Bartholinus anatomy made from the precepts of his father, and from the observations of all modern anatomists, together with his own ... / published by Nich. Culpeper and Abdiah Cole.

Chap 9. Of the Muscles of the Wrist and Fingers.

TO the Muscles of the WRIST and the Hollow of the Hand, is the Musculus PALMARIS referred, arising from the inner Apophysis of the Arm, with a round and tendinous beginning, spred almost over all the Muscles of the Hand, it is stretched out over the Hol∣low of the Hand, and cleaves exceeding fast to the Skin: where under the Skin in the hollow of the hand is a broad Tendon; whence proceeds that exquisite Sense which is in that part: and it ends into the first Intervals between the Joynts of the Fingers: it seems to have been made, that the Hand might take the bet∣ter hold, when the Skin of the Palm is wrinkled.

To this they add the Membrana carnosa which they will have to open the Palm of the Hand when it is contracted; also a four squa e Parcel of Flesh growing out of that Membrane, resembling certain Muscles; either to extend the Palm when the Hand is open, as Spige∣lius conceives, or to make it hollow, which Riolanus would have.

The Muscles of the Wrist or CARPUS are four; two Benders which are internal; two Extenders, which are external.

The first Bender (which Riolanus calls Cubiteus inter∣nus, to whom we are beholden for these Names) ari∣sing from the internal Apophysis of the Arm, and be∣ing stretched over the Elbow, it is implanted with a thick Tendon, into the fourth Bone of the Wrist.

The other, Radius internus because it is drawn a∣long the Radius, arising from the same beginning, ends into the first Bone of the Metacarpium, under the fore∣finger.

The Extensor primus, or Radius externus, arises with a broad Beginning, from the external Apophysis of the Arm, and then growing more fleshy and spred out

[illustration]

The Explication of the FIGURE.

This TABLE shews the rest of the Muscles, which are visible in the Hinder-part of the Body, those which lay by them or over them being removed.

• aa. The Muscles of the Head called Recti minores.
• bb. The Recti majores so called.
• cc. The obliqui Superiores.
• dd. The obliqui Inferiores.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Levator Scapulae.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Rotundus minor.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Serratus major.
• EE. The Musculi transversales belonging to the Neck.
• ffff. The Spinari duo.
• GG. The Sacrolumbus.
• HH. The Dorsi longissimus in its proper Scituation.
• II. The same out of its place, that it may be seen.
• K. The Semispinatus of the Back.
• LL. The sacer Musculus of the Back.
• MM. The Musculi Quadrati of the Back.
• N. The first Supinator Brachij,
• O. The first Extensor Carpi, or the Bicornis out of its proper place.
• P. The other Extensor Carpi.
• QQ. The two Extensores Digitorum out of their place.
• R. The Extensor Indicis.
• SS. The two Pollicem extendentes.

These following Characters design the Muscles of the lower Limbs.

• A. The Glutaeus medius out of its place.
• B. The Glutoeus minimus in its place.
• CC. The same out of its place.
• DD. The Pyriformis on both sides.
• E. The Marsupialis, or Obturator internus.
• F. The same in the left side out of its place.
• G. The Marsupium neatly expressed.
• HH. The Obturator externus.
• K. The fourth of the Quadragemini, by the Author called Quadratus.
• LL. The Biceps which bends the Leg.
• MM. The Semimembranosus.
• NN. The Seminervosus.
• OO. The Gracilis.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Musculus triceps.
• ••. The Crureus.
• PP. The Tibieus posticus.
• QQ. The Flexor Digitorum Pedis, Magn•••• or Perforans.
• R. The Flexor minor or Perforatus.
• SSS. The Flexor Pollicis,
• t. The Pollicis Adductor.
• u. The Pollicis Abductor.
• x. The Abductor minimi.
• z. The fleshy Mass in the Sole of the Foot.

upon the Radius, and ends into a double Tendon, at the first and second Bone of Os Metacarpi.

The other, Cubiteus externus, from the same begin∣ning, through the length of the Cubit, goes with one Tendon into the fourth Bone of the Metacarpe under the little Finger.

The FINGERS are bended, extended, drawn to, and drawn away.

Bended by the Muscles Sublimis and Profundus.

The former from the inner Apophysis of the Arm, before it comes to the Wrist, is divided into four Ten∣dons, inclosed in a Ligament, as it were in a Ring: they are inserted into the second Joynting of the Fin∣gers, a Cleft being first made, which the Tendons of the following Muscle do pass through, whence it is termed Perforatus, the bored Muscle.

The later spred out under the former and like unto it, is inserted through the Clifts of the former Ten∣dons, into the Joynting. And therefore it is called Perforans, the Borer.

Concerning these Ligaments of the Fingers, it is to be observed. 1. That by an elegant Workmanship of Nature, a long slit is made in each of them, that the Ligaments of the third Joynting may pass through

them as through an Arch. 2. That the membranous sheath does straitly embrace and keep in the said Ten∣dons, least in the bending of the hand; they should be removed out of their place. 3. That a strong membra∣nous Ring does in the wrist bind together all the Ten∣dons internal and external, which being cut asunder, they are easily removed out of their places.

Iacobus Silvius reckons the Extensores for one Mus∣cle; and calls it Tensor Digitorum, whereas both their Originals and Insertions do vary. They are two and arise commonly from the external Apophy∣fis of the Arm, and the ring-fashioned ligament, and with their bored ligaments, being first collected, they are then inserted confusedly into the second and third joynt.

The Fingers are drawn to by four muscles called Lumbricales or Vermiculares worm-fashioned muscles, from their shape and smallness. They arise from the tendons of the Musculus profundus, and being drawn out along the sides of the fingers, they are obliquely carried unto the third joynting. Spigelius and Vestin∣gus will have them to be inserted by a round tendon only into the first joynting, whom I have somtimes found to be in the right, their tendon being mixed with the membranes of the interjuncture.

The Abductores interossei are six, in the spaces of the Metacarp, three external and three internal, which joyning with the vermiculary do go along the outsides and insides of the fingers, and stretch their tendons to the three inter-joyntings. They serve in some mea∣sure for extension. The External rest upon the Palm, the Internal upon the hollow of the Hand, between the bones of the Metacarp.

The Muscles which bend the Thumb are two.

The first arising from the upper part of the radius is inserted into one of the joynts.

The other arising from the wrist bone, under the Thumb, is inserted into the middle of the said Thumb. It lies wholly under the former.

There are two Extendentes or stretchers out, which arise from the Cubit. The first reaches unto the third Interjuncture, the other unto the second, and the rest, with many tendons; sometimes one, sometimes two, and otherwhiles three.

The Abducentes are three; two arising from the Me∣tacarpium, and the third from the bone of the Meta∣carp, which looks towards the forefinger: which Rio∣lanus calls Autithenar, as the other the former of the bringers to, Hypothenar Pollicis.

The Abducentes or drawers away are three nameless muscles, save that the said Riolanus calls one of them Thenar.

The Forefinger has two proper muscles, which some confound, the first is the Abductor, arising from the first Interjoynting of the Thumb, and terminated into the bones of the Forefinger, wherewith the said Fore∣finger is drawn from the rest of the Fingers, towards the Thumb.

The other is the Indicis extensor the stretcher of the Forefinger which Riolanus calls Indicatorem the point∣er, as also Veslingus, though he confound it with the Abductor. It arises from the middle and external part of the Cubit, and ends with a double tendon, into the second interjointure of the forefinger.

There are also two muscles proper to the smallest finger, the Abductor and Extensor. The former may be parted into many: It arises in the hollow of the hand▪ from the third and fourth wrist bones of the second rank, and ends externally into the side of the first joint of the said finger. Aquapendent and others that have since followed him, do hold that it draws the little fin∣ger outwardly, from the rest. Extensor proprius, which Riolanus exactly seperates from the great one, arising from the upper part of the radius, and carryed along Cubitus and the Radius, is externally inserted into the finger, with a double tendon,