in my Treatise of Issues, because 1. There is the Cephalick or Head Vein. 2. It is between two Muscles. 3. It may be very well seen and dressed by the Patient. Now the place is exactly found below the Shoulder joynt, four or five Fingers bredth, where when you bend the Arm you may feel the space between the two Muscles, and the Arm being lift up, it is Circumscri∣bed in fat persons with a small Cavity, as Claudinus, Solenander and others observe. Ferrara measures four Fingers bredth from the Elbow upwards. See also Glandorpius.

The third is broadest of all, and with its fellow covers almost the whole Back. 'Tis called Ani Scalptor, Claw∣breech, because it draws the Arm backwards and down∣wards.

It arises with a membranous and very broad be∣ginning, from the points of the Vertebra's of the Back bone, from the Os sacrum and Ilium, as far as to the six: Vertebra of the Chest. It is inserted between the Pectoral and the round Muscle, with a strong, short and broad Tendon. Its shape is triangular.

Fallopius out of Galen against Vesalius, doth teach that this Muscle is furnished with a new, but very smal beginning, while from the lower Corner of the Shoul∣der-blades, it receives very many fleshy Fibres. This Muscle because it hath a large beginning, and there∣fore divers Fibres; according as they are variously contracted, so the Shoulder is either drawn more up∣wards or depressed more downwards. And because it also passes through the lower corner of the Shoulder blade therefore it lightly draws the same also away with the Shoulder.

The fourth is called Rotundus major, and it is obli∣quely seated behind, under the Axilla, being fleshy, thick, and rounder then the rest.

It arises fleshy from the Rib of the lower Scapula, and ascending a little with its tendon, short, broad, and strong, it is implanted with the Pectoral, into the up∣per and lower part of the Humerus.

Its Use is, to draw the Arm downwards and back∣wards, and to work contrary to the Deltoides.

The first is short and round, quite fleshy, which arises with a sharp beginning out of the lowest corner of the Scapula; after it grows thicker and thicker to the middle of its belly, and thence growing smaller by little and little, it terminates with an acute end into that Ligament, wherewith the Head of the Shoulder is involved.

It hath an oblique Scituation, and some call it Trans∣versus musculus brevior, others Rotundus minor. And it is the eighth in Fallopius his account: which Mus∣cle others suppose to be a certain portion of the fourth.

The sixt is called Infra-spinatus, also Superscapularis inferior, because it covers the whole external bunching part of the Scapula, whose form also it bears; but be∣coming more narrow, it is with a broad and short Li∣gament inserted into the Shoulder.

It is thought to wheel the Arm backwards and outwards.* 1.15

The seventh is the Supraspinatus, also Su∣perscapularis superior, also Rotundus minor; it is fleshy and somewhat longish, over the Armpit; it fills the Cavity between the upper Rib of the scapula, and the Spina thereof, out of which it grows.

Now it is inserted with a broad and strong tendon, into the Neck of the Humerus, at the Ligament of the joynt, being carryed above the first joynt.

The Use of this is thought to be the same with that of the former. Others conceive it moves upwards with the Deltois.

The eighth is termed Subscapularis or Immersus; be∣ing very fleshy, it quarters betwixt the Scapula and the Ribs, and takes up the inner part of the Scapula; but it is inserted with a broad tendon, internally, into the second Ligament of the Humerus.

Its Use is to bring about the Arm inwards.

The ninth Muscle was first observed by Arantius and Placentinus, being in the former part of the Arm and called Perforatus.

It arises from the Coracoides Processus of the Scapula (and is therefore by Riolanus called Coracordeus, or Co∣racobrachiaeus) it is inserted into the inner part of the Shoulder about the middle, by the tendon of the Del∣toides. It hath a beginning nervous and short, a long round Belly sufficiently corpulent, and a strong ten∣don. Its Belly hath an hole bored in it, and gives pas∣sage to the Nerves, which are distributed to the Mus∣cles of the Cubit. This Muscle others have only ter∣med a Musculous Portion of the Biceps.

'Tis useful to draw the Arm to the Process of the Scapula; or draw it forward upon the Breast.

Chap. 3. Of the Muscles of the Scapula or Shoulder-blade.

BEcause the Scapula is moved forward and back∣ward; upward, and downward; therefore it hath received four Muscles. To which nevertheless others add two more,* 1.16 viz. the Serratus major and the Diga∣stricus, but they do not well. For the later is proper to the Oshyoides, the former to the Chest.

I. The first is called SERRATUS MINOR, and it is spred under the Musculus pectoralis.

It arises from the four upper Ribs, excepting the first and ascending obliquely upwards, with an end partly fleshy, and partly tendinous, it is inserted into the Sca∣pula by the Proceslus ancoriformis.

Its Use is to draw forward into the Breast.

II. The second is by Galen called Trapezius, others term it Cucullaris, because it resembles a Friars Cowl. But that this Muscle was given our first Parents, as the Badge of a religious life, as Riolanus conjectures, I do not believe, because others are religious that wear no Cowles, and many are irreligious that wear them, whether you look at their Profession or Manners. However this Name was given this Muscle by Chri∣stian Physitians, because of its likeness to a Monks Cowl.

It arises fleshy and thin from the hinder-part of the Head. From whence it descends to the eighth Verte∣bra of the Chest, and from thence as also from the hin∣der part of the Head growing small by little and little, it is inserted into the Back-bone, the Scapula, the top of the Shoulder and the Clavicula.

But because of its various Original and various Fi∣bres,

It variously moves the Scapula, upwards, oblique∣ly, by reason of Fibres obliquely descending from the hind-part of the head to the Omoplata, which Riolanus denies in vain; downwards, by reason of the carriage of fibres, ascending from the eighth Vertebra of the Back; and right out to the Back, by reason of right fibres in the middle of the Muscle, stretched out to the Scapula.

III. The third is the Rhomboides from its figure like a Diamond, scituate under the Cucullaris, thin and broad.

It arises from the three lower Vertebra's of the Neck and the three upper Vertebra's of the Chest, and with, the same latitude is inserted into the Basis of the Scapula.

Its Use is to draw back a little obliquely upwards.

IV. Is the Levator, which others call the Muscle of Patience; because those whose Affairs go cross, are wont to lift up their Shoulders: it is above the Cla∣vicula.

It arises from the five transverse Processes of the Ver∣tebra's of the Neck, with sundry beginnings (which

makes it seem divers Muscles) which soon grow into one: and its Insertion is in the higher and lower cor∣ner of the Scapula, with a broad and fleshy tendon. Its Use is, to draw forward and lift up the Scapula and the Humerus.

With these Muscles the Scapula is moved directly or of it self, and the Brachium per accidens, accidentally; as the Scapula is accidentally moved by the Muscles of the Brachium.

Chap. 4. Of the Muscles of the Chest, or which serve for Respiration.

VEry many Muscles serve for Respiration; as the Midriff, all the Intercostal Muscles, some of the Belly (of which I have treated in the first and second Book) and some

Proper to the CHEST, which are reckoned on each side six; to which nevertheless Fallopius adds three in the Neck; which in Vesalius are parts of Muscles possessing the Breast and Back.

The proper Muscles of the Chest do grow thereto: two in the forepart, subclavius and triangularis; Serra∣tus major possesses the Sides; the rest are in the hinder∣part, viz. the two Serrati postici and the Sacrolumbus.

I. The SUBCLAVIUS, because 'tis seated under the Clavicula, fills the place between it and the first Rib. Platerus reckons it amongst the Intercostals.

It arises fleshy from the inner and lower part of the Clavicula: it is inserted fleshy into the upper part of the first Rib, which it draws upwards and outwards. And this is the first muscle which dilates or distends the Chest. To this Spigelius assigns a contrary use, viz. to draw the Clavicula downwards▪ which nevertheless is of it self immoveable, and therefore he ascribes there∣unto a Rise and an Insertion contrary to it.

II. The SERRATUS MAJOR, is a great, broad, and every way fleshy muscle, with the oblique descendent of the Abdomen, it makes a Saw-like Combination.

It arises fleshy, from the internal Basis of the Scapu∣la. Riolanus hath observed an higher Original there∣of, from the two upper Ribs, as far as to the Clavicu∣la, which two Ribs seem immoveable. It is carried by its tendon, with five unequal ends, to the five true Ribs, and sometimes to two bastard Ribs; which it lifts up. Spigelius also and Veslingus do ascribe a con∣trary Use hereunto, and consequently a contrary Ori∣ginal, and Insertion,

III. SERRATUS POSTICUS SUPERIOR minor, does quarter under the Rhomboides in the Back, between the two Shoulder-blades.

It arises membranous from the lower Spines of the Neck, and the first of the Back: it is inserted into the three Intervals of the four upper Ribs, being tripar∣tite: and it draws those Ribs upwards.

IV. SERRATUS POSTICUS INFERIOR major, is membranons and broad almost in the middle of the Back, under the Musculus latissimus or Ani scalptor ari∣sing from the Spines or sharp points of the lower Ver∣tebra's of the Back. It is inserted into the Intervals of the four lower Ribs, being parted as it were into Fin∣gers. Its Use to widen the lower part of the Chest.

V. Is spred under the former, and by others suppo∣sed to be common to the Back and Chest. 'Tis call∣ed SACROLUMBUS, because it arises from the lower part of Os sacrum, and the sharp points of the Verte∣bra's of the Loins. It is fleshy within, nervous with∣out. It is inserted into the lower Ribs, with a double tendon, one external which is strongest, the other in∣ternal. It is not easily separated from the lowest mus∣cle of the Back, so that it seems to be a parcel thereof. Its Use according to Veslingus, to contract the Chest. Spigelius conceives as I do, that because it grows out of one beginning with the Musculus longissimus of the Back, that therefore it extends and raises up the Chest.

VI. Is the TRIANGULARIS, small and subtile, in lean persons scarce fleshy, it lies inwardly concealed under the Breast-bone, out of the lower part whereof, it hath its Original. And therefore it may convenient∣ly be called the Muscle of the Breast-bone. Its ob∣liquely inserted into the lower Gristles, which it draws to, and straitens the Chest.

Chap. V. Of the Muscles of the Head.

THe HEAD is moved, either secondarily by the mus∣cles of the Neck, according to the motion thereof; or primarily upon the first Vertebra, to which it is im∣mediately and closely joyned, bein bent forward and backward. It is turned round upon the tooth-fashio∣ned Process of the second Vertebra (on which the hind-part of the Head rests, and to which it is firmly fastned) as it were upon an Axle-tree; which motion is performed by nine pare of Muscles.

The first pare is long and thick, by some called Sple∣nium, spred out on each side upon the Vertebrae. It arises from a double beginning, one from the Spinae of the upper Vertebra's of the Chest, another from the five lower Spinae of the Vertebra's of the Neck, from which it is carried to the middle of the Occiput. Its Use is, to draw the Head directly backwards. But if only one do act, the motion is thought to be made circularly to one side.

The second is implicated and complicated, and there∣fore termed Complexum. It seems to consist as it were of three Muscles. It hath divers beginnings, at the seventh Vertebra of the Neck, at the first, third and fourth of the Chest, and it is after a different manner implanted into the Occiput.

Riolanus observes touching the Fibres of the Spleni∣um and the Complexus, that they are cross-wayes in∣tersected, and disposed for the strength of both the Muscles.

The third Pare is scituate under the second, small and thick, which Vesalius would have to be the fourth part of the former Muscle. It is inserted into the hinder∣more Root of the Processus mammillaris Its Use is, lightly to bring the Head backwards; and if but one act, to bring it backwards to one side.

The fourth pare is called Rectum majus, being small, fleshy and lean. It arises from the second Vertebra of the Neck; ends into the middle of the Occiput.

The fift pare called Rectum minus, lies concealed under the former pare. Its Rise is from the first Ver∣tebra of the Neck, its insertion and Use is as of the third and fourth.

The sixt is the Obliquum superius, which lies also be∣neath. It rises according to some, out of the middle of the Occiput, and descending is inserted athwart, in∣to the points of the Processes of the Neck. But others among whom Veslingus do rightly think it arises from the Process of the first Vertebra, and ends into the Oc∣ciput▪

by the outward side of the Recti.

The seventh called Obliquum inferius, arises from the second Vertebra of the Neck, and is inserted into the transverse Process of the first Vertebra.

The Use of the two oblique Muscles, is to bring the Head about to the Sides.

The eighth called Mastoides, arises long and round in the forepart of the Neck, for the most part double, from the upper part of the Brest-bone and the Clavi∣cula: it is inserted with a fleshy and thick End, into the Mammillary Process, which it embraces. Its Use is to turn the Head.

A ninth pare is added by Fallopius, under the Throat, in the forepart of the Neck, lying near the first pare of the Neck. It arises nervous from the Ligaments of the Vertebra's of the Neck; and is inserted into the Basis of the Head, which it turns in like manner with the former.

Chap. 6. Of the Muscles of the Neck▪

THe Muscles of the Neck are on each side four. The two first extend, the two others do bend the same.

I. The two LONG ONES lye hid under the Oeso∣phagus or Gullet, arising from the first Vertebra of the Chest, with a beginning fleshy and sharp, they ascend into the extuberant Process of the first Vertebra, with an acute tendon, and sometimes are inserted into the Occiput, near its great Hole.

Its Use is, to bend the Neck right forwards and the Head withal: and if but one act, it turns it on the one side.

The SCALENI so called, which some count Muscles of the Chest, have a peculiar Hole, through which Veins and Arteries enter into the Arms. They arise fleshy, at the side of the Neck, from the first Rib; they are inserted inwardly into all the Vertebra's for the most part of the Neck, and especially into their trans∣verse Processes.

III. The TRANSVERSALES duo, seated in the back, do rise from the six Vertebra's of the Chest which are uppermost and outmost: they are inserted externally into all the transverse Processes of the Vertebra's of the Neck. And between these Nerves go out. Their Use is, to extend or to bend backwards, but if one act alone, to move obliquely.

IV. The two SPINATI possess the whole Neck be∣tween the Spinae, and are long and large. They arise from five Spines of the Vertebra's of the Neck, and seven of the Chest. They are strongly implanted into the whole lower part of the Spine of the second Verte∣bra. Their Use is the same as of the third pare.

Chap. 7. Of the Muscles of the Back and Loins.

THe Spine of the Back or Back-bone is moved for∣ward, backward, to the right and to the left, and circularly. Yea, and in tumblers we may see infinite motions of the Back. For tendons are brought to all the Vertebra's, as though the Muscles were many and infinite; which tendons nevertheless many Anato∣mists do refer to some one great Muscle, and say that one Muscle hath many tendons. But commonly, they make four pare of Muscles of the back: where it is to be observed, if only one act, the back-bone is moved side-wayes, if the pare acts, it is either bended or ex∣tended.

The first pare is termed QUADRATUM, adhering to the transverse Processes of the Vertebra's of the Loins;

[illustration]

The FIGURE Explained.

This TABLE presents certain Muscles which do first offer themselves to sight, in the Hinder-part of the Body.

• aa. The Muscles of the Head called Complexi.
• BB. The Muscles called Splenij.
• CC. The two Levators Scapulae.
• D. The Trapezius or Cucullaris out of its place.
• E. The Supra-spinatus.
• F. The Infra-spinatus.
• G. The Rotundus major.
• h. The Rotundus minor.
• II. The Rhomboides.
• KK. The Dorsi latissimus.
• L. The Serratus posticus superior.
• M. The Serratus posticus inferior.
• NN. The Dorsi longissimus.
• OO. The Sacrolumbus.
• P. The Quadratus.
• Q. The Sacer Dorsi musculus.
• R. The Musculus longus which extends the Arm.
• S. The Musculus brevis, the other Arm-extender.
• TT. The Supinator Brachij alter, according to our Author, see the first pare in the next Table.
• V. The Extensor Carpi primus, which some term Bicornis here hanging down▪
• W. The Extensor Carpi secundus.
• XXxx. The two Extensores Digitorum.
• Z. The External Apophysis of the Shoulder.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Deltoides.
• T. The Brachieus.

These following Characters demonstrate the Muscles of the lower Limbs.

• A. The Glutaeus major out of its place.
• B. The Glutaeus medius in its place.
• C. The Pyriformis Musculus.
• D. The Ob••uratus internus or Marsupialis.
• EE. The Biceps which bends the Leg.
• ••g. The Seminervosus.
• hh. The Gracilis.
• III. The Triceps of the left Side.
• K. The Vastus externus.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Triceps of the right Side.
• LL. The Popliteus.
• MM. The two Castro••nemij, which on the left side are •••• their proper Scituation, on the right side out of the same.
• NN. The Musculus soleus.
• O. The Musculus plantaris.

[illustration]

[illustration]

between 164 and 165

[illustration]

inwardly from the Bones Ilium and Sacrum, broad and fleshy. Riolanus would rather bring them from the transverse Apophyses of the two lower Ver∣tebra's of the Back, and the last Rib, that it might with the oblique descending Muscles and the right ones, a∣gitate and move forwards the Fabrick of the Ossa Ilij. Howbeit, seeing that Hypothesis is as yet uncertain, and himself confesses with Gajus, that the business is to be understood, of the bowing of the Loins, and the frame of the Ilian Bones; according to the Original by me assigned, the Use of this Muscle is rather to bend the Vertebra's of the Loins.

The second being called LONGISSIMUM, arises with an acute and strong Tendon, without tendinous, with∣in fleshy, from the end of Os sacrum, the Vertebra's of the Loins, and the Os Ilij; having the same begin∣ning with the Sacrolumbus, wherewith it is in a man∣ner confounded, til in the Progress it is separated the re∣from, by the lowest Vertebra of the Back. And it is joyned afterward to each transverse process of the Ver∣tebra's of the Loins and Back, unto which it affords tendons like Claspes, and at length ends somtimes into the first Vertebra of the Chest, somtimes at the mam∣millary processes, near the Temples-bone. Its Use is, to extend the Chest, Loins, and their Vertebra's.

The third under this, is that which is called SACRUM, because it arises from the Os sacrum behind, being fle∣shy, and ends into the Spina of the twelfth Vertebra of the Chest (or as others say, into the Spines also, and oblique processes of the Vertebra's of the Loins) with sundry tendons. The Use is as of the former.

The fourth the SEMISPINATUM, arising where the former ends, and embracing all the Spines of the Ver∣tebra's of the Chest, and giving them tendons; and it ends into the Spine of the first Vertebra of the Chest. Its Use is to rear up the Chest.

If all eight act, they hold the Back straight, and do as it were sustain a man. Nor are there any muscles of the Loins, save these, and what have been explain∣ed before, which I have omitted, as Riolanus objects, or whereof I have been ignorant.

Chap. 8. Of the Muscles of the Cubitus and Radius.

THe Muscles of the CUBIT, according* 1.17 to the arbitrary Method of Dissecti∣on follow. Yet I do advise the Dissector, that the Muscles of the Radius are not to be shewed immediately after those, but last of all; but after the Muscles of the Cubit, those of the fingers, thumb and wrist; because the Muscles of these parts being shewn and removed, the Insertions of the Muscles of the Ra∣dius, are more couveniently discerned. Otherwise the Brachium may follow next after the demonstration of the Muscles of the Cubitus and Radius, by an Or∣der free for any one to follow.

The Muscles of the Cubit are four, and of the RA∣DIUS as many.

There are two Benders of the Cubit, as the Biceps and Brachiaeus: two Extenders, viz. the Longus and the Brevis.

There are two Pronators of the Radius, the Rotun∣dus and the Quadratus, and two Supinators, the Lon∣gior and Brevior.

For the proper Motion of the Cubit is flexion and extension. But the Radius makes the whole Arm prone or supine.

The first of the Cubit is termed BICEPS; because of its double distinct Beginning, which is from the Scapu∣la, the one tendinous and round, from the upper lie of the Acerabulum, the other broader and less tendi∣nous, from the Processus ancoriformis. And it is inserted with the Head of the Radius, and possesses the in∣ner part of the Arm with its Body. The tendon of this Muscle ought in Blood-letting to be taken heed of.

The second lying under this, and spred out upon the bone it self, being short, is called BRACHIAEUS; 'tis all fleshy, less then the former; artses from the middle bone of the Brachium, and is before inserted into the common beginning of the Cubitus and Radius, and the Ligament of the Joynt.

The third is the EXTENDENS primus and LONGUS, it arises with a double beginning, from the lower Rib of the Scapula, is ended being fleshy in the Olecra∣num.

The fourth is the EXTENDENS secundus and BRE∣VIS; it arises from the Neck of the Humerus, is be∣hind mixed with the precedent, and occupies the Os Humeri; and it ends into the part of the Olecranum on which we lean.

Casserius adds a fift called tertius extendens, which o∣thers count a portion of the fourth Muscle; but he counts it a distinct Muscle, as later Anatomists Riola∣nus and Veslingus do, which they term Anconeus. But he would have it to be a portion of his Brachiaeus, be∣cause it sticks sometimes close to the fleshy Extremity thereof, and to answer to the Poplitaeus, that an equali∣ty may be maintained between the foot and the hand. It springs out of the hinder extremity of the Shoulder, by the end of the fourth and third Muscle, and passing beyond the Joynt of the Cubir, it is also inserted by its hinder and lateral part, yet not above a fingers bredth beyond the Olecranum, into the Os Cubiti.

Moreover Galen seems to add a sixt, which is the fourth Extender, viz. a fleshy Lump hudled up of the two former, which Riolanus calls Brachiaeus externus, to difference it from the Brachiaeus intern is flectens, be∣cause being spred out upon the outside of the Brachi∣um, it is placed under the two former.

The first Muscle of the Radius is termed ROTUN∣DUS, or Teres; from the inner Apophysis of the Arm by a strong and fleshy beginning, it ends obliquely ve∣ry near into the middle of the Radius, with a fleshy end, and likewise a membranous tendon, which Spige∣lius writes, does go again to the middle of the Radius, and is knit to the outward side of the said Radius.

The second QUADRATUS, reaching from the lowest part of the Cubita, into the lowest of the Radiu••s, wholly fleshy, every where two fingers broad; it goes above that Ligament common to the Radius and Cu∣bitus. These are the Manus pr••natores.

The third is the SUPINATOR PRIMUS, from the lo∣wer part of the Brachium growing sharp, till it reach into the lower part of the Radius, fleshy, where it is inserted with a tendinous End.

The fourth is the SUPINATOR ALTER, growing from the outward Apophysis of the Arm, fleshy, membra∣nous without, fleshy within, and is inserted into the middle wel-near of the Radius.

Among the Muscles of the Radius Casserius once found two little ones, and very small, about the Joynt Cubit, and proceeding in an opposite fashion, and moving the Radius Prone and Supine like a Pulley. Howbeit, I found them not as yet. I have somtimes seen in their place, in a musculous man, one triangular

Muscle, arising from the top of the Shoulder, and end∣ing about the middle of the same, with a fleshy and narrow end, nor was it the portion of any Muscle, all which we had before diligently separated.

Chap 9. Of the Muscles of the Wrist and Fingers.

TO the Muscles of the WRIST and the Hollow of the Hand, is the Musculus PALMARIS referred, arising from the inner Apophysis of the Arm, with a round and tendinous beginning, spred almost over all the Muscles of the Hand, it is stretched out over the Hol∣low of the Hand, and cleaves exceeding fast to the Skin: where under the Skin in the hollow of the hand is a broad Tendon; whence proceeds that exquisite Sense which is in that part: and it ends into the first Intervals between the Joynts of the Fingers: it seems to have been made, that the Hand might take the bet∣ter hold, when the Skin of the Palm is wrinkled.

To this they add the Membrana carnosa which they will have to open the Palm of the Hand when it is contracted; also a four squa e Parcel of Flesh growing out of that Membrane, resembling certain Muscles; either to extend the Palm when the Hand is open, as Spige∣lius conceives, or to make it hollow, which Riolanus would have.

The Muscles of the Wrist or CARPUS are four; two Benders which are internal; two Extenders, which are external.

The first Bender (which Riolanus calls Cubiteus inter∣nus, to whom we are beholden for these Names) ari∣sing from the internal Apophysis of the Arm, and be∣ing stretched over the Elbow, it is implanted with a thick Tendon, into the fourth Bone of the Wrist.

The other, Radius internus because it is drawn a∣long the Radius, arising from the same beginning, ends into the first Bone of the Metacarpium, under the fore∣finger.

The Extensor primus, or Radius externus, arises with a broad Beginning, from the external Apophysis of the Arm, and then growing more fleshy and spred out

[illustration]

The Explication of the FIGURE.

This TABLE shews the rest of the Muscles, which are visible in the Hinder-part of the Body, those which lay by them or over them being removed.

• aa. The Muscles of the Head called Recti minores.
• bb. The Recti majores so called.
• cc. The obliqui Superiores.
• dd. The obliqui Inferiores.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Levator Scapulae.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Rotundus minor.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Serratus major.
• EE. The Musculi transversales belonging to the Neck.
• ffff. The Spinari duo.
• GG. The Sacrolumbus.
• HH. The Dorsi longissimus in its proper Scituation.
• II. The same out of its place, that it may be seen.
• K. The Semispinatus of the Back.
• LL. The sacer Musculus of the Back.
• MM. The Musculi Quadrati of the Back.
• N. The first Supinator Brachij,
• O. The first Extensor Carpi, or the Bicornis out of its proper place.
• P. The other Extensor Carpi.
• QQ. The two Extensores Digitorum out of their place.
• R. The Extensor Indicis.
• SS. The two Pollicem extendentes.

These following Characters design the Muscles of the lower Limbs.

• A. The Glutaeus medius out of its place.
• B. The Glutoeus minimus in its place.
• CC. The same out of its place.
• DD. The Pyriformis on both sides.
• E. The Marsupialis, or Obturator internus.
• F. The same in the left side out of its place.
• G. The Marsupium neatly expressed.
• HH. The Obturator externus.
• K. The fourth of the Quadragemini, by the Author called Quadratus.
• LL. The Biceps which bends the Leg.
• MM. The Semimembranosus.
• NN. The Seminervosus.
• OO. The Gracilis.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Musculus triceps.
• ••. The Crureus.
• PP. The Tibieus posticus.
• QQ. The Flexor Digitorum Pedis, Magn•••• or Perforans.
• R. The Flexor minor or Perforatus.
• SSS. The Flexor Pollicis,
• t. The Pollicis Adductor.
• u. The Pollicis Abductor.
• x. The Abductor minimi.
• z. The fleshy Mass in the Sole of the Foot.

upon the Radius, and ends into a double Tendon, at the first and second Bone of Os Metacarpi.

The other, Cubiteus externus, from the same begin∣ning, through the length of the Cubit, goes with one Tendon into the fourth Bone of the Metacarpe under the little Finger.

The FINGERS are bended, extended, drawn to, and drawn away.

Bended by the Muscles Sublimis and Profundus.

The former from the inner Apophysis of the Arm, before it comes to the Wrist, is divided into four Ten∣dons, inclosed in a Ligament, as it were in a Ring: they are inserted into the second Joynting of the Fin∣gers, a Cleft being first made, which the Tendons of the following Muscle do pass through, whence it is termed Perforatus, the bored Muscle.

The later spred out under the former and like unto it, is inserted through the Clifts of the former Ten∣dons, into the Joynting. And therefore it is called Perforans, the Borer.

Concerning these Ligaments of the Fingers, it is to be observed. 1. That by an elegant Workmanship of Nature, a long slit is made in each of them, that the Ligaments of the third Joynting may pass through

them as through an Arch. 2. That the membranous sheath does straitly embrace and keep in the said Ten∣dons, least in the bending of the hand; they should be removed out of their place. 3. That a strong membra∣nous Ring does in the wrist bind together all the Ten∣dons internal and external, which being cut asunder, they are easily removed out of their places.

Iacobus Silvius reckons the Extensores for one Mus∣cle; and calls it Tensor Digitorum, whereas both their Originals and Insertions do vary. They are two and arise commonly from the external Apophy∣fis of the Arm, and the ring-fashioned ligament, and with their bored ligaments, being first collected, they are then inserted confusedly into the second and third joynt.

The Fingers are drawn to by four muscles called Lumbricales or Vermiculares worm-fashioned muscles, from their shape and smallness. They arise from the tendons of the Musculus profundus, and being drawn out along the sides of the fingers, they are obliquely carried unto the third joynting. Spigelius and Vestin∣gus will have them to be inserted by a round tendon only into the first joynting, whom I have somtimes found to be in the right, their tendon being mixed with the membranes of the interjuncture.

The Abductores interossei are six, in the spaces of the Metacarp, three external and three internal, which joyning with the vermiculary do go along the outsides and insides of the fingers, and stretch their tendons to the three inter-joyntings. They serve in some mea∣sure for extension. The External rest upon the Palm, the Internal upon the hollow of the Hand, between the bones of the Metacarp.

The Muscles which bend the Thumb are two.

The first arising from the upper part of the radius is inserted into one of the joynts.

The other arising from the wrist bone, under the Thumb, is inserted into the middle of the said Thumb. It lies wholly under the former.

There are two Extendentes or stretchers out, which arise from the Cubit. The first reaches unto the third Interjuncture, the other unto the second, and the rest, with many tendons; sometimes one, sometimes two, and otherwhiles three.

The Abducentes are three; two arising from the Me∣tacarpium, and the third from the bone of the Meta∣carp, which looks towards the forefinger: which Rio∣lanus calls Autithenar, as the other the former of the bringers to, Hypothenar Pollicis.

The Abducentes or drawers away are three nameless muscles, save that the said Riolanus calls one of them Thenar.

The Forefinger has two proper muscles, which some confound, the first is the Abductor, arising from the first Interjoynting of the Thumb, and terminated into the bones of the Forefinger, wherewith the said Fore∣finger is drawn from the rest of the Fingers, towards the Thumb.

The other is the Indicis extensor the stretcher of the Forefinger which Riolanus calls Indicatorem the point∣er, as also Veslingus, though he confound it with the Abductor. It arises from the middle and external part of the Cubit, and ends with a double tendon, into the second interjointure of the forefinger.

There are also two muscles proper to the smallest finger, the Abductor and Extensor. The former may be parted into many: It arises in the hollow of the hand▪ from the third and fourth wrist bones of the second rank, and ends externally into the side of the first joint of the said finger. Aquapendent and others that have since followed him, do hold that it draws the little fin∣ger outwardly, from the rest. Extensor proprius, which Riolanus exactly seperates from the great one, arising from the upper part of the radius, and carryed along Cubitus and the Radius, is externally inserted into the finger, with a double tendon,

Chap 10. Of the Legg and Thigh in generall.

PES the Leg and Thigh, is all between* 1.18 the Buttocks and the Toes of the Feet: Others call it magnus pes, the great Foot, and Crus. It is divided into its parts, as the Arm, in a manner not unlike, viz. Into the Fem••, Tibia, and Parous Pes.

Again the Parous Pes is divided into Pedium, Meta∣pedium, and Digiti.

The Use of the Leg and Thigh, is to be the Instru∣ment of walking: which is performed by stirring and sitting. For one Leg being firmly set upon the ground, we move and bring about the other, and our Foot be∣ing firmly fixt, keeps us from falling: and so we come to walk. The setting therefore of our Leg is the Motion of the whole Body, but the motion pro∣ceeds from the Leg, which the length or shortness of the Leg does either help or hinder; and therefore birds because they were to flie, that their bulk might not hinder them, they have a short Thigh and long Feet, which makes the going be slow. But Men go slower then Dogs, bcause the successive putting on of their Foot from the Heel to the Toes, slackens their moti∣on; whereas Dogs with one motion of their little Feet do pass along. Some do conceive that the length of a womans Leg helps to generation. Now there i•• an Incision made into our knees and heel, that we might not go leaping.

This Motion is variously made by the muscles of the Thigh, Leg and Foot. We are therefore now to treat of the Muscles of the whole Leg.

Chap 11. Of the Muscles of the Thigh.

THe Thigh is bended by two Muscles.

The first is in the Belly, and is termed Psoa or the Musculus Lumbaris it arises with a fleshy beginning from the upper Vertebraes of the Loins, and is inser∣ted into the forepart of the small Trochanter, with a round and strong tendon.

The other muscle called Psoas minor I found in a strong fleshy body at Hafnia, 1651. differing from that which Riolanus brags to have seen. For the greater part i••••ay under, but outwardly inclined more to the sides. The beginning was fleshy, and the whole muscle was three fingers broad. It was inserted fleshy, into the upper brim of Os Ilij backwards, where the Iliacus internus arises. I conceived that its use was to spread as a pillow under the greater muscle, because the Os Ilij is of it self immoveable, or to hold the Os Ilij upright, that it might not burthen a man too much when he stands. Michael Lyserus a most expert Anatomist can witness the same with me.

The Ilia us secundus is inserted in the same place, with a tendon which grows to the tendon of the precedent muscle, arising from the whole internal cavity of the Os Ilij, by a small and fleshy beginning.

The Thigh is extended by three muscles of the But∣tocks termed Glutaei.

I. Is the Major, externus & amplissimus, beginning at the Crupper, the spina of Os Ilij, and the Os sa∣crum; and ends into the Os Femoris, under the great Trochanter.

II. The other is the medius or middlemost in Scitua∣tion and Magnitude. It arises from the inner side of the Spina of Os Ilij, ending into this great Trochanter with a broad and strong tendon.

III. The third called minimus the smallest, lies con∣cealed under the middlemost; It arises from the back of Os Ilij near the Acetabulum with a broad and strong tendon, and Ends into the great Trochanter.

These three do make up the fleshy Substance of the Buttocks.

The Thigh is drawn to, and wheeled about inwards by three muscles, which many do reckon for one, and call it triceps triple headed, because of its threefold begin∣ning. 1. Is from the upper joynting of the Os pubis. 2. Is from the lowest joynting of Os pubis. 3. Is from the middle part of the said bone. They are inserted first of all into the inner head of the Thigh bone, near the Ham, with a round tendon or into the rough line of the Thigh. 2. To the upper, partly. 3. Partly to the lower, at the Rorator minor. Riolanus has other in∣sertions: For he will have the first to be inserted into the middle of the Thigh, the second to be produced with a very strong Tendon as far as to the End of the Thigh, the third below the neck of the Thigh∣bone.

To these Spigelius and Veslingus do add one which they call Lividus arising at the joyning of Os pubis, near the Gristle, and implanted with a short tendon, into the inner side of the thigh: but they grant that this is a portion of the Triceps. But they do ill to rec∣kon it among the bending Muscles. But Riolanus calls it Pectineus and reckons it for a bender, yet acknow∣ledges that it is the uppermost and fourth portion of the triceps, which with Fallopius he divides into four Muscles, and indeed it seems to have so many parts.

It is drawn away and turned about outwards by six Mus∣cles▪ the Quadrigemini and the two Obturatores.

The Quadrigemini are in a manner one like another, and little, placed as it were athwart, arising from the lower and outer part of the Os Sacrum, the bunch of Os Ischij, and the Appendix of the Hip-bone. They are inserted into that space which is between the two Trochanters. The first Quadrigeminus is called Pyri∣formis Pear-fashioned, because of its shape, and Iliaeus externus from its Scituation; the rest want names, save the fourth, which is called Quadratus.

The Obturatores stoppers, take up the wide hole be∣tween the Os pubis and Os Isehij. And they are ex∣ternal or internal, the former arising from the outer Circle of the hole of the share: the latter from the in∣ner and they are inserted into the great Trochanter: the inner may be termed Bursalis or purse-fashioned because it hides the fourfold tendons in a fleshy purse as it were, nearly shaped by the third and fourth qua∣drigeminal Muscles.

Chap. 12. Of the Muscles of the Legg.

THe Leg is bent by the four musculi postici.

One of them has two Heads, termed Bioeps, the first from the joyning of the Os pubis, the second from the outer part of the thigh, and both of them are inserted with one tendon, the fleshy substance being first increased in the middle, into the hinder part of the Leg.

The second called Semimembranosus arises from the swelling of the Ischium, and is inserted into the inner side of the Leg, backwards.

The third is the Seminervosus, and has the same be∣ginning and the same end with the former, save that in the hinder parts it is carried little forward obliquely, before it terminates at the inside of the Leg.

The fourth is the Gracilis, which is inserted into the same place, and arises from the joyning of the share∣bone.

Four Muscles extend the Leg.

The first is the Rectus, arising with an acute tendon from the outer and lower Spine of the Ilium.

The second and third are the two Vasti, the external arising from the whole root, the great Trochanters, and the bone of the Thigh which lies under: the Inner from the small Trochanter: they are terminated on each hand at the side of the Rectus.

The fourth is the Crureus, fixed to the Thigh bone, as the Brachiaeus is to the Brachium.

These four Muscles, are terminated into one tendon, which embracing the substance of the flesh into it self, it is inserted before into the beginning of the Leg, and is there instead of a Ligament for it.

Two Muscles, pul it to, inwards.

The first is the longus, fascialis or sartorius which Spi∣gelius and Veslingus reckon among the benders, on which Tailors or Borchers rest themselves when they sit cross-leg'd. It is well nigh the longest of all mus∣cles, arising from the former Spina of Os Ilij, and descending obliquely unto the inner and fore-part of the Leg.

The other is the Popliteus arising from the lower and outer extuberancy of the Thigh, and being inserted four-square into the inner and upper part of the leg ob∣liquely.

The Abductor is one, which is called Membranosus and fascia lata.

It arises fleshy from the Spina of Os Ilij, and is car∣ried obliquely, into the outer part of the Leg, and with its most broad and long tendon, invests well-near all the Muscles of the Thigh.

Chap. 13. Of the Muscles of the Feet.

THe Foot is bended and extended. Two muscles bend it forwards.

The first is termed tibiaeus anticus, affixed to the Leg arising from the upper process thereof, it is inserted in∣to the Os Pedij, before the great Toe, with a tendon which at the end is divided into two.

The other is Peroneus biceps, which others count for two muscles, one head arising from the upper Epiphi∣sis of the Fibula, the other from the middle of the Pe∣rone. It has a double tendon the lesser carried into the bone of the little toe; and the greater going ob∣liquely under the sole of the Foot, is inserted into the Os pedij just against the great toe.

'Tis extended backwards by the four Postici, duo ge∣melli, the internal and the external, called Gastrocne∣mij, because they constitute the ankle, and arise from the inner and outer head of the thigh under the Ham. The third being cal'd soleus is added to these beneath,

arising from the hindermore appendix of the fibula. These three muscles are terminated into a most thick and strong tendon, to be inserted into the beginning of the Heel and Pterna, by which beasts being killed, are usually hung up. Hypocrates did term it chorda: where by reason of the fracture of the Heel, he sayes that hic∣cuping and convulsive feavers do follow.

The last is called plantaris and answers to the pal∣maris in the hand; it is lean and meagre, and degene∣rates into a long tendon, and covering the whole sole of the foot, it arises from the outward head of the Thigh bone, under the Ham: and is inserted into the five toes, and has the same use here which it has in the Hand: though the comparison of one to the other holds not out very exact. Veslingus has observed that this mus∣cle has sometimes been wanting.

The Tibiaeus posticus must be added to these, which Spigelius reckons amongst the oblique movers, and Riolanus among the extenders.

Chap. 14. Of the Muscles of the Toes.

THe Toes of the foot are moved by muscles, as well as the fingers of the hand.

Two muscles bend the Toes, the Magnus which an∣swers to the profundus, arising from the upper Epi∣phisis of the Tibia, under the sole is divided into four tendons, which boreing through the minor, they are implanted into the third Articulation of the four toes. The Minor answering to the sublimis, is the midst of the sole of the foot, arising from the lower part of the pterna or heel bone, it is carried into the second articu∣lation of the four toes, to which before it comes it is bored thorough, that it may transmit the tendons of the foremost Muscle: and therefore this is called per∣foratus, the other perforans.

One muscle extends the four toes of the foot, which is by some divided into two; arising from the upper and outer part of the tibia, and having four tendons, which are inserted into the second and third Interjun∣cture.

The four wormfashioned Muscles do draw them to, an∣swering to those in the Hand, some flesh being inter∣sprinkled from the Heel: They are fastned by so many tendons to the first interjoynting.

The ten Interossei do draw them away, arising from the bones of the pedium, and falling the void spaces of the Metapedium, they are external or internal, the former with a broad tendon do arise by the sides, to the first interjoynting of the toes by the sides; the lat∣ter at the second interjoynting: but the ninth serves for the drawing-to of the great Toe, the tenth for the drawing to of the little toe.

The great Toe has peculiar muscles.

It is bent by one only, proceeding from the upper part of the fibula, and inserted into the third interjoin∣ting (Riolanus sayes the first) of the great toe.

It is extended by another, arising from the middle of the Fibula (or as some say from the outside of the tibia, where it recedes from the Fibula) which is often∣times divided into two tendons.

It is brought to, with one, inwardly fastned to the greatest bone of the pedium.

It is drawn away by one arising fleshy from the inner part of the heel, and entring extrinsecally into the first bone of the great toe.

Now there is a new muscle found out above the In∣terosseans, the first Inventor whereof is Casserius; who calls it tranversalis, because of its situation. Veslingus call it the Adductor pollicis minor, which use nature seems to have intended.

It arises nervous and broad, from the ligament of the first interjuncture of the little Toe, and sometime from one of the toes next the little toe; and by and by be∣coming fleshy and so continuing, it is carried athwart over the first joints of the fingers, and with a short and broad tendon, it is implanted into the first joynt of the Great-toe, a little inwards.

The Use hereof is, to secure our walking, when we pass through rough wayes, full of round flints, or over any other small, slippery, or rowling passage. For by help of this muscle, the foot does accommodate it self, to the figure of the Bodies we tread on, and layes hold thereon as it were, that it might make its passage more stead-fast.

The Abductor of the little toe, sticking in the out∣side of the foot broad and vast, arising from the same part of the heel, is inserted into the outside of the first Interjuncture.

I have observed a peculiar bender of the little toe, long, round, arising from the head of the Tibia, and divided with two tendons about the insertion of the toe.

Finally a fleshy mass is to be observed in the sole of the foot, as well as in the Palm of the hand, wherewith our footing is fastened as with a cushion, and the tendons of the muscles do lie hidden, in a soft Pillow.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Limbs what?
• * 1.2

  Why the mus∣cles also of the Head, Neck, Back &c. are handled in this Book?
• * 1.3

  The use of the Hand.
• * 1.4

  Manus what?
• * 1.5

  Why many Fingers on the Hand?
• * 1.6

  Why the right Hand is more active then the left?
• * 1.7

  The number of the Fin∣gers.
• * 1.8

  Laying hold.
• * 1.9

  How the Hand is compounded?
• * 1.10

  Of the Nails.
• * 1.11

  Colour of the Nails and signs from thence.
• * 1.12

  Whence the sense of the nails proceeds
• * 1.13

  The Muscles of the Humerus how many?
• * 1.14

  The place of an Issue in the Arm.
• * 1.15

  Its Use.
• * 1.16

  The Error of o∣ther Anatomists.
• * 1.17

  An Order in Dissection.
• * 1.18

  Pes what?