Bartholinus anatomy made from the precepts of his father, and from the observations of all modern anatomists, together with his own ... / published by Nich. Culpeper and Abdiah Cole.

THE THIRD BOOK OF THE Uppermost Cavity, VIZ. THE HEAD. (Book 3)

THe third or upper Venter or Ca∣vity is the Head, the chief man∣sion-house* 1.1 of the sensitive Soul which is placed in the top of the Body, for the Eyes sake, which are there placed as in a Watch-tower; and requi∣site it was that the Brain should be near the Eyes, be∣cause they have soft Nerves, which cannot be caried far.

The Head is round like a Globe, but a little flatned withal, and longish.* 1.2

'Tis greater in Man then other Crea∣tures, because of the Largeness of his* 1.3 Brain.

And for more safeguard, the Head is* 1.4 altogether bony.

The Head is divided into the Hairy* 1.5 part, and that which is without Hair.

The former is termed Calva, the latter Facies.

The external parts of the Calva are these fol∣lowing.* 1.6

Sinciput, which is the forepart reaching from the Forehead to the coronal Suture.

Occiput, which is the hinder part, reaching from the Lambda-fashion'd Suture, to the first Vertebra of the Neck.

Vertex, which is the part scituate between the two for∣mer, bunching out.

Tempora, the Temples, which are the Side-parts, be∣tween the Eyes and the Ears.

Now the parts which constitute the Calva, are some of them external and cloathing, others internal and con∣tained. The former are either common, as the Scarf∣skin, the Hairy-skin, the Fat, the fleshy Membrane: or proper as the Pericardium, Periostium, the Mus∣cles, the Bones, the Menings. The contained are the Brain, the Petty-brain, and the Marrow, which is partly in the Skull, partly in the Back-bone.

The smooth part of the Head, called the Face besides the parts containing, hath* 1.7 parts proper to it self, viz. the upper part which is called the Forehead, and the lower in which are the Organs of the Senses; as the Eyes, Nostrils, Ears, and Mouth, wherein the Tongue and other parts are concealed.

Chap. I. Of the Hairs.

IN the Head there is the greatest plenty of Hair, therefore the Nature of the Hair may conuenient∣ly be delivered in this place: though considered as an Excrement, it does not belong to this place.

Hairs are found well-near in all Crea∣tures* 1.8 that engender their young ones with∣in their bodies, as Aristotle assures us: in∣stead whereof Fishes have scales, Birds feathers, and some Beasts as the Hedg-hog, have long sharp prickles.

Now the Hairs are indeed Bodies, but not parts of the body, unless in a very large signification, as when we say some parts serve only to adorn the body.

The immediate material Cause of which the hairs are made, is certain fuliginous and excrementitious Va∣pors, thick and earthy, yet somwhat glewish and clam∣my.

Its therefore false, which some affirm,* 1.9 that the Hairs and Nails are nourished and generated of good and laudable nutriment. For they grow even in per∣sons consumed and pined away, and being cut, they grow again in all ages of a mans life; and the oftner they are cut, the sooner they grow a∣gain. Yea in dead men, as on thieves upon the Gib∣bet, &c. they grow. See Paraeus at the end of his Book, who had an embalmed body in his house twen∣ty four years together, the Hairs and Nails whereof grew again as often as they cut them. They are there∣fore bred of sooty Steams and Vapors, of the third Concoction, or of the fleshy substance it self, by what∣soever heat resolved into vapors.

The remote Matter, is nothing* 1.10 seminal out of which the hair sprouts as a flower, nor any fat substance en∣clining

to the Nature of the Seed or Blood, but a su∣perfluous moisture; especially that which is contain∣ed in the Kernels. And therefore where there are Kernels, in those places there* 1.11 are commonly Hairs, as at the Ears, in the Arm-pits, in the Groins, &c. And if somtimes there are Kernels without Hairs, this want of hair springs from a too great quantity of humors.

For the Matter in which, or the Place where hairs are bred, ought not to be too moist, nor too dry; as we see nothing grow in a wet fuliginous Soyle, nor in ground over dry and parched.

And therefore the Skin, because it is a temperate part, as the place of Genera∣tion* 1.12 of hairs; but if it be too moist, or too dry, as in some persons it is, the hair does not shoot forth: and therefore cru∣sted Animals, as Crabs, Lobsters, Oy∣sters, &c. have no hairs.

The Skin therefore on which hairs must be bred, ought to be moderately dry, least the hair should fall from its root; but it must not be immoderately, but laxe and rare, least otherwise the hair should not make its way through. And therefore hairs may grow all o∣ver the skin, because it is every where porous, and e∣very Pore hath the root of an hair fastned therein, ex∣cepting the palmes of the hands and the soles of the feet, which parts because of their continual motion and wearing, have no hairs, and because they were to be of an exquisite sense. And for this cause there grows no hair upon a Scar, because it hath no Pores.

Hairs also do somtimes grow on the inner Mem∣branes of the Body, in the Heart as was said before, in the Womb, in the Urinary passages, Witness Hypocra∣tes, Galen, Schenkius. Hair was found in the stomach by ••••eer, and lately in Norway bairs were voided by vo∣mit from the Stomach, whether bred there, or taken in. At the Danish Hellespont red hairs were lately taken out of the musculous flesh of an Ox leg.

The Efficient Cause of hair, is not the Soul, nor any vegetative hair-making faculty, but moderate heat, drying up those fuliginous vapors, and thrusting them forth into the pores of the Skin.

These three things already explained, are the chief Requisites for the Generati∣on* 1.13 of Hair, viz. The Matter, the Place convenient, and Heat.

From whence by the Rule of Con∣traries, the Cause of Baldness may be* 1.14 gathered, viz.

• 1. When Matter is wanting.
• 2. When the Skin is Originally too dry, and after∣wards grows drier, and is not moistened by any neigh∣bouring part. Now the fore-part of the Head is here to be understood, which is commonly the only bald place; for no man, according to Aristotle, becomes bald on the hinder-part of his Head. For either Fat or other moisture in the hinder-part and the Temples keep them from baldness; fat in the fore-part, the Skin becomes dry and hard like a shell, and therefore is bald.
• 3. By reason of too much or too little heat. For weak heat does not sufficiently dry the matter, as in cold and moist persons, and such as are in years. And therefore the humor growing over hot by carnal Co∣pulation, is the cause of baldness, and for this cause Boys and Eunuchs do not become bald.
• 4. Also four Husbandmen near Bruxells became bald by poyson, as Franciscus de Paz the King of Spains Physitian observed, and wrote thereof ••o Nicholas Fon∣tanus; And Hamelmannus in his Annals tells of an Horse of the Count of Oldenburg, which by poyson was made bald hither, because this poyson had some specifical contrariety to the Hairs, or because the Spirits being extinguished, and the vigor of the Body quelled, the roots of the hairs could not be retained in the Skin. Such a poyson is the fat of a certain Whale in the Is∣land of Feroe, newly taken out, by which Copper-ves∣sels are also broken.

The Hairs are commonly divided into such as are bred in the womb, and such as grow afterwards.

Those bred in the Womb are three∣fold, those of the Head, of the Eye-lids,* 1.15 and the Eye-brows.

The Hairs which grow afterwards, are such as spring up when a man comes to a just age; that is, in a boy when he begins to breed Sperm, and in a Maid when her Courses break forth, for then the Skin grows open.

Also these are threefold: for 1. Hairs breed on the Share, seldom in the Womb and the Heart. 2. In the Arm-pits, also in the Nostrils and Ears. 3. On the Chins of men but not of women; for in women their Courses spend the matter of hair which should make a beard, and therefore somtimes, when their Courses are poxt, women have hairs growing on their Chins. It was a rare case for a young woman of thirty years of age, one of the Arch-dutches of Austria's Women, to have ever since she was a Girl, before her courses brake forth, a long beard with mustachios like a man. And I saw such a like Girl not long since in the Low-coun∣tries, who was also hairy all her Body over. Lately Helena Marswin in Fionia, had a Girl with a long beard of a reddish yellow colour.

The End or Use of Hairs,* 1.16

• I. Is to cover the Parts.
• II. To adorn them. And this is chiefly seen in the Hairs of the Head and Face. For
  • 1. The Hairs of the Head do shield* 1.17 the Brain from external injuries of cold and heat, &c. So in Aethiopia by a pe∣culiar thrumming of their hairs, they are defended from the heat. And as a man hath the grea∣test Brain of all Creatures, so hath he thereon most plenty of hairs.
  • 2. They moderately heat, as otherwise in the Head there is no Fat to keep it warm: but rather a bony substance, and that far distant from the Heart. Now the hairs according to the advice of the Physitian, are to be let grow, or to be cut off in this or that person, but they must not be shaven off, because thereby De∣fluxions are caused. So also the beard does cherish and moderately warm the Chin. In persons that are recovering out of sickness, the hair must not be cut off, for fear of a relapse, touching which Question see Sito∣nus.
  • 3. They adorn: for bald persons and* 1.18 thin-hair'd are deformed. So the Beard also adorns a man, and makes him vene∣table, especially if the hairs be spred all about. But in women there was no need of so venerable an ap∣pearance.
• III. To purge the Humors and Spirits, and the whole Body of superfluous sooty steams. And there∣fore frequent cutting the hair, quickens the ••ight, and Celsus in a long Defluxion of Rheum, bids us cut the hair to the skin. C. Aurelianus sayes that in the Phren∣zie, when the hair is cut off, the parts transpire, being freed from a great burthen. Hence a reason may be drawn why Helmont. ••asting an Asses milk, could tell

• whether she had been curried and combed that mor∣ning or not.
• IV. To afford signs whereby to know the Tempera∣ment, Manners and hidden Diseases of every person.

The Form of Hairs is not the Soul, as many would have it, because in persons* 1.19 that consume, and such as are dead, the hairs grow; and those who conceive with Plempius, that there is a Soul in persons dead twenty four years, I leave the Readers to make an estimate of their Wis∣dom. Nor do they retain a vegetative life in dead persons, for so the whole man should not die, nor is there any thing in a dead Carkass, that should rather preserve this life, then the sensitive or rational, not to say that these ignoble Parts by the long-lasting of their lives, should excel all other parts. Plants indeed spring living from the lifeless Earth, but out of a living Seed, which I deny to be in the Hairs, and therefore they stick not in the Body like Plants, nor are bred there∣out. Nor must we say with Plotinus, that certain re∣liques of life remain after death, as warmed rooms re∣main hot, when the fire is out; for such Reliques of life could not remain so many years. The form ther∣fore of the hairs may be described by their accidents, which are these following.

I. Magnitude: Now the Head-hairs are longest, because the Brain is greater* 1.20 then the rest of the Kernels: also they are thickest, because the Skin of the Head is most thick, howbeit it is laxe and open, and contains sufficient moisture.

According therefore as the Skin is thick or thin, rare or compact, and the humor plentiful or scanty, and the heat weak or strong, the hairs become thick or thin, hard or soft, plentiful or scanty, &c. He had store of hair on his Head, who could suffer himself to be shot in the head with a bullet, and had no hurt, whom Bus∣bequius saw in his Voyage to Constantinople. Yet they grow not infinitely, because the Exhalations are not so plentiful, nor does the expulsive Faculty work infi∣nitely.

2. Their Figure: The hairs are straight and flat, in such as abound with moisture, but cur∣led* 1.21 in such as are dry. Therefore curled hair is harder then that which lies flat. Hence all Black∣mores are curle-pated, because of their dry Tempera∣ment. But the Scythians and Thracians have long flat hair, because they are moist, according to Aristotle. A∣gain the hairs are straight because of the straightness of the passages through which they break forth; and crisp because of the crookedness of the said passages. The augmenting Glass informs us that the hairs are qua∣drangular; though others will have them to be round because of the roundness of the Pores.

Also they are porous or hollow within, as the Dis∣ease Plica in Poland does shew, and the hairs of an Elk. Again because they may be split, they have Pores, ac∣cording to Aristotles maxime.

III. Their Colour: which in Brutes follows the colour of the Skin; and in* 1.22 men is exceeding variable, according to the Country, ambient Air predominant Humor, Age, &c.

For those that dwell in hot and dry Countries, have their hair not only dry, crisp and brittle, but also black, as the Aegypians, Arabians, Indians; also the Spani∣ards, Italians, and part of the French have their hair for the most part black. They who dwell in cold and moist Countries, have their hairs not only soft and ••t••aight, but for the most part yellow or white, as the Inhabitants of Denmark, England, Norway, Swedland, Scythia, &c.

Again the predominant Humor makes the Colour of the hairs: as in flegmatick persons, the hairs are for the most part white, and so of the rest.

Also the Variety of Heat makes variety of Colours: for immoderate heat makes black hairs: for a vapo∣rous Excrement is raised by the heat, and is changed into an exact sooty stream. But temperate heat makes the hairs yellow; more temperate makes them red; a weak heat makes them white. But both these causes of Colours do easily concur in the hair, as when flegm abounds, weakness of heat is joyned therewith, and when Blood abounds, heat is moderate, &c.

Also a change in the Colour is made in respect of Age, as also of other accidents. For grown persons have their hair not only thicker, harder, stronger and more plentiful, but at length also grey and whiteish.

But no Hairs on the Body of Man are Naturally green, or blew, though there are both green and leek-colour'd Choler in Mans Body; the cause whereof is not the thickness of the hair, uncapable of light, as Car∣dan imagined, because the hair is capable of being yel∣low, its thickness nothing hindring; but, as Scaliger rightly philosophizes, seeinge, ••ry colour is not agree∣able to every Plant, no more is it to the hairs. Yet I have seen green hair'd men at Hafnia, and those as work Metals have their hair commonly green. Mar∣cellus Donatus relates of Antonius Maria Catabenus, grey hair'd through Age, how that much Choler mixt with blood abounding in his Body, not only his Skin be∣came of a Verdigreese or yellow-green colour, but his grey hairs were also died of the same hue.

The Ancients conceived that grey hairs* 1.23 did proceed from driness, as the Leaves of Trees when they are dried, look white.

But Aristotle confutes them. For those who go with their heads covered, do sooner grow grey, and yet are not so dried, as those that expose their heads bare to the air. Again some are grey as soon as they are born or quickly after, which cannot proceed from Dry∣ness.

Now they grow soonest grey that go* 1.24 alwaies with their Heads covered, be∣cause the heat cannot be fanned, but is overwhelmed and strangled, which be∣ing extinguished, an external heat is in∣troduced; so that putrefaction is the cause of grey hairs, which sprung from scarsity of innate heat, which cannot so digest the hu∣mors as in youth. And the outmost and smallest end of the hair is whitest, where there is least heat.

Now why a white Humor should arise from putrefaction, the Cause is,* 1.25 according to Aristotle, because a great part is turned into Air, which being well mixed with an earthy and warry Substance makes whiteness. Hence al∣so it is apparent, why men are soonest grey about their Temples, because there great and fleshy Muscles are placed under the Skin, which through moisture do ea∣sily putrifie. Add hereunto, that the Bones of the Temples are very thin, and therefore extraneous heat can easily pass through them.

Chap. II Of the Membranes without and within the Skull.

THe EXTERNAL MEMBRANES which compass the Skull, are two: The PERICRANIUM and the PE∣RIOSTIUM which compass the Brain; also there are two Meninges or Matres so called, viz. DURA MA∣TER and PIA MATER, that is to say a thick Membrane and a thin one, which perform the same Office in their Cavity, which the Pleura performs in the middle Ca∣vity and the Peritonaeum in the lowest.

The PERICRANEUM is a Membrane thin and soft, compassing the Skull, and* 1.26 springing from the dura Mater coming out at the Sutures of the Skull.

That it springs from the dura Mater, the extraordi∣nary Consent between the Brain with its Meninges and the Pericraneum, does sufficiently prove, which cannot be by any other way more conveniently made forth. Moreover, this production of the Pericrani∣um from the dura Mater, is manifestly visible in In∣fants, in whom the Moles of their Heads are not yet sufficiently closed. Those Fibres wherewith Horstius, Spigelius, and Laurenbergius do conceive that the Peri∣craneum is only fastned to the dura Mater, do not go unto the Throat: for the Bones being by little and lit∣tle hardned and compressed, that same Continuity of the Pericraneum and dura Mater, was broken off with Age, from whence arose that appearance of Fibres which hath deceived some.

The PERIOSTIUM is a most thin and nervous Membrane, and therefore ex∣ceeding* 1.27 sensible, by help whereof, all the bones saving the teeth being compassed therewith, be∣come sensible.

I distinguish these two Membranes with Vesalius and Bauhinus against Fallopius, Laurentius and others, who confound them, seeing they may be accurately separated by a skilful Anatomist.

Now the various Muscles about the Head shall be explained in their proper place.

The CRASSA MENINX or harder Membrane called also DURA MATER,* 1.28 because of its thickness and hardness, and because many conceive all the Mem∣branes of the Body do arise out of this and the tenuis Membrana or pia Mater, does cover the Skull all over on the inside, and all its Cavities and hollowness; and sticks strongly to its Basis, so that some have thought it took its Original from thence.

Now it compasses the Brain also loosely, on the up∣per side, and covers the inside of the Skull. (For wher∣as Hildanus and Varolius have observed that it is strait∣ly fastned to the Skull, that was besides the ordinary Course of Nature) that there may be some distance between, as there is between the Heart and the Heart∣bag, both in living and dead bodies, though in the lat∣ter it is greater, by reason of the defect of Spirits and the falling in of the Brain, which I grant Olbafius and Hofmannus; and this is so contrived that the swelling Vessels of the Brain, may not be compressed, and that there may be no hindrance of the

Motion of the Brain, which is made up of Systole and Diastole, and is continual,* 1.29 as may be seen in Wounds of the Head, newborn Children, and most vehement pains of the head, as Fabricius Hildanus hath observed: And I my self have frequently seen this motion in wounded persons. Strange therefore it is that some learned men will needs deny this motion. But it is a very hard task to assign the true Cause of this motion: Some make it to be the Meninges; others the Arte∣ries; others the Substance of the Brain. But it is ill ascribed to the Meninges: for a great portion of the brain being taken away, and the Meninges themselves, the brain was observed to move in a living Sheep, by the renowned Riolanus. They judg better who ascribe the same to the Arteries, for the motions of the Brain and Arteries do happen both at one and the same time, as may easily be observed in Fractures of the Skul, and in the Heads of Infants. Yea and Walaeus observes that in those who being wounded in the Head to the Brain, have extream anguish, only certain conspicu∣ous Arteries do move, and not the Substance of the Brain; and when the parties wounded gather strength, the motion of their Brain evidently returns. Also Coi∣ter hath observed in living Lambs, Kids and Dogs, that the brain it self hath no motion but only the Arteries. To him Olbafius gives consent, because the motion is most observable about the Cavities of the dura mater, where are most Arteries. And therefore I conceive we must not have recourse to the substance of the brain: which is also soft and flaggie, and sufficiently indispo∣sed for motion. But the chiefest motion is observed at the full of the Moon, by reason of the working of the humors at that season. But that also springs from the Arteries, which are more distended with blood: for the motion of the Heart becomes quicker or slo∣wer, according to the various Influence of the Stars. That the motion of the brain should answer the moti∣on of the Lungs, I have no sufficient sign to prove.

Now it is fastned to the pia mater and the brain, by Vessels; to the Skul by thin membranous fibres spring∣ing out of it self, passing out through the futures, and constituting the Pericranium.

This Meninx or Coat is double, as the rest of the Membranes are. The external part respecting the Cra∣nium, is hard, rough, and of a small sense, because of the hardness of the Skull which it was to touch.

The inner part is smooth, slippery, brightly shine∣ing and white, being more drenched with a waterish moisture.

It is fourfold where it distinguishes the Brain from the petty-brain, in which place Dogs have a bone un∣derpropping their brain, that it may not bear hard up∣on the Cerebellum, Branilet, or petty-brain.

But on the Crown of the Head it is dou∣bled,* 1.30 where it divides the brain into the right and left part: and because the Reduplication is in the hinder-part broad, and grows afterwards nar∣row by degrees, yet not to a point, so as to represent a Reapers Sickle, therefore* 1.31 they term this Body Falx the Sickle. And while it is thus multiplied, it constitutes.

Cavities hollownesses, being receptacles of abounding blood and Spirits, and they* 1.32 are four in number; which Galen som∣times calls the Ventricles of dura Mater; and others call them Sanguiductus, Cisternes of Blood.

The first two begin at the Basis of the Hind-part of the Head, by the sides of* 1.33 the Lambda-shap'd Suture, where the Veins and Arteries disburthen themselves. The Veins truly, of the jugular branch are manifestly inserted, and receive blood out of the Cavities; but the Arte∣ries, whether mediately by certain branches of the

[illustration]

[illustration]

The I. TABLE.

The FIGURES Ex∣plained.

This TABLE Represents the Coverings of the Brain both proper and common, in the same order in which they are represented in Anatomi∣cal Dessections.

FIG. I. Shews the enternal Parts.

• AAA. The Skin and the Scarf-skin with the Roots of the Hairs.
• B. The true Skin separated from the Scarf-skin, C.
• DDD. The Membrana Carnosa furnished with little Veins.
• EE. The Muscle of the Fore-head out of its own proper place, receiving the Nerres which come out of the hole, O.
• FF. Fat spred over the Skull.
• G. The Pericranium lying upon the Periostium in its natural Situa∣tion.
• I. The same separated from the Perio∣stium and turned inside out.
• K. The Periostium spred out upon the Skull.
• L. The same pluckt of from the Skull.
• MM. The Skull naked.
• N. The Coronal suture.
• PP. The Sagittal suture.
• QQ. The temporal Muscle as yet covered with the Pericranium.

FIG. II. The Skull being taken a∣way this Figure discovers the Coats of the Brain.

• AA. The dura Mater covering the left side of the Brain.
• ...bbb. Veins and Arteries sprinkled up and down the same.
• CCC. The Brain covered only with the p••a Mater.
• ...dd. The turnings and windings of the Brain.
• ...eeee. Vessels sprinkled up and down the pia Mater.
• F. The dura Mater drawn downwards.
• GGG. The upper Cavity engraven in the dura mater.

page 131

Cavities, as Walaeus suspects, or knit immediately to the Cavities themselves, do disburthen themselves, into the Cavities, And these two being afterward united, do make up.

The third which is longest of all: For it goes all along the Head to the tops of* 1.34 the Nostrils. Galen somtimes calls it a Vein, because it contains store of Blood. And when these Cavities are opened, an immeasurable quantity of Blood comes out by the Nose, which is supplied from the Arteries.

The fourth Cavity, not reaching to the Skul as the former, is short, and goes inwardly between the Brain and the Brainelet, unto the Glandula pinea∣lis.

It arises, where the three former meet together, and this beginning some from Herophilus call Torcular the Wine-prest; and Nymmannus conceives that this part is cheifly obstructed in the Apoplexy. But 1. We do somtimes allow thereof, as a remore Cause▪ for all that accident is to be referred to the noble Ventricle. 2. Vital blood may be brought to the Brain by the rete Mirabile, whence Vessels go for Nutriments sake, to the substance of the Brain

The third, or the uppermost of the sickle; and the fourth Cavities, do seem to me to end into the two former, or greater lateral ones; in which I follow Fr. Sylvius exceedingly verst in the Anatomy of the Brain: and that not by a streight passage, but incli∣ning to the sides; so that there is no common con∣course of these four Ventricles; though these greater lateral ones are joyned by an intermediate passage or Channel. Yet here also I have found some diversity according to the variety* 1.35 of subjects, so that they have somtimes met, and somtimes been separated. Riolanus makes the Torcular with Galen to be in the third longitudinal Cavity, beca••se it distributes blood into all parts of

the Brain and Brainlet or Cerebellum, which Reason holds truer in reference to the Arteries.

Besides those four Cavities or Ventricles already described, three others, by the In∣formation* 1.36 of Sylvius have in dissection presented themselves to me; which never∣theless, I have not alwaies, and I tell you so much, least any man not finding them presently in one or two Bodies, should accuse me of falshood. Riolanus accounts them to be Coherences of the Duglicated Brain, spred under the greater once▪ by the interce∣dency of the pia Mater. Which is nothing, for they have Cavities as the others have, nor are they naked Coherences.

The one of these, which was also ob∣served by Vesalius, is carried through the* 1.37 lowest part of the Sickle, and therefore I have termed it, the lower Ventricle of the Sickle; and for distinctions sake, I have termed that which is commonly call'd the third, the upper Ventricle of the Sickle. This lower Ventricle of the Sickle, ends into the fourth Ventricle.

The other two smaller lateral ones, on each side one, are distant about a thumbs breadth from the greater, situate in the dura Mater which distinguisheth the Brain from the Brainlet, not being so long as they. The one of them goes into the great lateral Cavity; I have also seen them ending into the fourth.

From the Cavities▪ arise the branches or creeping jugular Veins, and into them the Arteriae Carotides, being distributed upwards and round about, and ope∣ning into them by mutual Anastomoses.

Now the blood is contained in these Cavities in very great plenty, because the bulk of the Brains sub∣stance is very great, and they perform the office not only of Veins but of Arteries also, seeing they Pulse as

[illustration]

The II. TABLE.

The FIGURE Explained.

This Figure Repre∣sents the right side of the Brain, cut away to a great depth, according to the passage of the Ventricle.

• A. The Nose.
• B. The right Ear.
• CCCC. A portion of the Skin of the Head hanging down.
• D. A Rudiment of the Muscle of the Hind-part of the Head.
• E. The Socket of the Eye.
• F. The Forehead Bone.
• G. The Bone of the Hinder-Head or Occiput.
• HH. The left side of the Brain, covered as yet with its dura Mater.
• III. The dura Mater of the right side hanging down.
• KKK. The Falx or Sickle.
• L. The End of the Sickle at the Galli Crista or Cocks-Comb.
• MMM. The upper Cavity of the Sickle.
• NN. The lower Cavity of the Sickle.
• O. The greater Right-hand lateral Cavity.
• P. The ingress of the upper Cavity of the Sickle into the greater lateral Cavity.
• Q. The fourth Ventricle between the Brain and the Brainlet.
• R. The ingress of the fourth Ventricle into the greater Lateral one.
• S. The common passage of the greater lateral cavities.
• TT. A portion of those great Vessels which pass into the upper cavity of the Sickle.
• VV. Part of the great cleft in the Brain.
• •• The lower and outer part of the right Ventricle, where a little twig of the corotick Artery, peirces as far as the Plexus Choroides.
• y. The hinder and larger part of the right Ventricle.
• z. A roundish cavity of the right Ventricle resembling the finger of a Glove.
• a. The upper and inner part of the right Ventricle, un∣der the Corpus callosum.
• b. The descent and orifice of the right Ventricle going into the third or middle-most.
• ccc. The Glandulous intertexture called Chorocides.
• dd. The Root of the spinal Marrow.
• e. The Brain continued to the root of the spinal Mar∣row.
• ff. The Corpus callosum so called.
• gggg. The hinder and lower part of the Brain, continued to the Corpus callosum, and forming the cavity of the right Ventricle.
• hh. A portion of the left side of the Brain appearing un∣der the Falx or Sickle.
• ii Little Arteries creeping along the Surface of the right Ventricle.

page 132

the Arteries do. Which Walaeus could never perceive in the dissected brains of live Creatures, nor in fra∣ctures of the Skull. Though it be evedent even to those that open the Skull with a Trepan, as Riolanus confesses.

The Use therefore of the Ventricles, is not so much to contain the two sorts of* 1.38 Blood, received from the Veins and Arte∣ries; as only to receive the Arterial blood, by means whereof they Pulse. For the Arterial blood commu∣nicated to the Brain by the Arteria Cervicalis, which remains over and above after the Nutriment of the Brain and Brainlet, and the Generation of Animal spirits, is voided into these Caveties, either immedi∣ately or mediately, by the little twigs of the Cavities, as Walaeus suspects; and from thence through the jugular Veins which are joyned to the Ventricles, to∣gether with a thin Skin cleaving to their Walls, it runs back downwards to the Heart, that it may be wrought over again. For that the blood is circularly moved in the Brain also, appears likewise by the Ligatures of live Creatures; seeing the jugular being bound, swels towards the Head, but is empty and lank towards the Cava and Heart.

P. Laurenberg conceives •••••• Animal Spirits are ge∣nerated in the Cavities, without any firm judgment or probable Reason.

A. Kyperus a most learned Man, conceives that a spe∣cial use of these Cavities is, to ventilate and cool the blood, for the better service of the Brain and the Ge∣neration of Animal Spirits; seeing the extremities of the Arteries do end in them, and the Ventricles them∣selves are closed in by a single, cold Membrane. But in my Judgment the Arterial blood does not come in∣to the Cavities, before it be cooled, when it returns from the Generation of Spirits. And then it needs no cooling, being to return immediately through the Veins into the Heart.

The Use of the dura Mater is, I. To cover the brain with the Marrow and Nerves thence arising.

II. To distinguish the Brain from the Brainlet, and the Brain it self into two parts.

III. To constitute the Pericranium, while it sends Ligaments therefore, through the Sutures.

Th•• pia Mater call'd so because of its thinness, doth immediately enclose the* 1.39 Brain, and its Parts and Ventricles, least they should run about; therefore it was to be thin and soft; and it is of most exquisite sense. It is thic∣ker in the third Ventricle, then the rest, if we will believe Olhofius. The sense of this Membrane was more dul in him that had three bones growing thereto without hurt, which were seen at Paris by my Cosin-German Henricus Fuiren: & in that Venetian, who had a pretty large tooched Bone, growing in Falce or the Duplicature of the Meninx, which Folius did shew me.

Its Use is; To cloath the Brain, the Brainlet, the Marrow and the Nerves.

Chap. III. Of the Brain and its Marrow in General.

WIthin the Skul a threefold soft and white sub∣stance is to be considered: the BRAIN or fore∣more Part, the BRAINLET or Cerebellum the hindmost part, and the inmost partwhich lies deep under the Brain being a white MARROW; which because others do ignorantly confound with the Brain it self; I do thus truly set down the truth of the matter.

The Brain commonly so called hath two parts, the one Internal the other External.

The External part is properly and* 1.40 stricktly called the BRAIN and is all that which appears outwardly soft, of an Ash color or yellowish white; which color some conceive to arise from an innumerable company of Veins there disseminated; and this External sub∣stance is as it were the bark.

The Internal is the remaining sub∣stance* 1.41 which lies hidden beneath the the former, being more hard compact and white, which we may call the MARROW, in which are seated the Ventricles commonly so called, but not in the Brain it self; so that

The Brain and Marrow it self Differ,* 1.42 1. In Situation. 2. In Color. 3. In Consistency. 4. By the going between of Lines. 5. In Magnitude. 6. In Figure. 7. In Ca∣vities, which are in the Marrow, not in the Brain. 8. In Nobility.

The white part therefore of the Brain seems to be buryed in the Ash-color'd part, as the Chrystalline Humor is in the Glassie. And though these two sub∣stances, the White and the Ash-color'd, do in dead Carcasses putrified seem very closely united and con∣tinued one to another; yet in the fresh bodies of heal∣thy persons suddenly killed, they are separated with sundry lines, so that they may be very well actually severed, if great Dexterity be used, and Dissection be begun presently after the parties death, otherwise they are overflowed with much moisture and fall in.

This middlemost white substance or* 1.43 Marrow, I divide into the round and long Parts.

The Globous or round part, which I* 1.44 shall call the Head of the Marrow, re∣sembles the Figure of the Skul, and is of great bulk, having in it three Cavi∣ties or Ventricles commonly so called.

The long part, which I will call the Tail of the Marrow, arises immediately out of the former like a certain Tail, wherein is ingraven the Calamus Scriptorius or fourth* 1.45 Ventricle so called by some; wherein I hold the true Genera∣tion of Animal Spirits to be af∣fected.

And this long Portion of the Marrow, is the begin∣ning and original of all Nerves whatsoever that are in that place; contrary to what is commonly thought.

Also this lengthened Marrow may be considered in a twofold manner: either as it remains still within the Skul, and then the Nerves arise therefrom, which are vulgarly; attributed to the Brain: or as it is without the Skull, and slides into the Back-bone, gaining the title of the Spinal Marrow.

But that young Learners may not be confounded, I shall now propound the structure of the whole Brain commonly so called.

The greatness of a Mans Brain is* 1.46 remarkable in proportion to the rest of his body, as Aristotle observes. And for the most part a man hath twice as much

Brain as an Ox, viz. the quantity of four or five pound weight, because he is a more noble Creature, and perpaps because he goes bolt upright: for when when we would have any thing that is moveable to stand upright we put a great weight on the top, to prevent its falling. Yet the scull of a monstrous beast lately found in Scania, might preternaturally contain twice that quantity of Brain. The Skull it self is kept in the study of Wormius. And among Man-kind, Men have* 1.47 more Brains then women. For to them the greatest brain is given, that have most need of brains, and greatest use of them, for the exercise of sundry excellent Animal faculties. Yet Spigelius or Bucretius will not allow of this differ∣ence of the brains of the two Sexes, moved doubtless by Ocular Inspection, and the great Minds and En∣dowments of some Women, which the foregoing Age and this of ours have brought forth. But Women are therefore said to have less brains then men, because for the most part they have less bodies.

It is of a roundish shape answerable* 1.48 to the Skul; yet inwardly the brain hath certain knobs, which by some are cal-Processus mammillares

[illustration]

The III. TABLE.

The Explication of the FIGURE

This FIGURE presents the left side of the Brain bowed back into the place of the right, which ac∣cording to the foregoing Figure is taken away, as also the great Clift of the said Side.

• aa. The left Ear.
• bb. The Skin of the Head hanging down.
• cc. Part of the ••••re∣head-Bone.
• d. The Socket of the Eye.
• eee. The Hollowness of the Skull, wherein the lower part of the Brain was contained.
• ff. The dura Mater hanging down.
• hhhhh. The left side of the Brain invested with the pia mater
• iii. The great Clift of the left side of the Brain, seated o∣ver the Root of the Spinal Marrow.
• kk. The left Root of the Spinal Marrow, appearing in the Bottom of the great Clift, with new Rudiments of the winding, and Vessels there distributed.
• llll. The windings of the Brain, according to which the Branches of the Carotick Artery are distributed.
• mmmm. The Branches of the Carotick Artery, ending into the larger left-side Ventricle.
• nn. The greater left-side lateral Cavity or Ventricle.
• oo. The smaller left-hand lateral Ventricle.
• p. The Entrance of the smaller lateral Ventricle into the greater

page 134

The outward surface of the brain is ful of turnings and windings like* 1.49 those of the Guts: which we must not say were made for understanding with Erasistratus, seeing Asses also have them; nor for lightness sake as Aristotle would have it; nor that they are without End or Use, as others conceit; but that the Vessels of the brain might be more safely con∣veighed through those turnings and windings, least they might by continual motion be in danger of brea∣king, especially at the ful of the Moon, when the brain doth most of all swel within the Skul.

The windings of the brain (which I first learnt of Fr. Sylvius a great Anato∣mist)* 1.50 if you diligently examin the mat∣ter, you shall find to descend a good depth, & that the brain doth gape on each side, over & above that same middle division made by the Sickle, with a winding clift, which begins in the forepart, about the roots of the Eyes,* 1.51 whence according to the bones of the Temples, it goes back above the Root of the spinal Marrow, and divides the upper part of the brain from the lower part. Yet now and then, that same great Chink cannot be found or very hard∣ly. Instead thereof I have found a certain smal late∣ral clift on each side easily separable, even in the com∣mon section, near the Ventricles, ful of the Carotick Arteries.

The inner Surface hath sundry Extuberances and Cavities, as shall be said in the following dis∣course▪

The Colour is white, because the brain, as all other parts hath its original from* 1.52 the Seed, but so, that it hath less of Am∣plification then of Constitution: and therefore in extream fastings the brain suffers no diminution.

Its Temperament is cold and moist, which appears from its whiteness and* 1.53 moistness. And therefore Hippocrates saies the brain is the seat of cold and clammy humors. For the overgreat heat of the brain is an hinderance both to Reason and Sleep, as ap∣pears in Phrenetick persons. Yet is it by reason of the spirits hotter then any Air, as Galen rightly saies; yet is it not so exceeding hot▪ as the Heart

Its substance is proper to it self, such as is not in the whole body besides.* 1.54 Hippocrates doth liken it to a Kernel, by reason of the Colour and plenty of moisture. It is soft and moist for the more easie impression of Images and Conceptions, for it is the seat of Imagination: Yet is it not so soft as to run about, but hath a consistent softness, so that what is imprinted therein, may conti∣nue for a season: for the brain is also the seat of Me∣mory.

The followers of Des-cartes doth weave the brain together of soft and pliable Fiberkies, mutually tou∣ching one another, with intermediate spaces of the pores, by which Fiberkies the Images of Objects are imprinted upon the brain. They do indeed excel∣lently explain the reason of Sense, if this Hypothesis of theirs were true. But such Fiberkies are not found in the soft substance of the brain, unless we shall mean the beginning of the Spinal Marrow, out of which the little Ropes of Nerves do arise.

It is a rare case for the substance of the brain to be quite wanting, but Horstius saw it somtimes much di∣minished by over great use of carnal Embracements, as his Epistles shew. Howbeit Schenckius, Valleriola, Carpus, &c. saw a Boy without any brain; as also Nicolas Fontanus at Amsterdam in the year 1629, who instead of a brain and spinal marrow, found a very clear water enclosed in a Membrane.

Sundry Vessels are Dissemina∣ted through the brain. For if you* 1.55 squeeze the substance thereof, many little Dripplekies of blood do sweat out: and therefore I conclude with Galen that very many capillary Veins and Arteries are there dissemi∣nated: which I have also divers times beheld with mine Eyes. Which will then principally happen, as Fr. Silvius observes, when the brain is Flaccid and Friable, because he observed that then it would come of it self from the Vessels, in dissection; and especi∣ally if the Vessels by means of Age, or any other waies, are become more solid then ordinary.

Now there are no Nerves Disseminated through the Brain and therefore it is Void of all Sense.

The Veins which are carryed through the substance of the brain are, 1. The five branches of the jugular Veins, some of which go into the Cavity of the dura mater, others are spred up and down through the Coats and substance of the brain. But they, accor∣ding to the Observation of Walaeus, are no other then, 2. very smal twigs, which on either side go into the substance of the brain, out of the Cavities of dura mater.

There are four Arteries from the Carotides and Cervicales, whereof the former are disseminated into the brain upwards and downwards, the latter into the Brainlet or Cerebellum. In the Chinks the same Ca∣rotick Arteries are carried in very great number, both in the surface and the bottom, which Fr. Sylvius con∣ceives to be the cause of that same troublesome pulsing about the Temples in some kinds of Head-ach: though in the judgment of A. Kyperus the pulsation of the external Arteries adds somwhat hereunto, as the Cure of the pain doth shew, by opening the said Ar∣teries.

The Use of the Brain according to Ari∣stotle,* 1.56 is to cool the Heart, which Galen justly refutes, because the brain is far from the Heart. But there are some Peripatericks who de∣ny that Aristotle dissents from the Physitians, while he saith the brain is made to temper the heat of the Heart, and they will have it made to produce Animal spirits: In as much as the Animal spirits cannot be generated, unless the vital Spirits be first cooled But,

The Use thereof is, 1. To be the Mansion of the sensitive Soul, for the performance of Animal Functi∣ons. Now the brain is no particular Organ of Sense, as the Eyes, Ears, &c. but an universal one: for judgment is made in the brain of the Objects of all the Senses.

Also it passes judgment touching* 1.57 Animal Motion, whereas it self hath no Animal Motion: But it hath a Na∣tural Motion, communicated from the Arteries, and that a perpetual one of widening and contracting it self, as appears in Wounds of the Head and new-born Children, in the forepart of whose Head, the brain is seen to pant, because their bones are as yet exceeding soft and plyable.

In its Dilatation the brain draws vital Spirit with arterial blood out of the Carotick Arteries, and Air by the Nostrils.

In its contraction it forces the Animal spirits into the Nerves, which like Conduit pipes carry the said Spirit into the whole body, and therewith the facul∣ties of Sense and Motion. And by the same Contra∣ction, the blood is forced out of the Ventricles through the Veins unto the Heart.

The Matter therefore of the Animal* 1.58 Spirits is two fold; viz. Arterial blood ful of vital Spirit, and Air. Touching the place of its Generation we shall speak hereafter. For I am not of their opinion who confirme that this Spirit is Generated in the substance of the Brain, or in those Ventricles in the forepart thereof.

2. That the Animal spirit may be contained and kept in the brain as in a Store-house, after it is gener∣ated. And the substance, truly, of the Brain is a con∣venient House and Receptacle for the Animal spirit, seeing it is the same with the internal Marrowy sub∣stance of the Nerves, which also contains the said Ani∣mal Spirit.

Now I am of Opinion that in the* 1.59 Brain, properly so called, or the Rinde, is contained Animal Spirit for Sense; and that in the whole Marrow Head and Tail, Spirits is kept for Motion, which shall be made manifest in the following Chapter.

Chap. IV. Of the Parts of the Brain in Particular, and I. of the leng∣thened and Spinal Marrow, and its noble Ventricle.

SOme with Galen, Vesalius, Fallo∣pius,* 1.60 intending to contemplate what is contained in the Brain, be∣gin their Dissection in the upper part and proceed to the lower, and therefore they do unfitly propound* 1.61 and explain many parts. I, treading in the steps of Constantinus Varolus, shall take a quite contrary Course, yet such as is true and accurate, be∣ginning at the lower part of the brain and so passing to the uppermost: and I shall afterward propound the order of parts from top to bottome, for their sakes that will needs follow the vulgar and common way of Dissection; where also a third way of Dissection shall be propounded.

Beginning therefore at the lo∣west part of the Brain, we meet* 1.62 first with the beginning of the leng∣thened Marrow; the progress whereof because it is con∣tained in the Vertebra's of the Spina or Back-bone, therefore it is termed Spinalis and Dorsalis, Medulla, the Spinal or Back-marrow.

And if any one shall think we* 1.63 ought therefore to begin with the brain, because the Spinal Marrow is said to take its beginning therefrom;* 1.64 we answer, that we make the Marrow both as it is within the Skull and in* 1.65 the Back-bone, to be the beginning rather of the brain; and that the brain being divided into two parts, is as it were a certain double process or production of the Marrow it self.

Which is yet more manifest to those that* 1.66 behold the Anatomy of Fishes; for there the Head and Tail of the Marrow, is very great, but the process of the Marrow, or the brain is very little: the Cause whereof is, that Fishes use mo∣tion more then sense, intimating that the brain or barke contributes more to sense▪ and the Marrow it self to Motion. Hence Fish are dull of Sense, but very nimble in motion. And according to this opi∣nion of ours that saying will be verified, than an hard body is fittest for motion, and softer for sence.

[illustration]

The IV. TABLE.

The FIGURES Ex∣plained.

This TABLE presents the fourth Ventricle of the Brain, the Brainlet, and the Corpus Callosum, in several Figures.

FIG. I.

• AA. The Brainlet or Cerebellum and its Globes.
• B. The Worm-like process of the Cere∣bellum or Brainlet.
• CCCC. The processes of the Brainlet, which make the bridg of Varolius.
• D. The beginning of the spinal Mar∣row.
• EE. Two roots or smaller Processes of the spinal Marrow arising from the Brainlet.
• F. The fourth Ventricle likened to a Pen▪
• GG. A portion of the Brain cleaving to the Brainlet.

FIG. II.

• AA. The inner whiteish substance of the Brainlet.
• BBB. The outer and more duskish sub∣stance compassing the white about.
• CCCC. An Elegant structure of the Brainlet Representing the branchings of Trees.

FIG. III.

• AA. The appearance of the brain cut off in the middle as far as to the Ventricles.
• BB. The corp••s callosum drawn a little to the left ••ide.
• C. A portion of the Sickle turned backwards.
• DD. The right fore Ventricle uncovered above.
• EE. The left Ventricle open in like manner.
• FF. The Plexus choroides.
• G. A portion of the Speculum or Septum Lucidum.
• HH. The dura Mater drawn away on both ••ides.
• ••••. The two Thighes or portions of the Fornix.

page 136

The lengthened Marrow arises as some conceive from the brain alone, according to others from the Brainlet or Cerebellum. But it hath both (to speak now at a vulgar rate) for its beginning.

For it arises from four Roots or Foundations; two of which are greater from the fore-part of the brain com∣monly so called, two are lesser from the inner part of the Brainlet or petty Brain. From these united, the spinal Marrow seems to be constituted. But it is per∣adventure a more true opinion to think, that those originals are processes of the Marrow it self, as was said before.

The Substance of the Medulla oblongata or lengthe∣ned Marrow, is a little harder then that of the brain.

One part thereof is within the Skull, four Fingers breadths above the great Hole of* 1.67 the Hind-part of the Head. Another and the longest part thereof is without the Skull in the Vertebra's, from the first of the Neck to the last of Os sacrum.

Its Figure is longish and round, The Scripture calls it the Silver Cord. In its beginning it is thicker and larger then elsewhere.

It is further divided into the right and left part, even as the brain is, by the pia Mater* 1.68 which immediately invests the same, which may be seen in the Marrow of an Oxe in∣differently boyled. Hence there may be a Palsie of only one side of the body.

Now it is divided into many little Cords as it were, about the sixt and seventh Ver∣tebra* 1.69 of the Chest: and if the spinal Mar∣row of a body newly dead▪ be presently plunged in cold water, and a separation of these cords made, you may see the shape of an Horses tail, (espe∣cially towards the end) divided into many long Hairs: so that according to Laurentius, the Nerves also of the Back and Loyns, do spring from the Marrow of the Neck.

It is covered with a tripple Membrane, the first which imme∣diately* 1.70 covers it, is from the pia Mater.

The second is from the dura Mater and cleaves to the former, Which two, according to the Observation of Spigelius, are not separated any distance one from another, as they were within the Skul, but touch one the other.

The third being external springs according to Galen from a strong Ligament, which binds together the foreparts of the Vertebra's, and in the hinder part ends into a strong Coat, least in bending or extending the Back-bone, the Marrow should be hurt.

A thick and clammy humor is poured round about this Coat, to moisten the same.

Afterwards the Marrow is shut up in the Vertebrae, least it should be hurt (as the brain is shut up in the Skul) seeing it is a noble part, and the original of the Nerves. Therefore the Ancients called the Cavity of the Spina or Back-bone Hieran Surigga, the holy Pipe.

In the beginning of this Marrow, while it is yet in the Skul, there appears ingraven.

An Hollow Cavity, which Galen calls the Ventricle of the Brainlet; others* 1.71 call it the fourth Ventricle of the brain, though it is not in the brain. But I shall term it the noble Ventricle of the Marrow. This is most solid, most pure, most subtile, but least of all, for it containes a matter of geater force and faculty then the rest, as Galen saies.

And because, after a straight even progress, it is widened on each side, and sharpened afterwards into a point, because of this shape tis called Calamus Scrip∣torius, the Writing Pen or Quil.

Now from the Cerebellum or* 1.72 Brainlet, which is joyned to this Marrow, another and middle half of this Ventricle is constituted, as it were a cover; so that all this Cavity is between the brainlet and Medulla oblongata, or production of the Marrow, but the cheif Cavity is the lowermost, which is in the Marrow.

The Use of this Ventricle I hold to* 1.73 be this, viz. that it should be the place where Animal spirits are Generated and Elaborated. For this Ventricle is 1. The most pure and subtile. 2. It hath a Cavity sufficient for that pur∣pose. 3. It is seated in such a place, that it can poure forth Animal spirits, into all the Nerves round about it. And therefore Herophilus did rightly judg, that this was the most principal Ven∣tricle.

Nor can I devise how it came to pass* 1.74 that certain learned Men could not see these weighty Arguments, who have written without cause, that I assigned the Generation of Animal Spi∣rits to the Calamus Scriptorius, without any reasons moving me thereto.

Now must we think with Spigelius, that this Ven∣tricle did only result by consequence, out of the round particles of the Brain, touching one another without any design of Nature: for Nature doth nothing to no end, no not when she seems most of all to do so.

Others conceive that the Animal Spirit is bred in the fore Ventricles of the Brain.

But they are full of Excrements, whose receptacles they rather are, as appears by the Glandula Pituitaria unto them, and in that they are often found filled with Flegm, and abundance of water.

Others in the Rete Mirabile, others* 1.75 in the Plexus Choroides.

But in these we hold the Animal Spirit is prepared, but not Genera∣ted, For nature is wont to provide intertwinings of Vessels for the preparation of any matter: and seeing these Vessels are so smal, how can it be generated in them, especially seeing so many Excrements of the brain flow through the Ventri∣cles.

Others will have them to be wrought in the sub∣stance of the brain. Others in the lengthened body of the spinal Marrow. But the Generation of so subtile a Spirit, did require some Cavity, which is also allowed to the Generation of the vital Spirits.

For which cause some have been induced to allot the making of the natural spirit to be in the right Ven∣cle of the Heart, because there is no Cavity in the Liver.

I am therefore of opinion that the Animal Spirit is prepared in the Rete Mirable, and yet more in the Plexus Choroides, and that is generated and wrought up in this Cavity of the Medulla Elongata, or in the noble Ventricle; and afterward, as much of it as not derived into the spinal Marrow and the Nerves of the brain, is preserved and retained in the whole brain, as in a Store-house.

The Use of the lengthened and spinal Marrow, is to be the original of all the* 1.76 Nerves. For from that part thereof within the Skull, those Nerves arise which are commonly attributed to the Brain, being usually reckoned to be seven pair. But from the longest part thereof which is in the Back∣bone, Anatomists do reckon thirty pair of Nerves to arise, viz. as many as there are holes in the Verte∣brae.

Mean while we must not so understand the matter, as though only so many branches or Cords did thence arise. For every Nerve arise▪ with many little strings or Fibres, which going out at the hole of any Verte∣bra, are there joyned together by the Membranes, as if the Nerve came out of one branch.

Chap. V. Of the Cerebellum Brainlet, Or Petty-Brain.

THe Brainlet being as it were a little* 1.77 and private kind of Brain, is a cer∣tain smaller portion, placed under the Brain in the lower and after-part of the Occiput or Minder-Head: In Brutes it takes up commonly the whole Region of the Occiput.

It hath the same Substance, Consistency, Colour, Mo∣tion, &c. with the Brain.

In the Turnings and Windings it differs from the Brain. The brain* 1.78 hath sundry Circumvolutions with out any Method or Order; the Brainlet hath circu∣lar and ordinate ones, stretched one over another like Plates. They are differenced partly by interpo∣sed Vessels, partly by the pia mater, which being sepa∣rated, the several Circles may be taken out after ano∣ther.

The inner Substance is various, whiteish and Ash∣coloured, which distributed certain Vessels as it were.

The Vessels interposed betwixt the several plates, are carried through the pia mater like nets, which accord∣ing to the accurate Observation of Francis Sylvins, ari∣sing from the Branches of the Arteria cervicalis, do at last end into the fourth Ventricle.

It is constituted chiefly of two lateral parts, on each side making a Globe as it were.

It hath two Processes or Excrescences, termed Vermi∣formis or Worm-like, because they are variously orbicu∣lated, and consist of many transverse portions, coupled with a thin Membrane. Their Extremity being thin and convex, is as big as a small ••a••e.

And they are situate at the seat of the noble Cavity, one before, the other behind.

About the hinder-part of the Trunk of the Spinal Marrow, in the Circumference of the noble Ventri∣cle, out of the same brainlet there proceed two other globous processes, somtimes two of each side, som∣times three. Those are greatest which are seated by the Vermiformis, the rest are* 1.79 smaller. Varolius calls it the bridg of the brainlet.

The Use of all the Processes is to hinder the noble Ventricle from being obstructed, by pressure of the brainlet. Laurentius saies they help the motion of the Ventricles like a Valve, because the Vermiformis be∣ing shortned opens the way, which goes from the third to the fourth Ventricle; when it is extended it shuts the Chink, least the Spirits should go back into the up∣per Cavities. Riolanus dissents but little from him, for he will have it to open and shut the entrance of the fourth Ventricle. But it is not moved of it self, be∣cause, as the brain, so is it void of any proper motion, unless you assign it to the Vessels or pia Mater, which are very small, or at least to the neighbouring Animal Spirits.

Now I believe the use of the bridg is, to combine and keep in compass the Circles of the brain, and as a bulwark to defend the noble Ventricle. And therfore it would more properly be called a Sconce or Fence, then a bridg.

The Use of the brainlet is the same with* 1.80 that of the brain. But Galen would have it to be the Original of the hard Nerves; which is false. For no Nerves have their Original from it.

Chap. VI. Of the rest of the Parts observed in the Brain; viz. the Rete mirabile, Glan∣dula pituitaria, Infundibulum, Ventricles of the Brain, Corpus callosum, Fornix, Plexus, Cho∣roides, Glandula pinealis.

THe precedent parts being considered, we must come now to those things, which are presently visible, about the Conjunction of the Optick Nerves, such as are; the Rete mirable, Glandula pituitaria, and the Infundibulum.

The Rete mirable or wonderful Net,* 1.81 which some call Plexus retiformis, is so called by reason of its artificial and wonderful stru∣cture, for it shews like many Nets heaped together. Now it hath another structure in Calves and Oxen, in which Creatures it is also more manifestly discern∣able then in mankind, though we must not say that it is not in Men as Vesalius doth,* 1.82 though hard to discern. I remember ne∣vertheles that it hath been wanting.

This Net lies under the Basis of the Brain, encom∣passes the Glandula, at the sides of the Cavity of Os Sphaenoides.

It consists (not of the Nerves of the third Conjuga∣tion as Volcherus would have it, but) of the Carotick and Cervical Arteries, carried up from the Heart, to the Basis of the Brain, which convey blood and Spi∣rit in to this Net.

Riolanus places the Rete mirabile at the same Basis of the Brain, viz. The off-spring of the Plexus Cho∣roides, which creeps through the former Ventri∣cles.

The Use of this Net is, that therein the blood and vital Spirit may be a very long time detained, that the first preparation towards the Generation of Annimal Spirits may there be made. Also Waloeus hath obser∣ved that this Net doth consist of smal twigs of the ju∣gular Veins; that they may doubtless carry back such blood as is superfluous after the preparation of the Animal Spirits.

The Glandula pituitaria or Rheum∣kernel,* 1.83 is so called from its use, because it

receives the Excrements of the brain out of the Ventricles through the Funnel. And* 1.84 therefore it is placed at the end of the Funnel in the saddle of the Sphaenoides. Galen calls it barely Glandula.

On the upper-side it is hollow, beneath bossie or bunching.* 1.85

Its Substance is harder and more com∣pact then that of other Kernels.* 1.86

It is cloathed with the Pia Mater.

Its Use is the same, with that of o∣ther* 1.87 Kernels, viz. by its drinking spungy flesh to receive grosser Excrements (for the thin Vapor out at the Sutures) collected in the Ventricles of the brain, many times in great quantities. For the brain being of* 1.88 great bulk, did need much Aliment, and therefore it breeds many Excre∣ments, especially when it is in any measure disor∣dered. These Excrements the Kernel doth somtimes cast into the Palate of the Mouth, and somtimes suf∣fers them to drain away by the holes in the basis of the Skull.

Others suppose the use of this Kernel to be, to shut the Funnel, least the Animal Spirits should go forth. For just over the Glandula Pituitaria or Rheum-Ker∣nel, is

Infundibulum or Funnel, so called* 1.89 from its shape, for above the Head thereof is large, the lower part is a long and strait pipe. Others call it Pelvis the Basin, which words doth more properly belong to the Head, or beginning of the Funnel then to the whole body thereof.

The Funnel therefore is an Orbicular Cavity (som∣times triangular with sharp or blunt Angels) made of the pia Mater, where it ingirts the basis of the brain. Its beginning is large, at the hole of the third Ventri∣cle, as they call it; through which the Excrements are packt away out of the Ventricles into this Fun∣nel.

Riolanus informs us that it hath four little pipes, which distil Rheum or Phlegmatick serum through the four holes resting upon the Sellae Sphenoideae.

Its of a dark Colour, and if you open it you shall find it full of thick Flegm.

[illustration]

The V. TABLE.

The FIGURE Ex∣plained.

The Fornix being remo∣ved the Glandula Pi∣nealis is here to be seen as also the third Ven∣tricle of the Brain, which is in the middle between the two fore∣more Ventricles.

• AA. The Brain cut smooth off through the middle.
• B. The Fornix took away and turned back.
• CC. Its Expansions or binder Thighs.
• DDDD. The bottom of the right and left Ventricles, where∣in the Vessels appear be∣fore.
• EE. Their Walls or Sides.
• F. The foremore hole of the third Ventricle, which some call Vulva.
• G. A chink denoting the third Ventricle.
• HH. Bunchings of the Brain called Nates, the But∣tocks.
• II. The Protuberances or bun∣chings called Testes the Stones.
• K. The Glandula Pinealis or Pine-kernel-••••••p'd Glan-dulae.

page 139

Two little whiteish Kernels or Portuberancies of the brain are placed before this passage, which are to be seen, the brain being turned upside down, there where the Funnel receives wheyish E••c••••men•••• •••••• of the Ventricles.

These things being thus handled, the Original of the Nerves follows in course the Section to be observed, which every where arise from the Marrow; of which I shall speak in our Manual of the Nerves.

The Ventricles or Cavities of the Brain do fol∣low.

These according to the common manner of Secti∣on, beginning from above, are thought to be three: two foremore and uppermore as they call them, and one in the middle, to which some add a fourth, of which we spoke before.

But if dissection be made after the new manner, be∣ginning from beneath; there appear only two, so that the third is common, being a portion of the o∣ther two.

I conceive that there is but one Ventricle of the brain, which is in the* 1.90 middle, but the beginning thereof is divided into two; or there are two processes, which receiving the Excrements, carry them into the middle it self, which they call the third. For there is one continued Cavity of the brain, and the two Ventricles so called, do end into a common Cavi∣ty.

Mean while, because this and that part of the Ca∣vity seem diversly formed, some distinction may be allowed for Doctrins sake.

Those two Ventricles which are ill ter∣med the foremore and uppermore (because* 1.91 they consist also in the hinder and lower part of the Brain, perhaps they might better be called the lateral Ventricles, and with Vesalius the right and left) are the largest of all, crooked, full of windings, Semicircular, and cloathed with the pia Mater.

They are commonly and not unfitly liken'd to the Moon when she is in the Wane; although they are hardly ever demonstrated to be such in dissection. But seeing they are both oblong, and very large in their hinder part, they may also be likened to Horse-shoes. This round form of the Ventricles was first discovered by the most accurate Fr. Sylvius, and after him I have often demonstrated the same. But if you would find the true Figure, you must cut the brain deep towards the Skul, or the Temples, on each side, because it is deeply sunk into the Corpus Callosum. For that part of the Ventricles towards the Septum lucidum is higher, and that which is towards the lateral part of the Skull is lower. The foremore and deeper parts, are near to the Mammillary processes, and if we believe Pic∣colhomineus, Bauhinus, Riolanus, they are in some manner transpassable, especially in elderly per∣sons.

Moreover they run out in their hinder part by a straight Course, where they form a Cavity which is somwhat round, not unlike the Finger of a Glove; this I remember hath been somtimes wanting.

Moreover it is to be noted, that these Ventricles do environ the lateral and hind parts of the Roots of the Spinal Marrow, which also, under the Plexus Choroi∣des, a part of the brain being wreathed and attenuated inwards, and upwards making the Concameration of the Ventricles, doth embrace with a selvidge as it were and a Fringe or lace, which the praise worthy Sylvius wont so to call for likeness sake, it being knit to the was foresaid roots by exceeding thin threds. If gently lifting up the Plexus, you shall remove this lace from the Root, you shall find little Arteries creeping through the lower surface of the Ventricle, continued to the Ne••-like Coronet of little Arteries investing the root; by help of which, this Lace seems to stick more close to the Root.

But here you shall observe, that there is an easie outgate for the Humors contained in the said Ventri∣cles, which may descend down along the spinal Mar∣row.

They are therefore formed, not in* 1.92 the Brain, but in the marrow, where they call it Corpus Callosum, because the substance is there harder like a Callus, where the Ven∣tricles seem to rest upon the two foremore Extuber∣ancies.

The Conformation of the Ventri∣cles* 1.93 of the brain, which all cannot easily discerne, I have by Anatomi∣cal Inspection and the Guidance of Sylvius, learnt to be thus.

Two Roots of the Spinal Morrow do penetrate a good depth into the substance of the brain; to the upper and former whereof, especially where it looks inward, the brain being continued (now I mean the whiteish and Ash-coloured part by the term Brain) it spreads it self every way, especially outwards and backwards and by little and little wreathes and con∣tracts its lower extremities inward and upwards, till at last being attenuated, it doth on all sides embrace the Root of the spinal Marrow with a lace, a little below the place where it springs therefrom, as was said before; and so forms the lateral Ventricles.

But in the foremore and inner part, and whiteish substance ascending from each Root, and making one body cal'd Corpus Callosum, it is carried back; and covering the middle distance between the Roots, which is the third Ventricle, and the wide mouths of the lateral Ventricles opened thereinto▪ framed by it self, it makes the Fornix, Arch or Vault; and is con∣tinued to the hinder and inner part of the Limbus or edge of each Ventricle.

Regius adds many pores in the Ventricles; looking into the Fiberkies of the substance of the brain, in which the Animal spirit is bred. But those pores and Fiberkies are invisible to the Eyes of Anato∣mists.

They are distinguished by a loose and* 1.94 wrinkeld Partition-Skin: which if it be stretched out and held against the light, it shines because of its transparency, and is therefore cal'd Septum lucidum: which some will have to spring from a most thin portion of the brain it self, others from the pia Mater doubled. But the former opinion is truer, which you may perceive, if after the manner of Sylvius having removed the brain and sickle of the other side, you shall search the Ventricle of the oppo∣site part, and shall lift up that part of the brain which is continued with the Corpus Callosum, at the Orifice of the third ventricle; for then it may easily be seen, and discerned to be a smal portion of the brain.

The lower, whiteish part, where the ven∣tricles* 1.95 are joyned, is termed

FORNIX the Arch, or Testudo the Belly of a Li••e, being of a Triangular Figure, consisting of three shanks, one before and two behind. In the common Method of Dissection, this body is supposed to be spred out over the third ventricle, and to lie beneath the Corpus Callosum.

Under the Fornix according to the observation of Sylvius the Cheroides plexus of both sides, is immediate∣ly carryed, tending towards the Glandula pinealis; under which Plexus, in its upper part, the two Roots of the spinal Marrow grow together; so that here the Testudo, is not seated immediately under the third ventricle.

[illustration]

The VI. TABLE.

The FIGURE Ex∣plained.

This Figure presents the left Ventricle of the Brain, being bent back, as it is represented in the fift Figure.

• a. The right Ear.
• b. The left Ear.
• cccc. The bone of the Forehead.
• dd. Part of the Skin of the Head hanging down on either side.
• eeeeeee. The dura Mater of both sides hanging down.
• fffffff. The Brain according to the passage of the left Ventricle, divided from that part which lies over the Root of the spi∣nal Marrow, and turned backwards.
• ggg. Part of the Brain resting upon the spinal Marrow.
• hh. A great chink of the Brain go∣ing over the Root.
• iiiiiii. The inner face and form of the left Ventricle resembling the sharp corner'd Moon.
• k. The Cavity of the Ventricle like a Gloves-finger.
• l. An orifice going into the third Ventricle.
• mmm. The lace sticking to the Root of the spinal Marrow
• nn. The lace removed from the said Root.
• ooo. The Plexus Choroides.
• ppp. The Root of the spinal Marrow raised up.
• qqq. Vessels creeping up and down the inner surface of the Ventricle, and springing for a great part, from the smal Arteries which compass the Root.
• r. The Septum lucidum.

page 141

The third Ventricle commonly so cal∣led,* 1.96 or the long Chink, is the meeting to∣gether of the Ventricles aforesaid, which is formed in the Centre, as it were of the Marrow of the Brain, by reason of the Conjuction of two round Trunks proceeding out of the Brain. It hath in it two passages, the first foremore, going downwards to the Glandula pituitaria, that it may there void its Excrements: the other is hindermore, cloathed with a Membrane; which hole some call Anus, the Fun∣dament; it goes beneath the Buttocks to the noble Ventricle, that the prepared matter of the Animal spirits, may pass into the place and Womb as it were of their Generation.

This hole is nothing else but a space arising upon the mutuall contact of the* 1.97 four Trunks of the spinal Marrow,

Now the Nates or Buttocks, and the Testes or Stones are four Orbicular promi∣nences,* 1.98 which they say are in the Brain, which is falf. They call the two porti∣ons of the Roots of the Medulla oblongata, which arise from the Brainlet, Nates; and those two little ones of the Roots from the Brain, they call Testes. And these parts are lower, the other upper.

These differences, as Fr. Sylvius notes, between the Testes and the Nates, have place in Brutes rather then in Men; for the Men they are commonly equal, and many times the Testes are the bigger.

But it is a trifling peice of business to im∣pose such Names as these; as also when they* 1.99 call the Glandula pinealis, Penis, and a certain long ditch between the Eminences they term Vulva.

Between the fore-more Ventricles so called, and the Seat of the Testudo, there* 1.100 is, the Plexus Choroidis or Reticularis so called, being a contexture of very smal Veins and Arteries, sent partly from the Arteries, partly from the Vessels of the dura Mater in the fourth Ventricle. There is a glandulous substance interwoven within this Plexus, and a portion of the pia Mater. The Plexus Choroides being truly glan∣dulous, does receive a little branch of the Carotick ar∣tery, which pierces into the lower part of the brain, which ends about the Glandula pinealis, where it bran∣ches up and down through the lower Surface of the Ventricle.

The Use hereof is the same with that of the Rete mirabile.

At the beginning of that hole, which pas∣ses from the middle Ventricle into the no∣ble* 1.101 Ventricle, there is placed a certain Glandule or Kernel, termed Pinealia the Pine-kernel Glandule, because it is fashioned like the Kernel of a Pine-apple. The Greeks call it conarion or som•• cono••ides, some term it the Yard of the brain▪

It is of an hard substance, of a yellowish and somtimes dark colour, and is covered with a thin Membrane. In Creatures newly kil'd tis large, in old karcasses, being melted it is scarce apparent, or is very small, as also in men, whose brains cannot be opened whil'st they are warm. And therefore they say it spends like Cam∣phire exposed to the air, being also partly melted, as Salt is in a moist place.

According to the Observation of Sylvius a nervous little string does fasten this Kernel as it stands betwixt the Testes.

Who also observed more then once certain granes of sand in this Kernel, and somtimes also a little stone as big as the fourth part of a pease, and somwhat round.

The Use of this Pine-kernel is like that of other ker∣nels, and especially to help the distribution of Vessels through the brain. Some will have it placed like a Valve before the hole which passes into the fourth Ventricle.

Des Cartes and his Followers Meyssonerius, Regius, Hogelandius, do conceive that this Kernel being placed in the middle of the Ventricles, which when a man is awake are distended with Spirits perpetually, does 1. Receive the motions of all Objects. 2. That the Soul in this part done by these motions, does appre∣hend all external sensible Objects, and all the Ideas proceeding from the five Senses, as in a Centre, and discern the same, and does afterward by help thereof send Spirits into all parts; as in a smal Sphaerical glass, all things are received in the same order in which they are either in a Field or Chamber.

For this cause Meyssonerius will have it to be of a co∣nick Figure, because Individuals require more space then sorts or kinds of things. And that these Idea's are diversly moved by the motion of the animal spirit, but are alwaies found joyned by the Verb EST, and according to their equality or inequality, truth or fals∣hood is compounded, being compared together like two Lines.

And that for this cause Infants do not presently speak nor reason, because the slappiness of their brain gives not passage to the Idea's. And that the overgreat and confused motion of these Idea's in the Pine-sha∣p'd kernel, makes ravenings, as in persons drunk, phrentick, &c.

But many things there are which will not suffer me to embrace this new and witty Opinion. For

• 1. It is too small and obscure a body, to be able to represent clearly the Species of all things.
• 2. The Species of all Senses do not come hither, be∣cause the Nerves do not touch the Kernel.
• 3. It is placed in the Quarter of Excrements, whe∣ther they are purged out, by the third, and two fore∣more Ventricles, where the Species or Representati∣ons of things would be defiled.
• 4. The Species of things are perceived rather there whereto they are carried. But every sensory Nerve each in its place carries the Species to the beginning of the spinal Marrow, and therefore each in their place are judged and received by the Soul, in the beginning of the spinal Marrow. Moreover this Marrow is big enough, globous, hard, and of a brighter colour.
• 5. Several Idea's would be confounded in this little body. The Eye indeed being likewise very small, re∣ceives the Species or Representations of things with∣out Consusion, but they are only the visible Species; whereas in this Kernel the divers Species of different Senses are to be received.
• 6. There is hence no open or known passage to the Nerves, as from the beginning of the Marrow, nor a∣ny communion with some Nerves of the external sen∣ses.

The Use of the Cavities or Ventri∣cles* 1.102 of the brain is, to be the Recepta∣cles of Excrements, which is appa∣rent.

• 1. From their Structure: for an hole goes from the Cavities to the Glandula pituitaria.
• 2. The Surface of the Ventricles is continually moistned with a watry Humor.
• 3. They are often found topful of flegm and watry moisture.

Howbeit in this new Section after* 1.103 the neck of the funnel is shewed with the Glandula: the Marrow being lif∣ted up, first of all the Nates and the Testes are seen, and then the hole in∣to the noble Ventricle; afterwards divers Nerves, the, Ventricles of the brain with the hole into the funnel the Corpus callosum, the Fornix, the Plexus Choroi∣des, and the Glandula pinealis.

But in the old and common way of* 1.104 Dissection, these parts of the brain are shewed in order: The Corpus callosum, the Septum tenue, the two Extuberan∣ces, upon which the Ventricles rest; the two Ventricles, commonly called the foremore; the Fornix, the Plexus Choroidis, the third Ventricle, its two holes, the Glandula pinealis; and the brainlet being a little removed, the Nates and Testes the brain∣let, the worm-fashion'd Processes, the noble Ventri∣cle, the Pelvis, Glandula pituitaria, and Rete mira∣bile.

But if you will use the middle way of Dissection, familiar to Fr. Sylvius, thus* 1.105 you shall proceed. Take off the Skull as deep as conveniently you can. Then suffering the left side of the brain to re∣main untoucht, with its Membrane; be∣gin your Dissection on the right side, first of all cutting asunder and removing the dura Mater; then take a∣way some particles of the brain with the pia Mater, til you come to the Cavity of the Ventricle, and then follow both its upper and lower pas∣sage with your Dissection, as you see* 1.106 it done in the second Table. Sepa∣rate the Limbus if you please, with a blunt probe, from the root of the Spinal Marrow, and shew it; though that may be more conveniently done in the opposite side of the Brain. The greatest part of the right side of the Brain being thus taken away, the upper and lower Cavities of the Sickle are to be shewn, as also the greater right side lateral Cavity, and the oblique descend of the upper Cavity thereinto, all which you have expressed in the foresaid Table.

These things being thus done, go to the left side, and therein first cut asun∣der* 1.107 the dura Mater, and remove it with the Falx or Sickle; then gently remove the left side of the Brain, into the place of the right side newly removed; and as you are doing this observe from Tab. 3. the Vessels going into the lateral Cavity, and how they rise up about the optick nerves, and are distributed into very many branches, creeping every where up and down the inner Substance of the brain, and especially the winding Surface thereof, til at last they end into the Carotick Arteries. Then search out that same notable chink or clift, between the win∣dings,

which is figured out in the Table aforesaid; and having cut the pia Mater, open the sides thereof a lit∣little with a Spa••••er, that the branches of the Caroti∣des may better appear, which are carried through the bottom of the turnings, with the Rudiments of new windings. But if, before you shall be∣gin to shew the brain, you shall free the* 1.108 Carotick Arteries and the jugular Veins from the parts adjacent in the Neck, and bind them distinctly; and then by a Wound made in an Artery shall put in a crooked hollow probe and blow; the vessels disseminated through the whole brain wil swel, as being branches of the Carotick Arteries, until the air with the forced blood shall at length empty it self into the Ventricles: if by the foresaid hollow probe, you shall in like manner blow into the Ventricles, you will perceive their continuation and communion with the jugular Veins, by the swelling and distention of the said Veins; and will acknowledg that the Circu∣lation of the blood, is not a little confirmed by this pleasant Spectacle.

Hence, returning to a farther search into the fabrick of the brain, and a wary Incision being made in the hinder part of the side propounded, search there for the larger Cavity of the Ventricle, and follow it with your Dissection to both the Ends; then turn back every way the outer part of that which is dissected, the mid∣dle part being kept upright, which rests upon the root of the Spinal Marrow, and is continued therewith, which is excellently well expressed in Table the sixt, in the Explication whereof, what you see set down, weigh in order.

Finally, taking away the Brain, observe again all the Cavities and that more distinctly; and then when you have seen the third Ventricle, the Funnel, the Glandu∣la pituitaria, the pares of Nerves, after the usual man∣ner; go back again to the Penis, Anus, Testes, Nates, &c. and examine the brainlet and its parts.

Nor will it be unprofitable, as often as a new occa∣sion of Dissection is offered, so often to change the se∣ction in some part; for so it will come to pass, that you will alwaies observe somwhat which was unob∣served before, or neglected, or not distinctly enough considered.

Chap. VII. Touching the Forehead.

THe Hairy part of the Head being* 1.109 explained, the smooth part or FACE follows, which in man is void of Hairs, otherwise then i•• is in Beasts, for Beauties sake; it is also called Vultus because of the judg∣ment of the wil, which is Conspicuous of the Face.

The upper part thereof, viz. the Fore∣head is termed Frons a ferendo from carry∣ing,* 1.110 as some conceive, because it carries in it tokens of the mind: the rest thereof, from the Eye-brows to the Chins end, is the lower part, in which are many other parts, which are here∣after to be explained in order, external and internal, the Organs of the Senses, Muscles of the Eyes, Nose, Lips, &c.

The Skin of the Forehead, because it is moved, therefore it hath Muscles, which* 1.111 Platerus terms the signifiers of the Affecti∣ons of the Mind. Now the Muscles of the* 1.112 Forehead do lift up the Eye-brows, and are thickest at the said Eye-brows.

They arise from the Skull, near the coronal Suture, and are knit at the sides to the temporal Muscles, but in the middle they are distinguished a little above, but beneath they are so nearly associated, that they seem to be one Muscle, and end at the Eye-brows. Yet I have observed in a large nosed person, that an Appen∣dix of the said Muscles did reach to the Gristles of the Nose.

They have straight Fibres. Surgeons therefore must not cut them athwart, least they destroy the lifting up of the Eye-brows; but upwards, according to their length. Hosman after Aquapendent stands for oblique fibres, on the right side from the right hand to the left, on the left side from the left hand to the right. But this they do against Experience, ocular Inspection, and Reason. For the skin of the Forehead is by a straight course, either elevated or depressed by help of right fibres, which are the cause of straight motion. In the point of right fibres, we have the Consent of great Anatomists Vesalius, Laurentius, Bauhinus, Platerus, Ves∣lingus, &c.

And because the skin of the Forehead grows close to these Muscles, therefore both the Forehead and the Eye-brows are moved.

Howbeit there are somtimes also two Muscles in the binder part of the Head, which move the skin there∣of, short, thin and broad, with straight fibres, ending above into a broad Tendon, and touching the hinder∣more Muscles of the Ears, in their sides. Some men that are furnished with these Muscles, can draw the skin of their Heads backwards.

Chap. VIII. Of the Eyes.

THe Eyes are termed Oculi ab occul∣tando* 1.113 or occludendo from shutting or hiding, because they are hid under the Eye-lids; they are the Instruments of Sight made of Humors, Membranes, Muscles, Vessels, and other Parts.

They are seated in an eminent place* 1.114 like Watch-men, in boney Sockets covered with the Periostium for better Safeguards sake.

They are in Number two, for the* 1.115 perfection of Sight, and that one be∣ing defective, the other may supply its place and office. Howbeit both-Eyes see but one Object, at one and the same time, and not a double one, whether because the knowing and judging Faculty is one, as Aquapen∣dent conceives, or because the Axle-tree of the two vi∣sual Pyramides, do pass along upon the same Surface of a plane as Galen expounds the matter; or because of the exact similitude they have received from parti∣cular things from whence they came, the internal sense judging only one and the same species, as Aquiloniu•• does philosophize. They are in Mankind very little distant one from another, both for the Nobility and perfection of their Action, and the Reception of visi∣ble species.

They are round; but a little longish,* 1.116 like bulbous Roots whereupon

Two Angles or Corners are made, at the Socket of the Eyes, which are termed Canthi; the inner and greater at the Nose, the outer and lesser at the Tem∣ples.

In and about the Eye, there are sundry parts, some without the Eye, for safeguard* 1.117 or commodities sake, as the Eye-lids with their Hair and the Eye-brows, also Caruncles in the Corners of the Eyes; other parts there are which con∣•…•… the Eye it self, and they are Fat, Muscles, Mem∣branes and Humors.

Palpebrae the Eye-lids are parts which cover and shut the Eye, which clense* 1.118 and putrifie the Cornea Tunica, and likewise by their overshadowing render the Picture in the Retina more illustrious, according to the opinion of Averrhoes, Varolius▪ Plempius.

The are made up of the Skin, the Membrana carno∣sa, Muscles, a Coat, the Tarsi and Hairs: and there∣fore their substance is soft,

The Eye-lid, is either the lower which if we believe Galen, is of it self immov∣able,* 1.119 save in some birds. Yet Bauhin and Aqua-pendent do aver that they are really moved, and Fallopius proves it by the example of a Sea-Calf, and any one may prove the same in a Looking-glass, wherein he may see his lower Eye-lid meet the upper. But either this mo∣tion is obscure or we must say with Vesalias and Sylvius that the upper part of the circular Muscle doth lift up the upper part of the Eye-lid, and that the lower part is drawn down, by the other part of the Muscle, which notwithstanding is not true, because the straight Mus∣cle lift up; or we must say with Piccolhomineus that they follow the motion of the Cheeks; or final∣ly, the Orbicular Muscles only moves the upper Eye∣lid, and doth but embrace the lower, and knit it is a coupler. The other is the upper, which is moved and that most swiftly. so that we compare a quick motion to the twinkling of the Eye.

Now they are moved upwards, that is to say are opened and lifted up by* 1.120 the right Muscle which is less then the other. It arises about the Optick Nerve, and ends with a Tendon into the Extremities of the Eye-lid. They are moved downwards, that is

[illustration]

The VII. TABLE.

The Explication of the FIGURES.

This TABLE repre∣sents the Muscles of the Eye in their natural Si∣tuation, and the Muscle of the Eye-lid by it self.

FIG. I.

• AAAA. The hollow part of the Skul cut off.
• BB. The inner and whiteish portion of the Brain dis∣sected.
• CC. The Brainlet or Cerebellum
• D. The meeting and union of the Optick Nerves.
• EE. The parting of the said Nerves going to each Eye.
• F. The Caruncula Lachry∣malis drawn out of its place.
• GG. The first Muscle of the Eye called Attollens.
• H. In the right Eye, shews the second Eye-muscle, or the Musculus deprimens.
• II. In both Eyes shews the Musculi recti interni or Adducentes.
• KK. In each Eye shews the recti externi or Abducentes.
• L. The Musculus quintus, or obliquus externus, is she∣wed in the right Eye.
• MM. The sixt Muscle or the ob∣liquus, internus, whose Tendon passes through the Pully, N.
• O. Shews the optick Nerve in the right Eye.
• P. The Cornea Tunica, in the midst whereof is the Pupilla.

FIG. II.

• A. The optick Nerve.
• B. The Nerves which moves the Eye.
• C. The Trochlearis Musculus, whose Tendon, E. goes through the Pulley, D.
• F. G. The Musculi recti, internal and external.
• H. The Muscle proper to the upper Eye-lid, contained within the Socket of the Eye.
• III. The Eye-lids cut out off.
• KK. The Cilia, that is the Ends of the Eye-lids adorned with Hair.

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to say are shut and covered, by a certain Orbicular or Circular Muscle, which is every way half a Fingures breadth, arising from the Root of the Nose, which afterwards runs back with circular Fibres, under the lower Eye-lid, through the outward corner, and ends above the upper Eye-lid, at the same place of the inner corner. Spigelius and others do divide it into the up∣per and lower Muscle, because each hath a different Nerve coming from divers places, and they observed that in the Convulsio canina so called, somtime the lo∣wer Eye-lid was stif, the upper being moveable. But no division of this Muscle can be discerned by the sharpest Eye-sight, the Fibres being every where con∣tinued, though the insertion of the Nerves be different as it is in some other Muscles, of the Nose &c.

The Membrana carnosa is thin in this place, together with the Muscles, like* 1.121 another simple thin Membrane; and therefore Aristotle said that the Skin of the Eye-lid was without flesh, and being cut off, like the Fore-skin, it grows not again.

They are cloathed with an inner Coat springing from the Pericranium, exceeding thin and soft, least they should hurt the Eyes, which they touch.

The Extremities of the Eye-lids are hard and Grist∣ley; but soft like smal Gristles, and Semicircular, the Greeks term them Tarsous, the Latins CILIA whereon the Hairs are fastned* 1.122 (which some term Cilia) being straight because situate in an hard place, keeping all waies in a manner the same greatness hindering smal and light matters from falling into the Eye, and serving to direct the fight which Galen proves from such as have them fallen or pulled off, who can hard∣ly discerne things afar off, especially if they be of a dark colour, which Montaltus doth prove by the ex∣ample of a youth at Lisbon.

The SUPERCILIA or Eye-brows, are Hairs growing at the bottom of the* 1.123 Forehead, above the Eyes, intercepting such things, as fall from the Head that they may not light into the Eyes.

CARUNCULA a smal portion of flesh, is placed at each great corner of the Eye, containing Humor to moisten the Eye; and it is placed over an hole bored in the Nose-bone, which is* 1.124 called Punctum lachrymale (distinct from these two holes in the edge of the Eye∣lids, which Galen call Tremata, and are most visible in living bodies, especially of such as are inclined to weeping) least we should continually weep. But in an Oxe there is moreover a moveable Membrane, which can shut the Eye, though the Eye-lid be open, by help whereof Brutes wink and cover their Eyes, when they fear any thing should fall into or hit them.

In the spaces between the muscles and sundry Vessels, there is fat, which* 1.125 heats, moistens, and so helps the moti∣on of the Eye, and makes it round and even.

The MUSCLES of Mens Eyes are* 1.126 six. Because they have so many di∣stinct motions: four straight and two circular: all are seated within the Cavity of the Skul, and accompany the optick Nerve. All their Tendons being joyned together at the tunica Cornea, under the Adnata, do make that Coat which Columbus call Tu∣nica innominata, the Nameless coat, as if it* 1.127 had not been known to the ancients, whereas Galen hath made mention thereof, in his tenth Book de Usu partium Chap. 2. & 8. though it be not properly a Coat, but only divers Tendons of Mus∣cles, nor doth it compass the whole Eye. Yet by some it is called Tunica Tendinosa or Tendinea, the Tendinous Coat.

The first Muscle being the upper and* 1.128 thicker is called Attollens the lefter up or Superbus, the proud Muscle.

The second opposite to the other, being the smaller in the lower part, is termed* 1.129 Deprimens the depresser, and Musculus humilis the lowly Muscle, because it draws the Eye downwards towards the Cheek-balls.

The third placed in the greater Angle is* 1.130 called Adducens, the drawer to, and Bibi∣torius the drinking Muscle, moving the Eye inwards towards the Nose.

The fourth is called Abducens the dra∣wer* 1.131 from, drawing the Eye towards the side of the Face to the smal cornerward; tis also ter∣med Indignatorius the Muscle of indgnation.

All these four Muscles have the same beginning, the same progress and end: for the beginning of them all is acute, near the hole where the optick Nerve enters into the Socket of the Eye, from the Membrane wher∣of they do arise: they have all a fleshy and round belly: their end is a very smal Tendon, as was said, at the Cornea.

By these four acting together the Eye is drawn in∣wards, and is kept from strring, which holding is by Physitians called Motus tonicus.

The fift is lean, round, short, oblique,* 1.132 seated between the Eyes and the Tendons of the second and third Muscle, and ascending by the outer corner of the Eye, to the upper part of the Eye, is inserted into the Cornea tunica by the Region of the Iris. It whirles about the Eye obliquely downwards to the external Angle, or corner.

The sixt being the smallest of all, and* 1.133 having the longest Tendon, wheels the Eye about unto the inner Corner. For arising from a common beginning with the first four, it is carried right out to the inner Corner; there it passes through the Pulley, and ascends in a right Angle to that place where the fift was inserted. 'Tis called Trochlea Musculus the Pully-muscle, because it wheeled about as it were through a Pulley which Pul∣ley is a Gristle in the Eye sticking out, first observed by Fallopius, though Riolanus do also attribute the In∣vention thereof to Rondeletius who lived at the same time with him. Tis situate at the upper Jaw-bone, by the inner corner of the Eye, and therefore in the Cure of Fistula lachrymalis, the Surgeons ought to have a great care, least they wrong this Pully,

These two last are termed Amatorij, love Muscles, and Circumactores, rowling Muscles the upper and lower. For by the help of these Muscles lovers cast Sheeps-Eyes one at another.

There is yet a seventh Muscle in Brutes,* 1.134 which may be divided into two, three, or four.

This is a short Muscle, compassing the optick Nerve, fat coming between, and being fleshy it is inserted into an hard Coat.

Its Use is; to hold up the Eyes of Brutes which look down towards the Ground, and to enwrap the soft optick Nerve.

An eigth membranous Muscle may be added, where∣with Brutes do wink.

Some Animals have no Muscles. Scaliger proved it by Dissection in Cats, yet Casserius pictures out the Muscle of a Cats Eye. A Chameleon indeed hath no Muscles, and yet moves his Eyes every way, and ei∣ther of them backwards, and that by a wrinkled mem∣brane furnisht with Fibres, as Panarolus does aver.

Vessels are sent to the Eye, a Vein from the Jugulars, an Artery from the Caro∣ticks,* 1.135 disseminated through the Muscles, Fat, and Membrane.

The Eyes have the two first pare of Nerves, as they are commonly recko∣ned:* 1.136 The first is the Optick or seeing pare being thick and porous, carrying from the Brain the Faculty of seeing with the Spirit, or carrying the visi∣ble Representations of things to the Brain. It is in∣serted behind, into the Centre of the Tunica cornea, to which from the hard Tunicle or external Mem∣brane it communicates a Coat, and passes more in∣ward to the Centre of the Retina, into which its mar∣rowy substance is spred abroad; and somtimes a por∣tion of the vitrea tunica, sticks to the inner part of the Marrow. In Brutes it is inserted obliquely, and not into the Centre of the cornea tunica, but into the side. The second is the Moving pare, which goes into the Membranes, and sends a little Branch into every mus∣cle. ••ut touching these Nerves I shal discourse more largely in my Manual of the Nerves.

The Membranes besides the exter∣nal and the conjunctive (which is* 1.137 common) are but three and the Hu∣mors three. And as in a Nerve, there is a threefold substance which enters the Eye: so these three substances do make the three Coats of the Eye. For the first Coat arises from the dura Mater; the second from the pia Mater; the third from the marrowy substance in the Brain.

The Tunica adnata alba or conjun∣ctiva is smooth and thin, arising from* 1.138 the Pericraneum. Some will have it arise from the Periosteum, and end at the Circle of the Iris, after it hath communicated a Coat to the Eye∣lid. It is the outmost Coat of all, next the bone. Hip∣pocrates calls it the White of the Eye.

It fastens the Eye to the Socket and inner Bones like a Ligament.* 1.139

It is of exquisite Sense.

It is sprinkled about with very ma∣ny little Veins and Arteries, not ap∣pearing* 1.140 save when there is an Afflux of Humors, for then they swell and are very red as in the Opththalmia or Blearey'd soreness, which Disease is seated in the Part.

This Adnata being removed, the first that offers it self, is the Sclirotica or dura* 1.141 so called, which arises from the dura Mater, and it is thick, stretched, equal, and dark on the back part. The fore∣part of this they call tunica Cornea, be∣cause* 1.142 it is polished and transparent like an horn: for it may be scaled into four plates, over which the Epidermis is placed, and involves the whol forepart of the Eye. It is next the sclirotica or dura, firmly cleaving in the hinder part of the Choroides, yet joyned with the Chrystalline in the middle, that it may separate the watry and glassie Humors.

The second is called Choroides, because it is like the Chorion, and Vessels are* 1.143 sprinkled up and down. It arises from pia Mater, being from the first Original blackish, especially within, that the Idea's received in a dark place, might be the more illustrious. In Brutes it is of several Colours, somtimes watchet, &c. Un∣der the transparent Cornea it is in men somtimes skie∣colour'd, somtimes blew, or grey, which Colours are seen through the Cornea. This in its forepart is ter∣med Uvea, by reason it is of the colour of a Grape, in which part it is thick and doubled: it is moveable and according to the diversity of the Object or Light, it is contracted and dilated, as we may very well discern in Cats. This forepart is also perforated in the mid∣dle, to let in the Species or Representations of visible Objects, where

The Pupilla or sight of the Eye is for∣med,* 1.144 which in Mankind is round: in some Brutes of an oblong shape, or long and round. Riolanus hath observed the compass of this hole or the Crown thereof, being drawn with the point of a Pen∣knife, to have been cut off orbicularly, which may bet∣ter be seen in an Ox eye boyled, which makes him think this Circumference to be a distinct Membrane from the Uvea, since it hath peculiar fibres. But this is confuted by Plempius, and because the Verge of the u∣vea tunica hath divers colours, hence arises

The Iris or Circle, which Galen, Casserius, Rio∣lanus* 1.145 reckon to be sixfold, and Plempius but threefold: a double narrow one at the White of the Eye, a third at the Sight true and larger, illustrated with a constant colour. This Circle is seen variously coloured, and where it makes the Iris, it is somtimes skie-coloured, otherwhiles fierie, grey, black, &c.

From the Circumference of the U∣vea, where its duplicated Membrane* 1.146 bends it self back to the Chrystalline, there arises a Ligament or Interstitium ciliare so called, which are certain then filaments pro∣duced out of the Uvea representing the black Lines of the Eye-lids, like Hairs, and they compass the Chry∣stalline humor, which by help of these is knit to the neighboring parts: it is moved with the Uvea being moveable. Cartesius will have its use to be to move the Chrystalline, that the Situation thereof may be changed, according to the various necessity of sight.

The third is the Retina or Amphiblestroi∣des as the Greeks call it, that is the Net∣fashion'd* 1.147 Coat, made of the inner substance of the Brain or of some Nerve spred out as it were, the pia Mater withal accompanying in the same, if we believe Galen and Casserius. Therefore this soft, and as it were snotty matter may be gathered together, compassing the vitreous Humor and its vi∣treous Coat like a Net. It is an exceeding thin coat, but more dark then lightsom, mixt with an obscure Redness, because the Species received, are here stop∣ped and represented; yet is it a little snotty, with which Snot is somtimes white, for the illustration of the Spe∣cies received. In my Judgment, it is the sliminess of the marrowy Substance.

Its Figure is semicircular, like a Mitre, and its sides are near the Chrystalline, for the distinct Representa∣tion of the Species.

Platerus saies it hath no Vessels; contrary to Galen, Casserius, Sylvius and others, and Experience it self: for the hinder part of the Choroides and the sclirotica tu∣nica, have Vessels manifestly apparent in this Coat, and there they ought to be, that it may be nourished with its contents. This compassing yet far∣ther becomes the Aranea or Chrystalloides,* 1.148 the proper Tunicle of the Chrystalline Hu∣mor, cloathing the fore and hinder part thereof, white, most thin and transparent, so that it is cal'd the Look∣ing-glass.

[illustration]

[illustration]

The VIII. TABLE.

The Explication of the FIGURE.

The TABLE shews the Muscles of the Eye, the Tunicles and the Humors.

FIG. I.

• A. The horney tunicle with the Pupilla or sight to be seen through it.
• B. The right Muscle that lifteth up the Eye.
• C. The internal right Muscle or the Muscle drawing to, or shutting.
• D. The right internal Muscle or the drawing from, or opening.
• E. The right external or opening Muscle.
• F. The internal crooked Muscle called Trochlearis.
• G. The external oblique Muscle below.

FIG. II. Shews the Mus∣cles in a Sheeps Eye.

• A. The Optick Nerves.
• BB. The seventh Muscle that is a∣bout the Optick Nerve proper to Beasts.
• CCCC. The straight Muscles.
• D. The trochlear Muscle.
• E. The lowest oblique Muscle.

FIG. III.

• aa. The adnata tunicle in its place.
• bb. The Cornea or horney tunicle.
• cc. The uvea tunicle.
• dd. The tunicle sclorotis.
• ee. The hard Membrane of the Optick Nerve.
• ff. The tunicle Choroides.
• gg. The thin Membrane of the Optick Nerve.
• hh. The Net-tunicle called Retina
• ii. The marrowy Substance of the Optick Nerve.
• l. The inward Marrow affixed to the Vitrea.
• mm. The Chrystal tunicle.
• nn. The Pupilla.
• oo. The shineing part of the Cornea.
• A. The watry Humor.
• B. The Chrystalline Humor.
• C. The glassie Humor.

FIG. IV. The adnata Tunicle separated from its place, with many Veins and Arteries.

FIG. V.

• A. The Nerve Optick taken from the dura Mater.
• BB. The dura Mater going about the Optick Nerve.
• CC The Sclerotis opened, through which the Uvea is seen.

FIG. VI.

• A. The Optick Nerve covered only with the pia Mater.
• BB. The Choroides taken from the Sclerotis.
• CCCC. The Veins of the Sclerotis.
• DD The Sclerotis turned inside out.
• EE. The Rupture of the Sclerotis.

FIG. VII.

• A. The Nerve Optick.
• BB. The Uvea unfolded and separated in part from the Re∣tina.
• CC. Part of the Retina laid bare from the Uvea, made too obscure.

FIG. VIII.

• A. The Retina laid bare.
• BB. The White of the Eye or tunica conjunctiva.
• C. The Cornea.
• D. The Pupilla.

FIG. IX. The glassie tunicles with the Hairs of the Eye-lids.

FIG. X. The watry Humor thickned in the middle of which there is a hollow to receive the forepart of the Chrystalline.

FIG. XI. The glassie Humor with the Christalline in the middle.

FIG. XII. The Chrystalline tunicle.

FIG. XIII. The Chrystalline Humor in its proportion.

page 147

I add the tunica Vitrea, which covers the vi∣treous* 1.149 or glassie Humor on all sides, that it run not about, and separates it from the Chrystalline Humor. It is of exceeding smoothness and thinness, shed about the Humor like a thin Skin, not only in the convex part of the said Humor, but also in its concave part, where it receives the Chrystalline, where indeed it cleaves close to the Chrystalline Coat, but is diffe∣rent from it. It is furnished with many, but very lit∣tle Veins, and the inner portion of the marrowy Sub∣stance of the Optick Nerve, cleaves to the Centre thereof. The form is such as that of the glassie Hu∣mor, large and convex behind, and concave before.

The Humors of the Eyes are three, the watry, the glassie, and the Chrystalline: of* 1.150 which the last is the most noble, and by some termed the Soul and Centre of the eyes.

The watry because thin and fluxive like* 1.151 water, occupies the whole space between the Tunica cornea, and the fore part of the Chrystalline. Riolanus also proves that it is pour∣ed round about the vitreous Humor, and that all of it is contained within the whole uvea tunica; because the Eye being cut in the hinder part, water flows out as much as if it were cut before. But if the vitrea tunica be also cut with a large Wound, no wonder if water flow from thence, which Plempius also notes; not to say how easily the inner parts are broken, when they are rudely fingred. In the Humor Suffusions are made.

This Humor is no animated part,* 1.152 but seems only to be an Excrement remaining after the Nutrition of the Chrystalline Humor: for it is both consumed in Diseases, and lost in Wounds of the Eyes; the other two humors are animated parts, seeing they have their pro∣per circumscription, are nourished with blood brought Veinlets, when perished they are not restored, and are bred in the Womb: and the Chrystalline of the most pure lightful part of the Seed.

The Use of the watry Humor is to defend the borde∣ring parts from driness: others add, that as a medium it serves to break the brightness continually flowing in, and to greaten the Representations of the Objects, being straitned in the Pupilla or Sight.

The Vitreous or glassie Humor is seen behind, like molten Glass, softer then* 1.153 the Chrystalline, then which it is never∣theless five times bigger, and twice as big as the watry Humor. It is round in its hinder part, plane before, but being concave in the middle, it makes an hollowness wherein the Chry∣stalline Humor is placed as in a Pillow. Its Use is not barely to nourish the Chrystalline, as Galen conceived, but to prepare and communicate Nourishment there∣to. According to Aquapendent from whom Riolanus had the notion, that the light carried beyond the chry∣stalline may not return defiled by dark and other co∣loured tinctures, and so disturb the Sight. Platerus more rightly, that the splendid vitreous Humor might fill up a necessary space between the Chrystalline and the Retina, which others explain more clearly, that the glassie. Humor may give a passage to the Species to the Retina, and may refract them from Perpendiculars.

The Chrystalline (which some call the i∣cie because of its firmness) is so called* 1.154 from its exceeding bright and shineing colour, which it hath, being free from all other colours, that it may receive all colours, it is shineing, indifferently ••••rd round behind, with some longness, flat on the foreside: howbeit according to the sundry affections of the Eye, this form is variously changed.

Its Use is, to be the chief Medium of sight, as a glass held before the hole, receives the external species into a dark Closet, even so the Chrystalline Humor, both receives and collects the Species or Representations of things. And because the humor is transparent, the Species are no•• stopped therein, nor colours percei∣ved, which most Anatomists have beleived after Galen; for otherwise there were no reason why they should not be as well perceived in the Cornea, and vitreous Humor, both transparent and animated. Therefore the sight is not primarily made in this Humor, but the Species are discerned in the retina tunica, because there they are stopped by a dark Body, as we seen on the Wall of a Chamber, when the Windows are shut.

Scheinerus conceives, that the Species which did re∣present all things the bottom upwards, are corrected and refracted in the Chrystalline Humor, so as to re∣present all things in their due posture. But according to the Observation of Job. Walaeus, Fr. Sylvius, and Fr. Vander Schagen, the Choroides, the Sclirotica, and Re∣tina tunica, being taken away from behind, all things are seen by the Eye, and represented with the bottom upwards; very small in an Oxes Eye, somwhat greater in a Mans. Plempius proves the same by an Experi∣ment of a glass Instrument filled with the three Hu∣mors, placed before the hole of the Window, where all things appear on the Wall with the wrong side up∣wards. And doubtless the Species must needs be re∣presented with the bottom upwards in the Retina, o∣therwise we should see all things the wrong end up∣wards, and not right, which Keplerus hereby demon∣strates, because in passion the Patients must be just op∣posite against the Agents.

Others will have it, that our Judgment corrects the depraved Figure, which discerns the just Magnitude of things by very small Species received. Others al∣ledg the common Sense, which seeing the inverted spe∣cies, behind and above the Cavity of the Retina, ap∣prehends them in their true posture. Finally others say that a true Judgment is therefore made, because it is made by a right Line.

Chap. IX. Concerning the Ears.

THe Organ of Hearing, viz. the EARS are either external or internal.

The external which are by some termed Auriculae the Earlets, are in Mankind of a semicircular Figure, convex without, concave within.

The outer Ear is divided into the upper and lower part.

The upper is broader, and by some* 1.155 called Pinna, by others Ala. The lo∣wer is soft and hanging down, termed Fibra, Auricula infima, Lobus.

The outer Circumference of the Ear is called Helix, also Capreolus, because of its wreathed formed. The inner part opposite to the former, is termed Scapha or Anthelix. In the middle hereof is a large Cavity, the principal part of the external Ear, called Concha. But the Cavity near the Meatus auditorius or Hearing-pas∣sage, where Ear-wax is collected, is cal'd Alvearium. Towards the Temples there grows a certain eminen∣cy like a covering, which either receives or hinders

things that would go into the Eare, and is termed Hircus the Goat, because Hairs grow thereon.

The Parts whereof the external Ear is composed, are either common, as the Skarf-Skin, the Skin, a Nervous Membrane, Flesh, and a little Fat in the Lobe: Or Proper, as Muscles, Vessels, and a Gri∣stle.

The Skin is exceeding thin, cleaving to a little Flesh with a firm Gristle; and as in* 1.156 the Palms of the Hands a Nervous Mem∣brane is firmly fasten'd thereto; by the sense whereof it happens that cold water sprinkled on the Lap or Lobe of the Ear doth cool the whole Body. In the Lobe it is so mingled with Flesh, that it becomes thereby fattish, fleshy and spungy: Hence the Lobe is soft and flexible, so that it may be bored with no great trouble, and therefore some hang Jewels and Ear-rings thereon.

As to Vessels: it hath Veins from the Jugulars.* 1.157

Arteries from the Carotides.

Little Nerves, two from behind, and two from the sides, arising from the second pair termed Cervi∣cale.

Muscles rightly conspicuous in such as move their Ears, are common or* 1.158 proper. which it was my luck once to see, and such Justinian must have had, whose Ears could move as Procopius describes him. But in most people the Ears are unmoveable, both be∣cause of the smalness of the Muscles, and* 1.159 because there was little need of their mo∣tion, because a Man can do that with his Hands which Beasts do with their Ears, wherewith they drive away flies.

The first Muscle is common to the Ear* 1.160 and each Lip; and it is a part of the first Muscle which moves the Cheeks, and the Skin of the Face, and it is termed Quadratus, the square Muscle, sufficiently thin and broad. It is implanted into the Root of the Ear under the Lobe, that it may draw the Ear to one side downwards.

The second is proper and seated more foreward, leaning upon the temporal* 1.161 Muscle, from the end of the Muscle of the Forehead (from which it differs by the carriage of the Fibres) arising somtimes with a round, otherwhiles with a corner'd beginning, and being Tendinous, it is implanted into the upper part of the Ear, where it is narrower, that it may move the Ear upwards and forewards.

The third and hinder more arises a∣bove the Processus mammillaris, from* 1.162 the hind-part of the Head and its Muscle, with a narrow beginning; af∣terward growing broader and divided as it were into three parts, it goes hindlongs to the Ear, that it may draw it, somwhat backwards and upwards.

The fourth arising from the Processus mammillaris, being broad, grows nar∣rower* 1.163 by little and little, till at last it ends in a Tendon. This Muscle is ra∣ther threefold, because it hath three Insertions, yet all spring confused from one place. Some of these are somtimes wanting, otherwhiles they are all found; somtimes there are more, nature variously sporting her self in the Muscles of the Ear.

The Ears Gristle, is a substance tied to the Os petrosum, by a strong* 1.164 Ligament springing from the Peri∣cranium.

Certain Kernels there are out∣wardly* 1.165 about the Ears, thick and large, which are termed Parotides, though this word do also signifie the swellings of the said Kernels.

They are not only behind the* 1.166 Ears, as is commonly imagined, but on both sides and under the Ear, but not above.

These Kernels by the Ears are called the Emunctories of the Brain, because they receive the Excrements thereof.

There are also many other Kernels in* 1.167 the whole space which is under the lower Jaw, in which many Diseases are bred, and swellings called Scophulae in some Creatures, as wild Swine. The common people count these Kernels a dainty dish and cal them Sweet∣breads.

Their Use is, to moisten the parts, and to assist in the divisions of the Vessels.

The Use of the External Ear is,

I. For Ornament, and therefore the English, Dutch and other Nations punish Male-factors by cutting of their Ears.

II. To saveguard the Brain, that it may not be hurt by the Air suddenly rushing in.

III. To be the Organ of Hearing,* 1.168 not principal, but assistant. The true Organ lies within, as doth that of the swelling. And as the Nose being cut off a Man can smel though imperfectly; so if the Ears be quite cut off close to a Mans Head, he can Hear, but dully, confusedly, with a m••••mering noise, so that Articulate words will seem as the noise of Water∣streams, or the screekings of Grass-hoppers, as they know who have lost their Ears. Yea, and the Hear∣ing of that Ear which is not cut off, is dammaged, un∣less the cut Ear be stopped.

The Use therefore of the External Ear, is more rea∣dily and rightly to receive sounds; and to gather them when they are scattered in the Air into the Cavity of the Ear, that they may come unto the Drum without violence, being first moderated and allayed in the hol∣low and winding passages. Hence, least sounds which are diven towards the Ears, should slip beside, Beasts turn their Ears this way and that way to sounds. Hence also the Emperor Hadrianus; that he might heat more distinctly, would hold the hollow of his Hand before his Ears, which also deaf persons fre∣quently practise. Hence some Scythians, whose ear∣lets ar mortified and rottted of with cold, doth apply a Fish-shell to their Ears, that the Air being detained in the Cavity thereof, may be more easily received, that so they may hear the better. Hence, they hear most exactly, whose Ears stick furthest out from their Heads, and if our Ears were not too much pressed down, what by long lying upon them. what by the binding of Nurses, we should hear better then we do.

The Internal Ear hath also sundry parts* 1.169 contained in the Os petrosum, and besides the parts and little cavernes of the Bones, there are: The Drum, two Muscles, the Vessels and in∣bred Air.

In the auditory passage cloathed with Skin, through which sounds are carryed, is found a Cholerick clam∣my humor, which the Ancients cal'd Cerumen. Ear∣wax, being purged from the Brain▪ but Intrinsically it is obliquely placed before this hole or passage of Hearing.

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There is a certain Partition, or little Orbicular Menbrane, compassed with a boney circle, which some call Myrinx, others Sextum Membraneum and Mediastinum, others Tympanum, but some rightly mympani Membranula. For it is* 1.170 stretched before the internal Cavity containing the congenit Air, as the Parchment or Velam on a Drum Head. Casserius conceives that it arises from the Pericranium, but Veslingius believe that it is an expansion of the Periosteum, who hath also observed it to be double, and also frequently crusted over by thickned Excrements.

It is exceeding dry, that it may sound the better, for dry bodies are fittest for sound.

It is Transparent thin and subtile, that the sounds may more easily pass through* 1.171 to the implanted Air: For those that have it thick from their birth, have an incur∣able Deafness, as those also who have a thick Coat growing over the same without, the Cure whereof is nevertheless taught by Paulus; and if this happen from the birth, such persons continue for the most part Dumb, because they can neither conceive in their mind nor utter with their Tongue such words as they have never hard. But if a Snotty matter cleave thereto within, or a thick Humor* 1.172 flow thereto, a thickness of Hearing or a Deafness incurbale is thereby caused. If a thin Humor flow thereto, there arise tink∣lings and noises in the Ears.

Finally it is Nervous, of so exquisite a Sense that, it can neither bear the putting in of a Probe, nor sharp Humors; yet is it strong so as to endure against ex∣ternal Injuries; for being hurt or corroded it causes thickness of Hearing or Deafness, as they find by ex∣perience, who have it hurt by the noise of great Guns or Bells, or in whom it is broken by swimming. For the safeguard therefore hereof, there are three little Bones added within (of which, the Hammer sticks fast to the Drum, and is seen through the same) and two Muscles.

The Use thereof is, to shut the passage of hearing, and to separate the innate Air from that which is ex∣ternal, and to keep it within. Also to save it from Dust, Water, creeping things, &c.

Within the Membrane of the Tym∣panum, thereis an Internal Cavity in the* 1.173 Bone, containing a certain Air, which some term the inbred, Congenit and com∣planted Air, because it is placed in the Ears at the first formation, being pure, subtile and immoveable: which some count the internal Medium of Hearing, others the Organ it self of that Sense.

There are two Muscles of the inner Ear according to Anatomists.* 1.174

They call the first the Internal, sea∣ted in the Os petreum, with a double Tendon: The one being fixed to the higher process of the Hammer, the other to its Neck.

Its Use is to draw the Head of the Hammer obli∣quely inwards, and to carry it inwards from the Anvil, and the process of the Hammer being bowed back, to drive the little Membrane inwards.

The second is external, found out by Casserius, though Aquapendent doth likewise attribute to himself the Invention thereof; it is exceeding smal, fleshy, and consisting in the upper Region of the Auditory passage, with its Tendon implanted into the Centre of the Membrane, there where the Hammer is in∣wardly joyned to the said Membrane. So that Pari∣sanus labours in Vain by denying this Membrane in contradiction to Casserius.

Its Use is to draw the Membrane with the Hammer outwards.

A certain smal Gristly passage is to be observed, which goes from the Concha of the Ear near the sides of the Pterygoidean process, to the Palate. Fallopius saies it is a conveighance of Water, furnished with a smal Valve, Riolanus in the mean while, an old Master of Anatomy, denying that there is any such Valve to be found.

The Use hereof is, 1. To purge the* 1.175 inbred Air, for this way Excrements pass from the Ear into the mouth, but, not back again, because there is a Valve to hinder. And this is the Reason that Masticatories are very helpful in Diseases of the Ears.

II. To let in sound in Deaf and stopped Ears.

Varro writes and Pliny with Archelaus, that Goats draw in Breath at their Ears, which Aristotle reports of Alcmeon. And such as are somwhat thick of hear∣ing, do perceive words more distinctly when they Gape, and when our Ears are stopped, we can hear our own Speech though weakly. Such as have the Venereal Disease, are hurt not only with cold Air, but with any other uneven noise, passing through their Mouth into their Ears, as Tulpius observes, who also hath observed that two persons troubled with the Or∣thopnaea, were saved from choaking, by voiding their Breath out at their Ears, by means of this passage. Those do abuse this passage, who render the smoak of Tobacco which they take, through their Ears.

Finally, we meet with the Nervous Auditories or Hearing Nerve, which proceeds from the fift pair of the Brain, entring the Ear through the hole of Os Pe∣trosum. It touches the Cochlea and the Labyrinth with a double branch that it may in both places perfect the Hearing. To which a Branch is added to move the Muscles, proceeding from the fourth pair, and cleft in two.

Chap. X. Of the Nose.

ANother Organ of Sense follows, viz. The Nose the Instrument of smelling, given to Men and fourfooted Beast that bring fourth living Crea∣tures.

Now it is divided, as the Ear, into the External and Internal Nose.

The Internal hath Bones and Nerves,* 1.176 with the Mammillary processes, of which in their place.

The External is Extrinsecally divided into the upper and lower part.

The upper part which is boney and immoveable, is termed the Back of the Nose, and its Acuminated part, Spina. The lower part is Gristley and moveable, the utmost end wherof is termed Globulus and Orbiculus, by the only feeling whereof Michael Scotus pretends to tel whether a Maiden have lost her Virginity. The la∣teral or side parts are termed Pterugia alae, Pinnae; that is Wings or Pinnacles, that fleshy part which sticks out in the middle near the Lips, is called Columna the Pillar.

The Nose is divided within, by a partition Wall, into two Holes or Cavities which they call Nares the

Nostrils: that one hole being stopped, we may draw in and pass out the Air by the other. And when both are stopped, the Mouth supplies the Office of the Nostrils. Now each hole is again divided about the middle of the Nose into two parts: the one ascends up∣wards, to the Os Spongiosum; the other goes above the Palate into the Throat and upper part of the Mouth. Hence drink somtimes comes out at the Nostrils: and things put into the Nostrils, the Nose being shut, are wont to slip into the Mouth. Hence also the thicker Excrements also of the Brain, while they are carryed downward to the Nostrils, may slide into the Mouth, or be brought thither by Hawking, and so purged out at the Mouth.

It is situate in an high place, viz. between the Eyes. 1. For comelyness Sake. 2. Because all smels mount upwards.

The Magnitude varies, as also the Figure, for some have great Noses, others little Noses, some Hawke∣noses and Roman-noses, and others saddle-noses &c. Touching which Physiognomists Discourse.

Its Substance consists of the Scarf••-Skin,* 1.177 Skin, Muscles, Bones, Gristles, Vessels, and Tunicles.

Its Skin is thin, and void of fat, that* 1.178 it may not grow too much; under the partion in the Colomme it is thick and Spungy; so that it is like a Gristle and is compast with Hairs ter∣med Vibrissae.

There are eight Muscles of the Nose,* 1.179 especially in large Nosed people, but they are smal because the motion of the Nose is little. Four serve to widen the Nose, while the Alae or Wings being drawn upwards, they open the holes of the Nostrils. And there are four more which straiten the Nose.

The two first widners being fleshy, do arise from the Cheek-bone, near the Muscle of the Lips, which they make a third. They are inserted partly into a part of the upper Lip, partly into the lower Wing. Casse∣rius found them resembling the leaves of Myrtle.

[illustration]

The IX. TABLE.

The FIGURE Ex∣plained.

This TABLE represents the Muscles of the Fore∣head, Eye-lids, Nose, Cheeks, Lips, lower Jaw and Ear-let.

• a. The Pericranium.
• b. The Periosteum.
• c. The Hairy Skin or Scalpe.
• d. The Skull made bare.
• e. The temporal Muscle.
• f. The upper Muscle of the Ear.
• g. The Muscle of the Hind-part of the Head, stretched out to the hinder Muscles of the Ears.
• h. The Muscle of the Fore-head.
• i. A frontal Appendix spred out upon the Back of the Nose.
• kkk. The orbicular Muscle of the Eye.
• l. The triangular Muscle of the No∣strils.
• m. The common muscle of the Lips, which lefts up.
• n. The first proper muscle of the upper Lip.
• o. The second proper Muscle of the upper Lip.
• p. The trumpeters Muscle.
• q. The chewing Muscle.
• r. The common Muscle depressing the Lips.
• s. The proper Muscle of the lower Lip, caled Mentalis deprimens.
• tt. The third commmon Orbicular Muscle of the Lips.
• u. The Circular Muscle of the Nose.
• xxx. The part of the Earlet termed Helix.
• y. The opposite Part cal'd Anthelix.
• z. The part of the Ear-let cal'd Tragus.
• A. The Antitragus.
• V. The Lobe or lap of the Earlet.

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The other two which are commonly triangular, and like the Greek letter Δ on each side one, with a sharp and fleshy beginning, do grow from the Suture of the Forehead by the Foramen lachrymale or Tear-hole, and are implanted into the Spina or the Pinnae of the Nose. I have somtimes observed an Appendix thereof to have descended to the upper Lip, viz, in such as can∣not lift up their Nose without their Lips. Casserius against the mind of all Anatomists, draws its original from the Pinnae of the Nose; but they are move∣able.

The two first Str••itners, which are little do arise

fleshy, about the Root of the Pinnae, are carried along transversly, and inserted into the corners of the Alae. Casserius did first of all observe a portion thereof and describe it, which is not alwaies found; for more often the circular Sphincter involves the Pinnae of the Nose orbicularly. The Use thereof is a little to shut the No∣strils, depressing the Pinnae.

The remaining two are exceeding firm and membra∣nous, lying hid under the Coat of the Nostrils, in the inner part. They arise from the Extremity of the Nose-bone, and are implanted into the Pinnae or Wings.

Besides these Muscles of the Nose aforesaid, I have found on the Nose-back of a certain person, a fleshy Muscle, thin, stretched right out from the frontal mus∣cle, with a broad Basis, and ending soon after, narro∣wer about the outmost Gristle of the Nose.

Gristles do make up the Substance of the lower part of the Nose, and are five* 1.180 in number.

The two uppermost being broad ones, do stick unto the Bones of the Nose, and the more they descend, the softer they grow, so that the end of the Nose hath a substance, partly gristly and partly li∣gamental.

The third being in the middle of the other two, make sthe partition-wall between the two Nostrils.

By these are placed the other two, of which the Pin∣nae of the Nose are constituted, and they are tied to∣gether by membranous Ligaments.

As to Vessels. It hath Veins from the Ju∣gulars.* 1.181

Arteries from the Carotides.

Nerves from the third pare, on each side one, which goes through the holes common to the Nose and eyes, at the greater corner into the Coat of the Nose, and the Muscles, and the Palate.

The Coat which cloaths the Nostrils is from the dura Mater, and common to* 1.182 the Mouth, Palate, Tongue, Larynx, Gullet and Stomach; but in the No∣strils it is thinner and of exquisite sense; for being vexed it causes Sneezing: it is* 1.183 bred with many little holes which go in∣to the Os cribrosum.

Riolanus informs us that within the Cavities of the Nostrils, there are spungy parcels of flesh to be seen, of a reddish colour, wherewith the spungy bones of the Nose are filled, of which being swelled, the Disease in the Nostrils, called Polypus, is bred, touching the pul∣ling out and cure whereof, read Tulpius.

• The Use of the outer Nose is
• 1. That through it air may enter into* 1.184 the Brain for the needs of the Animal Spi∣rits.
• 2. That by it air may enter into the Lungs, for the cooling of the Heart, and to breed vital Spirits.
• 3. That by the Nostrils Odours may be carried to the Mammillary processes, which lie concealed above the Os cribrosum. And therefore they whose Nose is cut off at the Roots, cannot smell at all, or badly.
• 4. That the Excrements of the Brain may flow down there through, as by a Channel. Which is but a secondary use of the Nose, because Jo. Walaeus, Jo. Dom. Sala my Masters and my self, have known some persons that never voided any Excrements at their Nose
• 5. It is also somtimes assistant to the Voice.
• 6. It adds an Ornament to the Face. It is storied in the Chronicles of England, how a company of ho∣nest Maidens of that Country, in the time of the Dane∣ish War, did cut off their own Noses, that they might preserve their Maidenheads from the violence of the Daneish Soldiers, by this deformity. This was the punishment of Adulterers in Aegypt, which also Jebo∣vah threatens to the Inhabitants of Hierusalem, by the Prophet Ezekiel. In our Historiographer Saxo, we read how Hialto deformed a Curtezan by cutting off her Nose, when she asked him who should be her next Lover. And therefore because it makes much for the Ornament of the Face, the Chirurgia Curtorum was in∣vented, teaching how to supply a Nose in the room of that which is cut off, of which see Tagliacotius.

Chap. XI. Of the Mouth, Cheeks and Lips.

THe last Organ of Sense remains, viz. the Tongue the Organ of Tasting, which before I explain, I must propound the external parts about the Mouth, and the internal parts in the Mouth.

The external parts about the mouth are sundry. The upper part under the* 1.185 Eyes, between the Nose and the Ears, by reason of its usual Redness, and the unusual by reason of blushing, is called Pudoris sedes the Seat of shamefastness, Maium or Pomum the Apple, also Circulus Faciei, the Circle of the Face.

The lower and looser part which may be blown up, as we see in Trumpeters, is termed Bucca the Cheek, the upper part of the Lip is called Mystax. The Ca∣vity imprinted therein and dividing the same, is called Philtrum, from its loveliness. Now the Lips are two, the upper and the lower, and the chink between both, is termed Os the Mouth. The outer parts of the Lips which hang over, are called Prolabia. The lower part under the lower Lip is called Mentum the Chin; the fleshy part under the Chin is termed Buccula.

Now the Mouth consists of parts, partly boney, as the upper and lower Jaw with the teeth; partly fleshy, as the Lips, Lip-muscles, Cheek-muscles, and lower Jaw-mus∣cles.

The whole inner capacity of the Mouth is cloarhed with a thick Coat, which goes also about the Gums and Lips, and is thought to be doubled when it constitutes the Uvula.

• The Uses of the Mouth are:* 1.186
• 1. To receive in Meat and Drink, and to prepare the same, or begin Chylifica∣tion the beginning, of which is performed in the Mouth.
• 2. To receive in and let out the Air.
• 3. To speak and frame the Voice.
• 4. To give passage to the Excrements of the lungs, the Head and Stomach, by hawking, spitting, and vo∣miting.

Two pare of Muscles there are, com∣mon* 1.187 to the Cheeks and Lips, on each side two Muscles.

The first is that same broad and square muscle lying under the skin of the neck, which the Ancients did not distinguish from the Skin.

It arises about the Channel-bones, and the hinder∣part of the Neck; and with oblique Fibres (which a Surgeon must diligently observe, least he cut them freely and athwart, and so make the Cheeks to be pul∣led

away to one side) it is implanted into the Chin, the Lips and Root of the Nose, and sometimes of the Ears: which parts also it moves to the part, and this is first cramped in* 1.188 the Spasmus Cynicus.

The second lies under this, which makes the Cheeks with its Bulk, and therefore is termed Buccinator the trumpetting Muscle, which is most conspicuous in Trumpetters.

Tis round like a Circle, thin and mem∣branous; interwoven with sundry Fi∣bres,* 1.189 inseparably clothed with the coat of the Mouth.

In the Centre hereof Casserius hath observed a certain strong band, breeding from with∣out, and creeping to the Cheek-bone, where it is ter∣minated into a certain small and lean Muscle, directly opposite to the Bucca.

This Muscle arises from the upper Cheek-bone, is inserted into the lower, at the Roo••s of the Gums.

Its Use is to move the Cheeks and Lips: and it is to the teeth instead of an hand, while it thrusts the meat this way and that way to the teeth, that it may be more exactly chewed.

The Lips consist of undigested spungy flesh (Fallopius reckons it for the ninth pare* 1.190 of Muscles which move the Lips) whose Skin is so mingled with Muscles, that it seems to be a musculous Skin, or a skinny Muscle.

They are covered with a Coat com∣mon to the Mouth and Stomath:* 1.191 and thence it is that in such as are ready to vomit, the lower Lip trem∣bles.

The parts of the Lips which touch one another are red, because of the afflux of blood.

Their Use is,

• 1. To shut in the Mouth and Teeth, and to defend the inner parts from cold and external Injuries.
• 2. For the conveniency of Eating and Drinking.
• 3. For the Voice and Speech.
• 4. To cast out the Spittle, and therefore that Ser∣vants might not spit nor speak, they were bound with Skins, as Ammianus Marcellinus informs us.
• 5. For Ornament.

There are some proper Muscles of the Lips besides the common ones aforesaid, which nevertheless may vary in respect of number. Some reckon fewer, and others more: for some are by some Authors counted simple, which others reckon to be manifold.

The proper Muscles which move the upper Lip, are on each side two. Three there are which move both Lips. The lower Lip is moved only by one proper pare.

The first pare proper to the upper lip, is a remarkable pare described by Fallo∣pius,* 1.192 which slipping down from the corner betwixt the Eyes and Nose, is straight way sunk into the Substance of the upper Lip.

The other pare, arising from the upper Jaw-bone, just in the Cavity of the Cheeks under the Socket of the Eye, thin but broad, fleshy, sunk into store of Fat, is carried down wards right on, to the upper Lip, which moves it directly upwards with the first pare. Some∣times also it is obliquely inserted into the confines of both the Lips, wherefore some do make two pare ther∣of.

The first pare common to both Lips, is long, fleshy, broad at the* 1.193 beginning; arises outwardly from the Jugal process, and descending obliquely through the Cheeks, it is terminated in the space between the two Lips. Some∣times I have seen it from the beginning drawn out as a Rope to the first proper pare. Its Use is; to draw both the Lips obliquely upwards towards the Tem∣ples.

The second common pare of the Lips, from the lower Jaw-bone to the sides of the chin, fleshy, arises with a broad beginning, and sometimes stretched out to the middle of the chin, grows by little and little narrower' till it is obliquely inserted into the same confine of each Lip, but lower, which draws away the Lips ob∣liquely downwards and outwards, in such as grin and gern for anger.

The third Muscle common to the two Lips is circu∣lar like a Sphincter encompassing and constituting the whole Mouth, spungy, and firmly sticking to the rud∣dy Skin, it draws the Mouth together, when people simper as Virgins are wont to do.

The proper pare of the lower Lip is called* 1.194 Par Mentale, the Chin-pare; arising from the middle of the Chin with a broad be∣ginning, and aseends directly to the mid∣dle of the lower Lip, which it moves downwards.

Now all the Muscles of the Lips, are so mixed with the Skin, that the Fibres do cross one another mutual∣ly, and therefore the motions of the Lips are very di∣vers.

To cause that exquisite Sense which is in the Lips, Branches of Nerves are sent thither, and Veins and Arteries from the neighbouring places: from whence that same ruddy splendor of the Lips proceeds, a note of Beauty and of Health.

The Muscles of the lower Jaw (for it is* 1.195 moved) the upper being immoveable) some reckon eight, others ten, called Ma∣sticatorij, Mansorij, Molares, Chewers, Ea∣ters, Grinders, because they serve for the chewing or grinding of the meat. One only pare depresses the Jaw, because it is apt to go downwards of it self: the other pares setch it up, which are exceeding strong ones. Hence it is that some can take heavy weights from the ground with their teeth, and so carry them. Hence phrantick and otherwise distracted persons do shut their mouths with so much stubbornness and strength, that they can hardly be opened with great force and iron Instruments. Contrariwise, the stub∣bornest person in the World may be compelled with∣out much ado, to shut his or her mouth.

The first Muscle is termed Crotaphites,* 1.196 the temporal Muscle from its Scituation, because it possesses the Cavity of the Temples.

This is the greatest of them all, firm and strong, yet firmer and stronger in some Beasts, as Lyons, Wolves, Dogs, Swine, &c. which were naturally to bite hard▪

Forth End of the temporal Muscle, is in the begining of the lower Jaw, which* 1.197 it moves and draws upwards, and so shuts the mouth; and it is terminated in a sharp process, with a tendinous Nerve short and strong.

Now it arises from the Temples wich a beginning broad, fleshy, and semicircular, and by little and little grows narrower as it descends.

Three Nerves are on each side inserted* 1.198 thereinto, two from the third pare, ano∣ther from the fift pare. And therefore this Muscle being wounded or bruised, there is great danger of Convulsion and

of Death in conclusion; especially if the lower part be hurt which is most Nervous. And because of the distention hereof, Hypocrates did pronounce the Lux∣ation of the lower Jaw-bone to be deadly; unless it were put presently in joynt again.

For safeguard sake, Nature hath given it, 1. A Membrane thick and hard, and black and blew in color, wherewith it is covered, and shines with a neat color; the Pericraneum, so that the inner part of the Muscle being all fleshy, doth there stick to the bone without the Pericranium. 2. The Os jugale over the lower part Tendinous and Nervous. 3. She hath fenced the Tendon with flesh above and beneath.

The second Muscle is the Mansorius pri∣mus, first chewer, called Masseter, Molitor,* 1.199 and Mandibularis, or Lateralis, seated in the Cheeks.

It arises from a double Head: the one fleshy, the other Nervous, from the Os jugale, and the first bone of the upper Jaw. It is implanted into the lower part of the Jaw-bone (by a Connexion sufficiently broad and strong) which it turns this way and that way, in such as are eating. For the Fibres of the Head do so interfere and cross one another, that they move the Jaw both forwards and backwards and side∣wayes.

The third pair is the Pterygoides or Alare externum, the outward Wing-muscle, the* 1.200 finding whereof we owe to Fallopius; but Vesalius accounts it a part of the temporal Muscle. 'Tis seated under the temporal.

It arises from the Os Sphaenoideum and the external processus Alaris, with a beginning partly Nervous and partly fleshy. 'Tis implanted into the Neck of the lo∣wer Jaw-bone, and the inner seat of the Head there∣of.

Its Use is to move forwards and thrust out.

The fourth is termed Mansorius alter, the other Chewer, or Alaris internus, being* 1.201 thick and short.

It arises Nervous from the Productions of Os Sphaenoideum called Alatae internae; and is insert∣ed into the inner and hinder part of the Jaw, with a broad and strong Tendon.

Its Use is to draw the Jaw upward and backward, to assist the temporal Muscle.

The fift is termed Graphyoides, be∣cause* 1.202

It arises from the Appendix Styloides, Membranou,s and broad, and soon becoming round and fleshy, tis inserted into the Chin. Hence it is seen to have a double belly, and therefore 'tis also ter∣med Digastricus, twi-belly. 'Tis fastned to a Liga∣ment least it should go too far back. For,

Its Use is to draw the Jaw downwards and so to open the Mouth.

Others do reckon for another pair, part of the Musculus quadratus, fixed in the middle of the Chin. Which broadest Muscle, arising from the upper part of the Brest-bone, the Channel bone and the Shoul∣der tip, and covering the Neck and the whole Face, after Galen, Sylvius, and Theophilus, Riolanus describes in this place. I spoke thereof, in the beginning of the Chapter.

Chap. 12. Of the Parts con∣tained in the Mouth, viz. the Gums, Palate, Uvula, Fauces, and Throat-bone.

PArts contained in the Mouth besides the Teeth: are the Gums, Palate, Uvula, Fauces, Tongue∣bone, Tongue, Almonds or Tonsillae, Larrnx, and beginning of the Gullet. Of the three later I spoke in my second Book, because of the Connexion of Parts. Of the five former, we will treat in this Chapter and of the Tongue in the Chapter following.

GINGIVA the Gum, is an hard flesh com∣passing the Teeth like a Rampart, and in* 1.203 such as have lost their Teeth, serving in some measure to chew their meat: which being either eaten away, or too much relaxed, or overdryed, the Teeth become loose, or fall out.

PALATUM the Palate, is the upper part of the Mouth moderately hollow, like the* 1.204 Roof of an House, whence it is called the Heaven of the Mouth, and is the Basis or Founda∣tion on which the Brain rests, being made of the Os Sphaenoideum.

'Tis invested with a thick Coat arising from the dura Mater, which covers the Cheeks and whole mouth on their Insides, and is common to the Gullet and Sto∣mach, and therefore there is also a consent between these parts. Nor can we purge the Head with Masti∣catories, unless we purge also the Stomach by the Pa∣late.

'Tis furnished with small Nerves for Sense.

The UVULA hangs from the Palate further into the Mouth near the passages* 1.205 of the Nostrils, over the Chink of the Larynx among the Almonds or Kernels so called. Some call it Gargareon, from the noise it makes when we Gargle any Liquor; 'tis also called Gurgulio and Columna.

It is a Process made of a Glandulous, Spungy and red Substance, which Columbus doth suppose to be made of the Coat of the Palate Reduplicated in that place. Riolanus rather believes that it is flesh, arising from the extremity of the Muscles, which are carried to the Body.

It is roundel' long, thicker above, and ends in an acute Figure obtusely. It is* 1.206 suspended and held up by two little Muscles, an Internal and an External pair, either to stir the Uvula Forward and Backward in the time of swallowing, or when it is relaxed with Humors and falls down, to draw it up again.

Riolanus, from Aretaeus, the Author of Anatomia Vi∣vorum, Abensina and Carpus, describes two broad Li∣gaments fastening the Uvula on both sides, like to wings spred abroad, which the Arabians term Galsa∣mach of which he is worthy to be consulted.

Sometimes by reason of Humors too much flowing in, it hangs two much* 1.207 down, which is called Casus Uvulae the falling down of the Palate of the Mouth. Which if it cannot be restored to its place by Medi∣caments nor manual operation,s it is wont to be burnt and cut by Skilful Chirurgeo••u.

[illustration]

[illustration]

The X. TABLE.

The FIGURES Explained.

In this TABLE are shewn Os Hyoides, Uvula, and certain Muscles of the Tongue.

FIG. I.

• A. The Gargareon or Uvula, in Eng∣lish the Palate of the Mouth.
• BB. An outward pair of Muscles.
• CC. Its tendon.
• DD. An inner pair of Muscles, a little compressed.
• E. Part of the Roof of the Mouto, at which the Uvula bangs.

FIG. II. & III.

• AA. The Basis of Os Hyoides.
• BBBB. The sides or borns of the said Bone.
• CC. Two Gristly Appendixes.

FIG. IV.

• A. The first Muscle of the tongue, ari∣sing from the external Face of the Styloides.
• B. The second Muscle of the tongue.
• C. A Muscle of the third pair called Genio-glossum.
• DD. The fift pair Cerato-glossum, scituate without.
• EE. The tasting Nerves.
• FF. The tongue moving Nerves.
• G. A muscle of Os Hyoides.
• H. The Processus Styl formis.
• II. The Os Hyoidis.
• K. The Cartilago Scutiformis.
• LL. Two muscles proper to the Larynz.

page 155

Its Use is to moderate, the coldness of the Air, that it may not suddenly rush into the Lungs: and there∣fore those that have lost the Palate of their Mouths dye of a Consumption.

Some think it helps to modulate the Voice, and therefore they call it Plectrum vocis, the* 1.208 striking quil of the Voice. But though it be wounded or quite cut off, yet is not the voice hurt, unless some neighbouring parts, which assist the voice are also damaged: for then by the roughness of those parts, caused by those Catarrhes, which have eaten the Uvula, the Voice becomes Hoarse.

A second Use is, to hinder drink from passing out of the Mouth into the Nostrils. And therefore Sal∣muth tels of the Son of a Man called John, who being born without any Uvula or Almonds, voided the Milk which he suckt, out of his Nose, and did not live long.

By FAUCES sometimes we understand the whole wideness of the Mouth: but more strictly it is meant of the hinder and lower part, which cannot be seen, but when the Mouth is wide open and the Tongue held down, the Greeks term it Pharynx, howbeit that word in Hypocrates doth oftentimes signifie the Di∣seases of this part, as Inflammation, &c. Galen calls it Isthmus because of the narrowness of the place.

In the Fauces is that Bone which from the shape of the Greek letter v is* 1.209 called Hyoides, Hypsiloides, also from resemblance to the letter Λ Lambdoi∣des, that is the Upsilon or Lambda-shaped Bone. 'Tis also called Os gutturis, the Throat-bone, and Os linguae, the Tongue-bone, of which I must treat in this place, and not in the History of the Bones, because it is not fastned to the other parts of the Skeleton.

Now the Bone is the Basis and Foundation of the Tongue, upon which it is placed and moved: and it is set before the Larynx.

It consists of sundry little bones, three at least, sometimes of five, seven,* 1.210 nine.

The middle Bone is the greatest, bun∣ching without, hollow within, under which sticks the

Epiglottis; it hath processes termed Cornua, borns two in Number, consisting of Bones more or fewer, greater or lesser.

Four Gristles are added, two are somewhat great, long and round, in the Belly of Os hyoides, two also besides the Horns, which in some persons become bo∣ny.

Its processes are fastened to the Ligaments and ends of the Styloides, also with the Cartilago gutta∣lis.

This Bone is moved, but not except the Tongue be moved; and therefore it* 1.211 hath four pair of Muscles common to the Tongue, nor can the Muscles of the Tongue be shewed till they are removed.

The first pair lies concealed in the fore-part, under the Skin, resting upon the Wesand and the Cartilago Scutalis.

It arises with a broad and fleshy beginning, from the higher and inner Region of the Breast-bone; and therefore this pair is called Sterno-hyoides. Its End is fleshy, in the Basis of Os hyoides. And in the middle according to their leng••h, these Muscles are divided with a line.

Their Use is to draw right down.

The second being under the Chin and the fift pair of the lower Jaw; is large, short and all fleshy.

It arises from the inner part of the lower Jaw, with a various carriage of Fibres: it is ended in the mid∣dle seat of the Hyoides. Some call it Genio-hyoi∣des.

Its Use is to draw right upwards and a little for∣wards.

The third is lean and round, seated under the Chin, arising from the Root of the Appendix of Styloides; it ends into the horns of the Hyoides. Somtimes they are bored through the middle, for the Muscle which opens the Jaw.

The Use is, to move sidewayes, and a little obli∣quely upwards. 'Tis called Stylo-cerato-hyoides.

The fourth being lean and long, lies concealed under that Muscle of the Scapula which they count the fourth, moving downwards and obliquely side∣wayes.

It arises from the upper side of the Scapula, near the processus Coracoides, and therefore 'tis called Coraco-hyoides: it is carryed upwards obliquely to the sides of the Os hyoides, under that Muscle of the Head which is counted the seventh. And this pair is long, hath two Bellies, and is extenuated in the middle like a Tendon, like that which draws down the lower Jaw.

Some add to these a fift pair, which is indeed pro∣per to the Tongue, Riolanus indeed the Mylo-glossum and therefore he terms it Mylo-hyoideum; but Vestin∣gus the Genio-glossum, and therefore he calls it the Genio∣hyoides internum: which arising inwardly from the Chin under the Par Genio-hyoideum, is inserted into the Basis of the Hyoides, which it draws straight up∣wards.

The Use of this Os hyoides, is* 1.212

I. To be the Basis of the tongue, and yet but obscurely moveable: least as Wa∣laeus conceives, it should perpetually hang in the Throat, and hinder the swallowing of Meat; but it moves forward in swallowing, and so makes the Ori∣fice of the Guller more wide.

II. That from it many Muscles might arise of the tongue and Larynx.

Chap. 13. Of the Tongue.

THe TONGUE called Lingua a lingendo* 1.213 from licking.

Is placed in Mankind, in the Mouth* 1.214 under the Palate thereof:

Is in Number one, in Sea-Calfes two, in* 1.215 Serpents divided into three parts, in Lizards and Snakes divided into two parts.

In Man 'tis long, broad and thick, and* 1.216 thicker at the Root, thinner and sharper at the End.

Its size is moderate answerable to the mouth, which if it be too great, so that* 1.217 it cannot move readily, it makes a man Lispe and Stutter; and if it be oversoft and moist as in young Children, they cannot speak plainly. Galen, Carnerarius, Zacutus Lusitanus and M. Donatus, have observed the tongue grown to so monstrous a great∣ness, that it could not be contained within the mouth.

As to the Connexion, in fishes the whole tongue cleaves to their mouth;* 1.218 in mankind, it is in its hinder part fastned to the Larynx, and the Os hyoides, also to the Fauces and Tonsillae. Beneath in the middle of its body 'tis fastned with a strong membranous Ligament for strength and stabilities sake; also for the insertion of its proper muscles, whose extremity is termed Fraenulum; nor can any other string be found diffe∣rent from this. This in many new born Children, doth so tie the whole tongue, that it is wont to be torn by the Nail of the Midwife (which is nevertheless a Pernitious course and* 1.219 not to be allowed) or the small Knife of a Chirurgeon, that it may not hinder the Childs sucking or future speaking, and that it may freely turn and move it self. How∣beit for want of skill, they cut it in all Infants indiffe∣rently, whereas not one of a thousand, when it is let alone, doth stammer.

'Tis cloathed with a Coat (hard in such* 1.220 as use to swallow very hot Liquors) ordi∣narily thin, soft, and porous, that tasts may easily peirce into the tongues fleshy

Substance, which is a peculiar kind of* 1.221 flesh, such as is not in the Body besides (and it is the Organ of tast, not the Coat, as Galen would have it, nor the Nervus Gustatorius, as some from Columbus) soft, loose, rare and spungy, to drink in the tasts brought to it with some humidity. In Fishes and some other Animals 'tis bony. It is rather of a kernelly then a Musculous substance, especially about the Basis thereof.

For the tongue is no Muscle, seeing* 1.222 it hath no Fibres, nor moves any other part, but is moved by its Muscles. O∣thers add this Reason, because then mo∣tion would be made towards the end of a Muscle, and the tail of a Muscle should be moveable▪ the head immoveable. But this Reason is false. For the be∣ginning of the tongue is near the Larynx, and arises as it were from the Os Hyoides.

As to Vessels. Two remarkable Veins* 1.223 are to be seen under the tongue, which are wont to be opened in Quinzies and Diseases of the Fauces, termed Raninae from their color, arising from the external Jugulars, these

Two pretty big Arteries do accompany, from the Carotides.

Nerves are inserted into the Tongue, both those of motion, and those of Sense: a thicker pair creeping through the inner parts, from the seventh conjugati∣on, which being obstructed or not reaching to the Tongue, the tast is lost according to the observation of Columbus. A thinner pair runs through the outer parts of the Tongues Coat, arising from the fourth conjugation, or as some say, from the third.

The Tongue is distinguished in the middle of its surface, into the right and* 1.224 left part, by a certain white line, which Hippocrates terms Mediana.

The muscles proper to the Tongue, end∣ing* 1.225 in its substance, are by some Anato∣mists reckoned to be six, by others nine, by some ten, by others eleven, which move the Tongue, upwards and downwards; forewards and backwards; to the right hand and to the left.

The first pair, which in Oxen is double fleshy and thick, arises from the out side of the Appendix Styloi∣des, being Maigre in Mankind: it ends with trans∣verse Fibres, into both sides of the Tongue, about the middle thereof.

Its Use is to move the Tongue inwards. But by reason of the Fibres interwoven, they lift the Tongue upwards if they act both together; but upwards only to one side, if only one of them act. This pair is called Styloglossum.

The second pair is called Myloglossum, arising from the sides of the lower jaw, at the Roots of the grinding Teeth. Tis inserted under the Basis of the tongue, into the tongues Ligament. Riolanus will have it be∣long to the Os hyoides, because it touches not the tongue. But it suffices to move the tongue, if it be affixed to the Ligament thereof.

Its Use; when one acts, the tongue is moved ob∣liquely upwards; when both act, it moves with its point right to the Palate and upper teeth.

[illustration]

The XI. TABLE.

The FIGURE Ex∣plained.

This TABLE expresses the Muscles of Os Hyoi∣des and of the Tongue.

• AAA. The Body of the lower Jaw.
• BB. The Body of Os Hyoides.
• CC. The first pair of Muscles called Sternohyoides.
• D. One Muscle of the second pair in its situation, the other removed therefrom.
• EE. The third pair bored in the mid∣dle.
• FF. The fourth pair Coraco-hyoides.
• G. A Muscle of the fourth pair of the Muscles of the tongue.
• HH. The Parenchyma of the tongue into which the Nerves are in∣serted.
• I. A Muscle of the fift pair of tongue Muscles.
• KK. A Muscle of the first pair of tongue Muscles.
• LL. The common muscles of the La∣rynx, cal'd Sternothyroidei.
• MM. Other common muscles of the Larynx, Hyothyroidei.
• NN. The Gristles of the Aspera Arte∣ria.
• OO. A muscle of the lower Jaw cal'd Digastricus, Twibelly.
• PP. Portions of the processus Styloi∣des.

page 157

The third pair arises inwardly at the middle of the Chin, whence tis called Geneo-glossum; it ends, well∣near into the middle of the tongue inwardly. Veslingius will have it fastned into the Basis of the Os hyoi∣des, and therefore he reckons it amongst the Muscles thereof. And by reason of the diversity of its Fibres, it seems to perform contrary actions: for the greatest part of the Fibres, which is towards the Root of the tongue, being drawn towards the Original, the tongue is thrust without the Lips; but the smallest part of the Fibres acting, tis drawn inwards. This pair hath inscriptions as if it were many Muscles.

The fourth pair arises fleshy out of the upper and middle Region of the Os hyoides, and is terminated in the middle, after it is drawn out according to the length of the tongue. It is somtimes obscurely divi∣ded, as if it were many Muscles.

Its Use is, to draw the tongue right in, and so to depress the same. And it is called Basioglossum, or Hypsiloglossum.

The fift pair is called Cerato-glossum, because it arises from the upper horns of the Hyoides, and is obliquely inserted into the sides of the tongue, near the Root thereof.

Its arises somtimes from the lower horns, viz. when the higher are wanting, especially in Women. And this pair is double in Oxen.

Its Use is, to move the tongue directly downwards towards the inner parts, when both act; but if only one be contracted, it moves it to the right or left side.

By others an eleventh Muscle is added, which yet is no Muscle, because it consists not of fleshy Fibres; but it is a parcel of flesh, consisting of very many Kernels and far, situate at the Root of the tongue, and appearing when the foresaid Muscles are taken away.

Its Use is, that the tongue may be moistened by this plenty of Kernels.

The Use of the Tongue is:* 1.226

• I. To be the Instrument of Tast.
• II. Of Speech.
• III. To further the chewing of Meat, by turning it this way and that way.
• IV. To lick with.

By all which it appears, that the tongue is not ne∣cessary to the very being of life, but to the well being: for the part thereof may be cut off without danger of life or health, Zacutus, Walaeus and others after Galen, have found by experience. Abenzoar, Joubertus, Fore∣stus, have observed that Stones have bred under the tongue, hindring Speech, till they were cut out; and I remember that long since such stones were taken out at Padua.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Why the Head is placed so high.
• * 1.2

  Its Figure.
• * 1.3

  Greatness.
• * 1.4

  Substance.
• * 1.5

  Division.
• * 1.6

  Calva.
• * 1.7

  The Face.
• * 1.8

  What crea∣tures have Hair.
• * 1.9

  Whether Hair & Nails grow of good nutri∣ment.
• * 1.10

  The remote mat∣ter of Hair.
• * 1.11

  Where Hair b••eede.
• * 1.12

  Why crusted Animals have no hairs.
• * 1.13

  Requisites to the Genera∣tion of hair.
• * 1.14

  Cause of baldness.
• * 1.15

  Hairs bred in the womb.
• * 1.16

  Use of Hair.
• * 1.17

  Why a man hath plenty of hair?
• * 1.18

  The Beard adorns.
• * 1.19

  Their Form.
• * 1.20

  Magnitude.
• * 1.21

  Figure.
• * 1.22

  The cause of the colour of the hair.
• * 1.23

  The cause of grey hairs.
• * 1.24

  Why they are soonest grey-hair'd that go with their Heads co∣ver'd?
• * 1.25

  Why Men are soonest grey a∣bout their temples?
• * 1.26

  The Pericra∣neum.
• * 1.27

  Periostium.
• * 1.28

  Crassa Me∣ninx.
• * 1.29

  The Brain moves.
• * 1.30

  The Sickle.
• * 1.31

  See Tab. 11.
• * 1.32

  The upper Cavities.
• * 1.33

  The first two.
• * 1.34

  The third.
• * 1.35

  See Tab. II.
• * 1.36

  The lower Cavities.
• * 1.37

  See Tab. II.
• * 1.38

  The Use.
• * 1.39

  Pia Mater.
• * 1.40

  What is properly the Brain.
• * 1.41

  The Marrow what?
• * 1.42

  How they differ?
• * 1.43

  Parts of the Marrow.
• * 1.44

  The Head of the Marrow, what?
• * 1.45

  A new opinion con∣cerning the place where the Animal spirits are made.
• * 1.46

  The Magnitude of the Brain.
• * 1.47

  Who have most Brains.
• * 1.48

  Knobs of the Brain.
• * 1.49

  Why the Brain hath windings.
• * 1.50

  The winding Clift of the Brain
• * 1.51

  See Tab. 3.
• * 1.52

  The Colour.
• * 1.53

  Its temper∣ament.
• * 1.54

  Why the sub∣stance of the brain is mo∣derately soft?
• * 1.55

  There are Veins in the Brain.
• * 1.56

  The Use of the Brain.
• * 1.57

  Of the brains Motion.
• * 1.58

  The Matter of the Animal Spirits.
• * 1.59

  A new opinion of the Author, touching the use of the Brain and the Marrow.
• * 1.60

  The right Disse∣ction of the Head must begin at the lower Part.
• * 1.61

  See the Figure of the Section in the Manual of Nerves.
• * 1.62

  The beginning of the Spinal Marrow.
• * 1.63

  An Objection.
• * 1.64

  The Answer.
• * 1.65

  A new Opinion of the Author, that the Marrow is the Original of the brain.
• * 1.66

  A proof hereof.
• * 1.67

  The spinal Marrow divided.
• * 1.68

  Another division.
• * 1.69

  Another division.
• * 1.70

  The Coats of the Marrow.
• * 1.71

  A noble Ven∣tricle in the Marrow.
• * 1.72

  The cover of the noble Ventricle is from the Brainlet.
• * 1.73

  The true place where Animal Spirits are ge∣nerated accor∣ding to our Author.
• * 1.74

  A Proof.
• * 1.75

  The preparati∣on of the Animal Spirits where it is?
• * 1.76

  This Marrow the beginning of all Nerves.
• * 1.77

  The Brainlet what it is?
• * 1.78

  Its Structure.
• * 1.79

  See Tab. 4. Fig. 1.
• * 1.80

  The Use.
• * 1.81

  Rete mirabile
• * 1.82

  Vesalius his Error.
• * 1.83

  Glandula pituitaria.
• * 1.84

  Its Seat.
• * 1.85

  Its Figure.
• * 1.86

  Its Substance.
• * 1.87

  Its Use.
• * 1.88

  The Brain ful of Excrements.
• * 1.89

  Infundibulum.
• * 1.90

  The Authors opi∣nion that there is but one Ventricle of the Brain.
• * 1.91

  The foremore Ventricle de∣scribed.
• * 1.92

  Corpus Callo∣sum.
• * 1.93

  The Conforma∣tion of the Ven∣tricles of the Brain.
• * 1.94

  Septum luci∣dum.
• * 1.95

  Fornix.
• * 1.96

  The third Ventricle.
• * 1.97

  The Anus, what it is?
• * 1.98

  The Nates and Testes.
• * 1.99

  Penis. Vulva.
• * 1.100

  The Plexus Choroidis, what?
• * 1.101

  Glandula pinealis.
• * 1.102

  That the Ven∣tricles of the Brain serve to receive Excre∣ments.
• * 1.103

  The order of the parts to be shewn in the new way of Dissection.
• * 1.104

  The order of the parts in the old Dis∣section.
• * 1.105

  The order in the middle way of Dis∣section.
• * 1.106

  The Dissection of the right side.
• * 1.107

  The Dissection of the left side.
• * 1.108

  An excellent Argument for the Cir∣culation of the Blood.
• * 1.109

  Why Mens Face, is void of Hair?
• * 1.110

  Frons why so called?
• * 1.111

  Its Skin.
• * 1.112

  Muscles.
• * 1.113

  The Eyes why called Oculi?
• * 1.114

  Their Situation.
• * 1.115

  Their Number.
• * 1.116

  Their Shape.
• * 1.117

  Its Parts.
• * 1.118

  The Eye-lids.
• * 1.119

  Whether the lower Eye-lid be moved?
• * 1.120

  The Muscles of the Eye-lids.
• * 1.121

  The Mem∣branes.
• * 1.122

  The Cilia, what?
• * 1.123

  The use of the Eye-brow.
• * 1.124

  Punctum lachrmyale
• * 1.125

  The use of fat in the Eye.
• * 1.126

  The Eye mus∣cles.
• * 1.127

  Columbus his Error.
• * 1.128

  The first Muscle of the Eye.
• * 1.129

  The second
• * 1.130

  The third.
• * 1.131

  The fourth.
• * 1.132

  The fift.
• * 1.133

  The sixt or pulley Muscle.
• * 1.134

  A seventh Muscle in Brutes.
• * 1.135

  Vessels of the Eye.
• * 1.136

  The Nerves.
• * 1.137

  The Membranes of the Eyes but three.
• * 1.138

  Adnata Tunica.
• * 1.139

  Its Use.
• * 1.140

  The Seat of the Ophthalmia or Blearey'dness.
• * 1.141

  1. Tunicle of the Eye.
• * 1.142

  Cornea.
• * 1.143

  2. Tunicle of the Eye.
• * 1.144

  The Pupilla.
• * 1.145

  Iris.
• * 1.146

  Ligamentum ciliare.
• * 1.147

  The third Coat.
• * 1.148

  Aranea.
• * 1.149

  Vitrea.
• * 1.150

  Humors of the Eyes.
• * 1.151

  The watry Humor.
• * 1.152

  The watry Hu∣mor is no ani∣mated part, the other Humors are.
• * 1.153

  The vitreous of glassie bu∣mor.
• * 1.154

  The Chry∣stalline.
• * 1.155

  Names of the parts of the outer Ear.
• * 1.156

  Its Skin.
• * 1.157

  It Vessels.
• * 1.158

  The Muscles.
• * 1.159

  Why few move their Ears?
• * 1.160

  The use of the first
• * 1.161

  The use of the second Mus∣cle.
• * 1.162

  The use of the third Muscle.
• * 1.163

  The use of the fourth,
• * 1.164

  The Ear Gristle.
• * 1.165

  The Kernels cal••d Parotides.
• * 1.166

  Their Situation.
• * 1.167

  The s••at of Kings-Evil swellings.
• * 1.168

  The Exter∣nal Organ of Hearing.
• * 1.169

  The Inter∣nal Ear.
• * 1.170

  Tympanum.
• * 1.171

  A cause of Deafness.
• * 1.172

  A Cause of thickness of Hearing.
• * 1.173

  The Cavity of the Drum.
• * 1.174

  Muscles of the inner Ear.
• * 1.175

  Why Masti∣catories help in Diseases of the Ears?
• * 1.176

  The Names of the parts of the Nose.
• * 1.177

  The parts of the Nose.
• * 1.178

  The Skin.
• * 1.179

  Muscles of the Nose.
• * 1.180

  The Gristles of the Nose.
• * 1.181

  Its Vessels.
• * 1.182

  The Coat of the Nostrils.
• * 1.183

  The cause of Sneezing.
• * 1.184

  The use of the Nose.
• * 1.185

  The Names of the outward parts about the Mouth.
• * 1.186

  The use of the Mouth.
• * 1.187

  Two pare of Muscles com∣mon to the Cheeks and Lips.
• * 1.188

  Spasmus Cynicus.
• * 1.189

  The Figure of the Muscle Buccinator.
• * 1.190

  The Lips.
• * 1.191

  Trembling of the Lip in such as are ready to cast, how caused?
• * 1.192

  Four pare of muscles mo∣ving the up∣per Lip.
• * 1.193

  Muscles common to both Lips.
• * 1.194

  Muscles of the lower Lip.
• * 1.195

  Muscles of the lower Jaw.
• * 1.196

  Temporalis.
• * 1.197

  The use of the tempo∣ral•• muscle.
• * 1.198

  Why tis dan∣gerous to hurt the temporal muscle.
• * 1.199

  Mansorius primus.
• * 1.200

  Alaris.
• * 1.201

  Mansorius alter.
• * 1.202

  Graphyoides.
• * 1.203

  Gingiva.
• * 1.204

  Palatum.
• * 1.205

  The Uvula how seated.
• * 1.206

  Its Muscles.
• * 1.207

  The falling o•• the Uvula.
• * 1.208

  Vulgar Error.
• * 1.209

  Names of the Os hyoides.
• * 1.210

  Its Constru∣ction.
• * 1.211

  Its Muscles.
• * 1.212

  The Use of Os hyoides.
• * 1.213

  The tongue.
• * 1.214

  Its Scituation.
• * 1.215

  Number.
• * 1.216

  Figure.
• * 1.217

  Magnitude.
• * 1.218

  Its Connexion.
• * 1.219

  A Pernitious Practice of midwives.
• * 1.220

  Its Coat.
• * 1.221

  Substance.
• * 1.222

  Whether the tongue be a muscle.
• * 1.223

  Its Vessels.
• * 1.224

  The line of the tongue.
• * 1.225

  Its muscles
• * 1.226

  The use of the Tongue.