Bartholinus anatomy made from the precepts of his father, and from the observations of all modern anatomists, together with his own ... / published by Nich. Culpeper and Abdiah Cole.

Chap. 12. Of the Parts con∣tained in the Mouth, viz. the Gums, Palate, Uvula, Fauces, and Throat-bone.

PArts contained in the Mouth besides the Teeth: are the Gums, Palate, Uvula, Fauces, Tongue∣bone, Tongue, Almonds or Tonsillae, Larrnx, and beginning of the Gullet. Of the three later I spoke in my second Book, because of the Connexion of Parts. Of the five former, we will treat in this Chapter and of the Tongue in the Chapter following.

GINGIVA the Gum, is an hard flesh com∣passing the Teeth like a Rampart, and in* 1.1 such as have lost their Teeth, serving in some measure to chew their meat: which being either eaten away, or too much relaxed, or overdryed, the Teeth become loose, or fall out.

PALATUM the Palate, is the upper part of the Mouth moderately hollow, like the* 1.2 Roof of an House, whence it is called the Heaven of the Mouth, and is the Basis or Founda∣tion on which the Brain rests, being made of the Os Sphaenoideum.

'Tis invested with a thick Coat arising from the dura Mater, which covers the Cheeks and whole mouth on their Insides, and is common to the Gullet and Sto∣mach, and therefore there is also a consent between these parts. Nor can we purge the Head with Masti∣catories, unless we purge also the Stomach by the Pa∣late.

'Tis furnished with small Nerves for Sense.

The UVULA hangs from the Palate further into the Mouth near the passages* 1.3 of the Nostrils, over the Chink of the Larynx among the Almonds or Kernels so called. Some call it Gargareon, from the noise it makes when we Gargle any Liquor; 'tis also called Gurgulio and Columna.

It is a Process made of a Glandulous, Spungy and red Substance, which Columbus doth suppose to be made of the Coat of the Palate Reduplicated in that place. Riolanus rather believes that it is flesh, arising from the extremity of the Muscles, which are carried to the Body.

It is roundel' long, thicker above, and ends in an acute Figure obtusely. It is* 1.4 suspended and held up by two little Muscles, an Internal and an External pair, either to stir the Uvula Forward and Backward in the time of swallowing, or when it is relaxed with Humors and falls down, to draw it up again.

Riolanus, from Aretaeus, the Author of Anatomia Vi∣vorum, Abensina and Carpus, describes two broad Li∣gaments fastening the Uvula on both sides, like to wings spred abroad, which the Arabians term Galsa∣mach of which he is worthy to be consulted.

Sometimes by reason of Humors too much flowing in, it hangs two much* 1.5 down, which is called Casus Uvulae the falling down of the Palate of the Mouth. Which if it cannot be restored to its place by Medi∣caments nor manual operation,s it is wont to be burnt and cut by Skilful Chirurgeo••u.

[illustration]

[illustration]

The X. TABLE.

The FIGURES Explained.

In this TABLE are shewn Os Hyoides, Uvula, and certain Muscles of the Tongue.

FIG. I.

• A. The Gargareon or Uvula, in Eng∣lish the Palate of the Mouth.
• BB. An outward pair of Muscles.
• CC. Its tendon.
• DD. An inner pair of Muscles, a little compressed.
• E. Part of the Roof of the Mouto, at which the Uvula bangs.

FIG. II. & III.

• AA. The Basis of Os Hyoides.
• BBBB. The sides or borns of the said Bone.
• CC. Two Gristly Appendixes.

FIG. IV.

• A. The first Muscle of the tongue, ari∣sing from the external Face of the Styloides.
• B. The second Muscle of the tongue.
• C. A Muscle of the third pair called Genio-glossum.
• DD. The fift pair Cerato-glossum, scituate without.
• EE. The tasting Nerves.
• FF. The tongue moving Nerves.
• G. A muscle of Os Hyoides.
• H. The Processus Styl formis.
• II. The Os Hyoidis.
• K. The Cartilago Scutiformis.
• LL. Two muscles proper to the Larynz.

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Its Use is to moderate, the coldness of the Air, that it may not suddenly rush into the Lungs: and there∣fore those that have lost the Palate of their Mouths dye of a Consumption.

Some think it helps to modulate the Voice, and therefore they call it Plectrum vocis, the* 1.6 striking quil of the Voice. But though it be wounded or quite cut off, yet is not the voice hurt, unless some neighbouring parts, which assist the voice are also damaged: for then by the roughness of those parts, caused by those Catarrhes, which have eaten the Uvula, the Voice becomes Hoarse.

A second Use is, to hinder drink from passing out of the Mouth into the Nostrils. And therefore Sal∣muth tels of the Son of a Man called John, who being born without any Uvula or Almonds, voided the Milk which he suckt, out of his Nose, and did not live long.

By FAUCES sometimes we understand the whole wideness of the Mouth: but more strictly it is meant of the hinder and lower part, which cannot be seen, but when the Mouth is wide open and the Tongue held down, the Greeks term it Pharynx, howbeit that word in Hypocrates doth oftentimes signifie the Di∣seases of this part, as Inflammation, &c. Galen calls it Isthmus because of the narrowness of the place.

In the Fauces is that Bone which from the shape of the Greek letter v is* 1.7 called Hyoides, Hypsiloides, also from resemblance to the letter Λ Lambdoi∣des, that is the Upsilon or Lambda-shaped Bone. 'Tis also called Os gutturis, the Throat-bone, and Os linguae, the Tongue-bone, of which I must treat in this place, and not in the History of the Bones, because it is not fastned to the other parts of the Skeleton.

Now the Bone is the Basis and Foundation of the Tongue, upon which it is placed and moved: and it is set before the Larynx.

It consists of sundry little bones, three at least, sometimes of five, seven,* 1.8 nine.

The middle Bone is the greatest, bun∣ching without, hollow within, under which sticks the

Epiglottis; it hath processes termed Cornua, borns two in Number, consisting of Bones more or fewer, greater or lesser.

Four Gristles are added, two are somewhat great, long and round, in the Belly of Os hyoides, two also besides the Horns, which in some persons become bo∣ny.

Its processes are fastened to the Ligaments and ends of the Styloides, also with the Cartilago gutta∣lis.

This Bone is moved, but not except the Tongue be moved; and therefore it* 1.9 hath four pair of Muscles common to the Tongue, nor can the Muscles of the Tongue be shewed till they are removed.

The first pair lies concealed in the fore-part, under the Skin, resting upon the Wesand and the Cartilago Scutalis.

It arises with a broad and fleshy beginning, from the higher and inner Region of the Breast-bone; and therefore this pair is called Sterno-hyoides. Its End is fleshy, in the Basis of Os hyoides. And in the middle according to their leng••h, these Muscles are divided with a line.

Their Use is to draw right down.

The second being under the Chin and the fift pair of the lower Jaw; is large, short and all fleshy.

It arises from the inner part of the lower Jaw, with a various carriage of Fibres: it is ended in the mid∣dle seat of the Hyoides. Some call it Genio-hyoi∣des.

Its Use is to draw right upwards and a little for∣wards.

The third is lean and round, seated under the Chin, arising from the Root of the Appendix of Styloides; it ends into the horns of the Hyoides. Somtimes they are bored through the middle, for the Muscle which opens the Jaw.

The Use is, to move sidewayes, and a little obli∣quely upwards. 'Tis called Stylo-cerato-hyoides.

The fourth being lean and long, lies concealed under that Muscle of the Scapula which they count the fourth, moving downwards and obliquely side∣wayes.

It arises from the upper side of the Scapula, near the processus Coracoides, and therefore 'tis called Coraco-hyoides: it is carryed upwards obliquely to the sides of the Os hyoides, under that Muscle of the Head which is counted the seventh. And this pair is long, hath two Bellies, and is extenuated in the middle like a Tendon, like that which draws down the lower Jaw.

Some add to these a fift pair, which is indeed pro∣per to the Tongue, Riolanus indeed the Mylo-glossum and therefore he terms it Mylo-hyoideum; but Vestin∣gus the Genio-glossum, and therefore he calls it the Genio∣hyoides internum: which arising inwardly from the Chin under the Par Genio-hyoideum, is inserted into the Basis of the Hyoides, which it draws straight up∣wards.

The Use of this Os hyoides, is* 1.10

I. To be the Basis of the tongue, and yet but obscurely moveable: least as Wa∣laeus conceives, it should perpetually hang in the Throat, and hinder the swallowing of Meat; but it moves forward in swallowing, and so makes the Ori∣fice of the Guller more wide.

II. That from it many Muscles might arise of the tongue and Larynx.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Gingiva.
• * 1.2

  Palatum.
• * 1.3

  The Uvula how seated.
• * 1.4

  Its Muscles.
• * 1.5

  The falling o•• the Uvula.
• * 1.6

  Vulgar Error.
• * 1.7

  Names of the Os hyoides.
• * 1.8

  Its Constru∣ction.
• * 1.9

  Its Muscles.
• * 1.10

  The Use of Os hyoides.