Bartholinus anatomy made from the precepts of his father, and from the observations of all modern anatomists, together with his own ... / published by Nich. Culpeper and Abdiah Cole.

THE SECOND BOOK; OF THE Middle Venter or Cavity. (Book 2)

THe middle Venter or Belly ter∣med Thorax the Chest, and by* 1.1 some absolutely Venter, is all that which is circumscribed above, by Clavicles or Channel-bones; beneath the Midriff; on the foreside by the Breast∣bone; on the hinder part by the Bones of the Back, and on the sides by the Ribs.

The fore-part is called Sternon and Pectus, &c. the Hinder-part, the Back; the Lateral Parts are termed the Sides.

Howbeit the Ancients as Hypocrates and Aristotle, &c. did comprehend all* 1.2 from the Channel-bones as far as to the Privities, that is to say, the middle and lower Belly under the Name of Chest. And therefore in this Sense Hypocrates did well write, that the Liver is seated in the Chest: which other un∣skilful persons not understanding, did imagine that Hypocrates was ill versed in Anatomy.

Its Figure is after a sort Oval, though not exactly, and Hypocrates compares it* 1.3 to a Tortoise or the Belly of a Lute. In Mankind, it is more bunching in the fore-part, but in the middle of the Brest-bone it is flatter, about the sides round, because of the bowing of the Ribs, in the Back more flat.

Its Magnitude in General, varies ac∣cording to the different degree of Heat:* 1.4 for by the wideness of the Chest we mea∣sure the Heat of the Heart. But in particular persons it is larger towards the lower Belly, where the vital bo∣wels are concealed, and grows narrower by little and little at the beginning of the Neck.

Its outer Substance is partly bony, part∣ly fleshy.* 1.5

This middle Belly is not wholly fleshy as the lower is, 1. Because it was not to contain any Parts, that were very much to be stretched. 2. That over-much Fat might be bred there, and hinder Re∣spiration.

Yet is it partly fleshy, because it contains Parts which∣ought to be moved, as the Heart and Lungs, and for the same Cause,

It could not be altogether bony, like the Skull; for that is a very rare case which Cardan mentions in his 11. Book of Subtilties, Page 458. in my Edition, of a Man that instead of Ribs, had one continued Bone ••rom the Throat to the Flanks.

Yet is it in part bony, for to safeguard the noble Parts. For,

Its Use is, to contain the vital Parts as the* 1.6 lower and first Belly contains the Natural.

Now the Parts likewise of this Belly are* 1.7 either containing or contained: and the for∣mer either common or proper.

The Common are the same which are in* 1.8 the lower Belly. Howbeit these things following are here to be observed.

The Skin of the middle Belly is hairy* 1.9 under the Arm-pits. These Hairs are called Subalares Pili, being useful to keep those Parts from wearing and fretting, in the Motion of the Arms, seeing they ex∣ceedingly and quickly sweat, because they are termed the Emunctories of the Heart, receiving the Excre∣ments thereof (in some also that are hotter of constitu∣tion and strong-hearted the breast is hairy) as the Groins are called the Emunctories of the Liver.

Moreover, there is little Fat found in the Chest, if you except the Dugs, that* 1.10 Respiration may not be hurt by the weight thereof. For by reason of its bo∣ny part, so great plenty of the matter of Fat could not flow into it, as in the lower Belly, which is wholly fleshy, and therefore alwayes the fattest part of the body; the middle belly or Cavity is indifferent∣ly stored with Fat; the Head is least fat of all. But the fat it self being otherwise white, is wont in the chest to appear a little more yellow then ordinary, by reason of the heat of the vital Parts which lye under the same▪

The proper Parts besides the Muscles, Bones, &c. are the Dugs of both Sexes,* 1.11 the Midriff, the Membrane of the Sides termed Pleura, and the Mediastinum or Partition-wall.

The Parts contained are the Bowels and Vessels. The Bowels, are the Heart with its Heart-bag or Pericardi∣um, the Lungs and part of the Wesand or Wind-pipe, o•• aspera Arteria. The Vessels are the Branches of the Venae cava and Arteria magna, underpropped with the Thymus or Kernel in the Throat. and sundry Nerves.

Chap. I. Of the Dugs.

ACcording to our Anatomical Method,* 1.12 the first Parts in the Chest which we dissect, as soon as we have done with the lower Belly, are the Dugs. Now we shall treat of the Dugs of Women, casting in between while, wherein those of Men differ therefrom.

The Scituation of the Dugs, is in the middle of the Brest, above the Pecto∣ral* 1.13 Muscle, which draws to the Shoul∣der. 1. Because of the nearness of the Heart, from whence they receive heat. 2. For Comeliness sake. 3. For the more convenient giving of suck: because the Infant cannot presently walk after the manner of Brutes, but being embraced in his Mothers Arms, it is applied to the Dugs. No other Creatures have Dugs in their Breasts saving the Apes, who hold their young ones in their Arms likewise. Laurentius tells us the Elephant does the like, and Riolanus sayes as much of the Bat or Flitter-mouse. Some great Sea-fishes of the Whale-kind have Dugs on their Brests, full of Milk, as we lately observed in a Whale that came out of Norwey.

They are two in Number: not because of Twins; but that one being hurt, the* 1.14 other might supply its Office. Howbeit Varro reports, that Sows will have so ma∣ny Pigs as they have teats. Walaeus in a certain wo∣man observed three Dugs, two on the left side of her Brest, and one on the right. And Cabrolius observed in a certain woman four Dugs, on each side two.

As to their Magnitude. In Girls new born, there is only a Print or Mark visi∣ble* 1.15 on the brest, and afterwards by little and little it swells, and in little wenches hardly any thing appears beside the teats, untill by degrees they grow to the bigness and shape of Apples; and when they are raised two fingers high, their Courses begin to flow. In old women they wither away, so that no∣thing appears but the Nipples, the Fat and Kernels be∣ing consumed.

In women they swel more, and in women with child the last moneths, they are more and more encreased.

In men they do not rise so high as in women, because ordinarily they were* 1.16 not to breed milk [yet because of the equality of the kind, it was convenient that men should have them as well as women.] And therefore in men, the Dugs are commonly without Kernels: yet in burly people, the Fat which is under them raised the breasts. In the Kingdom of Sengea, the Dugs of women hang as low as their Bellies; and in the Isle of Arnabo, 'tis said they turn them over their shoulders to their backs, and there suckle their children.

Their Shape is roundish. They repre∣sent as it were an half Globe. And in* 1.17 some because of their over-great weight they hang down.

The Dug is divided into the Nipple* 1.18 and the Dug it self. For in the middle of the Dug there is to be seen a peculiar Substance, which,

Is called Papilla, the Teat or Nip∣ple, being spungy, like the Nut of a* 1.19 Mans Yard, and therefore it will fall and rise when it is suckt or handled. For it hath an excellent and exquisite Sense of feeling, because it is as it were the Centre, into which the ends of the Nerves▪ Veins, and Arteries do meet. Which is apparent from the Delicacy of its Sense, and the redness of its color, a sure token of Blood brought in by the Arteries, by reason of the Concourse whereof, Chyrurgeons do judg Cancers and other Tumors about the Nipple perni∣cious.

Riolanus believes that the Skin is doubled, and as it were compressed: but the doubling would make it thicker. But the Skin is exceeding tender, easily rub∣bed off, and apt to be pained when the Child sucks ve∣ry freely. Only in old women it grows thick. Not is the Nipple any other where made of the Skin strait∣ned or folded.

If the Nipples turn upwards, a Male child is in the Mothers womb, if downwards a Girl according to the Tradition of Hypocrates, which hath not been as yet ratified by the confession of women with child.

As to Number, there is one Nipple on each Dug. Hollerius saw two Nipples upon one Dug, which both yielded Milk.

Their Colour in Virgins is red, in such as give suck it enclines to black and blew, and in them also they are more sticking out, by reason of the Infants sucking; in such as are past Child-bearing, the Nipples are of a black color.

They have a Circle round about them which is called Areola the little Parsley-bed, in Virgins pale and knot∣ty, in such as are with child and give suck, brown, in old women black.

'Tis bored through the middle, with very small holes for the Milk to pass through: For

The Use of the Nipple is to be instead of a Pipe or Funnel, to put into the Mouth of the Infant, whereout it may suck the Milk: Secondly, to serve for a plea∣sing Titillation, whereby Mothers and Nurses are en∣ticed the more willingly, and with a certain Sense of pleasure to give their children suck.

The Dugs do inwardly consist of a Mem∣brane,* 1.20 Vessels, Kernels, or rather kernel∣lish Bodies, and Fat: though the two last do chiefly make up the Dugs; the Kernels and Fat lye concealed between the Membrane and the Skin.

Now the fleshy Membrane does fasten the kernellish Substance which it compasses, unto the Muscles which lye thereunder.

The Kernels are many: In Virgins more hard, in old women consumed, in such as are with child and give suck, more swelling and pappie. Yet there is one great one, just under the Nipple, which the other lesser ones do compass about, and infinite textures of Vessels lye between them. Riolanus hath observed a womans Dug to consist of one continued Kernel, and not of many, the contrary whereto we see in scirrhous and cancerous Tumors.

The Use thereof is, to turn Blood into Milk. And the use of the fat of the Dug is to encrease heat, and to make the Dug of an even round shape. And therefore such as have the Fat consumed by some Disease or old Age, they hang ill favoredly like empty Bladders, and are unfit to make Milk.

The Vessels. The Dugs receive their Skin and ex∣ternal Veins from the Axillary, which are called the Thoracicae Superiores, the upper Chest-veins, which in wo∣men with child and such as give suck, are often black and blew visible. They receive other internal Veins, brought thither a long way, that the Blood might be the longer therein wrought, which are termed Mam∣mariae

Venae or Dug-veins, which descend* 1.21 on each side one, from the Trunk of the Axillary Vein, under the Brest-bone, to the Glandules or Kernels of the Dugs. These are met by other ascendent Veins, by the right Muscles, of which before: and therefore the Infant being born, the Blood is carried no lon∣ger* 1.22 to the womb, but to the Dugs, and is turned into Milk. And hence it is that women which give suck, have seldom their Courses. Hence also, when the Children suck over-much, Blood comes out at the nip∣ples. Yea, it hath been observed that a womans cour∣ses have come away through her Dugs, and Milk by her womb; howbeit, this is a rare chance.

But the Matter of Milk, be it what it will, cannot according to the Principles of the Bloods Circulation, be carried by the Veins to the Dugs. The Venae mam∣mariae or Dug-veins, do only carry back what remains superfluous, after the Child is nourished, and Milk made. Moreover, they are seldome joyned with the Epigastrick Veins, and they are too few and small, a∣lone to carry so much blood from the womb, as may suffice a Child that is a liberal Sucker.

Their Arteries proceed from the up∣per Trunk of the great Artery: and* 1.23 from the Subclavian branches, which are joyned after the same manner with the Epigastrick Arteries, as was said of the Veins. The Th racicae Ar∣teriae or Chest arteries, so plentifully and evidently, that in cancerous Tumors of the Dugs, a woman hath bled to death by them, of which case I remember some Examples. Hence it seems more likely, blood is car∣ried to the Dugs to make Milk, which blood being consumed in fat and elderly women they are therefore none of the best Nurses. Hence it is that women which give suck, receive great damage by loosing their blood; contrariwise they are advantaged, by what∣ever may draw and provoke their blood to their Dugs, as by rubbing them, &c.

Now Prosper Martianus and Petrus Ca∣stellus do maintain out of Hypocrates, that* 1.24 the matter of Milk is twofold, viz. Blood and Chyle: and that the greatest part of the matter thereof, is pressed out of Meats and Drinks, not yet digested in the Sto∣mach, into the Dugs, by the Child swel∣ling in the womb, and after the Child is born, by the passages made wide by sucking: and that another small part is made of blood ascending from the womb, which is rather to be reckoned as an Efficient cause, by reason of its Heat, then of a Material cause.

That Blood alone is not the matter of Milk, besides the Authority of Hypocrates, they prove, because

• 1. Otherwise it were impossible that a woman should live, voiding two pounds of blood every day, in the form of Milk.
• 2. When a woman gives suck, her Courses flow, which in the first moneths of her going with child, are suppressed.
• 3. When a woman left breeding Milk, she would fall into a dangerous Pl••thory, or fulness of Blood.
• 4. There would be no Child-bed Purgations at all, the Milk being so violently carried into the Dugs, the second day after Child-birth, that it causes a Feaver.
• 5. Nature would then have framed greater Vessels from the womb unto the Dugs.
• 6. The Milk would not retain the smell, and vertue or operation of the Meats eaten, because these things are changed in the blood.
• 7 The Blood collected into the Dugs, does breed Madness. Aphor. 40. Sect. 5.

But that it depends upon the Sto∣mach* 1.25 and the Chyle, these following Reasons evince.

• 1. The force and efficacy of Purga∣tives, is after some hours violently carried into the Dugs, as divers Experiments do teach. Yea and our Country-women, when children that have the cough, suck at their breasts, they drink pectoral Decoctions, and believe that the sucking child does presently draw them.
• 2. If a Nurse do swallow an hair in her meat and drink; it comes into her Dugs according to Aristotle, and sticking in the Nipples, it causes the Disease Tri∣chiasis or Hair in the Nipple.
• 3. A branch of Cichory according to the Observati∣on of Martianus, hath come out of a womans Dug, which she had eaten the night before at Supper: and bran hath been seen in the Excrements of a child that only lived with sucking.
• 4. Nurses perceive as soon as ever they have eaten and drunken, the going down of the Milk, and the swelling fulness of their Dugs. Yea, and our Nurses are extraordinary careful not to eat, while they give their children suck, for otherwise the children should suck undigested Milk.
• 5. Castellus pleads their Scituation over the Stomach, not near the Liver or Womb, excepting in beasts.
• 6. The Milk is colder then the Blood, and leaves more Excrement in her that gives suck, then blood does in the Embryo or child in the womb.

Howbeit we find many difficulties in this new Opi∣nion, and those of no small moment.

• 1. There are no manifest passages from* 1.26 the Stomach to the Dugs, which if any man can find, I shall willingly acknow∣ledg my self convinced. Martianus, in∣deed, Castellus, Vestingus, and Horstius do talk of invisible passages, like the milkie Veins, which cannot be dis∣cerned in a dead body; or at least they conceive the Pores of the flesh may suffice to admit a passage for milkie Vapors. But the Pores seem too narrow for thick Chyle to pass through, which in the Mesentery did require large milkie Veins, which any body may discern. A subtile Spirit and thin Vapors with smoa∣kie steams, do pass through the Pores, and not the Chylus, nor blood, according to Nature; for if so, then there were no use of Vessels. Nor is the Infant satisfied only with Vapors. I willingly acknowledg, that Nature endeavors the translation of Humors from one part to another by unknown wayes, but she does it compelled, and besides her customary Course, where∣as the breeding of Milk is a constant and ordinary thing.
• 2. The Dugs being heated by any other cause what∣soever, do not breed Milk, but the action is hindred by the said Heat.
• 3. Nurses confess, that after they have drunk, the Milk does manifestly descend out of their backs, and from about their Channel-bones, and puts them to some little pain. For there the Chest-arteries are seated, and not the Stomach.
• 4. A tender Infant should be ill nourished with un∣digested meat, having been vsed to be nourished with blood before.
• 5. Out of the Nipples of Children newly come out of the Womb, before the use of meat, a wheyish mat∣ter drops like Milk, before they have eaten any meat.
• 6. What shall we say to that Aphorism of Hypocrates?

• ... If a Woman want her Courses, neither any shivering o Fea∣ver following thereupon, and she loath her Meat: Make ac∣count that she is with Child.
• 7. Cows, when they eat grass after hay, or hay after grass, before the fifteenth day, there is no perfect change either in the Constitution or colour of their Milk or Butter, according to the Observation of Walaeus; yet they perfectly change their Chyle the first day, but their Blood more slowly. Also our Nurses observe, that after they have slept, and their Meat is digested, their Dugs make Milk, which does not so happen, if they want sleep.
• 8. Hogeland proves by Famines and Seiges, that when all the Nutriment of the Nurse is turned into perfect blood, yet nevertheless Milk is bred in the Dugs.

Wherefore until some diligent hand shall have found evident wayes and pas∣sages,* 1.27 for the Answering of the contrary Arguments: You are to Note. 1. That we admit of the Chyle as the remote matter of Milk, but not as the immediate matter thereof. 2. That the Blood be∣ing plentifully evacuated by the Milk, is bred again by plentiful meat and drink; and therefore the plenty of Milk ceases when there is little drink taken in, as all Nurses do testifie. Morcover, such as are of a San∣guin complexion afford most Milk, whereas those that are of a tender constitution grow lean by giving Suck. 3. That all the blood which is poured out of the Arte∣ries into the Dugs, is not turned into Milk, but only the more wheyish part, a great deal running back by the Veins into the Heart. 4. That Women which give suck have their Courses, because the Vessels of the Womb are then more enlarged, then in the first moneths of their going with Child: and ever and anon they flow sparingly from Nurses, and leave off by fits. Also Women that give suck seldom conceive, unless they be of a Plethorick habit of body, that is to say full of good blood. Our Women when they would wean a Boy, if their Dugs swell, they do by certain Medicines keep back the Milk, by straitning the Ves∣sels, that the matter thereof may not enter nor be drawn that way. 6. That the Breast and Dug-Arteries are large, and are more and more widened by continual sucking. 7. That the Milk doth drink in the faculty of Meats and Purgatives, even by mediation of the Blood, which conserves the color and faculty of the meats, though sundry digestions have preceded; though vapors alone be raised, and the substance ascend not. 8. That many things are performed in the bo∣dy, according to the singular constitution of particular persons, yea and many things which rarely happen, which is to be understood of the Milk, which was in the Dugs of that Man at Cous, and of other things thence voided.

Nerves are carried from the Nerves of the Chest, especially the fift, for to cause* 1.28 sense, and they end in the Nipple.

Besides these Vessels, the Dugs have also white Pipes, according to the obser∣vation* 1.29 of later Anatomists, springing from the whole Circumference of the lower part which growing narrower, do alwayes meet together, wherein Milk being made, is preserved for use. Whe∣ther or no they are nothing but widened Arteries, be∣coming white, because of the change of the milk and the bordering kernels (which I am willing to believe) I leave to acuter Eyes and Wits to determine. They treasure up the Milk, when there is occasion of omitting to give the Infant suck: and when that use is over, they grow as small as the most Capillary Veins.

Their Use is, 1. General in Women and Men, to be safeguards to the* 1.30 Heart: hence Nature hath given Men of cold Complexions larger Dugs then ordinary; and Women that loose their Dugs become rough-voiced, according to Hypocrates. Nor doth the pectoral Muscle hinder, which performs the same Office, which is Riolanus his Objection; for the more noble parts require great fencing, even by the smallest thing, as the Eyes from the Eye-brows, the Heart from the water in the Heart-bag or Pericardi∣um, &c.

II. In women their use is to breed Milk, to nou∣rish the young Infant. For the Child was nourisht by blood in the Womb, and milk is the same blood only whitened, so that Nature seems to have put a trick upon living Creatures by obtruding upon them the gentler appearance of white milk, in place of red blood, as Plato hath it. Which is the Cause that the People of Savoy and Daulphine did anciently pro∣hibit their Preists, the use of milk, as well as of Blood.

Now the Efficient Cause of milk,* 1.31 is not the Womb, where milk was never observed, nor do the Dugs breed milk, by that vertue thereof which it self wants; nor of the Veins or Arteries, unless it be the nearest, can the vertue be communicated from the Dugs. For as for what Baronius relates of St. Paul, how when he was beheaded, not blood but milk ran from his Neck, ei∣ther it was a miracle, if true; or a serous humor flow∣ed out, which sometimes flows from the Arm, when a Vein is opened, and I have seen it very like to milk, or finally the Liquor of Kernels being cut, did re∣semble milk. But the true efficient cause of the milk, is that same kernelly flesh of the Dugs, unto which there is none like, in the whole body. Now it works this moderate Concoction by the propriety of its substance, and by reason of its proper temperament. Aulus Gellius conceives the milk becomes white, by Reason of plenty of heat and spirit Book 12. Chap. 1. But I am more enclined to believe, that milk is white, because it is assimilated to the Dugs that are of the same color.

Somtimes therefore (though it* 1.32 happen seldom) milk may be bred in Virgins, and in Women not with Child, according to the Ob∣servation of Bodinus in his Theatre of Nature, of Joachinus Camerarius in Schenkius, of Petrus Castell••s touching one Angela of Messina, of A. Benedictus and Christopher a Vega concerning a Girle of Bridges, and of others. In Scania in our Country, a maid was lately accused to have plaid the Whore, because she had milk in her Dugs, which nevertheless she proved to be a propriety of her Family, by pro∣ducing her young brother who likewise had milk in his Breasts. Infants new born shed a wheyish milky liquor out of their Nipples. These examples are confirmed by the Authority o•• Hypocrates in the 39. Aphorism of his fifth Section, where Women have milk though neither with Child, nor lately delivered. And this happens, when the Dugs are filled with abundance of spirituous blood, and suppression of Courses be joyned thereto: for then the Glandulous substance digests more then is necessary to nourish the Woman. Yea, in men that are fleshy, large-dug'd, and cold, of constitution, a milky humor, and as it were milk is frequently seen; especially if their Nip∣ples be frequently suck'r, and their Dugs rubbed, as

the examples of many do testfie. Aristotle writes of a certain Hee-goat in the I stand Le•…•…s, who yeilded so much milk, that C••rds were made thereof. Mat∣thiolus, tels us that in sundry places of Bohemia, three Goat-Bucks were found, that gave milk, by which persons that had the Falling-sickness were Cured. Others have seen Men, out of whose Dugs store of milk came. Aben-sina saw so much milk milked from a Man, that a Cheese was made thereof. C. Schenkius relates that Laurentius Wolfius had store of milk in his Breasts, from his youth, till he was fifty years old. Jo. Rhodius had such an Host in England, and Santorel∣lus knew a Calabrian, who his Wife being dead, and he unable to give wages to a Nurse, did nourish his own Child with his own milk. Walaeus saw a Flem∣ming of like Nature, who being even forty years of Age, could milk abundance of milk out of huge Dugs which he had. A. Benedictus relates the story of a Fa∣ther that gave his Son suck. And Nicolaus Gemma, Vesalius, M. Donatus, Aqua-pendens, H. Eugubius, Ba∣ricellus, do witness the same thing, and I have allrea∣dy told you as much of a Boy of Scania in our Coun∣trey of Denmarke, and Cardan saw a man thirty four years old, out of whose Dugs so much milk did run, as would have suffised to suckle a Child. They relate how that in the new world, all men well-near abound with milk. Now that this was true milk which we have related did run from men, is hence apparent be∣cause, it was as fit to nourish children, as that of Wo∣men.

III. The use of the Dugs in Women is to adorne them, and render them the more delectable to Men.

IV. They serve to receive Excrementious moi∣sture. Whereupon their Dugs being cut off, Women incur sundry Diseases; because the blood which as∣cends finding no Vessels to receive it, runs hastily into the principal parts, the Heart, Lungs, &c, Which danger I conceive the Amazones did study to avoid, by their so vehement exercising themselves in war∣fare. Some cut the Dug off when it is cancered, but the operation is dangerous, by reason of the bleeding which follows.

CHAP. II. Of the Intercostal, or Rib∣between Muscles.

SUndry Muscles which we meet* 1.33 within the Chest shall be first of all explained in the fourth Book, by reason of the Method of Section. But the Intercostal or Rib-between Muscles, so called; because they are interwoven between the Ribs, must be explained in this place.

Now they are totally fleshy, forty four in number, on each side two and* 1.34 twenty; eleven external; and as many internal. For evermore between two Ribs, two Muscles rest one upon another: and there are eleven Intervals or Spaces between the Ribs. Others have done ill to make their Num∣ber* 1.35 sixty eight. For in the Intervals of the true Ribs, they have made divers Muscles lying hid between the boney parts of those Ribs, differing from those which are found between the Gristley parts.

The External ones arise from the lower parts of the upper Ribs, and descending obliquely towards the back-parts, they are inserted into the upper parts of the lower Ribs. The Internal contrary wi••e.

The External end at the Cartilages: The Internal fil the spaces, both of the Ribs and Gristles.

They have oblique Fibres and mutually cross one the other like this Le•••••• X, because the Muscles are otherwise short, because of the smalness of the Inter∣vals. Hence in the opening such as have a suppura∣tion in their Chest, Section is to be made straight ac∣cording to the Course of the Fibres, nor over∣thwart,

They have received sundry Vessels. Veins from the Azygos and upper Intercostal, Arteries from both the Intercostals. Nerves from the sixt pare; joyned to them which proceed from the Marrow of the Back.

Their use, is to Dilate and Contract* 1.36 the Chest; the external imitate the dra∣wing of the Subclavius: By raising the Ribs, and straitning the Chest, and help towards Exspiration. The internal draw away the Ribs, and by enlarging the Chest help the Drawing in of the breath. Galen, contrarywise, makes the external serve for drawing in, and the internal for blowing out of the Air, whose opinion is favored by Vestingius,

Others with Vesalius, will have the external Mus∣cles to thrust the lower Ribs upwards, and the inter∣nal ones to draw the upper Muscles downwards, that they might so mutually assist one another in straitning of the Chest. But we should rather think, that when the Internal ones are quiet, the External do act by themselves.

Fallopius, Arantius, Riolanus, do account them only to be fleshy Ligaments of the Ribs, whereby they are knit one to another, because the Ribs cannot be mo∣ved of themselves, save by the Muscles of the Chest. But the Thorachick or Chest Muscles being unmo∣ved, the Ribs are often moved by help of these Mus∣cles, receiving some impulse also from the Diaphrag∣ma or Midriff. The Ligaments of a Muscle are ne∣ver bare. The Ribs may be fastned one to an∣other, and likewise moved by these, which is common to all other Muscles. Howbeit the motion of the Ribs is obscure, because they are inarticulated in one part only, and the parts between the Ribs are narrow; But their Number supplies their smalness.

Chap. III. Of the Diaphrag∣ma or Midriff.

The DIAPHRAGMA or Midriff, is* 1.37 so termed from distinguishing or se∣parating, some term it Praecordia be∣cause it is ordinarily stretched ou•• before the Heart, and Phrenes, because it being affect∣ed, the Mind and Sense are disturbed by reason of the Consent it hath with the brain, so that when the Mid∣riff is inflamed a Paraphrenitis or petty Phrenzy is cau∣sed. The Cause of this consent is very doubtful. Hippocrates saies, the Heart becomes foolish through blood flowing back unto the Heart and Midriff, from the multitude thereof, which foolishness makes it dull and nummed as it were, and that nummedness makes it Phrentick. But the more firm experience of latter Physitians, hath proved that the brain and not the Heart, is the seat of Madness. Aristotle attributes

[illustration]

[illustration]

The I▪ TABLE▪

The Explication of the FIGURE.

This Figure presents the External proper Parts of the Breast, also De∣lineates the Situation of the Midriff in the Body.

• A. The Pectoral Muscle in its proper place.
• B. The same out of its Situ∣ation.
• C. The Muscle Serratus ma∣jor Anticus, or Greater∣fore-side-Saw-muscle in its own place, being partly visible.
• D. The same out of its place.
• E. The Serratus anticus mi∣nor, lesser foreside-Saw∣muscle.
• FF. The Claviculae or Chanel bones.
• G. The Subclavian Muscle.
• HHH. The Intercostal, or Rib∣between Muscles.
• III. The Diaphragma or Mid∣riff.
• K. Part of the great descen∣dent Artery.
• L. An Hole for the Vena Ca∣va descendent.
• M. An Hole for the Gullet passing through the Dia∣phragma.
• nn. The Venae Phrenicae or Phrenick Veins so cal∣led.
• oo. The Phrenick Arteries.
• PP. The two Appendices or Appurtenances of the Diaphragma.
• QQ. The Muscles termed Psoas.
• RR. The Musculi Quadrati or square Muscles of the Loynes.
• SS. The internal Cavity of Os Ilium, or the Flanck-bone.

page ••••

prudence to the midriff, and when it draws out of the neighboring Liver and Heart Excrementitious Hu∣mors, the mind is thereby hurt, and the external Senses. Yet, Neither doth he solve the doubt, for many other parts draw like Humors, without causing madness; nor doth he unfold, how the Midriff im∣prints these ravings upon the Brain. The consent of Vicinity makes nothing to the purpose, because it is nearer other parts, nor society in the same Office, be∣cause the Lungs being diseased in a Peripneumonia, do not cause a Delirium; nor finally, the communion of Nerves and Vessels, because in the Inflammations of other Nervous parts no such thing happens; Ca∣strensis doth therefore necessarily flie to an occult con∣sent, peculiar to this part alone. Others term it Septum transversum the Cross-partition, because it goes cross, and divides the Body, and separates the middle belly from the lowermost. Some call it Cinetus, Dis∣septum, Discretorium, and the Greeks also call it Z••ne, Di••zoma, Perizoma, &c. Now it is a sin∣gular* 1.38 and peculiar kind of Muscle, hav∣ing an action and figure differing from all others.

Its Situation is overthwart, or across* 1.39 the body, and because it enclines a lit∣tle downwards, oblique.

Its Figure is circularly round, saving* 1.40 the long Appurtenances.

This Muscle is in Number only one, be∣cause* 1.41 of the unity of its Action common to both sides, but it is a great one. Meysso∣nerius saw a double Midriff at Lyons.

Its Magnitude answers the Diametral* 1.42 wideness of the lower Belly, which is

comprehended between the lower Vertebra's of the back and the Ribs. Hence great and whaley flesh, because they have longer and more Ribs then we have, have a larger midriff, creeping mean-while as far as to the extremities of the Ribs. For,

For it seems to arise from the Verte∣bra's of the Loyns, by two somwhat* 1.43 long fleshy parts (which cleave to the muscles of the Loyns, at the sides of the great Artery, and growing by little and little wider, about the lowest Vertebra's of the Chest they grow together, where this Muscle begins to grow Circular) and is fastned to the Chest round about, beingknit where it is fleshy to the extremities of the Ribs: though we should do peradventure more rightly, to make the beginning thereof, in its whole Circumference, as well from the Loyns as the Ribs, which Galen doth also somwhere insinuate: For see∣ing it could not be knit to the eleventh Vertebra, be∣cause of the great Artery, and the beginning of the Lumbal muscle, it is strongly inserted, by its two smal appurtenances to the Vertebra's of the Loyns.

Galen somwhere (whom Sylvius, Vesalius, Aqua∣pendens, Spigelius and many more follow) will have the middle of the Diaphragma to be the Head thereof, because the Nerves are there inserted, and the Centre in a Circle, upon which one point of the compass doth rest, while the other is carryed about, may be well taken for the Head of the said Circle. But as it is a peculiar muscle, in Situation, Action, Figure, Nobility, &c. so hath it somwhat peculiar in this point. But the beginning or Head cannot be in this Centre, because it is moveable, and the Ribs and Vertebrae of the Loyns, in respect thereof immove∣able. Moreover, the Nervous or Tendinous part, is the End of the muscles, and not their Head.

Its Substance is fleshy, in the mid∣dle* 1.44 Nervous and Membranous, where a Membranous Centre shews it self and a Nervous circle in stead of a Tendon, to which fleshy Fibres do run, from the Circumference of the Chest, as to their Centre. Whence necessarily the middle part of the motive muscle is Nervous, for otherwise it could not be mo∣ved. Secondarily, it helps to strength, in a perpetual motion, and in the suspension of the bowels which adhere thereunto; moreover it serves to secure the Vessels which pass through. To sustain the beating of the Heart, it was not to be strong, as Riolanus su∣spects, because 1. A soft part doth easily give way and yeild to a blow. 2. The point of the Heart doth not strike against the Midriff in its pulsation, for the Heart smites the breast when it is erected in the Sy∣stole, and is contracted at the sides; in the Diastole when it descends to the Diaphragma, it becomes soft and flaggy, and gives no pulsation.

Note that Wounds in the Nervous Centre of the Diaphragma, are by all accounted deadly, whether because a Nervous part being offended, doth induce a Convulsion, or because it cleaves to the Pericardium or Heart-bag and to the Liver, or because respiration perishes, and the Heart placed over the same is like∣wise hurt; for the Pericardium and Liver being hurt, do admit cure. A wound is more safely made in the fleshy Circumference thereof.

It is cloathed with a double mem∣brane, for strength. The upper is* 1.45 from the Pleura, to which the Peri∣cardium or Heart-bag is firmly fastned, and somtimes also the Lobes or Laps of the Lungs by little smal Fiberkies; the lower is from the Peritonaeum. Also it hath its proper substance, formerly descri∣bed.

It hath Holes: some being very excee∣ding* 1.46 little, and others great. Those very little ones are the Pores, through which vapors arise from the inferior parts. They are widned by the perpetual motion of the Diaphragma, not by Odours and Fumes, as Helmont believes. Otherwise, because the Membrane is thick, it hinders the drinking in of thick vapors, and will not let them ascend without the Vessels. Among the greater, there is one on the right hand, in the middle of the Nervous part, to give a passage to the Vena Cava: Another on the left hand greater and somwhat backwarder, for the letting through of the Gullet or Oesophagus with tw•…•… Nerves which go unto the Stomach. And where it arises about the Vertebra's of the Loins, there ap∣pears a division, for the through-fare of the great Ar∣tery, and the Vena sine Pari, or Vein without fellow. These wide holes do admit from the inferior parts, the passage of thick Vapors with the blood, which cannot be prohibited by the Diaphragma. Hence in the 29. Aphorisme of the fift Section 'tis said, in a Fruitful Women, her lower parts being perfumed, the scent goes up to her Nostrils.

As to its Vessels. It has Veins and Arte∣ries* 1.47 from the Neighbouring Vessels vena cava and Arteria magna, called Venae phrenicae: and sometimes from the Vena adiposa

Nerves are spred through its whole Substance, being▪ brought from the spinal marrow of the Neck, between the fourth and fift Vertebra: which is proper to this part, and common to no other internal part under the Channel bones, because according to the Conjecture of the renowned Hofman, it was not to lie open to ex∣ternal wounds or Blowes, least we should be masters of our own Life or Death. But instruments of death are every where obvious, which the Love of Life and Fear of God hinders us from makeing use of. Now they are carried through the Cavity of the Chest, and are propped up by the mediastinum. Other Anato∣mists have observed other Nervs passing that way from beneath, proceeding from the costal and sto∣machick Branches. And because the Nervs of the Diaphragma or Midriff are* 1.48 in their passage mingled with certain little twigs, which are spread abroad into the muscles of the Jaws and Lips; hence when the Dia∣phragma is smitten there arises a kind of Laughter, which is no real Laughter, but a counterfeit one such as they call Risus Sardonius the Sardonian Laughter, because the muscles of the Face suffering a Convulsi∣on at the same time, and the Jaws and Lips being moved this way and that way, the partie seems to laugh. Such was the laughter of Thycenis in Hippocra∣tes and of Agnerus in our Countryman Sarco his relati∣ons, who was cut asunder in the middle with a sharp sword: also of that man in Aristotle whose Midriff being in the fight pierced with a Dart, made him die laughing. Pliny relates as much of other Fencers, and Homer tells us that Juno laught with her Lips when her Forehead scowled.

Galen makes the Cause of the Sardonian Laughter▪ to be in the Musculus latus quadratus, the broad square Muscle. But it reaches not to the Lips, Laurentinus Po∣litianus, makes the spirits to be the cause of this Con∣vulsion, which because of the sense they have of some troublesome thing, run back to the upper parts. Man∣cinius will have the Heart to be widened, and the face drawn into the posture of laughing, by the hear which

is raised by tickling and wounds, because he will have the Heart to be the seat of Laughter, in defence of A∣ristotle whom Physitians have confuted. Riolanus has sometimes observed laughter to arise in the guelding of a man, which was the forerunner of a deadly Con∣vulsion; for which cause he condemns our reason drawn from the Nerves, not giving us in the mean time any better reason viz. why laughter should arise upon the wounding or hurting the nerves of the Mid∣riff and Privities, and not when any other nerves are wounded.

Its Use is 1 To help free Respiration; for violent respiration is assisted by the muscles* 1.49 of the Chest; the former Respiration Galen ••erms gentle or small, which depends only upon the Midriff, the other strong, the intercostal muscles assist∣ing thereto, a third sublime, where the Diaphragma, intercostal or rib between muscles, and muscles of the Chest do act all together. Birds indeed, though they breathe have no Midriff, but their breathing which is light and scarse perceptible, because of the lightness of their bodies, is performed by their Lungs and Chest. Contrariwise Fishes which breathe not have a Midriff, but membranous, to seperate one Belly from another. In the greater sort of Sea fishes of the whaley kind, I have observed a fleshy Midriff like that of Creatures which live on the Land.

Now the motion thereof is thus: when the Breath is drawn in, the* 1.50 Midriff is stretched, when it is blowne out, it is remitted or slack∣ned, contrary to the Opinion of Arantius and Laurentius. Of whom the latter will have the Midriff contrary to all other muscles to draw to∣wards its end, and he will have the fibres which run out from the Circumference of the Chest, to be equal∣ly contracted, and the ribs to be drawn to the nervous Circle, and so to cause respiration. But how can the membranous Centre of the Septum, draw the ribs to its self and contract the whole Chest unless haply be∣cause it is fastned to the Mediastinum. But I have ob∣served more then once in dissections of living Bodies, that the Midriff is stretched out, when the Creature draws in its Breath. For the Guts are driven down∣wards by the Midriff when the Breath is blown out, and they ascend again when the Breath is drawn in, which also any man without Anatomical Section, may perceive in himself, by laying his Hand upon his Bel∣ly. In Wounds of the Diaphragma, the Guts and Stomach, when the Breath is drawn in ascend into the Chest, which Paraeus twice observed, which differs only according to more or less, from the naturall course of breathing. Now the motion of the Midriff ought to be such, because the Chest when the Breath is drawn in, must be widened to receive and contain the Air and swoln Lungs; and contrarywise, when the Air is breathed out, the Chest ought to be straitned, because then the sooty vapours are expelled, and the Lungs flag and become small again, and therefore in the former case the Midriff is lifted up, and in the lat∣ter depressed.

Jo. Walaeus besides that motion, whereby the fleshy part gives way inwardly, has observed another moti∣on in the Diaphragma during the drawing in of the breath, whereby the fleshy part thereof being con∣tracted into it self, comes to have folds in it, so that one portion of the fleshy part is placed upon another: and he observed that this folding is chiefly about the Appendices or Appurtenances, and when the breath is strongly drawn in: and he conceivs that by this means the Midriff is the more shortened, and the Chest by the lifting up of the Ribs, more widened.

II. To assist the muscles of the belly, in their com∣pression, when they would force out the Excrements and the Child in the womb: for from above it thrusts the Guts downwards. Hence, according to the Ob∣servation of Platerus, when the belly is costive, Sneez∣ing and Coughing do help, because thereby the Mid∣riff and Dung conteined in the Guts, are driven down∣wards, because of the Strugling of the said Midriff and its bearing down, the Excrements of the belly and U∣rine come away of themselves in live Anatomies and in such as are put to death by hanging.

III. To distinguish the lower belly with the natu∣ral parts, from the middle belly with its vital parts, least from the Ignoble parts frequent vapours should ascend, to the parts more noble, as the Heart &c.

IV. According to Hippocrates, it is the Fan of the lower belly, which fannes and cooles the Hypocondria or parts under the snort ribs.

V. Others suppose it causes natural respiration, because it depends not upon our will and pleasure, and moves when we are asleep, and never so much as think of it, and by help thereof, Men in Apoplexies do for a season breathe. But Piccolhomineus does more rightly assign a voluntary motion thereunto, howbeit only when some necessity constrains, as in easing of the bel∣ly, pissing, and fetching of breath, because it is a Muscle of a nature by it self; but not a motion absolutely or simply voluntary, which is discerned in progression & apprehension, that is to say in going and handleing.

Its motion ceases in a strong Apoplexy, only trans∣piration does then remain: but in a light Apoplexy, we see the Diaphragma also moved with the Chest muscles.

CHAP. IV. Of the Pleura, Mediasti∣num, and Thymus.

THe PLEURA or Rib-coate, which the Greeks call Chitòn* 1.51 hupezocòs, or absolutely bumèn, is a membrane which on the inside cloathes the cavity of the Chest, hard and white, but in some pleuretick persons accor∣ding to Hippocrates, black and blew, whence it is that Practitioners conceive that this is affected in the Pleu∣risie, which notwithstanding is demonstrated to hap∣pen secondarily, by Manelphus, Cletus, Platerus, Zac∣chius, Vitaglianus, Benedictus. It is some∣what thicker and stronger then the Pe∣ritoneum.* 1.52 Ariseing from the Coats, which cover the intercostal nerves which proceed out of the Backbone, by means of which it is continued with the Coats of the Brain. And therefore it is thic∣ker in the Back, to whose vertebra's it cleavs as it were inseperably. Hofmannus will have it arise from the Breast-bone rather than the vertebra's of the Back, wherein he is out, as I have proved in my Animadver∣sions upon Hofman, and in my Anatomical Colledge. In diseases of the Chest, it becomes many times ten-fold thicker: though others say it is so attenuated in pleu∣ritick persons, that it can hardly be descerned. Fal∣lopius saw it of a thick callous substance, in a Dropsie

of the Lungs, and Platerus saw it in like manner swoln by a Scirrhous Tumor.

It is every where double, that the Vessels may be carryed within the folding thereof. The outer part which looks towards the Chest, is harder and thicker, the inner part be∣ing* 1.53 fastned to the Ribs is thinner. Between these the matter of the Pleu∣risie is often collected, and not only between the Pleura and Muscles. Ga∣len makes it to be single, and will allow it to be double, only about the Mediastinum. Riolanus ex∣plains that same Duplicature to mean its thickness, which cannot be shewed without tearing. The con∣trary whereto is manifest in the swoln sides of such as have the Pleurisie.

It hath its inner surface smooth, least it should by its roughness hurt the Lungs; its outer more rough that it might be the stronglyer fastned.

Somtimes it is found furnished with a little fat (as there is also now and then in the Peritonaeum) near the Vertebra's of the back, where the Vessels are grea∣ter then ordinary.

The Ribs also have their Periosteum or Membrane so called, which some call the third coat of the Pleura, and others Membrana Circumossalis the bone-about Membrane.

It hath very many Holes, the lower∣more* 1.54 of which I have reckoned up in the History of the Diaphragma, the upper are there where it affords passage to the Vena Cava, the Arteria aorta, the Wezand or Aspera arteria, the Gullet and the Nerves of the sixt Pare.

As for its VESSELS. It hath Veins from the solitary Vein or Vena fine Pari, and the upper Intercostal or Rib-between Vein; Arteries from the Intercostal or Rib-between Artery, and from the great Artery; Nerves, twelve in number, proceeding from the foreside of the Vertebra's of the Chest. And there∣fore wounds in this part are attended with most grie∣vous pains.

Its USE is. 1. According to Galen to plaster over the whole Cavity of the Chest and to render it smooth and even, that the Lungs migt not be hurt in their motion. 2. To cloath the Chest and its parts on the inside (even as the Peritonaeum affords coats to the parts of the lower Belly) and to constitute the Partition Membrane. Or,

MEDIASTINUM, Which is an of-spring of the Pleura, being a doubl•• Membrane; separating the Cavity of the Chest and the Lungs into two parts. For after that the Pleura having taken its Original a∣bout the Back hath ascended by the sides to the Brest∣bone, taking its course again towards the Back-bone, it is carried right out from the middle of the Brest to the Back. Being fastned on each hand to the sides of the Brest-bone, this Membrane is not obscurely dou∣ble, as is the Pleura, but visibly, being constituted of the Pleura doubled; and there seems at first sight to be as great a space between both, under the Brest∣bone, as the breadth of the Breast-bone comes to. But this is only in appearance and not really so; for that same Cavity under the Breast-bone, is then only caused, when the Breast-bone is in dissection, plu∣ckt from the Mediastinum, for before the Mem∣branes of the Mediastinum are most closely united one to another. Which it is strange that no Anato∣mist did observe before Ad Falcoburgius. After him, I have often made the Experiment, in grown persons and Children new born, in Land-beasts and large Sea-fishes; nor could I shew any Cavity betwixt the Mediastinum and Breast-bone, no not to the most expert Spectators, but I found the Membranes of the former sticking close by certain Fibres to the lat∣ter, which we forcibly separated with a Penknife. Which that it might be more apparent, the inwards of the Belly and the Midriff being taken away, I made it visible to the Eyes of all that were present. These things are to be understood of the lesser Cavity (to satisfie Riolanus who is my Adversary in this point) between the Membranes of the Mediastinum and the sternum: For the greater, wherein the ever∣moveing Heart is seated, no man in his right wits will ever deny. In this greater Cavity, or in this Duplicature•• if a wound inflicted on the foreside shall penetrate, lightly, so that the Heart settling beneath remain unhurt, it is sufficiently void of Peril and safe enough; which one unskillfull in Anatomy would pronounce deadly, But towards the Vertebrae, the Cavity grows narrow by little and little, and the Membranes meet together. But in the middle the Cavity is wider, and in the fore part of the said Ca∣vity, the Heart and Vena Cava are placed; in the latter part the Gullet, with the Stomach Nerves. If in this Cavity humors praeternaturally assemble and putrifie, they may safely be let out by boreing an hole in the Breast-bone, if we believe Columbus and Hofman∣nus, which Nicolaus Fontanus doth notwithstanding deny.

It is of a thinner and softer substance then the Pleura; and about the Vessels* 1.55 tis frequently full of fat like the Call.

For Vessels, it hath Veins and Arteries from the Dug-vessels and the solitary Vein or Vena* 1.56 sine Pari, applied inwardly to the breast∣bone, which being taken away they become visible: Also it hath its own proper Vein called Mediastana, which is somtimes one and large, other whiles dou∣ble and smal.

Also the Phrenick and Stomachick Nerves are car∣ryed through this Duplicature, and afford branches to the Mediastinum.

The use of the Mediastinum is, I. To* 1.57 divide the Chest into two parts, that one Division of the Lungs being hurt by a wound or otherwise, the other might perform its office.

II. To hang the Heart and Heart-bag dangling in so free a posture, as to strike against no part of the Chest.

III. To sustaine the Vessels running through the same, as also the Midriff in Mankind, least it should by the weight of the Bowels be drawn too much downwards.

The Thymus grows thereto in the Jugulum or Throat-pit the highest part* 1.58 of the Chest, whereunto in ordinary Anatomical Figures it is fastned, and hath its name from the leafe of time which it resem∣bles, not from Thumos the Mind, as if in disturbances thereof by passion, the blood and Spirit should work or grow hot within this Kernel, in the Vena Cava, as Riolanus interprets the meaning of the word; for the blood grows hot in the Heart, here it hath only a passage and tarries not, seeing few branches are dis∣cernable in the body of the Thymus, unless somwhat be left by the Arteries for Nutrition sake. In children and the Embryo in the Womb, less subject to passions, the Thymus is greater and more Numerous, in per∣sons of ripe years who are soon angry, we find it dried and co•…•…. Now it is a kernellish, soft, spungy, 〈…〉〈…〉 (some term it the Sweet-bread, be∣cause

[illustration]

[illustration]

The II. TABLE.

The FIGURES Ex∣plained.

This TABLE represents the Brest-bone cut off and lifted up, also the Mediastinum and the Lungs, with the Mid∣riff.

FIG. I.

• AAA. The inner surface of the Brest-bone and the Gristles interwoven there∣in.
• BB. The Dug-Veins and Arteries descen∣ding beneath the Brest-bone.
• C. The Glandulous Body called Thy∣mus.
• DDDD. The sides of the Mediastinum pluck•• asunder.
• EE. The distance between the two Mem∣branes of the Mediastinum which is caused by its forcible separation from the Brest-bone.
• F. The Protuberancy of the Mediasti∣num, where the Heart is seated.
• GG. The Lungs.
• HH. The Midriff.
• I. Cartilago Ensiformis, the Sword-like Gristle.

FIG. II.

• A. The left Nerve of the Midriff.
• B. The right Nerve thereof.
• C. The upper Membrane of the Midriff a little separated.
• D. The naked substance of the Midriff.
• E. The Hole for the Gullet to descend through.
• F. The hole or the Vena Cava.
• GGG. The Membranous part or Centre of the Midriff.
• HHH. The Portions or Appendices thereof, between which the great Artery de∣scends.

FIG. III. Represents that same Glandulous Body, seated by the Larynx▪

• AAA. The Glandules or Kernels which naturally breed upon the Larynx.
• B. A portion of the jugular Vein, out of which two smal twigs proceeding, do spread themselves through the substance of the Glandules or Kernels.

page 94

in a Calfe 'tis counted a dainty bit)▪ In a Child new born tis distinguished into a threefold Kernel sufficiently big. In grown persons, tis extenuated, its moisture being consumed by heat. Howbeit I have seen it large in great Sea-fish, from which many other Kernels were diffused on either hand, about the Mediastinum and sides of the Lungs.

Blood-conveighing Vessels do pass through this Thymus or Sweet-bread; howbeit in the substance thereof, being dissected, we cannot manifestly dis∣scerne any.

The use therefore of the Thymus is 1. To under∣prop those great Vessels which ascend that way, as the Vena Cava, Arteria magna, and their branches passing along to the Arms and Shoulder-blades. 2. Also for safeguard, as is usual, and that the Vessels may not be hurt by touching upon the bones. 3. That it may be as it were a cover and fence for the Heart, for I have seen it as a Bulwork to the Heart, which the Heart of a Child in the Womb stands in need of, be∣cause as yet it stirs not. And therefore it hath a large Thymus, as a Sturgeon also hath and other Crea∣tures which live in the Water, by reason of the exter∣nal cold.

Chap. V. Of the Heart-bag and the Humor contained therein.

THe Pericardium which some term* 1.59 the Coat, Case, Box, Chamber, Cover of the Heart, or Heart-bag, &c. is a Membrane compassing the whole Heart, whose Figure it therefore Emu∣lates, as also its Magnitude: But it is so far distant from the Heart, as is necessary for the Hearts mo∣tion, and the reception of the Liquor contained in this Bag. Columbus assures us, that a Scholar of his had no Pericardium.

It arises at the Basis from the Coates which compass the Vessels of the* 1.60 Heart, which proceed from the Pleura (for this Coat is not between the Basis of the Heart and the Pericardium) where for their sakes.

It hath five Holes; viz. for the ingate and outgate of the Vena Cava, and for the* 1.61 letting out of the other three Vessels.

Its Situation is more to the left side then the right; and more to the fore then the* 1.62 hinder part of the Body.

It is knit circularly to the Mediasti∣num, with very many Fibres, and to* 1.63 the neighbouring parts, but especially the Nervous circle of the Midriff, it cleaves exceeding close, which is a thing peculiar to Mankind: For here∣in a Man differs from Dogs and Apes, and in all other Creatures likewise, the difference holes.

Its External Surface is Fibrous, the Internal slippery, and both void of fat.* 1.64

Its Substance is thick and hard, and so much harder then the Lungs, as it is* 1.65 softer then a bone.

Its Vessels. It hath smal Veins. be∣low* 1.66 from the Phrenick Vessels, above from the Axillary.

It hath no Arteries that can well be seen; perad∣venture, because it is so near the Heart. Yet doubt∣less it hath some although hard to be discerned.

It hath very smal Nerves, from the left Recurrent, and the little twigs of the Septum.

Its Use is I. To be a firme tabernacle for the Heart, that in its motion it might not* 1.67 strike against the hard parts of the Body.

II. To contain a wheyish or Watry Humor, like Urin to see to, though neither sharpe nor Salt, tran∣sparently clear, in some like water, wherein flesh hath been washt; Guil. Toletus in Burgensis calls it a flegmatick Humor of an unpleasing tast. And be∣cause of this Liquor Galen resembles the Heart to a Bladder.

This Humor is found in all Ani∣mals naturally constituted, both* 1.68 living and dead, yea and in the Child in the Womb, as appears by the dissection of bodies both living and dead: But in some more in others less; in persons that are in a Con∣sumption, it is very little and inclining to yellowness. In persons Pleuritick it is now and then of a quit∣torish nature, according to the Observation of Salmuth.

In dead bodies tis more plentyful: Because then very many Spirits are* 1.69 in the cooled parts of the body con∣densed into water. In Women▪ Children, and aged persons, tis more plentyful, by reason of the debility of their heat.

If it happen to be in two great a quantity, Palpi∣tation of Heart, and a suffocating death follows there∣from: if it be quite consumed, a Consumption of the body happens. But that it may be bread a fresh when it is spent, we see clearly in those whose Heart∣bag being wounded, the said Liquor hath run out; for in Johannes Saviolus, his Heart-bag being wounded with a Dagger, water issued at every Pulse of his Heart, out of the wound, yet was he happily cured by the Renowned Veslingus.

Whence this water should have* 1.70 its original, the opinions of lear∣ned men are different.

I. The first Opinion is of those, who will have it to be sent out of the Vessels of the Heart, seeing Blood-letting cures the Panting of the Heart procee∣ding from the Super abundance of this Liquor: And they conceive that this waterish Liquor is forced out by the fervent heat of the Heart, as in a stick of wood when it burns the sap runs out. Of kin to this is the Opinion of Nicolas Massa, which will have it to pro∣ceed from the strainings of the blood, which come from the Liver to the Ear of the Heart. And Hofman is much of his mind, who maintaines that it is part of that wheyish moisture which ascends to the Heart with the blood; but because the motion thereof is perpe∣tual, there would no smal danger arise, from so large an Afflux of Humors. I let pass, how that the stron∣ger persons, whose blood is moved most swiftly, have less quantity of this Water then those that are wea∣ker.

II. Others, and among them Hippocrates seems to make one, will have it to proceed from our drink, some portion whereof they conceive peirces like Dew out of the Asperia Arteria, into the Arteria Ve∣nosa.

III. Some conceive it proceeds from a Watry matter in the Seed, as the inbred Air of the Ears, is thought to proceed from a windy matter in the said seed.

IV. Of kin hereunto is the opinion of Jasolinus, who will have it to be a select, most perfect and Elaborate portion of the serons Humor, sent thither by Nature it self, haply in the first formation of the Child, through the Veins and Arteries, besides another part of the drink, of which Hippocrates speaks, and he has experiments touching the same.

V. Some say it proceeds from the watry Excre∣ments of the third digestion.

VI. Others from the spittle, slipping out of the Kernels of the Tongue into the Wezand, and from thence into the Arteries and Heart.

VII. Others, from the fat of the Heart, by agitati∣on turned into water.

VIII. Others from the thicker part of the Air which we draw in, being changed into water.

IX. And lastly, some think (which I conceive to be most likely) that it proceeds from moist Vapors and Exhalations, forced out of the Humors of the Heart by the motion and Heat theerof, and thrust forth into the Heart-bag and there congealed into water, in regard of the compactness of the said Heart∣bag.

Its Use is, I. To moisten and cool the* 1.71 Heart, and to facilitate the motion thereof. And therefore those in whom it is consumed, have their Hearts roasted: As it happened to Casimire the

Marques of Brandenburg: And to that young man of Rome, mentioned by Panarolus. Hofmannus being of a contrary mind, will needs have it to be as a Spur and Incitement of Heat; as Smiths are wont to dip their wisps of Straw in Water that they may burn the longer: And as Wood is sprinkled with Water to make it burn more lustily. But those bundles of Straw are preserved by the water, because their substance being made more moist and Tenacious, is not so soon consumed. But the heat of the Heart is preserved by its radical moisture, and by the blood continually flowing in, nor doth it need any Incitement from the Water, for if so, then the Heart would be more hot and lusty in old persons, who have most water in their Heart-bags, II. It serves to make fat by congela∣tion. III. That the Heart by swimming therein, may be less ponderous, and may not strike against any part.

An HUMOR likewise is commonly found in the Ca∣vity of the Chest, resembling blood and water mingled together, wherewith the parts of the Chest are smea∣red, that they may not be overheated nor overdryed. Hence the side of our Saviour being opened, blood and water flowed out, which by the suddan flux, and mixture of blood and the Authorities of the An∣cients, I have at large proved, in my Dispute of the side of Christ, against Laurentius, Arias Montanus, Bertinus, Nancelius, Poza, Tremellius, Beza, Tirinus, Grotius and others, who would have it to proceed from his Pericardium or Heart-bag, also against Col∣lius, Tarnovius, Brentius, Laurenbergius among the late writers, and Cyprianus, Prudentius, Brigitta, Vida, Sannazarius, Vigerius, &c. who would fetch it from the Vessels of the Heart being wounded. Now the Objection of P. Laurenbergius is not worth a button, who saies there was not enough of the said Liquor in the Cavity of the Chest; because 1. The natural quantity might suffice, seeing the Evangelists do not re∣cord that it come away in a great quantity. 2. It might be augmented in that last conflict for life, notwith∣standing the great perfection of his Body, which be∣ing for our Redemption made liable to temporary passions, underwent death it self. 3. I have at Padua somtimes observed so great a quantity of Water in this part, that it hung down like a great purse, the Midriff being depressed by its weight. Jasolinus in wound of the Chest (the inner parts being unhurt) did somtimes collect every day five measures of water called Heminae, for thirty daies together, which the Membranes being inflamed, was dried up and dimi∣nished, but when the Inflammation was cured, it re∣turned in its former Quantity.

In a Boy at Paris, who died of the small pox, I be∣ing present, store of water was found in this part, but of a green colour, of which else-where.

Chap. VI. Of the Heart in General.

THe Heart is called in Latine COR à currendo from running, because of its motion; some peradven∣ture will derive it from the Greek name Kêr which they derive from céo which signifies to burn: the Greeks term it cardia, we the Heart, quasi bieròn a sa∣cred thing. It is the principall part of a living Crea∣ture, which none is found to want according to Arist∣otle, and by the hurting whereof the Creaure does for the most part immediately die, because it is the foun∣tain of Life, and labors the vital Spirits, which having made, it distributes, by the Arteries arising from it self, into the whol body, Yet may you find examples in Schenkius of those that have had no Hearts. See also Gellius book the 16. Chap. 15. Galen relates that beasts sacrificed have lowed at the Altar, after their Hearts were taken out; and the Lord Verulam tells of a man who spake three or four words of a prayer, when his Heart was pluckt out of his Body, and in the hand of the Executioner. Plinie tells us the entrails were twice found without any Heart, when Caesar sacrificed, and Julius Obsequens saies the same. The Lives of such persons were maintained by the remainders of arte∣rial Blood. And Spigelius suspects that among the Bowells, the Heart was rather hid, and unfound then wanting, who saw so much fat in an Ostrich, that a man might easily have bin deceived, so as to think the Fowl had no Heart. Peradventure those Hearts of the sacrifices were stole away by the Devil.

A Live-wight dies not with every hurt of the Heart. For the Heart undergoes all kind of diseases. 1. Putre∣faction, witness Galen, in a pestilential and a putrid Fe∣ver. 2. The Consumption according to Plinie, to be dried like a roasted warden, according to Jordanus. to be wholly consumed by immoderate Heat, as Tileseus a∣verr's. 3. Inflammation, in which Case it cannot live a natural day, as Saxonius found by experience in a certain Reader. 4. Filthy hollow Ulcers have bin found therein by Fernelius, Trincavellius, Riverius. 5. Divers kinds of Tumors, Columbus saw an hard Tumor in the left ventricle of a Cardinal, as big as an Egg. Bene∣venius saw a swelling of black flesh. Massa, Hollerius, Bauhinus, and Joubertus, have other like Stories. I late∣ly found in the Parenchyma of an Oxes Heart on the left side a swelling as big as a Pigeons Egg, in a double Coat, full of Whey and Flegm.

On the out side Gesner saw an Excrescence of Flesh, in the Basis the quantity of an ounce and six drams Bavius makes mention of the Membrane eaten and fretted away round about.

Also Histories shew that it will bear wounds for a season. Paraeus tells of one wounded in the Heart who ran two hundred paces. Jacotius tells of an Hart that carried an old arrow fixed in its Heart, which is confirmed by Thomas à Vega and Alexandrius. Galen saw an Hare wounded in the Heart, run a darts cast after the wound received. Of a Student at Ingolstade, Sennertus and Iohnstonus tells us, who had both the ven∣tricles of his Heart peirced through with a weapon, and Nicholas Mullerus of a Souldier who lived fifteen daies after he had received a wound in his Heart, of which he hung up a Table at Groeningen. He recounts many like examples seen by himself, and Tulpius tells us of one that lived two daies, being wounded in the right ventricle. Glandorpius tells us after Sanctorius, that the Heart of a Rabbit was pierced with a sharp Instrument, and yet it lived many months after.

Wee must therefore note

• 1. That the Heart can endure Diseases, but because it lies far from the way of medicines, it cannot hold out so well as other parts.
• 2. That, as Galen tells us, if the wounds do pierce into the belly thereof, the party or Creature wounded dies, of necessity, but if they be in the Substance there∣of, it may live a day and a night, but then Inflamma∣tion arising death follows.
• 3 That the right Ventricle does more easily bear an hurt, because upon the left depends the life of the whol Body.
• 4. Both Ventricles may endure a small time after they are hurt, if the Vessels that continue the motion of the blood, be undamnified.

The Heart is one in Number, Theophrastus writes, that in Paphlagonia Partridges have two Hearts, an example whereof Galen relates in a man, in his ana∣tomical administrations.

It is situate in the middle of the bo∣dy, not considering the leggs, as it is* 1.72 in brutes; in which the Heart is in the middle, for moveableness and Secu∣rities sake, and in the middle of the Chest likewise, where it is on all sides compassed with the Lungs. Now the Heart in respect of its basis, is exactly in the middle, that nourshing blood and spirit might more commodiously be distributed into the whole body.

Howbeit the Motion thereof is more discernable in the left side.

1 Because in its left Ventricle the vital spirit is contained, and from* 1.73 thence arises the Arteria magna, hence the common people imagin that a Mans Heart resides in his left Side, but Practitioners applie Cordials to the left side.

2 Because the point of the Heart enclines towards the left side, under* 1.74 the left nipple, that it may give way to the Diaphragma: now to the right hand it could not decline, by reason of the Vena cava, which ascends there through the middest of the Chest. Sometimes the upper part of the Heart enclines to the left side, and such persons are left handed if we beleive Massa, those whose Heart is exactly in the middle, use both hands alike.

As to its Magnitude. In a man pro∣portionably the Heart is greater then* 1.75 in other Creatures, as also the brain and Liver. According to the com∣mon Course of Nature, it equalls six fingers breadths in length, and four in breadth. Otherwise, the great∣ness of the Heart differs according to the Difference of the Age and Temperament. For persons cold of Constitution, and fearfull have great Hearts, but such as are more hot and confident, have little Hearts: Of which see Donatus. Hence Aristotle saies of fearfull Creatures, as the Hare, Deer, Mouse, Hyena, Ass, Weazel, &c. that they have a great Heart, conside∣ring the proportion of their bodies. The Philosiphers of AEgypt, in ancient times, as appears by Herodotus in his Euterpe, have dreamed these things of the greatnes of the Heart. That the Heart of such Persons, as are not wasted by any violent disease, does every yeer grow two drams heavier, till they become fifty yeers old, so that a man of fifty yeers Age, his Heart weighs an hundred drams: but from the fiftyeth year to the hundredth, by a retrograde or back motion, it looses every yeer two drams, till it vanish away, and the par∣ty die.

Its Figure is conick, because it ends in a point. Its upper part by reason of the full vessels therein, is broad and round, although not exactly, and is called the Root and Head, and Basis of the Heart: the lower part be∣ing sharper is called conus, mucro, vertex, cuspis and apex Cordis; the cone, point, top of the Heart. Hippocra∣tes calls it the end and taile. On the foreside the Heart is more bossie, on the hinder side more flat. In the contractions the whole Heart is longer as some hold, but broader and more drawn together according to o∣thers; in its Dilatations or Widenings it is greatest, and of a globous figure, of which I shall speak more exactly hereafter.

Its Connexion is to the Mediastinum and the Midriff by the Pericardium; but to* 1.76 other parts by its Vessels, they are joyned to the Basis. the point being free, and hanging dang∣ling like a bell in the Steeple, that it may the more easily be drawn back to its Basis, or moved to the Sides.

Its Substance is first membranous, like a Bladder, in the Child in the Womb, afterward from the mothers blood there grows flesh or a solid, thick and compact∣ed parenchyma.

• 1. That it might endure the perpe∣tuity* 1.77 of the Motion: for a fence, and that it might more forcibly drive the blood to places far distant in the whole Body.
• 2 Least the subtile and lightfull Spirits contained even in the moveable blood should exhale together with the inbred heat.

In the right side the wall is less thick, because it sends blood only to the Lungs, which have their venal blood not so subtile. The strength of the left side is greater, by reason of stronger motion to drive on the blood, to supply the necessity of the whole body. In the point, the flesh is thicker and harder not so much be∣cause it ought not to be moved, as Riolanus conceives, as because it is free, contracting the whole Heart in a brief manner, and destiture of Vessels and Ears. In its Basis, it is not so much softer as thinner. whose Vessels and Ears do recompence what it wants of firmness. Now this flesh hath all kinds of Fibres, so mingled one with another, and so compact, that they cannot be easily discerned; partly for strength, partly for motion. For all these Fibres being stretched in the Systole of the Heart they draw together the Ven∣tricles and the inner sides, to help the Protrysion or thrusting forward of the blood.

This substance is cloathed with a Coat* 1.78 hardly separable, for the greater firmness, to which it grows in respect of the matter, not of the efficient Cause.

There is Fat about the Pasis of the Heart but hardly about the Cone or sharpe End thereof, because it is moistned by the liquor of the Heart-bag, 1. To anoint the Veins about the Heart. 2. And to moi∣sten the Heart, that it may not be dryed by motion. 3. To heat the water in the Heart-bag, as the fat of the Kidneys doth, according to the conjecture of John Daniel Horstius. Somtimes it is quite hid with the said fat, which Spegelius, Riolanus, Jessenius obser∣ved in a prince of Lunaeburg, so that the by-stan∣ders are apt to be deluded and think there is no Heart.

It was nevertheless rightly said by* 1.79 Aristotle, Galen and Avicenna, that fat called Pimele could not grow about any hot part, as the Heart, the Liver, the Arteries, the Veins, &c. For this kind of Fat is easily melted by heat; but in the mean while, to stea•• Adeps or Tallow, which differs much from Pimele or Greasie fat, in substance, consistency and place, as I have demonstrated in my Vindiciae Anatomicae from Pollux, Suidas, Erotianus and others, may grow about such parts, because it is not easily melted. Which makes a sputtering when it is put to the flame of a Candle, because of a watry substance mingled there∣with, according to the Observation of Jasolinus, which hinders it from suddain congealing: so that it is no wonder that it is not melted by the heat of the Heart. Now this same Tallow is bred about the Heart, either

because the Heart being of a very hard substance is nourished with thick blood, of which suet is bred; or because Excrementitious dregs are bred of the Nu∣triment of the Heart; or because the blood is much stirred, as by the great Agitation of Milk, better is extracted, which is the opinion of Achillinus.

As for Vessels. The Heart hath a Vein which is termed Coronaria the* 1.80 Crown-vein, because it incircles the Heart, and is somtimes double. It arises from the Cava, without the right Ventricle, about whose Basis it Expatiates in a large tract from the right Eare, and with a wide Channel it compasses about externally to the left Ear, which it doth not enter, but turns aside into the Parenchyma of the Heart. Hence it spreads its branches downwards through the surface of the Heart, but the greatest store through the left side thereof, because the flesh is there thicker. A smal valve is fastned in its original, which grants entrance to the blood into the right Ventricle, but will not suffer it to go out.

[illustration]

The III. TABLE.

The FIGURE Explained.

This TABLE shews the Situation of the Heart in the Body and the going out of certain Vessels there∣from.

• A. The Heart in its natural Situation enclosed in the Heart-bag.
• BB. The Lungs.
• CC. The Nervous part of the Midriff.
• DDD. The flesby portion thereof.
• E. A portion of the Vena Ca∣va above the Heart, go∣ing upwards.
• F. Part of the said Vein peir∣cing the Midriff.
• G. The great Artery arising out of the Heart.
• HH. Its branches to med Ca∣rotides, the Drowsie-Arteries.
• I. The point of the Heart enclining to the left side of the Body.
• KK. The Nerves of the sixt Conjugation, from which the recurrent Nerves do spring, which distribute five branches to the Heart-bag & the Heart.
• L. The left Ear of the Heart.
• M. The right Ear.
• N. The Vessels of the Heart∣bag.
• O. The Cartilago Scutiformis, Sheild-fashioned Gristle.
• P. The first pare of the Muscles of the Larynx in their proper place,
• Q. The Situation of Os Hyoides.
• R. The Aspera Arteria or Wezand.
• S. The Axillary Artery, about the Original whereof, the Right-hand Recurrent Nerve begins.

page 98

As for its Use. Some have perswaded themselves, that it serves to nourish the external part, because it is lesser then ordinary, creeps about the external surface only, and the Heart is nourished with Arterial blood. Others will have it to nourish the whole Heart. Licetus assignes its Office to strain the blood to the left Ventricle of the Heart, which I wonder at, Because 1. It is exceeding smal. 2. It creeps about the External parts. 3. It arises externally from the Vena Cava. and not from the right Ventricle of the Heart. Botallus seems to have acknowledged the same way, whose opinion examined by Walaeus. Others, as Riolanus, make it serve not so much for Nutrition, as to repaire the fat; but, first it reaches farther then the fat. 2. No branches thereof are to be seen in the fat. 3. The fat may be generated from

Vapors of the Heart, without any Veins. The true Use of the Coronary Vein is, to bring back the blood of the other Veins, when it returnes from nourishing the heart, into the right Ventricle again, which the Situation of the Valves doth hint unto us, and the unfitness of this blood to nourish the solid substance or Parenclyma of the heart.

It hath two Coronary Arteries from the great one, at the same place, in its original, before it passes out of the Pericardium, furnished with a Valve which prohibits the regress of the Blood. Through these, because they are moved and Pulse, blood is carryed to nourish the heart and Ears, and here is made a pe∣culiar kind of Circulation, as Harvy teaches, out of the left Ventricle into the Arteries, out of them into the Coronary Veins, out of which it slides into the right Ventricle, being to be forced again through the Lungs into the left Ventricle.

Now some men perswade themselves, and especi∣ally Hogelandius, that the Blood which remains after Nutrition, doth not all pass back through the Veins, but that some particles thereof sweat through the Pa∣renchyma into the Ventricles, and cause Fermentation in the Generation of Arterial blood. But 1. The Fermentation, if there be any, may be made by the reliques contained in the Cavities. 2. The coronary Vessels, do not reach unto the Ventricles. 3. Tis hard when the body is in health, for the blood to sweat through so hard and compact a flesh, unless the blood be very wheyish, and the body of a thin Texture. 4. Why doth not the blood sweat through the Skin, which in some parts is very thin? 5. No particle re∣mains in the flesh, save what is ordained for the nou∣rishment thereof.

Nerves it hath likewise, obscure ones, from the sixt conjugation, inserted into three places: One being terminated into the heart it self: Another into its Ears; A third among its greater Vessels, to cause sense and not motion according to Piccolhomineus, be∣cause the Nerve being cut asunder the heart moves nevertheless. The heart hath not many Nerves, but a great Contexture of Fibres like to the Nerves, which Aristotle perhaps reckoning for Nerves, said the heart was the Original of the Nerves. But that may be Materially true, not formally. Yet I have seen in the heart of a Sow, the branches of the Nerves with intangled twigs towards the Cone or Point, carryed from the Septum to the Wall of the Belly.

Yet that is false which Fallopius tells us, that a great Squadron of Nerves is* 1.81 spread up and down the Basis of the heart, resembling a Net: For the mo∣tion of the heart, is no Animal motion, but a natural motion, because the heart is no Muscle: For the heart is moved without our will, and it beats in the Child in the Womb, before the Child hath received the Animal faculty. And Galen did rightly deny that the heart was a Muscle.* 1.82 1. Because it hath all kind of Fibres. 2. Because a Muscle is the Instrument of voluntary motion. But if any one shall say the heart is a Muscle subservient to natural moti∣on, I shall oppose such an improper manner of spea∣king: And so that of Hippocrates may be true, that the heart is a muscle. For he defines a Muscle to be flesh made up into an Orbicular shape. Others con∣ceive that being long boyled it resembles a Muscle, and that then it is not one, but divers Muscles, by rea∣son of divers motions contracted into themselves. Others grant it to be a Muscle of a nature by it self, as the Midrifl, which is perpetually moved. Walaeus most rightly of all others calls it not a Muscle, but saies it is contracted in its motion like a Muscle, by Fibres interwoven in the flesh, and especially in the Ventri∣cles, like the temporal Muscle in such as chew their meat.

The Temperament of the heart in re∣spect* 1.83 of active Qualities is hot, yea the hottest of al the parts of the Body. How beit with a gentle and light-ful heat, not scorching and burning, if it be rightly disposed. And therefore tis no wonder, that in live dissections, somtimes we feel so little heat in the heart with our Finger, especi∣ally when our Skin is thick, we hold it but a little while, and the external Air is not rightly prepared before hand. It communicates the same heat to o∣ther parts, and renders ths Arterial blood fit to nou∣rish, which heat being asswaged in the Veins by rea∣son of the long jorney, it must of necessity run back again to the heart, that it may be refurnished and re∣stored with the same heat. But vain is the opinion of Averroes, that the heart is cold, because of the cold parts which it contains, viz. its Vessels and Valves: Unless haply he ment the heart void of Spirit, as ma∣ny will have it.

Those whose heart is hotter then or∣dinary* 1.84 have their Breast rough with hair, and the parts near their Hypochondria; and those men are angryly inclind, and daring.

Seldom is the heat of the heart so* 1.85 great, as that it self should thereby be∣come rough with hair, such as Pliny and Valerius Maximus tell us was found in Aristomenes a Micenian; and in Hermogenes•• a •…•…cian, Coelius Rodiginus relates: and Benevenius, Z•…•… Lusitanus and Murelus avouch that they saw such ••••••••ry heart in certain Famous Theives. Now such 〈…〉〈…〉 are audacious in the highest degree, extream 〈…〉〈…〉 crasty, and for the most part wicked. Riola•••••• ••••∣us, that the matter of these haires, is the thi•••• ••or things of that wheyish humor which is in the Heart∣bag. But I am more apt to beleive, that it is the plenty of Fuliginous Excrements springing from an hot heart.

As to the passive Quallities, the Heart is moist, viz. more moist then the Skin, but drier then the Muscles, because harder: for the parts of the bodie, look how much softer they are then the Skin, by so much are they moister then it. It is a most rare Case for a mans Heart to be so solid, dense and compact, as that it will not burn, such as was the Heart of Germanicus the son of Drusus; or cartilaginous, such as Riolanus observed in a wicked fellow.

The primary Use of the Heart.

1. According to Harvey, Baccius, and other of his followers, is no other then to be the Instrument of the Soul, to force and urge the venal blood received from the Ears into the Arteries, by whose assistance it dis∣penses Nutriment to the whole body, and is rather joyned as an Assistant to the Ears, that being of great∣er force, it may supply the defect of the Ears.

But this is a secondary use of the Heart. For 1. Nutri∣ment was to be prepar'd & filled with vital heat, which it has not else where save from the heart. 2. Nature might have provided for this passage of the blood, by some other member not so laboriously framed, 3. The necessity of the Heart would not be so great as it is. 4. It is a signe that some farther thing is performed i••

the Heart, in that venal blood does not nourish, before it enters the Heart.

Now the primary action of the Heart is to be.

II. The Fountain of Heat, whence it is spred into the whole body, whereby the parts are animated and sustained. Swowneing teaches so much and other de∣fects of the Heart, in which the heat of the Heart be∣ing intercepted, the Members of the Body begin to flag and being destitute of heat, become stupid. And therefore cordials do good in such cases, which stir up the languishing and nummed heat of the Heart. Also the Dissection of living Creatures does shew, that the Heart is hot, yea that the heart of a Creature being ta∣ken out and newly dead, a warm finger, or some other warm thing being laid upon it, is seen to come to its self again and to stir, which the Lord Bacon Constantine, Harvey, and others have observed in a Dove, an Eele, a Salmon, and a Man.

It is therefore the Fountain of Heat, both in respect of its Substance and of the Blood contained in it. I joyn both together. For the Heat springs not from the blood alone, as Harvey would have it, for the Heart in an Egg, and a Child in the Womb, before it is perfect and hollowed with ventricles, is hot and moves, and the same heat remains in Hearts taken out of the Body and cut up. The blood which flows thither from the Coronary Vessels, flowes thither for Nutritions sake and to preserve the Heat. Nor are the rest of the sanguine parts, therefore judged to be hotter then other parts because they more abound with any heat, but because they have Arteries full of arteri∣al blood, and depend upon the influence of the heart, wherewith the blood is heated. So that unless all the blood did pass through the heart, the parts would ne∣ver grow hot, and the further the blood goes from the heart, by so much the sloer in its motion, and the cold∣er it growes. That the coldness of the heart makes the parts of the Bodie cold, though full of blood, the slowness of the Pulse is a sign.

Nor do the Blood and Heart grow hot only from the motion of the Heart, as the followers of Des Cartes wil have it, for 1. they grant that the fiery atomes or indivisible particles of fire, are excited and put into action by motion, though they are only brought into play, but not produced by the said motion. 2. Many things are moved without waxeing hot, as water, unless they have an inbred principle of heat. 3. Before moti∣on there was heat proceeding from the seminary origi∣nal, which is afterwards preserved by continual motion.

III. Not so much to make as to perfect the Blood.

It makes Arterial Blood and perfects the venal, or that which* 1.86 is contained in the Veins. For they are out who attribute too much to the heart, as if the heart alone did make blood of the Chylus, they also are mistaken, who maintaine that the heart contributes nothing to blood-makeing. I goe in a middle way. The Liver challenges the first makeing of the blood of the Chylus, as I have former∣ly demonstrated, which because it is not there perfect∣ed, being to thick and unfit to nourish, it is necessary that it should receive its perfection from other parts. No part is fit for this work save the heart, which is one of the first parts generated in the Womb, and through which in a grown person all the blood in the body has its passage. That the Lungs and heart-ears should perform their Office, no man will beleive.

The heart perfects two sorts of Blood, that of the Liver and that of the Veins. That of the Liver is twofold, the •••••• of the Vena portae, the other a cruder sort newly •…•…f Chyle. The Vein blood i•• likewise twofold one of the descendent trunk of vena cava, and the o∣ther of the ascendent trunk of the said vein. It receivs the Liver blood through the Cava, to which another joyns it self out of the lower and upper Truuk, which remaining over and above after the parts are nourish∣ed, by its long journey is become pauled and sluggish, and has lost its heat, which is necessary for pulsation and nutrition.

This perfection which the Blood receivs from the heart, is hereby confirmed, in that the blood when it comes out of the left Ventricle, has not altogether the same Consistence nor Colour, which it had when it entred the right Ventricle. The diversity consists in Heat and plenty of Spirits, wherewith it is furnished when it goes out of the heart, and which it wants when it enters thereinto; and in Effect or Operation, for that which goes out is fit to nourish, but that which enters in is most unfit, Vital Spirits are added by the inbred faculty of the heart, and the sooty vapors are taken a∣way by that most short Concoction, being evacuated by the Lungs and Pericardium or heart-bag.

For what parts does the heart perfect and renew the blood.

The ancients did beleive that the Heart made blood only to nourish the Lungs. But the Vessels of the lungs are greater then is requisite only for their Nutri∣tion, and there is continually more blood forced thi∣ther by the pulsation of the right Ventricle, then could any waies be useful for the Lungs, unless they were to be nourished with as much blood as is sufficient for the whole Bodie. And that all is not consumed upon the substance of the Lungs, the blood which returnes is a witness, which runs in great plenty at every pulsation, to the left Ventricle, through the Arteria venosa, which in live anatomies being tied, is seen to swell betwixt the ligature and the Lungs. For there is no way for it to return into the right Ventricle, the passage be∣ing stopped by the close shutting of the mitre-fashion∣ned Valves.

The right Ventricle therefore is busied about blood which is to be sent to nourish the Lungs; the left doth perfect the blood which flows back from the Lungs, being there impraegnated with air, for the Nutrition of the whole Bodie. For the arterial blood alone is that which nourishes, because it is only fit for nutriti∣on, and it alone is forced through the Arteries into the utmost parts of the Bodie.

To perfect this blood many things* 1.87 concur. 1. Heat, which is very dull and lasie, as well in the crude blood of the Liver, as in the returning blood of the whole Body. 2. Vital Spirit which by the confession of all men, ought to be joyned therewith, 3. Light the companion of the Spirits, by which the blood receives a more Illustrious color, is moved and made fit for Nutrition. 4. A certain light and momentary Concoction, sweetning the crude: parts, attenuating the whole substance, and drawing forth the latent flame. 5. The whole Fabrick of the heart, internal and external, and the Vessels both re∣ceiving and expelling. 6. The separation of Excre∣ments, though the receptacles of the said Excrements are not very manifest. The sooty Vapors of the right Ventricle do evaporate through the Vena Arteriosa. The Watry Vapors of both the Ventricles, are congea∣led into the water of the Heart-bag, and are spent in∣to the substance of the Hairs under the Arms. The remaining Excrements continue mixed with the Blood, and are carryed into the Arteries, and the wheyish parts are purged by the emulgent Arteries into the

Kidneys, and by sweats into the habit of the Body, the thicker parts by the Hemorrhoidal Arteries and the Ramus Mesentericus. Some parts return with the blood through the Veins into the Heart, that by seve∣ral repeated courses, there, they may be at last maste∣red and overcome.

Whether or no is the Blood equally perfected in the right and left Ventricle?* 1.88

Although the heat of both the Ventri∣cles doth seem to be equal, because in Mankind they are both made of spiritful seed, and as much is afforded to the right Ventricle by the Liver-blood, and the returning blood of the Veins, as to the left by the Lungs; moreover in Live Anatomies we can hardly perceive that the one is hotter then the other.

Yet that in the left the blood receives greater per∣fection, these signs and tokens do perswade me; be∣cause

• 1. It receives the Blood in some measure prepa∣red from the Lungs.
• 2. It ought to perfect it for the whole Body, where∣as the right perfects it only for the Lungs.
• 3. It hath thicker Walls, more compacted fleshy Pillars, wherewith the heat is both more easily pre∣served and reverberated, and the blood more strongly driven.
• 4. The blood is therein more frequently clottered by heat, and Cartilaginous and boney substances ap∣pear being dryed by heat.
• 5. When the left Ventricle is hurt, there is greater danger of death, then when the right is hurt.
• 6. Many Live-wights want the right Ventricle.
• 7. In dying persons it is sooner dead and void of motion then the right.
• 8. The Cavity thereof is more narrow, and there∣fore it doth more easily preserve and perfect that which is contained therein.

We cannot exactly define the place. It is the whole Cavity, endued with the virtue of the Parenchyma, because the blood fils the whole in the Diastole, and the inbred spirit, is every where diffused. Nor is there any token, of any stay which the whole blood makes in one place more then another, nor of any peculiar virtue of any particle.

The Time. It is perfected in a Moment, be∣cause

• 1. It is forthwith received and expelled, and makes no tarriance.
• 2. From its abidance there, the blood would not be perfected but become adust.
• 3. The flame on the Candle snuf, lights another Candle in the twinckling of an Eye.
• 4. The Arterial Blood doth continually run to the extremities of the Body, and therefore it ought to be continually and suddenly perfected in the Heart.

IV. A fourth use of the Heart is perpetually to move. 1. That it might preserve the Blood and all parts of the Body from putrefaction. 2. That it may help the heat and Elaboration of the Blood. 3. That it might kindle and stir up the vital Light. 4. That it might send fitting nourishment to all parts.

This motion of the Heart is termed PULSUS the PULSE, which is continual* 1.89 without ceasing, raised by the influent Blood, and the Pulsifick or Pulsative fa∣culty, there resident.

It consists of a Systole, Diastole •…•…∣systole.* 1.90 Which must be diligently •…•…ned by all their causes, according as Oc•…•… Inspecti∣on of living Bodies and reason shall Dictate.

Systole, being the proper and natural motion of the heart, is a contraction and drawing of the heart into a narrow compass, that the blood may by that means be forced out of the right Ventricle through the Vena Arterialis, into the Lungs, and out of the left Ven∣tricle through the Aorta into the whole Body.

Diastole, being an accidental motion, is the wid∣ning of the heart, that Blood may be drawn in through the Vena Cava into the right Ventricle, and through the Arteria venosa into the left,

Peri-systole is a certain rest and stop going between both motions, when the Blood is about to enter into or go out of the Ventricles, so smal in healthy persons that it cannot be discerned, being very manifest in such as are at the point of death, It is only one be∣tween the Systole and Diastole, or between the Dia∣stole and Systole. This is the natural state of the heart.

Besides these motions two others are Observed.

1. A certain Undation or waving towards one side according to the carriage of the right Ventricle, as if it did gently wreath it self, as we see in an horse when he is drinking; of which Harvey speaks. 2. A tremb∣ling motion of the Heart, when it is cut in sunder. The former depends upon the Situation of the right Ventricle: The latter is preternatural to the heart, not arising from other particles or smal Bodies, sent in by the Coronaria, which is then cut in sunder, but from the remainders of the vital Spirits.

We are taught by the testimony of* 1.91 our Eyes, that in every Diastole blood is plentifully received in, and in e∣very Systole plentyfully expelled, both into the Vena Arteriosa and the Aorta. This appears I say to our Eye-sight.

1. By Ligatures or bindings in live Anatomies. If the Cava and the Aorta with the Vessels of the Lungs shall be bound or pressed down with the Finger or any other Instrument on either side; we shall mani∣festly perceive that the part of the Cava which is inser∣ted into the Heart is made empty; that in the Diastole of the Ear, it is filled, and thereby the Heart; and that the other part of the Ascendent and Descendent Vein, on this side the Ligature, doth swel. In like manner, the Arteria Venosa being tied near the heart, by the Diastole of the left Ear, it is made void and empty on this side the Ligature where it looks to∣wards the heart, but towards the Lungs it arises and swels. The Arterial Vessels of the heart, do shew themselves in a contrary fashion: For the Vena Arte∣riosa being tied, it swels towards the heart, because it is filled by the Systole of the right Ventricle; the Arte∣ria Magna being bound, swels between the heart and the Ligature, being filled by the Systole of the left Ventricle.

2. Besides the Ligatures, we may gather as much from the vessels being opened or wounded. The Ve∣na Arteriosa and the Aorta Arteria being opned by a Lancet, at every Systole or Elevation and Contraction of the heart, it pours forth plenty of blood, as long as the heart continues strong, for when it languishes, it intermits some Pulses, before it voids any Blood. Now we observe no such thing, when the Cava or Arte∣ria Venosa, are opened between the heart and the Li∣gature.

3. The point of a living Heart being cut off, or the 〈…〉〈…〉 being cut asunder through the middle, in e∣••ery •…•…ction blood issues out, as long as the 〈…〉〈…〉 vigorous, which by the Information

[illustration]

[illustration]

The IV. TABLE.

The FIGURES Explained.

This TABLE doth in some measure express the Systole of the Heart in a Living-Creature, and the Circulation of the Blood.

FIG. I.

• AA. The Lungs drawn back.
• B. The Aorta Artery bound, and swelling towards the Heart.
• C. An Orifice made in the swoln part.
• D. The Vena Arteriosa tied, in like manner swelling towards the Heart, growing yellow where it looks towards the Lungs.
• ...ee. The Ears on both sides.
• FF. The Fore-side of the Heart, be∣ing in the Systole somwhat hard, and bent, and with its sides extended, its point being drawn back to the Basis or broad End.
• ...gg. The Coronary Vessels.

FIG. II. Shews the form of the Heart in its Diastole, and the motion of Humors in its vessels.

• aa. The Arteria Venosa without bin∣ding, being ful towards the Lungs, empty towards the Heart.
• b. The left Ear, which receives blood from the Arteria Venosa.
• C. The Vena Cava tied, empty towards the Heart, ful towards the Liver.
• d. The right Ear swoln or heaving.
• E. The hinder-side of the Heart, as it is in its Diastole, flagging.
• ...ff. The hinder part of the Lungs, which are bunching or Bossie.

FIG. III. and IV. Represents the Inside of the Earlets or little Ears of the heart. The third Figure Represents the left Earlet; The fourth, shews the Right

• aaa. 3. 4. The Plane Membrane of the Earlet.
• b. 3. The Orifice of Arteria venosa. 4. The Ori∣fice of Vena Cava.
• cccc. 3. The three-pointed Valves with seven Fibres, in 4. the same with five only.
• ...ddd. The larger fleshy Pillars.
• ...eeee. The lesser fleshy Pillars, Interwoven one within another with wonderful artifice.
• ...fff. Many-fold Cavities formed between the Pil∣lars.

page 102

of Harvey, I have often seen in the Dissections of Walaeus.

4. The swelling of the Heart and the Flagging thereof, being Palpable and visible to the external sense, do sufficiently demonstrate, when it is made strait in the Systole, that of necessity somwhat must be squeezed out as it were forcibly, and that when it is widened in the Diastole, it must needs be filled with humors.

5. The Ventricles in the Diastole appear greater, and in the Systole lesser.

6. From the largness of the Vessels of the Heart: the Vena Cava and Arteria Venosa, do open into the heart with wider mouths, then to suffer only a smal quantity of blood to enter. Also the Arterial vein and the Aorta are larger, then to send forth nothing, or only Spirits.

The Quantity of Blood which fills* 1.92 the Heart in the Diastole, and which goes out by the Systole at every pulsa∣•…•… not be exactly measured▪ be∣•…•…ies according to the different state of the

heart, and the temper of Animals, their Age, Sex, course of Diet and Life, &c. It is apparent to our Eyes in live Anatomies, that much is received and ex∣pelled. But it moves not in and out in so great quan∣tities in persons that are well in health, when the Heart is more quiet and hath the command of it self. The Antients supposed that a drop or two was e∣nough at a time, and that the blood did freely pass and repass the same way. But one drop of blood unaltered, is not able to fill the heart, nor doth pro∣voke it to pulsation, not to speak how the foresaid experiments do shew the plenty that passes to and fro. Now the Valves do hinder the free passage and repassage of the blood by the same waies, of which the three pointed ones or Tricuspides so called, do hinder the blood which enters the heart from passing back the same way, and the Mitre-shap'd Valves do hinder the blood which goes out of the heart from re∣turning the same way.

Later Physitians, are divided in their opinions. Some suppose that a drop or two is either so rarified as to fill the heart, amongst whom is Des Cartes; or is turned into spirit, as Riolanu's Primrose, Leichner and others suppose, who measure it by grains, whom we shall answer when we come to the Causes: Others being Patrons and favourers of the circular motion of the blood, as Harvey, Walaeus, Conringius, Slegelius, &c. do calculate the quantity, by ounces, drams and scru∣ples.

To clear up this Question, three things are to be considered, 1. How much blood is contained in the Diastole of the heart. 2. How much is expelled or driven out of the heart, in its Systole; whether all that enters the Heart in its Diastole, is squirted out in the next Systole. 3. How many pulsations the heart makes in one hour; or how often the heart re∣ceives somwhat by its Diastole, and expels somwhat by its Systole, in the space of an hour.

1. In the heart being in its Diastole, Harvey hath found above two ounces of blood. Also Plempius found near upon two ounces of blood, in the left Ventricle of the heart of a man that was hanged. Rio∣lanus will hardly allow half an ounce in the left Ven∣tricle of one that was hanged, and saies there was more blood in the right Ventricle. Hogeland also wil have half an ounce or a dram at least, to enter, at every opening of the Ear.

Now the quantity of all the blood contained in the body, doth seldom exceed twenty four pounds, or come short of fifteen.

2. In the Systole there is expelled either a fourth part, or a fist, or a sixt, or at least an eight, or all toge∣ther that is contained in the heart.

Harvey supposes half an ounce in a man, or three drams, or one dram, in a Sheep and a Dog he saies a scruple. And he proves the same by that suddain ef∣fusion of all the blood, if the very least Artery be cut, and because in the space of one half hour, all the blood may be passed through the heart, he certainly con∣cludes, that in every Systole of the heart, much blood is expelled. Conringius approves of his Computa∣tion. Walaeus admits of half an ounce, but he sup∣poses only one scruple, as doth Slegelius. Regius has many times observed half an ounce, somtimes two or three drams, in the heart of a Dog dissected. Hoge∣land contents himself with a dram. I being more sparing suppose half a scruple, in the smallest propor∣tion to the quantity which issues in such as •…•…ded. For there goes not out so much i•…•… free heart, ••s in one that is bound and forced; 〈…〉〈…〉 there so much expelled in the following Systole, as was drawn in by the Diastole, some part sticks in the hollow pits of the heart, much states in the Cavity formed by the production of the three pointed Valves and Distinct as it were from the Ventricle; finally, the heart cannot be so straitly contracted in the Sy∣stole, as to squeeze out every jot of the Blood therein contained. Therefore Conringius doth rightly suspect that abides there the space of one or two Pulses, till by little and little it raise it self, which I understand of the reliques and part of the Blood, not of the whole re∣ceived by the foregoing Diastole.

3. Primrose numbred in one hour 700 pulsations of the Heart. Riolanus 2000. Walaeus and Regius 3000, Harvey, 2000. in some 4000, 6000, 8000. Cardan 4000. Plempius 4450. Slegelius 4876. I have told upon mine own wrist about 4400, But the number varies accor∣ding to the Age, Temperament, Diet &c. of every person. So many Systoles therefore and so many Di∣astoles there will be in one hour, as long as the Heart is vigorous, for a languishing heart has more Diasto∣les then Systoles.

From these three Praemises I have calculated, how much blood may in an hour be squirted out of the Heart, by its sundry pulsations.

From 1 scruple 3000	times re∣peat∣ed, a∣rise.	10l. 5 ounces.
1 scruple 4000	13l. 10 oun. 5 dr. 1 scr.
1 scruple 4450	15l. 5 oun. 3 dr. 1 scr.
half a scruple 4400	7l. 7 oun. 5 drās, 1 scr
1 dram 2000	20 l. 10 ounces.
2 drams 2000	41 l. 8 ounces.
half an ounce 2000	83 l. 4 ounces.
1 ounce 2000	166 l. 8 ounces.

Now supposeing all the blood contained in a mans body to be fifteen pounds, if that be taken away which goeth into the Nutriment of the parts, the defect whereof is suplied by new blood bred in the Liver, it will follow,

• 1 That more blood passes through the Heart every hour, then can be afforded by the Concoction of the Liver and the Stomach.
• 2 That all the Blood in the Body passeth through the Heart, in the space of a quarter of an hour, or half an hour, or an hour, or an hour and an half, or two houres at the most. For I cannot agree to Riolanus his conceit, that the blood is circulated only once or twice in a day, because he builds upon a false supposi∣tion of drops, and that only half the blood is circula∣ted.
• 3 That the parts to be nourished do not need so much blood for their nourishment.
• 4 Because neither the Vessels are broken, nor the Arterial blood can run back again because of the valves nor is elsewhere dissipated, of necessity it runs back through the Veins into the Heart, and the Circulation is performed, of which I shall speak more in my book of Veins and Arteries.

What the form of the Heart is in its Systole and Diastole, is known by* 1.93 three tokens. 1 By the Anatomy of living Creatures 2 By the Comodi∣ty and Convenience of motion and Rest. 3. By the carriage of the fibres and the situation of the parts.

In the Systole

• 1 The Point of the Heart draws up to the basis or broad end, and it becomes broader be∣cause it is busied in expelling the blood, the length 〈…〉〈…〉 being changed, into breadth, because the basis •••••• broad ••nd is immoveable in respect of the point,

• which is tied to no Vessels. But according to the ob∣servation of Walaeus in those living Creatures, whose Aorta Arteria does not proceed from the Basis, the broad end or basis of the Hea••t withdraws it self from the Point. Riolanus will have the Pasis of the Heart alwaies to draw towards the Cone or Point thereof, because the said Cone is harder then to be drawn or bended backwards. But else where, he denies that the Basis being strongly fastened to the vessels, can be drawn towards the Point. And therefore other, whom he and Slegelius do follow, conceive that it is extended long-waies, that its walls being contracted, it may ex∣pel the Blood. But then the Orifices of the Vessels being drawn downwards in the lengthening of the Heart, would be shut, and a contrary motion would happen; besides that living Anatomies do shew, that the heart becomes shorter in its Systole. Nor can it appear longer but shorter, if either the point draws to the Basis or the Basis to the point. Both forms serve for expulsion of the blood, for whether you press a bladder ful of water longwaies or broadwaies, you will squeeze out the water as soon one way as another.
• 2. The inner walls are on each side, drawn up to themselves towards the Ribs, because they are con∣tracted and straitned, as we find by putting our Fin∣ger in: But the outer parts being swelled, seem to be made broader, by reason of the contraction of all the parts, blown up in the distension. It differs therefore from Galens Systole, which Leichnerus will have to be drawn likewise into it self, the Longitude of the Heart being changed into Latitude. For in∣deed and in truth the Diastole is, when the heart is made wider, either long-waies or broad-waies, to the intent that it may be filled, unless the inner parts be straitned.
• 3. The foreside of the heart is lift up towards the Breast-bone, especially obout the Basis. For the Broad end or Basis of the heart, smites the Breast where the Pulse is felt, because that part is raised, and nearest the Breast-bone; in the Systole the Heart is, vigorated and mettlesome, not in the Diastole, and then the Arteries are dilated and filled, whereas the heart is emptied in the Systole, and at the same time the Pulse is felt, in the Wrist and the Breast, at one and the same time. But the Pulse is most of all dis∣cerned, in the left side of the Breast, because there is the Orisice of the Arteria Aorta.
• 4. The whole heart becomes every where tight and hard.
• 5. It is more contracted and straiter then within, and less in bulke, which we judg by our sight and feeling.
• 6. It appears white, especially in the more imper∣fect sort of Animals, by reason of the voidance of blood in its Systole.

In the Perisystole, when the heart is loose and soft, before the Diastole follows, and the heart is in its pro∣perstate.

• 1. The point withdraws it self from the Basis, and the Basis from the point in some persons.
• 2. The lateral parts internal and external do extend themselves towards the Ribs.
• 3. The foreside falls in, the hinder part is de∣pressed, especially above at the Orifice of the Aorta, according to the accurate Observation of Walaeus.

The other Perisystole which goes before the Sy∣stole, is hardly by any notes discernable from the Dia∣stole▪

In the Diastole, which Backius tells us* 1.94 begins in the middle way to Dilatation, and ends in the middle way to contra∣ction,

• 1. The upper side is lifted up and swolne by blood flowing in on either hand by the Venal Vessels, the swelling proceeding by little & little to the point. But it doth not then smite the Breast, as Laurentius and Rosellus would have it, because the Arteries undergo the Systole, and the heart ceases from expulsion, for which cause it is not Vigorated.
• 2. It is more flagging and softer, because it suffers in its reception of blood.
• 3. The fides remain more lank and extended, and the Cavities remain wider, and therefore when a man puts his Finger into a living heart, he feels no constri∣ction.
• 4. It is red, because of the thinness of the walls, and the Blood received in, which is Transpa∣rent.
• 5. The Cone departing from the Basis in the Peri∣systole, renders the heart more long. that it may be more capacious to receive the blood. That it is drawn back towards the Cone, as many write, our Eye-sight will not allow us to believe, nor can it or ought it so to be. It cannot because the Fibres are relaxed and not bent; nor ought it, because it must be enlarged to receive, which you may in vain expect, the Ventri∣cles being straitned and revelled. Nor do I assent to Des Cartes and Regius men of most subtile wits, that in the Diastole the point draws near to the Basis, in the Systole it departs therefrom; for they confound the Perisystole or quiet posture of the heart, in which the heart is soft, loose and void of blood, before the Dia∣stole is performed, after the Systole is ended. More∣over, Walaeus believes, that those men were deceived, who in a wounded living heart, pretend to have seen blood expelled in the Diastole; because they took that to be the Dilatation, which was indeed and in truth the contraction. The blood which goes out of the wound, goes out in the Diastole, not driven by the Pulse, but because the way lies open downwards, it gently slides out, drop by drop.

The Efficient Cause of the motion* 1.95 of the heart, is either immediate or remote. The Immediate is twofold, the Blood and the Pulsifick faculty. Pulsifick or Pulsative faculty.

The Blood either remains in the same quantity as it flowed in, or it is changed in quantity by boiling, wor∣king and rarifying.

1. Pure blood and sincere, flowing in through the Vena Cava and Arteria Venosa, and remaining such, only becoming more perfect and vital, raises the heart into a Tumor like water in a Bladder or Skin∣bottle, which being for the greatest part distended, because the plenty of blood is burthensome, it raises its self to expel the same, by gathering together its Fibres; and this motion happens to the heart in this case, as the motions of other Members, viz, the sto∣mach, Guts, Bladder, Womb, which are extended by the reception of Chylus, Whey, Wine, Blood, &c. which being expelled they fall again; and like the Muscles, which are stretched being swoln with Ani∣mal Spirits. By this Blood the Heart is continually moved, as a Mill-wheele is by the perpetual falling down of the Water, which ceasing the Wheel stands still. There is plenty of blood enough to distend it, no•• so much furnished from the Liver, as from the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 and descendent branches of the Cava, run∣ning

back from the remotest Veinulets or smallest branches of the Veins, and it is continually forced along, with Celerity and Vehemency, according to the Demonstrations and Doctrine of Harvey and Wa∣laeus. I shall justifie what I now say with only one experiment: If the Vessels which bring into the heart be tied and so stopt, the Hearts motion ceases, and there remains nothing but a Wavering and a Palpita∣tion; but the Ligature being loosned, it recovers its motion.

Aristotle makes the Cause to be Blood which is not pure, nor in so great quantity as to be able of it self to distend the Heart, but boyling and working, which boyling of the blood many have followed, though explained after a different manner. Caesar Cremoninus makes the cause to be the resistency of the Heart, and the swelling thereof by reason of the Ebullition, which afterward falls, by reason of the inbred heavyness of the heart, as parts puft up with wind, do of their own accord settle when the wind is out, and the heaving of the Earth caused by repletion and blowing up of wind, settles again, by the peculiar heavyness of the Earth. Caspar Hofman flies to the inaequality of the boyling blood, which is like boyling water, part whereof ascends and part descends.

Others do interpret the matter with greater subtilty saying that the blood is changed into an Airie spirit. Primerose saies, that blood just as Milk, Honey, and very many things besides, doth exceeding swel and rise, so as to become nothing but a kind of Spirit or light Air. Leichnerus saith that of one grain of good blood a great quantity of Cordial Balsam is made: even as by one grain of Odoriferous Gum cast upon a Cole, an whole Chamber is filled with a delitious smel.

But many difficulties stand in the way of this Opi∣nion.

• 1. No boyling is of it self equal, but the Pulse is somtimes equal.
• 2. The Pulse should be greater according as the Boyling is greater. But the boyling of the blood is greatest in burning Fevers, by reason of the extremity of bubbling heat and the various nature of the Blood, yet is the Pulse in such cases very smal, and in Putrid Fevers it is evermore little in the beginning according to Galen.
• 3. In live Anatomies, if you wound the heart or the Arteries near the heart, pure blood leaps out abun∣dantly, not frothy, nor boyling, nor heaving, and it continues as it came forth. Nor can it in a moment of time, either boyl in the Heart or Leave boyling, if it did boyl. Yea and if in two Vessels you shall receive the veiny blood out of the Cava near the heart and the Arterial blood out of the Aorta near its orignal, you shall find no difference: neither at the first, nor afterwards. This Harvey, Walaeus, and as many as have made trial can witness with me.
• 4. It cannot all be turned into pure spirit by the heart, nor ought it so to be. Not the former, be∣cause there is not so much heat in a sound heart, nor can the blood taken out of the Arteries set over a great fire be all extenuated, as Conringius hath observed. Not the latter, because the parts for whose nourish∣ment it is ordained, are not meerly spiritual.
• 5. Plunging into cold water would asswage the boyling. But the Arm being hard bound till it swel and grow red again, and then thrust into most cold Water or Snow, when you unbind the same you shall perceive how much the Blood returning to the Heart doth cool the same, as Harvey hath taught us.

The most subtile Renatus des Crates and Cornelius Hogelandius, and Henricus Regius who tread in his foot∣steps, with equal commendation, do after another manner demonstrate the motion of the Heart to pro∣ceed from a Drop or two of blood rarified: when the Ventricles of the Heart are not distended with blood, of necessity two large drops do fall thereinto, one out of the Cava into the right Ventricle, another out of the venosa Arteria into the left, because those two Ves∣sels are alwaies full, and their Mouths towards the Heart are open, which drops because of their aptness to be dilated, and the heat of the Heart, and the re∣mainders of blood therein burning, presently they are set on fire and dilated by rarefaction, by which the Valves through which the drops entred are shut and the Heart is distended. But because of the straitness of the Ventricles, the blood rarifying more and more cannot there abide, therefore at the same moment of time, it opens in the right Ventricle the three Valves of the Vena Arteriosa which look from without in∣wards, and being agitated by heat, it breaks out through the said Vena Arteriosa, and by distending the same and al its branches and driving on the blood, makes them beat the Pulse: but in the left ventricle it opens the three valves of Arteria magna looking from without inwards, and through them breaks into the great Artery, which it widens, and drives the next blood warmed and ex•…•…led by the former pulsations, into the rest of the Arteries of the whole body, that they might be thereby distended. And so they con∣ceive the Diastole is caused. And they say the reason of the Systole is, because the blood being expelled out of the ventricles of the Heart, the Heart is in part evacuated, and the blood it self in the Arteries cooled, wherefore of necessity the heart and Arteries must flag and sink, whereupon way is again made for two drops more to enter, that so the Diastole may be re∣peated.

I dare not deny a light Rarefaction from a gentle heat, such as we observe in the opening of a Vein, and I grant that it may be somtimes praeternaturally aug∣mented; but that a few drops should be rarified into so great a bulk, as to cause the motion of the Heart, and that they should be cooled in the Arteries, many Arguments, besides those before those opposed to the Ebullition of the blood, do disswade.

• 1. Living Dissections, in which neither when the Heart, nor when the Arteries are wounded, does the blood come out drop by drop or rarified, but pure, such as the Ear had forced out.
• 2. The Heart being cut in pieces or pricked, is seen to pulse, without any rarefaction of blood, which is but imaginary.
• 3. In strong Dogs the point of the Heart being cut off, Walaeus observed, that when by reason of the Ef∣flux of Blood, it was not half full, it was nevertheless erected, but not filled by rarefaction: but when it was contracted, that portion of blood which remained in the Heart, was cast out to the distance of more then four Feet. It is in vain to call in the outward Cold∣ness of the Air as an assistant cause: for the blood in the Heart doth not grow cold in a moment, the heat thereof being yet Vigorous, as a boyling pot taken from the fire and uncovered doth not immediately cease to boyl but after some time.
• 4. Jacobus Back doth elegantly devince the same from the structure of the heart and its Vessels. For the Musculous flesh of the heart being firme and

• strong, is unapt to rise and fall by the bare Rarefacti∣on of the blood. A more vehement action is requisite to move this vast bulk. Also the Arteries of the heart should have had a greater Orifice, and the rarefied blood being to go forth would require a larger space, then then was necessary for its entrance.
• 5. A Confusion would arise in the motions of the Heart and valves, as he observes. The Diastole of both of them would be performed in the same time, and so the valves should be useless, both which is re∣pugnant to experience. Moreover the valves must, be both shut and open, in the Systole of the Arterie.
• 6. That it should be cooled in the Arteries, neither reason or occular inspection will permit. It is drawn hot out of the Arteries, differing little or nothing from that which is contained either in the Heart, or near it. In the small Arteries there is indeed no Pulse felt, but that is to be imputed to the smalness of the vessels and their distance from the Heart which forces the blood. Nor ought it because it enters into the Capillary Ves∣sels, that it may nourish the parts with hot Blood, not with such as is cooled and thickned, before it is chang∣ed into the secondary humors. And what use is there of rarefaction, if it presently settle again.

The Experiments and Reasons which learned men bring to the contrary, from an Eele and an hunting dog, from the contraction of the members by Cold from palpitations, from spirit of wine resembling the Pulse, from vehement protrusion &c. are easily an∣swered if you consider

• 1 That a certain motion is restored even in Hearts that are dead, by exciteing their heat as in Muscles.
• 2 The Fault is in the Vessels contracted by Colds not in the Blood. when they fall in and flag.
• 3 Palpitations arise from plenty of blood, as exam∣ples testifie, suppression of the Courses, and the cure by blood-letting.
• 4 In the Heart there is an even motion, different from that which raised by spirit of wine or any thing else.
• 5. The protrusion by pure blood is more vehe∣ment, if the faculty concur, and the Fibres of the Heart be united.
• 6. The Heart is in its Perisystole or very near it, when in the point cut off, no dilatation is observed, if it con∣tinue still in the Systole, the dilatation is not felt, till the Diastole follow.

The pulsifick Faculty implanted in the Heart, must needs be joyned with* 1.96 the blood as the cause of its motion, either that it may guide the influx and egress of blood, and assist the same, which would otherwise proceed disorderly, as I ex∣plain the matter; or that it might of it self produce the motion, according to the Opinion of the Ancients, which cannot be conserved, if the perpetual flux of the blood should be stopped. That the Heart stands in need of such a faculty I prove

• 1. Because the Pulse would be alwaies unequal, the influx being unequal, unless directed by some Facul∣ty.
• 2. When the Heart in Feavers is more vehemently moved then ordinary, through the urgency of heat, and in dying persons Nature being at the last pinch, and using all her might, yet is the motion of the heart weak, as appears by the Pulse, because the inbred Fa∣culty is either lost or weakned. Contrariwise, though the said Faculty be strong, and the influx of the blood cease or be hindred, after large bleedings, or by reason of Obstruction of the Vessels, either in the whole Ha∣bit of the Body, or the passages thereof, or near the Heart, the Motion of the Heart fails. And therefore both are to be joyned together as primary Causes.
• 3. Any Particles of the Heart being cut off, do pulse by reason of the reliques of this Faculty or Spirit re∣maining.
• 4. The Heart being taken out of the Body, or cut in pieces, lightly pricked with a pin, does presently pulse, as Walaeus hath observed.
• 5. It were contrary to the Majesty of the principal Part, to be moved by another whether it will or no, without any assistance from itself, and so to receive a violent Impression.

Regius hath substituted the influx of Animal Spirits into the fibres of the Heart instead of Animal Spirits, and Hogeland the little petite Atomes of the blood mo∣ved in the Parenchyma. But we must know in the first place 1. That the motion of the Heart is Natu∣ral which lasts perpetually, yea against our wills, and when we are asleep, and not Animal. 2. That we ex∣clude not the Spirits, which are the Souls Servants and Instruments. 3. The small Boddikies or indivisible Particles of the Blood, have all dropped out in dis••ected Hearts, because the Vena coronaria was cut asunder. And that if any reliques of the said Bodikies did remain, they could not be excited to motion, either by prick∣ing alone, or by raising heat, unless a Spirit or Faculty be allowed, which being extinguished, though the pie∣ces of the Heart be laid in never so hot a place, they will never pant.

Among the Remote Causes there is

1 The vital Spirit, as well that* 1.97 which is implanted in the Heart, as that which comes thither from with∣out, with beat sufficiently manifest in live dissections, and which warms the whole Bodie. And that either not shineing with light, as most will have it, or▪ shineing. That a lightfull heat of the Heart is requisite in this case, many things argue. 1 The motion of the Elements is simple, never cir∣cular, and light moves it self and the humors with a circular motion. 2 The Heart and the Blood are more quickly moved by light then otherwise they could be, which in the twinkleing of an eye, dazeles all things, illuminates all things. 3. There is in all particular parts besides the obscure principles of the Elements, also a lightfull part propagated from the seed, which ought to be preserved by a like flame, kindled from the Heart 4 In Hippocrates to dream of pure and brightly shining starrs, signifies Health of Bodie. 5 No Ho∣mor although hot, does pant and move it self, unless a burning flame, as we see in spirit of wine, a Candle, and other things. 6 In Glow-wormes their hinder∣part only pants and shines, where their Heart is, of whose light I have discoursed in my Second Book of the light of Animals Chap 11 and 12. That the vital spi∣rit is really endued with light, and that there is an in∣bred light in the Blood and Heart, which helps for∣ward the circular motion of the blood, I have demon∣strated in my said Treatise Lib. 7. Cap. 5. 23. H••••∣mont consents that the animated spirit, in the left Ven∣tricle of the Heart, inlightned by the former light, is the Mover of the Heart. After Caimus and other an∣cient Authors, Ent asserts the same thing touching the flame, raised out of the Seed in the first bladder of the Heart raised by the heat of the Hen which hatcheth, and first of all shineing forth, when the Lungs perform their office. yet he errs, that in the external widening he begs, in the Construction more inwardly he tends to the beginning: for in the Systole all that illuminats

is expelled, and then it is vigorated in a narrow heart, which is evident in optick tubes and hollow glasses. I ad that in the Diastole of the left Ventricle, it sets on fire and kindles by the Systole from the Lungs, the vi∣tal flame.

2. The Shape and Conformation of the Heart and Vessels being exceeding well fitted to receive and ex∣pell the blood. Especially the fibres of the Heart, and the fleshy columns. These make not so much for the Strength of the Heart alone, as for the motion. For all the fibres being contracted greater and lesser, in the walls and septum, which according to Harvey are cir∣cular, as in an artificial Net, or Purse squeezed, the contents are expelled. They are stretched in the Sy∣stole, and remitted in the Diastole. By help of the smaller fibres, wherewith the flesh is interwoven, a languishing constriction is made, but to a stronger, those greater fleshy ones concur contained in the Ventricles, which Walaeus often observed in live Bodies dissect∣ed.

3 The Pulse of the Heart, the Blood and the extream parts, the pulse is from the Heart, which ceasing, the motion also ceases. Now it begins from the vena ca∣va, and is continued from the Auricula dextra, by and by from the right ventricle into the Vena arteriosa, or if the point be cut off, externally from the Arteria venosa into the left Earelet, thence into the left Venricle, out of which the Pulse is felt by a manifest constriction to goe into the Aorta, in the Anatomy of living Crea∣tures.

They drive, because 1 The Blood is offensive by its Quantity. 2 They are moved being irritated by any external force. 3 Blood is continually suppeditated. For Blood thrusts and drives on Blood, so that even af∣ter the Heart has bin taken out of Bodies, Walaeus has seen a quick motion of the blood in the veins. Which nevertheless did not happen by any proper power, which the Blood has to move it self, but partly by the driveing of the external parts, which remitt or send back that which remains after nutrition as bur•…•…ensome and superfluous, partly by a spontaneous contraction of the Vessels filled with Blood, whose Arteries in living Bodies being bound towards the Heart, do swell; to∣wards the extream parts they are empty: But the Veins too near the smallest branches and the parts from which they bring back the Blood are puffed up, but are flat where they look towards the Heart, to which they drive the Blood; in a word, partly by the contraction of the muscles and their driving, in the fleshy and outward parts, as Harvey observes.

4 The Attraction of the Heart and Parts, least they be destitute of aliment profitable and sufficient for them, which we observe according to Nature in those parts that are nourished; but besides nature in wounds, Ulcers, Tumors, &c. And this may easily be done, because the blood dispersed in all places, is immediate∣ly fastened to the Heart and Parts which draw it, the Pulse of the cava and Arteries assisting the same.

Chap. VII. Of the parts of the Heart in spe∣cial, viz. the Earlets, Cavities, Septum, Vessels, and Valves.

THe parts of the Heart which are specially to be considered are either externally seen as the Earlets; or within only, as the Ventricles or two Cavities, the Septum or partition, and the Vessels with the Valves.

The Earlets or little Ears, were so termed, not from hearing, but be∣cause* 1.98 of some resemblance in their shape. For from a long Basis they end in a blunt point (howbeit the left is more accumulated) of an obtuse triangle; and they have a Cavity, that the Ventricles might be pro∣duced before the Heart. For that same pulsing Bladder in an Eg, is the Earlets,* 1.99 because they were necessary in the Child in the Womb, though the Heart were not so soon necessary, which afterwards grows upon the Bladder. Others give another rea∣son, because the Earlets observe the same proportion in their pulsing as the Bladder had. But this is very hard to distinguish in the first Generation. Others take the Bladder for the Heart, whose Expansions or Ear∣lets appear red, because they are transparent, but the Heart is not seen by reason of the plenty of Seed, and Pulse intermitted. I suspect that both may lie hid un∣der the Vesicula or bladderkie, but that the Earlets are presently drawn and moved, because of their use. O∣therwise it would seem inconvenient that the Appen∣dix should be greater then the whole Body. Nor is the Heart a bare Parenchyma or affusion of blood. It hath Cavities produced doubtless out of the foresaid Bladderkie.

Now the EARLETS are Processes or Appendixes; and according to Hofman, nothing but the Substance of the Heart attenuated and widened. Which I know not how true it is. I should rather say they seem to be the substance of the neighboring Vessels dilated, al∣though they are made first of Seed out of the bladder, and are the first motion, and the last in dying.

They are situate at the Basis of the Heart, before the Orifices of the ves∣sels* 1.100 venal to which they cleave, and whereby they are mediately joyned to the heart. They are on each ••ide one

For two they are in Number, answerable* 1.101 to the number of the Hearts Ventricles, the right Earlet being greater, and the left smaller. And both are large in an Embryo or Child in the Womb: the former is joyned to the Vena cava, with which it seems to be one common body; the latter to the Vena arteriosa.

The Substance of the Earlets is peculiar,* 1.102 such as there is none in any other part; by reason of their singular use. Howbeit they are thin and soft, for their more easie contraction and nervous for strengths sake. But the left is more hard, a little more fleshy and thicker: yet the Heart is not so. How∣beit they answer in a certain proportion to the Ventri∣cles of the Heart.

Their external Surface, when they* 1.103 are extended and full, is even and bos∣sie or bunching (but their circumference unequal) when they are contracted, it is wrinkled; and in the left it is more wrinkled then in the right, because the inner fabrick is more turning and winding, and hath more pits in it, for

The Earlets being inwardly dissected and spread o∣pen, do discover unto us 1. a certain flesh-membra∣nous plain, stretched out to the extremities of the tre∣ble pointed Valves, to which the fibres of the Valves are fastned. 2. About the whole circumference fle∣shie Columnes grow out, first the great crooked ones,

out of which Spring many lesser ones, with a wonder∣ful and neat contexture, somtimes single, somtimes wreathed, and infolded either with the great ones, or with one another.* 1.104 3. Between these Columnes deep Pits are seen, more in the left, fewer in the right. In the middle partition of each Earlet. Folius hath found out many little Holes, which I have also seen, through which he conceives the blood is car∣ried into the left Ventricle, when there is need of less matter. But seeing they are rarely to be seen, nor do they penetrate into the Ventricles, yea they are less, I am more apt to think they are Pores common to ma∣ny, serving for motion, or the nutrition of the Part.

Botallus hath found a Passage sufficiently visible near the right Earlet, which goes presently right out, into the left Ventricle. This Walaeus explains to be ment of the oval hole, or that passage by him observed, which goes obliquely out of one Earlet into the other. Such an one I have often seen in Oxen and Goats, but it is the coronal Vein, nor does it pierce into the left Earlet, but descends into the Parenchyma of the heart.

As to their Colour: In an Infant in the Womb some months old, they are* 1.105 red, by reason of the abundance of pur∣ple blood, according to the Observation of Harvey. I have observed the same in the Conceptions of beasts, the Heart being white and bloodless, and the Earlets

[illustration]

The V. TABLE.

The FIGURES Ex∣plained.

FIG. I. Shews the Heart cut in sunder athwart.

• A. The Basis of the Heart.
• B. The Point of the Heart.
• C. The right Earlet.
• D. The left Earlet.
• EE. The Shape of the left Ventricle like an half Moon.
• FF. The Cavity of the left Ventricle.
• GG. The partition between the Ventricles.

FIG. II. Shews the Vena cava with the right Ventricle dissected.

• A. The Orifice of the Coronary Vein.
• B. The Appearance of an Anastomosis, between the Vena cava & Vena pul∣monalis.
• CCC. The trebble-pointed Valves with the Fiberkies wherewith they are fastned.
• D. The Ventricle cut long-waies.

FIG. III.

• A. The right Ventricle of the Heart ope∣ned.
• BBB. The Sigma-fashion'd Valves, visible in the Vena arteriosa.

FIG. IIII.

• AA. The Arteria venosa dissected.
• B. The Print of an Anastomosis between the Arteria venosa and Vena cava.
• CC. The two Mitre-shap'd Valves.
• D. The left Ventricle opened.

FIG. V.

• A. The great Artery cut asunder near the Heart.
• BBB. The Semilunary Valves, in the Orifice of the great Artery.

page 108

full of blood and ruddy. In grown persons they are commonly more obscure then the Heart it self, when they move not, but in their motion they successively change their colour, as the Heart does; for being mo∣ved they are pale, because they expel the blood in their contractions, which does most of all appear in their extremities; they grow red again in their Diastole, when they have received blood.

Their Motion is manifest to the sense in live Anatomies, by reason of the* 1.106 blood rushing in, and filling them, wherewith they swell in living bodies, and by their contracting themselves, by means of their fleshy fibres contracted into themselves, endeavoring to force the blood out into the Ventricles.

There are three parts of their motion; Systole, Dia∣stole, and the rest or pause which comes between them, which cannot be discerned, save in persons ready to die, for they are performed so swiftly in sound persons, that they seem to be confounded, and to be perform∣ed all at once, as in the discharge of a Gun, all seems to be performed in the twinkling of the eye, and in swallowing, as Harvey informs us.

The Diastole is caused by the blood received from the Vena Cava and Arteria Venosa. The Systole is performed, when the Earlets being filled, do by contracting themselves, expel the Blood into the Ventricles.

The Diastole and Systole of both the Earlets, do happen at one and the same time. When the right Earlet undergoes its Diastole, at the same time the left Ear undergoes the same; when the latter is con∣tracted in the Systole, the former also expels. But the Diastole of the Heart and Earlets, happens at dif∣ferent times, as also both their Systoles. The Systole of the Earlets happens at the same time with the Dia∣stole of the Ventricles, and contrarily, and the con∣striction of the Earlets doth alwaies forego the Dia∣stole of the Ventricles, both in healthy persons and in such as are at the point of death. But the motion of the former is more lasting then the motion of the latter, When the left ventricle ceases, the left Earlet still continues pulsing, which being extinct, the re∣maining motion is in the right ventricle, and that ceasing, the right Earlet proceeds panting, being the last that dies, save that when it ceases, a certain trem∣bling motion doth as yet continue in the blood which flows in, by reason of the driving of the extream parts.

Their use, is

• I. To be Store-houses to the Heart; for they first received the* 1.107 Blood and Air, that they may not sud∣denly rush into the heart, whence the heart might be hurt, and the Animal faculty suffocated. And hence it is that they are placed only at the vessels which pour into the heart, and not at the Arteries which void the blood forth.
• II. To safeguard the vessels to which they are joy∣ned.
• III. To be instead of a cooling Fan to the Heart, according to Hippocrates.
• IV. According to Walaeus, to be in place of a mea∣sure, by which the vena Cava and Arteriosa do mea∣sure the blood into the heart, for seeing all the blood was not to go out, at every pulse, but the greatest part was to stay behind to be further perfected, nature joy∣ned the Earlets to the heart, as vessels which should give in so much blood to the Heart, as was naturally to be cast forth at every pulsation. For which cause he thinks it is, that the right Earlet is greater then the left, because the right Ventricle is more Capacious then the left, and like-more is voided therefrom then from the left, viz. sooty Exhalations and the Nutri∣ment of the Lungs.

The CAVITIES of the Heart or its Ventricles, Chambers, or Caves &c.* 1.108 are not three, as Aristotle falsely as∣cribes to greater Beasts, for three are not found, no not in a Whale, but only two, as Walaeus and Sylvius have observed in the dissection of a young Whale. Nor did Galen at Rome find more in an Elephant. And by a very rare chance three were observed by Aemilius Parisanus at Venice in the Heart of a certain Coverlid-maker. And Veslingius twice observed the like. Also Walaeus saw a third Ventricle in the Heart of an Oxe. Caesalpinus observed three in Birds and Fishes, and the right Ventricle doth easily appear to be divided into two near the point, by a certain thin Partition, yet in truth both come into one. Licetus understands that same third Ventricle of Aristole, to be the Prominency of the right Ventricle, turned in beyond the left, so that the left Ventricle commonly so called is Aristotles middle Ventricle. Conringius doth otherwise excuse Aristotle, viz. that the right Ventricle in his account is whence the Cava arises, the middle whence the Aorta springs and the left, whence the Arteria Venosa or left Earlet arises, which being the least of all, is in smal Live-Creatures hardly visi∣ble. But so there should be four Ventricles, the Vena Arteriosa being added, as at first sight may seem, not three only. There are therefore only two Cavities found in the Heart of a Live-wight, the right and the left, having their inner surface uneven and rough, especially the left. The Heart of a certain Polander cut up by Riolanus, was perfectly solid, having no Ventricles at all.

Many Pits are formed in them by the fleshy Fibres, in the right more, but narrower, in the left fewer, but deeper, that they might contain the blood received in, hence in the Constriction of a Living Heart they are lesser, in the Dilatation wider. The Pits are con∣stituted and fenced by

Those fleshy Particles termed La••ertu∣li Musclekies, somtimes round, some∣times* 1.109 thin, being five or more in the right, two only visible in the left, but very thick ends. Veslingus observes that the larger have Pores which pass through them. The use of them, is according to some, to be Ligaments of the Heart. Massa counts them lit∣tle Muscles. Vesalius and Riolanus call them Columnae carneae, fleshy Pillars, which being contracted, do fur∣ther the Diastole of the Heart. Parisanus saies by help of them the Heart contracts it self, Walaeus also hath observed in live Dissections, that they assist the Con∣traction or Systole of the Heart, especially when it is strong and vehement, at what time their swelling be∣gins at their Basis, and goes on by little and little unto the point. Harvey saies they draw the Cone or Point of the Heart to the Basis or broad end thereof, by their obliqu•• fibres. And he is apt to think that heat is car∣ried through all of them. A. Benedictus and Ent, that they hinder the blood from going into Clotters, while it is shaken and agitated by them. Ba••••••us, that they are instead of Ropes and Bands, to hinder least in the Contractions of the Heart, the Valves being forced beyond their pitch and overshot, should be unable to retain the Blood. Slegelius will have it that they are contracted, that they may shut the Orifices of the Vessels of the Cava and Vena Arteriosa by their Fi∣brekies. All these Opinions are true and must be joyned together, as will manifestly appear to him that shall accurately consider the times of the motions of the Heart.

Many things are preternaturally* 1.110 found in the ventricles of the Heart. Bauhin hath sound bits of far, and our most expert Countryman Wormius hath took out of both the ventricles certain Caruncles or smal particles of Flesh, whiteish within, but of a shining red color without; which I also have long since found, at Padua and at Hasnia in my Dissecti∣ons, both of Men and Beasts, Erastus hath found a Flegmatick concretion, like yellow marrow, which is found, in the boyled bones of Oxen. Vesalius two pounds of Glandulous and blackish flesh, Benivenius a Gobbit of flesh like a Medlar.

Salvius hath observed Worms, as also I. D. Horstius at Confluentia; May a twibladed Snake like a Whip at London, and M, A. Severinus much such another at Naples. Hollerius found stones (with an Impostume) in a woman troubled with the stone; and Wierus stones as big as Pease.

Bones are more rarely found in the Hearts of Men. Yet Gemma did once* 1.111 find some, and Riolanus twice, in the dead body of president Nicolas being eighty years of Age, at the beginning of the Aorta, and in the Queen Mother of Lewis the thirteen King of France, being after her decease opened to be Im∣balmed. Johannes Trullus sound one in the Heart of Pope Urban the eighth of a triangular Figure represen∣ting the letter T. Simon Pauli my Renowned Prae∣decessor in the Anatomical Theatre, took a bone as hard as a stone of a Figure of the Pythagoraean letter Y, out of the Heart of a Man of Hasnia forty years of Age, the bigness of a Wallnut, and the shape not un∣like the Heart. I conceive they are all bred through the dryness and slow motion of the Humors in aged and sick Persons. Yet nature makes use of this defect to provoke and quicken the motion of the blood, when it passes slowly, as waters flow more easily when a peice of wood is cast in, or that all the blood may not clotter, as our Women and Butchers stir their blood about with a stick, when they intend thereof to make Puddings, that it may not go into Clotters.

The right Ventricle receives blood out of the Vena cava, which Vein it receives into* 1.112 it self: And therefore it hath not so thick a flesh or wal, as the left hath, that their might be an even poise, seeing it contains more matter, and bears a greater weight then the left. Nor is there so perfect a Concoction made in this Ventricle, as in the left in which there is more heat.

It is not exactly round but semicircular, resembling the Moon encreasing, nor does it reach to the End of the Point, but it seems to be as it were an Appendix to the left Ventricle, which when the left is taken away, seems still as it were to represent an whole Heart.

Yet is it deeper and larger then the left, by reason of the store of blood, which it was to contain, both to nourish the Lungs, and to make vital Spirits in the left Ventricle. For

Its Use is

• 1. To receive blood out of the vena ca∣va, to nourish the Lungs, the said blood being poured into the Lungs through the Vena arteriosa. Therefore Fishes which have no Lungs, and draw no Air in at their Mouths, are without this Ventricle, having no more then one. This right Ventricle therefore, does concoct and attenuate the Blood, for the Nourish∣ment of the Lungs.
• II. To send the thinner part of the Blood through the Septum or partition, into the left Ventricle, to make vital Spirits; and the thicker part through the Lungs, both to nourish them, and that it may return to the left ventricle, for the Nutriment of the whole Body.
• III. Further to perfect and prepare the blood which runs back as superfluous after the extream parts are nourished, and the crude blood which is bred in the Liver.

The left Ventricle is narrower, but more noble; having a round Cavity,* 1.113 and which reaches unto the point of the Heart. Its flesh or wall is three times as thick as that of the right ventricle. Also it is harder, that the vital Spirits may not exhale, and that the mo∣tion of the blood might be stronger, being to be forced into the farthest parts of the body.

Its Use is to make vital Spirit and Arterial blood, of a twofold matter, I. Of blood prepared in the right ventricle, and passed through the Septum and the Lungs. II. Of Air drawn in by the Mouth and No∣strils, prepared in the Lungs, and transmitted through the Arteria venosa with the blood into the left ventricle of the Heart, to kindle and ventilate the vital flame, yea and to nourish the same. The latter fishes stand in need of and Leucophlegmatick persons, the former such as are seated in a narrow or infected place, or are under extream heat, for fear of suffocation and extin∣ction of the flame in the Heart.

The Use therefore of both ventricles is in a manner the same, viz. to generate Arterial blood, and to per∣fect the venal, and to receive the same running back from all parts of the body through the veins, and to expel the perfect blood through the Arteries into the farthest parts of the body, that they may be thereby nourished. This is proved by the Conformations of the ventricles, which in part are like one to the other, in the right two vessels, a Vein and an Artery carrying out, and bringing back and as many in the left. In the former are two sorts of Valves the trebble poin∣ted, and Mitre-shap'd, and the like in the latter. The left expels and receives as much as the right, save that it is consumed in nourishing the Lungs and the Heart. Yet their different Constitution and Magnitude, ar∣gues some difference. Whence 1. There is a differ∣ent Coction in the one and other, as hath been de∣monstrated above. 2. The right works for the Lungs the left for the whole Body. 3. The right sends soo∣ty Exhalations and blood to the Lungs; the left receives from the Lungs Blood Impraegnated with Aire.

There is a Septum or Partition between the two Ventricles, which is thick like the other Wall of the left ventricle (which Columbus once observed to be Gristley) hollow on the left side, on the right bun∣ching, full of hollownesses and holes. which some suppose to be the third ventricle of Aristotle; which hollownesses or Caves are more large towards the right side, but their utmost ends towards the left side are hardly discernable. Helmont describes them to be triangular, whose Cone ending in the left ventricle, is easily stopped, but the Basis of the said triangle in the right ventricle, is never stopped save in Death. But I have seen them Circular so that they could easily admit a Pease, but▪ obtuse towards the left Hand.

That they are open is the opinion* 1.114 of the Ancients and of many Anato∣mists which follow them. Gassen∣dus▪ saw Payanus at Ajax shew the Septum of the Heart to have through-fares, by reason of sundry windings and crooked Con••-holes as it were, and that by lightly putting in his Probe, with∣out any violence, which he wreathed gently and tur∣ned it upwards and downwards and to the sides. And although by a Probe breaking the tender flesh of the Septum, we may easily make a way, yet we may not doubt of the Eyewitness of Gassendus nor of the Dex∣terity of Payanus; seeing I also of late found the par∣tion of a Sows Heart, in many places obliquely per∣forated with manifest great Pores, which were open of themselves without the use of a Probe, so as to ad∣mit a large Pease; but when I put in my Probe, it brought me to the left ventricle, where a thin Mem∣brane as it were an Anastomosis was placed, hindering any regress. Riolanus also hath seen it bored through towards the point, where it is most thin. Walaeus in the Partition of an Oxes Heart, did somtimes find a Cavity in the upper part according to the length of the Heart, open into the left ventricle about the point

of the Heart, the length and breadth of a Mans Fore∣finger, which he conceives to be the third Ventricle mention'd by Aristotle.

Yet are they not alwaies open in dead bodies, be∣cause in living bodies they are kept open, by the con∣tinual agitation of the Heart, which ceasing, they are not so visible to the Eye-sight, even as we see no ma∣nifest passages, when the sweat breaks out plentifully through the Skin, nor when the seed breakes out of the Kernels and Spermatick vessels, into the Urinary passage: nor the Pores by which the Empyema or out of the blood out of the vena Arteriosa peirces into the Arteria venosa, through the substance of the Lungs, or the blood in the Liver, out of the branches of Porta into the Cava. Caelsus is in the right, where he saies, that nothing is more foolish, then to think that look what and how it is in a living Man, so it must needs be in one that is dying, Yea that is dead. Whence many (as Columbus, Spigelius, Hofman, Harvey, &c.) have denyed that any thing passes through this Septum or Partition. But it is no wonder that they make a doubt of it: For,

I. They are so crooked and winding, that a Probe cannot easily pass through them. Howbeit these Pores become more conspicuous, in the Heart of an Ox long boyled, as Bauhinus, Riolanus, my self with others can witness. And you are to ob∣serve, in opposition to Hofman and Plempius that deny it. that in the boyling a moderation must be used, and that the Fibres in living Bodies do never stick so close together, but that they leave Pores, as the Nerves do shew, finally, that the quickest-sighted Anatomists can see no Membrane in the boyled Hearts of Oxen. II. In dead Bodies all passages fall in and shrink to∣gether. III. That an extream straitness was requisite in the End; because the thinnest part of the Blood, is strained as it were in that part: And in the mean time, because these holes are not in vain, therfore,

The Use of the Septum or Partition of the Heart, is, that the thinner* 1.115 blood may pass there-through into the lef ventricle, for the Generation of vital blood and spirit, which is afterwards distributed through the Arteries into the whole Body, for to preserve and stir up the life and natural heat. But the thicker and greater part of the blood, by a natural and ordinary way, and not a violent only, is communicated to the Ar∣teria venosa, through the vena Arteriosa, by mediation of the Lungs, that in the left ventricle it may be ming∣led with that which sweats through the Septum. The thicker part is ordained to nourish the Lungs, and that it may return back to the left ventricle tis tem∣pered with Air. The thinner part passing through the Septum, nourishes the same in its passage, because the external Coronary vessels do only creep through, and in that long and dangerous journey through the Lungs, it would vanish away and come to nothing. By this way only such as dive deep into the Sea, and those that are hanged for a smal while, do live a while and come to themselves, after the motion of their Lungs is ceased.

The Motion of the Septum or Partition doth help forward this passage, which that it is moved according to the motion of the Ventricles, I have these signs and tokens; Because 1. It is furnished with Circular Fi∣bres, as well as the Walls, in a boyled Heart, such in a manner as are in the Sphincter Muscle, as Harvey testifies, which seeing them move the Ventricles, they must as well move the Septum. 2. A certain Palpi∣tation is felt, if you put in your Finger into a living Heart, according to the observation of Walaeus. 3. In Creatures ready to die, when the motion of the left ventricle ceases, the Septum follows the motion of the right Ventricle, as the same Harvey observes: and if the right Ventricle be wounded, Riolanus tells us, that the motion remains in the Septum in his Observa∣tions. Yet the same Riolanus in another place being wiser, denies that it is moveable, unless towards the Basis where it is soft gives way a little, and that so it ought to be that the passage may be maintained, be∣cause when the Ventricles are dilated above the through-far'd Septum, and straitned again like Bel∣lows, the little holes would be shut up. But there is no fear. For in the Systole, when the point is drawn back to the Basis, the Pores are opened in the Septum moved upwards, that the blood may at once pass both the Septum and the Lungs. Contrarywise in the Diastole, because the Heart is distended long waies, the pores are drawn back with the Septum, and are shut up, until the Heart be filled.

As to the Heart-vessels there are found* 1.116 four remarkeable ones going out of the Heart which Hippocrates calls the Foun∣tanes of Humane Nature. Into the right Ventricle are inserted two Veins; the Vena Cava and Vena Arte∣riosa; into the left, as many Arteries; Arteria Venosa and Arteria Magna. Before all which are placed within eleven Valves or little dores, made of the Tu∣nicles of their Vessels widened and stretched out. The Veins which bring in to the Heart, viz. the Cava and Arteria venosa, have trebble-pointed valves, looking from without inwards; the Arteries which carry away, viz. the Aorta and the Vena Arteriosa, have Sigma∣shap'd or Mitre-fashion'd valves open inwards, shut outwards. The former admit blood into the Heart; being open they suffer the blood to flow out, being shut they hinder it from returning the same way. The trebble-pointed valves do not only wink, but they are close shut by the blood distending the Heart, and by the constriction of the Heart which straitens the vessels. The Sigmoides or Sigma-shap'd are shut by the Relaxation and falling in of the Heart in the Diastole, whereby the Fibres being stretched out long-waies, they are drawn downwards with the Walls and so shut, like the Chains in Draw-bridges.

The Trebble-pointed or Tricuspides, are opened by the impulse of new blood through the Cava, and Ar∣teria venosa, and the Diastole of the Heart, whereby the Fibres being drawn downwards, they are opened; But the Mitre-shap'd valves, are open'd in the Systole by the Constriction of the Heart, and the blood urgeing its way out. Also they may be praeternatur∣ally shut, by the blood expelled and standing seated in the full vessells, to which, endeavouring to run back, they make resistance by reason of their confor∣mation, which Artifice of Nature, we see every where imitated by the Flood-gates and Locks made upon Rivers. But that according to nature they are not shut by the returning of the expulsed blood, as some conceive Walaeus proves, Because 1. Our senses ob∣serve that the blood is carried from the Heart, not to the Heart by the Arteries. 2. In a rare and langui∣shing Pulse, the Artery doth not rise or swel last in the upper part towards the Heart, but it swels there first. 3. If an Artery be tied two fingers from the Heart, and it be so opened betwixt the Ligature and the valves, that the blood may freely pass forth, yet the valves will divers times straitly be shut, and the Heart is or∣derly moved.

[illustration]

TABLE VI.

The Explication of the FIGURES.

This first FIGURE shewes the right side of the Heart en∣tire, and withall the Earlet cut off, and the Vessels which goe out of the Heart, but especi∣ally the Anastomosis by which Folius will have the Blood to flow from the right into the left Ventricle.

FIG. I.

• AAA. The Heart in its proper posture, over the Surface whereof, the Vena Coronaria is disseminated.
• BB. The right Earlet of the Heart, partly dis∣sected, partly intire.
• C. A certain white and circular place between the Earlets, in which on one side, under a certain little skin like a valve, an A∣nastomosis is found, that is a wreathed winding hole, through which Folius will have the Blood to pass, into the left Ventricle.
• D. The vena cava dissected, as far as to the Situation of the Liver.
• E. The Vena Aorta which goes to the Throat and Arms dissected.
• F. The Arteria magna ascending.
• G. The same descending near the Back-bone.
• H. An Arterial Pipe, which joines the great Arterie with the Arteria venosa.
• I. The Arteria venesa yssuing out of the right Ventricle of the Heart.
• K. The Vena Arteriosa, Nurse of the Lungs, yssueing out of the left Ventricle.
• aaaa. The Vena coronaria radicated and diffu∣sed through the surface of the Heart.
• b. The beginning of this Vena coronaria, in the Earlet near the Vena cava.
• cccc. A certain portion of the Earlet dissected.
• dd. The other part remaining yet intire.
• ee. A Probe thrust into the Anastomosis.
• f. A little skin like a Valve placed at the mouth of the Anastomosis.
• gggg. The Branches of vena cava, spred up and down and rooted in the Liver.
• hhh. Ascendent branches of the Arteria Magna.

FIG. II. This other Figure shewes the left Ventricle of the Heart, as also the Earlet dissected, together with the going out of the Probe, demonstrated in the first Figure.

• AA. The Heart cut open through the whole left Ventricle.
• BBB. An exact Representation of the said Ventricle.
• C. The Egress of the Probe, through the Anastomosis, from the right into the left Earlet.
• D. A Valve placed at the mouth of the great Artery.
• EE. The left Earlet of the Heart dissected, being less then the right.
• FF. The Arteria Venosa going out of the right Ventricle of the Heart.
• GG. The Arteria Magna ascending.
• H. The said Artery descending near the Back-bone.
• I. The Arterial Pipe knitting the Vena Arteriosa to the Magna Arteria.
• K. The Trunk of the great Artery, ascending to the Arms and Throat.
• aa. A certain part of Vena Coronaria dispersed through the surface of the Heart, the smallest part thereof is visible.
• bb. The Arteria Coronaria dissected.
• cccc. The left Earlet cut open as far as to the Vena Arte∣riosa.
• dddd. Certain Nervous particles, in the very Ventricle of the Heart, accounted Nerves by Aristotle.
• ee. The Probe thrust in through the Anastomosis.
• fff. Certain smal holes, through which Folius will have the blood to pass, while the Anastomosis grows toge∣ther, and there is need of less matter.
• g. A Valve on the side also set before the Anastomosis.

page 112

And therefore many of the Ancients and later writers are deceived, who imagined that the blood did freely pass out of the Heart, and back again thereto. And that the valves do not naturally close and open, ap∣pears by a Tumor in the Arteries between the Li∣gature and the Heart, and the emptying of the veins near the Heart.

The first vessel is the VENA CAVA inserted into the right Ventricle, with a very large and* 1.117 gaping Orifice, three times greater then the Orifice of the Aorta, and therefore it seems rather to arise from the heart, then from the Liver, especially seeing it sticks so firmly to the right Ventri∣cle, that it cannot be separated therefrom.

Whether it hath any motion is hard to determine. Aristotle and Galen seem to have been of that opinion; but the Interpreters expound those places to mean an obscure motion. But Walaeus hath discovered a manifest motion therein, from the Jugulum as far as to the Liver, but most evident near the heart: and that therefore even in that place the Vena Cava is fur∣nished with fleshy Fibres, whereof it is destitute in other places. Also Ent hath observed that the vena Cava of a dead Beast, being with a mans Finger light∣ly touched in the Belly near the Thighs of the Beast, did express a trembling motion.

Its Use is, to bring in Blood from the Liver, and the whole body, by its ascending and descending Trunks.

A Membranous Circle grows to the Orifice thereof, to strengthen the heart: Which is presently split into three strong Membranous.

VALVES, termed Janitrices, Gatewarders, looking from without inwards, that the blood may indeed enter; but not return back into the Cava.

They are termed TRICUSPIDES, trebble-pointed, by the Greeks Trich∣lochines,* 1.118 because they are like the Tri∣angular heads of Darts, when they are shut, and fall close one to another.

They grow, as also the rest of the valves do, to many shreds (in the Cava commonly each one to five remarkeable Threds, intertwisted with many little ones) whereby they are joyned to that fleshy par∣ticle, before explained; which some call the Liga∣ments of the heart, others as Aristotle perhaps, the Nerves of the heart.

The VENA ARTERIALIS or vas Arte∣riosum, the Arterial veins or Arterial ves∣sel.* 1.119 Others call it Arteria Pulmonaris, the Lungs Artery, because it is in truth an Artery, both in Substance and Use.

Twas called a Vein first by Herophilus and after∣wards by most other Anatomists, before the Circula∣tion of the blood was found out, from its Office, be∣cause it sends blood to nourish the Lungs.

Tis termed an Artery, I. By reason of its Substance, which consists not of a* 1.120 single Coat, as a vein doth, but of a dou∣ble one. II. Because in a Child in the Womb it performs the Office of an Artery, and Pulses as shall be said in the next Chapter, As also in a grown person, because it carries Nutritive blood to the Lungs, which is partly wrought in the right ven∣tricle.

This vessel passes out of the heart with a smaller Orifice, and yet greater* 1.121 then the Lungs stand in need of: For Columbus and Arantius observe, that two Fingers have been thrust thereinto; and it ought to be the greater, because it receives blood from the continual pulsation of the right side of the heart. Moreover, resting upon the Arteria Magna and in∣clining to the left side, it goes to the right and left parts of the Lungs with a double branch, a right and a left: Which afterward spend themselves into sundry branches in the Lungs.

It Use is, to receive blood out of the* 1.122 right Ventricle, and to carry it to the Lungs for their nourishment, and according to the observa∣tions of latter Authors, to pass over the rest of the blood through the Arteria venosa into the left Ven∣tricle of the Heart, and to hinder the blood from sli∣ding back again into the heart.

Three VALVES are placed therein,* 1.123 arising from the Coat of the vein it self, looking from without inwards, and re∣sembling an half Circle, or the letter Sigma, as it was anciently figured, and did resemble the Latine letter C.

The ARTERIA VENOSA, which others* 1.124 call Vena Pulmonaria, is the third Ves∣sel of the heart, which is seen in the left Ventricle.

It is termed an Artery because of its Office: For I. It Pulses in a grown person, because it is united to the left Ventricle, but it moves not by a proper mo∣tion of its own, because it is neither an Artery, nor doth it carry pure Arterial blood. II. It is implan∣ted into the left Ventricle.

Tis called a VEIN, 1. Because of its* 1.125 Substance. 2. Because in a Child in the Womb, it performs the office of a vein. And it is produced as it were from the Cava, to which it is joyned, by way of Anastomosis. Yea and in a grown person, it carries blood also to the heart, as doth the Cava.

It Arises with a round and great Orifice (greater then that of the Arteria Magna) divided into two parts presently after its egress, just in a manner as if it arose with a twofold mouth; and it is disseminated into the right and left part of the Lungs.

The Use.

I. In its Dilatation to draw Air to* 1.126 the heart, not bare and simple Air, but mixed with the blood which returns from the Lungs, for the Generation of vital spirits and Arterial blood, and to nourish and kindle up the vital flame. For the Arteria venosa be∣ing opened in living Anatomies, doth pour blood and not pure air into the heart, which for the most part we observe thicker then ordinary in the Carcasses of Men and Beasts, because the motion of the left ventricle ceasing, the blood received in this vein, can∣not be driven or drawn to the heart. And when the Arteria venosa is cut or opened, there appears no air, because the air is not pure and simple, being mixed throughout with blood. And when the Lungs of a living or dead Creature are by Art blown up, not a jot of air is perceived to come thence to the heart, be∣cause the Carriage of blood is wanting, and the natu∣ral Drawer and Driver is also wanting. But that the air such as it is, doth come into the heart, their Ex∣amples do testifie, who have been stifled with the sums of Quick-silver. Coles, Lime, &c. And o∣therwise the Lungs and Lung-pipes were made in vain.

II. In the Contraction of the Heart to thrust out a portion of vital blood, into the Lungs, together with

sooty exhalations; which is an old opinion. But that in the Systole of the heart, blood or sooty steams should be carried this way. 1. The Valves hinder, which will not suffer any thing to return. 2. The Ar∣teria venosa being tied, doth swel towards the Lungs, and is lank and emptied near the heart. 3. Being o∣pened it pours forth blood on this side the band, but beyond it being opened it voids neither blood nor sooty exhalations. 4. The sooty steams of the right Ventricle, do evaporate through the vena Arteriosa, turn into water in the Pericardium or Heart-bag, breed the hairs in the Arm-pits, and exale into the whole habit of the Body, through the Aorta. 5. The air which goes into the heart, and the sooty steams which go out with the blood, should be carried the same way, in contrary motions, which is a thing un∣usal in the natural course observed in the body. For though ever and anon Excrements are driven from and Nutriment is drawn to the same part, yet the way is different, especially where the afflux is con∣tinual, as in the Arteria venosa from the Lungs; or at least they are performed at different times. There∣fore.

III. In the contraction of the heart, it drives blood which is superfluous after the nourishment of the Lungs, or that which runs back, out of the vena Ar∣teriosa, into the left Ventricle of the heart.

Two VALVES only are placed at the Orifice of this vessel, which look from* 1.127 without inwards (bred out of the Nervous circle which grows out of the substance of the heart) which being joyned together do resemble a Bishops Mitre, They are greater then the Valves of the Cava, have longer threds (and each hath seven large ones, besides little ones annexed to them, which from a broad Basis do commonly end into a sharp point) and for strengths sake very many fleshy Explantations. Therefore two were sufficient to shut the Orifice close, because they are greater then others, the Fibres longer and larger, the Columnes or Pillars stronger, and the Orifice it self is more Ovall-shap'd, then that of the rest.

The ARTERIA MAGNA or great Artery so called, because it is the root of all o∣thers,* 1.128 is another vessel of the left Ventri∣cle, from whence it proceeds and arises.

At the Orifice hereof, is placed instead of a Prop, not in Men, but in certain Beasts, as Harts, Oxen, Horses, &c. a certain hard substance, which is som∣times Gristly, somtimes Boney, according to the greatness and Age of the Beasts. In man the most noble and strongest, Harvey saw a portion of this Ar∣tery turned into a round bone, near the Heart, whence he concludes that the Diastole of the Arteries, is cau∣sed by the blood alone, not by any Pulsifick faculty, derived through the Membranes. Also Johannes Schroderus writes that the meeting together of the Ar∣teries in the Basis of the Heart, was in an heart dege∣nerated into a bone.

The Use thereof is, to communicate the Vital spirit, with the Nutritive Arterial* 1.129 blood, received from the heart, unto all parts of the Body, for Nutrition and life; which that it may not pass back again into the heart, Three Valves are placed (like those in the vena Arteriosa exactly shut) looking from* 1.130 without inwards, which are termed Sig∣miodes or Sigma-shap'd Valves.

Chap. VIII. How the Vessels are united in the Heart of a Child in the Womb.

THe Vessels in the heart are otherwise* 1.131 disposed when the Child is in the Womb, then they are after it is born; which though Galen knew and made mention thereof; yet the greatest part of Anatomists have either neg∣lected the same, or have delivered falsities thereabout, by saying that the Unions of the vessels were some of them only made by a Chanel, others only by way of Anastomosis.

But the Conjunctions or UNIONS* 1.132 of the VESSELS of the Heart in a Child in the Womb, are twofold:

One is made by an Anastomosis, another by a Cha∣nel.

By Anastomosis an Union is made of the Vena Cava and the Arteria Venosa, under the right Earlet, near the Coronaria, before the Cava doth absolutely open it self into the right Ventricle. The hole is large and of an Oval Figure.

Now Nature contrived this Union by way of Ana∣stomosis, 1. By reason of Vicinity. 2. Because of the likeness of substances.

Before this hole in the Cavity of Arteria venosa is placed a Pendulous, thin, hard, little Membrane, larger then the hole.

Its Use is, I. According to the Doctrin* 1.133 of Galen and his Clients, that the blood may be carried through this hole, out of the Cava into the Arteria venosa (not into the right ventricle, for vital spirit is not yet bred, nor do the Lungs need blood so attenuated) to nourish the Lungs; because they could not otherwise be nou∣rished in a Child in the Womb, because in it the heart hath no motion whereby the blood might be forced out of the right ventricle into the vena Arteriosa: And therefore this Arteria venosa, is a vein in the Child in the Womb. But that it serves the turn of the Heart, and not only to nourish the Lungs, divers things Evince observed by the favorers of the Circular Motion. For 1. The Heart is moved even in an imperfect Child, after the third moneth, as Egs and Embryo's do testi∣fie. But before the third moneth only a little Blad∣der of the Earlet pants, as in Insects before the Heart is perfectly hollowed. But this motion were in vain, if the Heart should not receive or expel any thing. 2. The blood by the Anastomosis is immediately poured into the left Ear, and is necessarily thence conveighed by the Systole of the Heart, into the left ventricle. 3. All the blood is carried through these Unions, doubtless not for the sake of the Lungs al∣one, which might be nourished after the same manner as in grown persons, although void of motion, the veins in part gaping. 4. The Child in the Womb is nourished with Arterial blood, which can come from no place but the Heart, as shall be demonstrated here∣after. Therefore,

II. The true use is, that it might conveigh part of the blood in a Child in the Womb, out of the Cava of the Liver, into the left ventricle of the Heart, which cannot go thither the ordinary way, the Lungs neither dilating themselves nor Respireing. In which passage the right ventricle also draws somwhat to it self▪

And that the blood may not slide back into the Cava, a little Mem∣brane* 1.134 there placed hinders, when it fals in and settles.

A little while after the Birth this* 1.135 Hole grows together and is dried up, so that a man would think the place had never been perforated, and that by reason of the plenty of blood in a grown person, forced out of the Lungs now opened and inlarged directly to the left Earlet, which suffers not a smal quantity of blood to flow out of the Anastomosis, whereupon being shut it grows together. Howbeit in grown persons, it remains for a season open. Pinaeus observed it thrice, Riolanus once, and my self more then once. Botallus most frequently in Calves, Sows. Dogs of a large size, and therefore he would have it to be alwaies and naturally open, that blood might pass this way out of the right to the left Ventricle. Caecilius Folius treading in his Foot-steps, thinks it is open in all Men, to the same end, as in a Child in the Womb, but contrary to experience. For it is then only open, when Na∣ture hath shut up other passages, as I saw at Padua in that old Man, whose Arteria venosa was stopped with Flegm. In Water-fowl and other Animals that live in the Water, as Ducks, Castors, Swans, Bitturns, &c. it is alwaies open, because they live now and then in the Water, without the Use of their Lungs. And I have somtimes observed in dead bodies the little Membrane winking, and receiving the Probe without any violence, but I cannot allow that it is so alwaies. And that light opening would be unprofitable. For the passage of so much blood.

Another Union is by a longish Chan∣nel,* 1.136 viz. that of the vena Arterialis, and the Arteria Magna, because they are di∣stant one from another.

This Union is without the Heart (the other within the same) two Fingers from the Basis, in grown per∣sons four, for the Channel doth not begin from the stock of the Arteria Magna. It goes obliquely to the Arteriosa (therefore no valve is annexed to it because the crookedness was able to hinder the Egress) [or rather because the blood is forced thither, from the right ventricle of the Heart through the vena Arteriosa but it is not in like manner driven back out of the left,

[illustration]

The VII. TABLE.

The Explication of the FIGURES.

In this TABLE are presented the Unions of the Vessels of the Heart in a Child in the Womb, also the Heart incompast with the Lungs, and the smal twigs of the Wesand or Wind-pipe call'd Aspera Arteria.

FIG. I.

• A. The Heart.
• B. The Ascendent Trunk of Vena Cava.
• C. The Descendent Trunk thereof.
• D. The Ascendent Trunk of Arteria Magna.
• ...e. The Axillary Artery.
• ...f. The Descendent Trunk of the great Artery.
• ...g. The Earlet of the right Ventricle.
• K. An Anastomosis as it appears in Vena Cava.

FIG. II.

• A. The little Heart of a Child in the Womb.
• B. The Trunk of the Arteria Magna, springing out of the Heart.
• C. A Portion of the said Artery going down-wards.
• D. The Vena Arteriosa drawn out of the Heart.
• ...ee. The Channel between the Vena Arteriosa and Arteria Magna.
• ff. The Rise of the Arteries termed Carotides or drousie Arteries.
• ...g. The beginning of the Subclavian right Artery.

FIG. III.

• A. The right Nerve of the sixt Pare going towards the Lungs.
• B. The same Nerve on the left side.
• C. The middle Branch between the two Nerves.
• D. The Off-spring thereof, which is carried to the Peri∣cardium.
• EE. The two greater Branches of Aspera Arteria, which on the back-sides are Membranous.
• FF. The hinder part of the Lungs.
• G. The proper Membrane of the Lungs.
• HH. A remaining portion of the Pericardium or Heart∣bag.
• I. The Heart in its proper place.

FIG. IV.

• A. The Aspera Arteria or Wesand, cut off under th•• Larynx.
• B. Its right Branch, divided first into two.
• C. The left Branch of the Arteria Aspera, distributed in like manner into greater and lesser Branches.
• ...ddd. The Extremities of the Branches,

page 115

by the Arteria venosa] where it is divided into two, as if it had three parts; the least whereof notwithstanding is the Channel.

In Infants of three or four years old, it is stil to be seen, but without any through∣passage:* 1.137 in grown persons tis by little and little attenuated and dried, being distitute of all Nutriment, because no Humors pass any longer through the same, until through absence of Life and Nourishment, it Putrifies and Consumes quite away.

The use thereof is, I. According to the Mind of Galen, that the vital Spirit being re∣ceived* 1.138 from the Navil-Arteries into the Ar∣teria Magna, may from hence be carried, through that Channel into the vena Arteriosa and so straight into the Lungs, to maintain Life. But, 1. It serves not the Lungs alone. 2. The Navil-Arteries do bring out of the Arteria Magna, but carry nothing there∣into. 3. The Pipe is greater then to serve only to carry Spirits. 4. The Lungs of a Child in the Womb being red, are not nourished only with Spi∣rits.

II. According to Petrejus and Hofmannus, to bring Arterial blood to nourish the Lungs. Who had said well, if they had not omitted the good of the whole body.

III. According to late Writers, that the blood which slides out of the upper Trunk of Cava into the right ventricle may pass through this Pipe, the greatest part thereof indeed to the Aorta, that so with the rest it may nourish and enliven the whole body of the Embryo; but the least portion of all goes up to the Lungs by the ordinary way.

Both the ventricles in the Child perform one and the same thing, and part the blood which is to be car∣ried, because the more perfect blood is supplied by the Mother, and therefore the Walls are a like thick. And the two ventricles in the Child which doth not respire, perform the same, which in imperfect Ani∣mals void of Lungs, is accomplished by one ventri∣cle.

This Pipe therefore assists the Anastomosis in trans∣porting the blood of the Heart, because either of the waies would otherwise be two narrow. For I have observed in a Girle new Borne, by me publickly dis∣sected, that the Pipe was wanting, because the Ana∣stomosis was larger then ordinary: and there is reason for it. The Lungs must be nourished and the whole body must be nourished. Which can never be effect∣ed, unless the Arterial Blood be distributed out of the Aorta. It comes not from the Mother through the Iliack Arteries, because they are not joyned to the Arteries of the Womb, besides their motion is con∣trary, as the binding of the Navil Arteries doth shew. For the Navil-Arteries derived from the Child, do swel towards the Heart thereof, and towards the Placenta or Womb-cake they are empty; for the Ar∣terial blood in the Child▪ after it is nourished, runs back through the Iliack veins to the Placenta, as a part of the Child which must be nourished, out of which it passes again into the Navil-veins, and is mixed with that other blood which comes out of the veins of the Womb, and runs joyntly back again to the Li∣ver and Heart of the Child, that the Circulation may be repeated. Now it flows conveniently out of this vena Arteriosa through the Pipe or Channel into the Aorta, by reason of its Situation downwards, and its crooked insertion into the Aorta. Therefore seeing the Arterial blood, is not carried fr•••• the Mother, upwards to the Heart, neither can the Lungs be nou∣rished thereby.

Chap. IX. Touching the Lungs.

THe Lungs called i•• Latin Pulmones* 1.139 in Greek Pneumoe••'s or Pleumones, have their name from Respiration or drawing in and blowing out the Air: because they are given to Animals living in their Air and brea∣thing, but not to fishes which have neither Neck nor Voice.

They are seated in the Cavity of the* 1.140 Breast or Chest, which they fil, when they are distended.

They are divided into the right and* 1.141 left part by means of the Mediastinum: that one part being hurt, the other may* 1.142 yet perform the Office. Each of these parts is divided into two Lobes, Laps or Scollups, about the fourth Vertebra of the Chest, of which the upper is shorter then the lower; seldom is one part divided into three Lobes, as in Brutes; because a man goes bolt upright, Brutes looking downwards▪ nor by reason of the shortness of the Chest, could any thing lie between the Heart and the Liver, except the Mid∣rif. Yet oftentimes Piccolhomineus, Riolanus and my self, have after Hippocrates and Russus Ephesius obser∣ved three. Now the Lungs embrace the Heart with their Scollups as with certain Fingers.

Their shape resembles that of an* 1.143 Ox-hoofe. On the outside towards the Cavity of the Chest, the Lungs are Bossie or bun∣ching out, on the inside they are hollow, where they embrace the Heart.

Their Colour in the Child is red like* 1.144 that of the Liver: by reason of the nourishment is receives from its Mother; in grown persons tis yellowish Pale; somtime Ash-color'd: in such as have died of a long sickness blackish. In some persons healthy enough. I have seen them Party colored, like Marble. In that part where it is knit unto the Chest by Fibres, tis red, as in a Child in the Womb.

Tis Knit in the Fore-part to the Brest∣bone* 1.145 by the Mediastinum, behind to the Vertebra's; somtimes the Lungs at the sides grow to the Pleura by certain Fibrous bands, whence arises a lasting shortness of Breath. Now this Connexion doth frequently deceive Physitians, nor knowing or discerning Penetrating wounds of the Chest. Nicolas Massa conceives this Connexion profitable to the Heart, least it should be oppressed with the bulk of the Lungs, or the facility or breathing should be hin∣dred, and Riolanus saies he evermore found this a••••e∣sion. I have cheifly observed it about the lower Ribs. near the Diaphragma, least they should press and bear upon it. Others say the Lungs are bound to Fibres, that in the wounds of the Chest, they might follow the motion of the Chest, though with a weaker mo∣tion. Hippocrates in his second Book de Morbis calls it the Lungs slipt* 1.146 down to the side; and this comes to pass either from ones Birth, or after a Pleurisie, or by reason of Tenaci∣ous and clammy flegm interposing it self; o•• from some external cause, as negligent

Curing of a wounded or suppurated Chest. Also the Lungs cleave to the Heart, by the Vena arteriosa and the Arteria venosa.

The Substance in a Child in the Womb is compact and thick; so that* 1.147 being cast into Water it sinks, which the Lungs of grown persons will not do. But after the Birth, because it begins to be moved with the Heart, by heat and motion the Heart becomes light and soft, lax, rare and spungy; so that the Lungs will be easily raised and fall again, and easily receive the Air: Which may be seen by the use of a Pare of bellows in dead bodies. Helmont hath seen the Lungs hard and stoney, in an Asthmatical person, and Sal∣muth observes that little stones have been there gener∣ated in shortness of Breath. Also touching stones we have the Testimony of Galen, Trallianus, Aegineta.

The Lungs are compassed with a thin light Membrane, furnisht with many* 1.148 Pores which Pores are sufficiently visible, when the Lungs are blown up with a pair of bellows, and Job. Walaeus hath observed the said Pores in live Anatomies, as big as a large Pease. This way the Sanies or Corrupt matter of the Chest may Penetrate and come away by Coughing. This Membrane is pro∣duced from the encompassing Pleura. For when the Vessels enter into the Lungs, they devest themselves of their Coat, which grows out of the Pleura, which doth afterwards invest the Lungs.

The Vessels. The Substance of the Lungs is interwoven with three sorts of* 1.149 Vessels, which make not a little also for strength. Two proceed from the Heart, of which before: The Vena Arterialis and Arteria Venalis.

The third is proper, viz. The Trachea or Aspera arteria so called, of which in the following Chap∣ter.

If these Vessels be fretted asunder as in persons Phcisical, or having the Consumption of the Lungs, many times plenty of blood is cast forth, or some Cartilaginous substance; yea and the Vessels them∣selves of the Lungs intire, which I have seen, and Tulpius hath two examples. And oftentimes persons in a Consumption die suddenly, because the greater Vessels being fretted asunder, the Heart is strangled with blood issuing there from.

These Vessels of the Lungs are great, not so much because they wan∣ted* 1.150 much blood, for their substance is very smal, setting aside the Vessels, nor needed they so much blood as is sufficient to nourish the whole body; but they are great, because the greatest portion of the blood is car∣ryed this way out of the right Ventricle of the Heart into the left by those wide passages, for the more sub∣tile blood can find its way through the obscure Pores of the Septum. This passage is proved.

• 1. By the greatness of the vessels. For the vena arteriosa and the arteria venosa are most large. And because the former is a vessel which carries out of the Heart, it is furnished with the Mitre-fashion'd valves, which hinder the blood from passing out of the Lungs the same way; and the latter bringing blood out of the Lungs into the Heart, has the treble-pointed valves, hindring the blood from returning.
• 2. Great Quantity of Blood is continually sent by the Pulse of the Heart, through the vena arteriosa and thence through the arteria venosa unto the left ven∣tricle, which is further confirmed by Ocular Inspecti∣on.
• 3. By Ligatures in living Anatomies. For the Vena arteriosa swels towards the* 1.151 Heart; but near the Lungs it is empty; the Arteria venosa contrarywise, swels towards the Lungs, but is empty towards the Heart.
• 4. The left Ventricle of the Heart being wounded, or the Arteria aorta, great plenty of blood will issue, as long as life remains, till all the blood in the body be run out. And from what other place can it come, seeing so much is not contained in the Heart, but out of the Lungs through the Arteria venosa, which had drawn the Blood out of the Vena arteriosa by the Anastomoses.
• 5. In the Arteria venosa as well of a living as a dead Body, so much Blood is found, that it hath often hin∣dred me in my publick Dissections.
• 6. By the similitude of the Vessels one with ano∣ther. The Vena arteriosa carrying out of the Heart into the Lungs, is just like the Aorta in substance, largeness, neighbourhood, and Valves. The Arte∣ria venosa doth in like manner resemble the Vena cava by straitness of Connexion, substance of a Vein, Ear∣lets and treble-pointed Valves.

This Circulation through the Lungs* 1.152 is furthered, 1. By the widening of the Lungs when Air i•• drawn in, which being every where filled, the vessels are distended, as when they cease, the motion of the Blood is either retarded, or quite ceases. 2. By the Situation of the vessels of the Lungs. The Vena arteriosa is Disseminated in the hinder or Convex part of the Lungs, because it is strongly moved by the Pulse of the Heart, the Arteria venosa doth cheifly possess the foremore and hollow part, that the Blood might more readily slide into the Heart. In the Mid∣dest of which the Branches of the Wind-pipe are sea∣ted, that in the blowing out of the Air, they might receive sooty Exhalations from the Vena arteriosa, and in drawing the Air in, they might communicate the same to the Arteria venosa. 3. The anastomo∣ses, by which the vessels are joyned together, both the branches which joyn mouth to mouth (though in dead bodies they cannot be discerned by the Eye-sight) and the Pores of the Parenchyma which is light and Porous.

It is to be noted for the answering* 1.153 the objections made against this Circulation.

1. That the Lungs are not oppressed or burthened so long as they being sound, the Blood perpetually glides through by Peice-meal.

2. That the blood doth not drop out through the Pipes of the Wesand, because partly they draw in on∣ly Air or sooty Exhalations, and in no wise Blood of a thicker nature then they, unless they be preternatural∣ly fretted in persons that have the Consumption, part∣ly because nature never ceases to drive found humors through the passages ordained for them, and retains what is necessary, which would otherwise go out at the passages of the Body being opened.

3. Although the Lungs of Dead bodies are whitish, yet the vessels do manifestly transpire through the ex∣ternal Coat. The Parenchyma it self is frequently ful, in persons strangled with blood, in others it is found emptied, because in the Pangs of Death it is forcibly excluded.

4. In burning Feavers, both the Lungs are hot, and thereupon the voice is Hoarse and dry, and they are oppressed, as appeared in the Epidemical Feaver

which raged up and down this year, by which many were strangled.

5. It is no good judging of the healthy state of the Body, from the preternatural state thereof.

Very smal Nervulets from the sixth Pare are spred only through the Mem∣brane* 1.154 thereof (which if it be inflamed, a pain will be felt, and communicated to the side it self and to the Back) not through the substance of the Lungs, least by Reason of their continual motion they should be pained. Hence the Ulcers of the Lungs are without pain. Howbeit Riolanus allots very many Nerves to the substance of the Lungs also, drawn from the Implica∣tion and Contexture of the Stomach Nerves. I also have seen many spred abroad within the Lungs, pro∣ceeding from the sixt Pare, and alwaies in a manner accompanying the Bronchia or Lung-pipes, derived from the hinder part, and only a little twig conveig'd to the Membrane from the forepart.

What the Action of the Lungs is, Authors Question. That they never move at all is Helmonts Paradox, but serve only as a seive, that the Air may pass pure into the Chest, and that the Muscles of the Belly al∣one do suffice for Respiration. But that they are indeed and in truth* 1.155 moved, the cutting up of live bodies shews, and Wounds of the Chest, that they move long and strongly. Moreover that they may be moved, any one may try with a pair of Bellows. Finally, They ought to be moved, for otherwise both the Heart would ••e suffo∣cated, and the motion of the blood in the Lungs, would be hindred. The Muscles of the Belly do in∣deed concur, but secondarily, because they are not joyned to the Heart, and when they are moved Re∣spiration may be stopped, Yea, and when they are cut off in a living Anatomy, the Lungs are moved nevertheless. But whether they are moved by their own proper force, or by some other thing, is a fur∣ther Question. Averrhoes who is followed among the late writers by John Daniel Horstius, conceives the Lungs are moved by their own proper force, not fol∣lowing the motion of the Chest, for otherwise saies he we must grant that a violent motion may be perpe∣tual.

But we are to hold, that though the Lungs are the Vessel of Respiration, yet they are so not by doing, but by suffering. For they have no motive force of their own, as Averrhoes will have it (because at our pleasure we can stop our breathing, or quicken or re∣tard the same) nor do they receive the principle of their motion from the Heart, or from the blood rai∣sing them, as Aristole conceives, and his followers, For 1. The efflux of the blood* 1.156 out of the Heart, is made by the orni∣nary motion, but the Respiration is voluntary. 2. The Cause of the Pulse and Respira∣tion would be one and the same, and they would be performed at one and the same time. But thirty Pul∣ses answer one Respiration. 3. While we draw in our Breath strongly, and hold the air drawn in for a season, the swelling of the Lungs should compel us to let our breath go, because it lifts up the Chest, accor∣ding to their opinion. 4. The Blood of the Heart doth not abide in the Lungs by an unequal retention, so as to distend them, but it is forthwith expelled ac∣cording to nature. 5. When it tarries longest in dis∣eased Lungs, it makes shortness of Breath or difficul∣ty in breathing, but no Tumor. 6. In a strong Apo∣plexy, the motion of the Lungs ceases, the Pulse be∣ing safe and the Heart unhurt.

Nor are the Lungs raised up, by the* 1.157 air forced in, which when the Chest is lifted up, because it hath no other space whither it can go to, it is carried through the Aspera arteria or Wesand into the Lungs, as Falcoburgius and Des Cartes conceive, and Hogelan∣dius, Regius, and Prataeus who follow him: For 1. The air may easily be condensed, as may be proved by a thousand experiments, as by Cupping-glasses, Wea∣ther-glasses, Whips, Trumpets, Winds and infinite things beside; and therefore it may be most straitly compacted about the Chest, and compressed within it self, as well by the internal subtile nature of the air and dispersed by Atomes, easily recollected one with∣in another, as by the external impulse of the Chest, whereby it may more easily be condensed, then driven into another place. 2, By the motion of the Chest or such a like body, we do not see the lightest thing that is, Agitated. By an hole in a Wall all Chinks and Dores being closely stopped, our Nostrils being stopped, we may with our Mouthes draw air out of the next Chamber, to which it is not credible that the air moved by the Chest, can reach with a strong mo∣tion; and though air may penetrate into the Cham∣ber, through some chinks and Rifts, yet is it not in so great quantity, as to stretch the Chest so much as it ought to be stretched, in free Respiration. The same experiment may be made in a Glass or Silver vessel applied close to ones Mouth. 4. While I have held my Breath, I have observed my Belly to be moved above twenty times the while. But whether is the Air then driven? Must it not needs be, because all places are ful of bodies, that the air next the Belly is compressed and condensed? See more of this sub∣ject in my Vindiciae Anatomicae, and in a peculiar Dis∣course.

Therefore the Lungs do only follow the motion of the Chest to avoid Vacuum: And therefore only they receive the air drawn in, because the Chest by wide∣ning it self, fils the Lungs with air.

Now that the Motion of the Lungs* 1.158 arises from the Chest experience shews. For 1. If air enter into the Chest, being peirced through with a Wound, the Lungs remain immove∣able, because they cannot follow the widening of the Chest, the air insinuating it self through the wound, into the empty space. But the Chest being sound, the Lungs follow the widening thereof, to avoid Va∣cuum; as in Pipes, Water is drawn upwards, and Quittor, Bullets, Darts and other hard things are drawn out of body through the avoidance of Vacu∣um. 2. If the Midriff of a live Creature be peirced through with a light wound, Respiration is stopped, the Chest falling in.

But somwhat there is which hinders* 1.159 many worthy men from assenting to this cause of the Lungs motion, because after the Chest is perfectly opened, the Lungs are oftentimes moved along time, with a vehe∣ment motion. But according to the Observation of Johannes Walaeus, Franciscus Sylvius, and Franciscus Vander Shagen, that is not the motion of Constriction and Dilatation, which is the natural motion of the Lungs; but it is the motion of an whole Lobe up∣wards and downwards, which motion happens, be∣cause the Lungs are fasten'd to the Mediastinum, the Mediastinum to the Midriff, and the Lungs are also

seated near the Midriff: whence it happens, while the Creature continues yet strong, that either the Lungs with the Mediastinum are drawn, or by the Midriff driven, the Diaphragma or Midriff, not yet falling down nor loosing its motion, which I observe in con∣tradiction to the most learned Son of Horstius. Now that this motion proceeds not from the inbred force of the Lungs, doth hence appear, in that alwaies when the Chest is depressed, the Lungs are lifted up, being forced by the Midriff, which at that time rises a good height into the Chest; and contrarywise the Chest being lifted up, the Lungs are depressed. And because the Lungs are the Instrument of Respiration, Hence it hath these following,

Uses,

• I. According to Plato, Galen, and Abensinae, to be a soft Pillow and Cushion* 1.160 under the Heart.
• II. According to others who follow Columbus▪ to prepare and wellnigh generate the vital Spirits (which are afterwards to receive their perfection in the heart) whiles in them the blood is as it were Circulated, first boyling with the heat of the Heart, and afterwards settled by the coldness of the air.
• III. It hath more proper uses when it is Dilated, and when it is contracted.

When the Lungs are Dilated, they receive in the Air like a pair of Bellows through the Branches of the Wind-pipe.

I. To prepare Aire for the Heart, for the convenient nourishment of the* 1.161 lightful Spirit. For every quality of the Aire is not a friend to our Spirit, as is seen in such, as are kild with the smoak of Charcole, and the steam of newly whited Walls.

Helmont conceives that the Air is united to the spirit of the Heart, and that it receives a fermentation in the Heart, which accompanying the same they do both dispose the Blood to a total transpiration of it self, which is the reason why in the extremity of cold wea∣ther and at Sea, we eat more heartily, because the thinness of the Air disposes the blood to insensible transpiration. Backius is somwhat of the same mind, who conceives that by the moist and thin body of the Air, the blood is made apt to run, so as that it may be diffused into the smallest passages of the Body. Others ascribe both these effects to the abundance of Serosity in the Blood. Therefore Hippocrates saies that water is hungry; and we see that such as are given to drink, are enclined to sweat much, as also Scorbutick per∣sons.

II. To fan and cool the heat. For we see that the heat of our Bodies stands in* 1.162 need of somwhat that is cold, without which it is extinguished, as is apparent in such as stay long in very hot Baths, as the flame of a Candle in a close place, wanting Air goes out. And* 1.163 therefore the Lungs are called the Fan and cooler of the Heart, and the Fishes in the Water and other Animals that have but on Ventricle in their Hearts, are without Lungs, because they do not want such a cooling. As also Infants in the* 1.164 Womb, being fanned by their Mo∣ther, and the wide Anastomoses, have their Lungs without motion. Hence it is that having seen only the Lungs, you may judg how hot any Creature is; for Nature makes the Lungs the larger, by how much the Heart is hotter. Therefore the Lungs are not abso∣lutely necessary to Life, but serve to accommodate the Heart. For instead of Lungs a boy of Amsterdam four years old, had a little Bladder ful of a Membra∣nous wind, as Nicolas Fontanus a Physitian of that Citty doth testifie, which being guarded with very smal Veins, had its original from the Aspera Arteria or Wesand it self, whose office it is to cool the Heart. Who nevertheless died of a Consumption, because haply, his Heart was not furnished with a sufficient quantity of Air.

When the Lungs are contracted in Expiration, they do again afford us a twofold use. I. Sooty Ex∣crements do pass away through the same, being car∣ried out of the Heart with the blood, through the Vena Arteriosa. II. To make an articulate voice in Men, and an inarticulate sound in Beasts, by affor∣ding Air to frame the voice. And therefore Creatures that have no Lungs, are mute, according to Ari∣stotle.

Chap. X. Of the Lung-Pipe or Wesand.

THe Pipe or Channel of the Lungs,* 1.165 is by the Ancients called Arteria, because it contains Air: Galen and o∣thers* 1.166 call it Trachea arteria or the rough Artery, because of its unevenness, and to difference it from the smooth Arte∣ries. Lactantius terms it Spiritualis Fi∣stula, the Spirit or Air-Pipe, because the Air is brea∣thed in and out thereby, Now it is a Pipe or Chan∣nel entring into the lower part of the Lungs, with many branches, which are by Hippocrates termed Syringae and Aortae, whose head is termed Larynx, of which in the following Chapter; the rest of its Body is termed Bronchus, because it is moistened with drink. For that some part of the drink doth pass even into the Wind-pipe and* 1.167 Lungs, Hippocrates doth rightly prove by an Hog new kild, in whose Lungs matter is found just so colored as the the drink was, which he drunk imme∣diately before he was killed. And that some drink may be carried through the Wind-pipe, may be proved out of Julius Jasolinus an Anatomist of Naples, who seeking in the body of a Noble person, the Cause of his death, found his Pericardium or Heart-bag, so distended with Humor, that it being squeezed, some of the said Humor came out at his mouth.

As to its Situation: in Man-kind it* 1.168 rests upon the Gullet, for it goes down from the mouth straight along to the Lungs: and at the fourth Vertebra of the Chest, it is divided into two branches, each of which goes into the Lungs of its respective side: they are again sub∣divided into two other branches, and these again into others till at last they end into very smal twigs in the surface of the Lungs. But the branches thereof which are greater then the rest of the Vessels of the Lungs, entring into the Lungs, do go through the middle thereof, between the Vena Arteriosa which is hinder∣more, and the Arteria venosa which is before it: with which it is joyned by obscure Anastomoses, or con∣junctions of Mouths, hardly discernable by our Eye∣sight.

In Bruits tis Situate much after the same* 1.169

manner. Yet we must note that it is different in a Swan, and after a manner altogether singular. For being longer, it insinuates it self by a crooked win∣ding into a case of the Breast-bone, and soon after from the bottom of the case, it returns upwards, and having mounted the Channel-bones, it bends it self towards the Chest. But before it reaches the Lungs, tis propped by a certain boney Pipe, broad above, narrow beneath, which in a Duck is round, then it is divided into two branches, which swel in the middle, but grow smaller where they tend to the Lungs, till they enter into them.

'Tis cloathed with a double Mem∣brane: one External, another Inter∣nal.* 1.170

The External is a thin one arising from the Pleura, and sticks close to the intermediate Lingaments of the Gristles, and Ushers along the recurrent Nerves.

The Internal being furnished with straight Fibres is thicker and more solid (most of all in the Larynx, least of all in the branches of the Lungs, indifferently in the middle Pipe) to the end it may not easily be hurt by Acrimonious drinks, or other Liquors voided by Coughing, or falling down from the Head.

It arises from the Coat which compasses the Palate, and therefore is continued with the Mouth.

It is smeared with a fat Humor to hinder its being dried up by motions, loud cryings, drawing in of hot Air, going out of sharp sooty Exha∣lations, &c. And by the Supera∣boundance* 1.171 or Deficiency hereof the Voice is hurt. For in the former contracted by Di∣stillations, it becomes Hoarse; in the latter through burning Feavers, &c. It becomes squea••ing. If it overabound, we are quite Dumb and unable to speak, and the moisture being consumed our Speech returns again: which might happen in that same dumb Son of Craesus mentioned by Herodotus, and in Aegle a Samian wrastler, mentioned by Valerius Maximus, and Za∣charias Orphanus a Fool, of whom Nicolas Fontanus tels a story in his Observations.

This Coat is of exquisite sense, that it may raise it self to expel what ever is trouble-some thereun∣to.

Between these two Membranes is the proper sub∣stance of the Trachea arteria, which is partly of the nature of a Gristle, and partly of a Ligament.

[illustration]

The VIII. TABLE.

The FIGURES Ex∣plained.

This TABLE represents the Aspera Arteria, the Oeso∣phagus, the recurrent Nerves about the Arteria Magna and the Arteria Axillaris, behind

FIG I

• AA. The Muscle contracting the Oesopha∣gus.
• BBB. The Oesophagus or Gullet.
• CCC. The Aspera arteria or Wesand placed under the Throate.
• D. The Membrane between the Wesand and the Gullet.
• EEEE. The Nerves of the sixth Conjugation.
• FF. Nerves of the Tongue inserted behind.
• GG. The right recurrent Nerve, turned back to the Artery of the Shoulder.
• HH. The left recurrent Nerve about the Descendent Trunk of the Arteria Magna.
• II. A Nerve tending to the left Orifice of the Stomach and to the Diaphragma.
• KK. A Nerve descending to the Diaphrag∣ma.
• L. The jugular Arteries on each side one.
• M. The left humeral Artery.
• N. The right Humeral or Shoulder Arte∣ry.
• OO. The Arteria Magna or great Artery.
• PP. The Trunks of the Arteries descending to the Lungs.

FIG. II. This Figure shews the upper part of the Gullet with its Muscles.

• AA. The Musculi Cephalo-pharyngaei s•• called.
• BB. The Musculi Spheno-pharvngaei.
• CC. The Musculi S••••lopharyngaei.
• DD. The S••luncterd awn from the Gullet.
• E. The In••de of the Gullet.
• F. The Descending part of the Gullet.

page 120

• I. For the Voices sake: because that which makes a sound must be so∣lid.* 1.172
• II. Otherwise by reason of its soft∣ness it would alwaies fall together, and would not easily be opened in Respiration.

It was to be partly Ligamental, and not wholly of a Gristly substance: for if it* 1.173 should consist of one only Gristle, or ma∣ny circular ones,

• I. It would be evermore open, and not somtimes widen and then fall together.
• II. It would bear hard upon the Gullet, to which nevertheless, it ought to give way, especially in the swallowing down of solid meats, that the Throat or Gullet might be sufficiently widned. And so the Gri∣stles help to frame the Voice; and the Membranous Ligaments for Respiration.

The Gristles are many, round like Rings, but not exactly. For on their backside, where they touch the Gullet, a fourth part of a circle is wanting, in place whereof there is a Membranous substance.

From their shape they are termed Sigma-shap'd re∣sembling the old Greek letter C, til they are fixed in the Lungs, for then changing their Fignre, they change their name. For the Wind-Pipes do there consist of perfect Gristles, Round, four square, or Triangular, but where they are joyned to the rest of the Vessels of the Lungs they become Membra∣nous.

These Gristles are joyned together by Ligaments going between, which in Men are more fleshy, in brute Beasts more Membranous; and in men the shew like little Muscles. And the Gristles do every where keep an equal di•…•…n from another, and the higher, the •…•…ey ••hey are.

It hath Vessels ••••mmon wi•••• others. Veins from the the external Jugulars; Arteries from the Carotides; Nerves, from the Recurrent Nerves of the sixth pair.

Its Use is, I. In drawing in the Air, that by it as a Pipe, the Air may be re∣ceived* 1.174 from the Lungs, as from a pair of Bellows. Hence comes that same Wheezing in such as have the Tissick, the Pipes of the Wesand being stopped, so that the Air coming and going and not finding a free passage makes that Hissing noise.

II. In blowing the Air out, I. That through it Fuliginous Excrements may be voided at the Mouth and Nostrils. For which intent the mouths of the Vena arteriosa do so artificially joyn with the Mouths of the Aspera arteria, that there is passage only for sooty steams but not for blood, unless it come away by force and violent Coughing. In the next place, that it may help to form the voice, which it doth by expiration likewise, though some Juglers frame their Voice by inspiration only or drawing in of their Breath. And therefore Hippocrates calls it the brea∣thing and vocal Organ. A wonder therefore it is that some Men can live long in the Water like Fishes, by Nature and not by Art, if Cardan is to be believed in the second Book de Subtilitate, when he makes relation of one Calanus a Diver in Sicily, who would lie three or four hours under the Water. And how in the West-indies everywhere, such as dive for Pearl∣oysters, will lie an hour together under the Water. If they did this by some art, it were not so wonder∣ful. So the Aegyptians are most perfect divers, and exercise Robberies that way. For as appears by the Description of Nicolus Christophori Radzivilij his jour∣ney to Hierusalem, they lie lurking under the Waters, and not being content to steal on land, what ever they can catch they draw into the water, and carry it a∣way: and frequently they catch a man as he lies upon a Ships deck draw him under the water and kill and strip him of his cloathes: So that such as sail are said many times to watch all night armed, And in the same parts, aboundance of fisher men will dive under the water and catch fish with their hands, and they will come up with a fish in cach Hand and a third in their mouths. These persons doubtless, do either live only by Transpiration, as such do that have fits of the Apoplexy and the Mother; or they have Anastomo∣ses open in their Hearts, by means of which as in the Womb, the blood is freely moved▪ without any mo∣tion of the Lungs.

Chap. XI. Of the Larynx.

THe Head or beginning of this* 1.175 Lung-Pipe, is termed LARYNX, which is the voices Organ.

Tis Situate in the Neck, and that in* 1.176 the middle thereof, for it is

In Number one, that there may be only* 1.177 one voice.

Its Figure is round and almost circular;* 1.178 because it was to be hollow for the voices sake; but on the foreside it is more Extuberant, on the hinder side depressed, that it may give way to the Gullet, especially in the time of swallowing, in which while the Oesophagus is depressed, the Larynx runs back upwards, and so assists the swallowing, both by giving way and bearing down that which is to be swallowed.

Its Magnitude varies according to* 1.179 the Ages of persons. For in younger persons the Larynx is strait which* 1.180 makes their voice shril: in grown per∣sons tis wider, and therefore their voice is bigger. To which also the length or shortness of the Larynx doth contribute: and if plenty of Air or Spirit be drawn and expelled, the Voice becomes big; if little, it becomes smal.

And therefore according to Galen there are two causes of a great Voice:* 1.181 the Largeness of the Aspera arteria, and the strong blowing out of the air, and Hippocrates saies both these are caused by great hear. And there∣fore* 1.182 in his Book of the Seed, he tea∣ches us that the stones do contribute to the formation of the Voice, Hence Males when they grow of ripe years change their voice. A Guel∣ded Horse looses his neighing. A Capon leaves his crowing or crows after a weaker fashion, different from his former crowing.

The Parts of the Larynx or about the Larynx: are Gristles, Muscles, Membranes, Vessels and Kernels.

Its Muscles do first of all offer them∣selves, which move the Gristles, which* 1.183 the Larynx is possest of, that it may be moved with a voluntary motion, seeing we utter our Speech, as we please our selves.

Now the Muscles of a Mans Larynx, are but thir∣teen, four common and nine proper: though some make twenty, other eighteen, others fourteen.

[illustration]

The IX. TABLE.

The FIGURES Ex∣plained.

This TABLE Represents the Larynx, with its Mus∣cles and Gristles.

FIG. I.

• A. The Gristle cal'd Shyroides or Scutiformis, Sheild-fashioned.
• BBBB. A Pair of common Muscles called Sternothyroides.
• CC. Another pair of common Muscles called Hyothyroides.

FIG. II.

• A. The Epiglottis lying yet hid under the Scutiformis.
• B. The Scutiformis or Sheild-fashion'd Gristle.
• CC. Its Process.
• DD. Two Muscles proper to the Larynx, of which that on the left Hand is removed from its place, that the Ring-fashion •• Gristle E. may be seen.
• F. The Extuberancy of the Ring-fasho∣n'd Gristle, or Cartilago Annu∣laris.
• G. A portion of the Aspera Arteria.

FIG. III.

• AAA. The Bone Hyoides with three Ex∣tuberancies.
• B. The Epiglottis.
• CC. The Sheild-fashion'd Gristle, hollow on the Back-side.
• DD. The two Muscles cal'd Cucullares, or the hinder pair of the Cricoarythenoides so called.
• E. The hinder and Membranous part of the Aspera Arteria.
• FF. The Muscles cal'd Arytenoides, by some the ninth pair.

FIG. IV.

• A. The Concave part of Cartilago Scutiformis dilated.
• B. The third pair of proper Muscles cal'd Cricoarythe∣noides laterale.
• C. The first pair of proper Muscles.
• D. The fourth pair cal'd Thyroarythenoides inter∣num.
• EE. Insertion of the recurrent Nerve.
• FF. The hinder and Membranous part of the Aspera Arte∣ria.

FIG. V.

• AA. The Cartilago Thyroides or Scutiformis.
• BB. The inferior processes thereof.
• C. Its Concave Part.

FIG. VI.

• A. The inside of the Cartilago Annularis.
• B. Its lower and fore-side.
• C. Its hinder and upper-side.

FIG. VII.

• A. B. The Cartilago Arythenoides according to its hinder side joyned, as yet to the Annularis.
• C. The broader and Back-part of the Annularis.

FIG. VIII. IX. Shews the Gristles which constitute the Arythenoides, Sepa∣rate from the Annularis.

page 122.

The Common are those which are implanted into the Larynx, and yet* 1.184 do not arise therefrom.

The Proper have both their original* 1.185 and termination in the Larynx.

The first pair of the common, called by the Anci∣ent Sternothyroides, being lower more, arises within from the Breast-bone, its original being broad and fleshy, and going a long by the Wezand, it is inser∣ted beneath into the sides of the Sheild-fashion'd Gri∣stle.

Its Use is to straiten the Chink of the Larynx, by drawing down the Scutiformis.

The second Pair called Hyothyroides, being the up∣permore, arises from the lower side of the Os hyoides, being broad and fleshy, and touches the Scutiformis, being implanted into the Basis of the said Scutifor∣mis.

Its Use is to widen the Chink, by lifting up the Scutiformis,

Spigelius and Vestingius assign contrary offices to these: for they will have the first pair to widen and the second to straiten the Chink of the Larynx.

Others do here add a third pair, which Columbus nevertheless and Casserius do account but one Mus∣cle.

But this is rather Musculus Deglutitorius, or a Swal∣lowing muscle, because arising from the Scutiformis tis wrapped about the Gullet.

It is judged, by contracting the sides of the Scuti∣formis, to straiten the Chink: but it is no Servant to the Larynx unless by accident.

The first proper Pair, arises on the foreside, from the lowest part of the* 1.186 Scutiformis, as the Insertion of the Nerves doth shew, and ends at the Annularis. And therefore this pair may be termed Thyrocricoides; but not, as most Anatomists will have it, Cricothyroides. Some will have it to arise from the fore-side of the Cricoides, and to end into the lowest side of the Scuti∣formis. If it be broad and spred out side-waies, it may be divided into two pair, the foremore and the side pair, and so Riolanus divides it. But it is for the most part single and smal enough.

Its Use is to draw the Cartilago Annularis to the Scutiformis. (lightly, because it is almost immoveable) so that they may be joyned together, and kept in that posture. Others who differ about its original, will have it to widen the Chink or the Scutiformis.

The second Pair rises from the back side of the Annu∣laris, with a fleshy orignal, and is implanted into the lower part of the Glottalis or Arytaenoides, with a Ner∣vous end, opening the Larynx, by drawing asunder the two Gristles called Arytaenoides. And therefore they are called Par Cricoarythenoides posticum. Casserius cals them Par Cucullare.

The third pair, Cricoarythenoides laterale, arises above from the sides of the Annularis, and is inserted at the sides of the Glottalis, into the joynt, there where it is not touched by the former, and opens the Larynx, with the same oblique carriage of the Gristles.

The fourth pair, called Thyroarytenoides, being in∣ward and very broad, proceeds from the Scutiformis, viz. from its inner and fore part, and from the Cri∣coides likewise, as Riolanus suspects, and ends into the sides of the Glottalis, or the Arytaenoides, which while it contracts and draws to the Thyroides, it shuts the Larynx, by a straight passage. When this pair is in∣flamed in a Sq•…•…ie, it makes the Disease deadly, because it exactly shurs the Chink.

The ninth Muscle, which others term Quintum par Arytenoides, arises from the hinder line of the Guttalis, and being carried along with transverse Fibres, it is inserted into the sides thereof, shutting the Larynx, while it straitens the Cartilago Arytaenoides.

For it is to be noted, that all the proper Muscles of the Larynx, are ordained either to contract or widen the Chink, which that it may be the more conveni∣ently accomplished, some of them widen and strai∣ten the Thyroides, others the Arytaenoides, which Gristles do compass the Chink, which being drawn in, or widenest, the Chink is withal made narrower or wider. Whence it appears, that I have not unskillfully pro∣pounded the Muscles of the Larynx, as Riolanus up∣braides me.

The Epiglottis in Mankind has no Muscle; for it is not voluntarily moved in Men, as some vainly per∣swade themselves; but is only depressed by the weight of such things as are swallowed.

But in brute Beasts, the Epiglottis hath Muscles, be∣cause they are continually eating, and chewing the Cud, and they have a very great Epiglottis. And in them some Muscles arise from the Hyoides, and are im∣planted into the Basis of the Epiglottis, which they lift up; (and this pair Vesalius reckons to be the fift common pair) and others are seated between the Coat of the Epiglottis and the Cartilage, shutting the same.

The Gristles of the Larynx are five:* 1.187 which in elderly persons do somtimes attain a boney hardness; by means whereof, some have scaped the danger of suffocation, when they hung upon the Gallows.

The first Gristle is termed Cartilago Thuroides, or Scutiformis, Scutalis, Clypealis, Peltalis, &c. from its shape; because it resembles a sheild, being in a man∣ner four-square, hollow within, Bossie and bunching without, but more in Men then in Women: because their Necks are made even, for beauties sake, by those Kernels placed by the Larynx. That same bunch which is seen on the fore∣side* 1.188 of the Nec•…•…s called Adams Ap∣ple, because 〈…〉〈…〉 common people have a beleife, that by the judgment of God, a part of that fatal Apple, abode stick∣ing in Adams Thro••••, and is so com∣municated to his posterit••. It is distinguished in the middle with a line, and therefore some have made it double, whereas in truth it is very rarely found other∣wise then single.

In its Corners it hath processes, above two long ones, wherewith by help of a Li•…•…ment, it is joyned to the lower sides of Os hyoides; and beneath two likewise, by which tis j•…•…d to the following Gristle.

The second is the Cricoeides or Annularis, because it is round like a Ring, and compasses the whole La∣rynx. Now it resembles the Turkes Ring, where∣with they Arm their Thumbs when they shoot, for the hinder part is broad and very thick. The fore part is straiter and drawn in like one of our Rings. Tis vulgarly termed Innominata, or the nameless Gristle, because the ancients gave it no name. Tis the Basis of the rest of the Gristles, by help whereof they are joyned to the Aspera Artera, and therefore it is im∣moveable.

The third and fourth, which others count for one, when the Membrane is taken of appears to be dou∣ble. Tis called Arutainoeides, Guttalis, by reason of its resembling the spout of an Ewer, whereout the Wa∣ter is poured, if the two processes of the upper part are considered, which being joyned together do make up that little Chink which modulates the voice, which others term •…•…gula, Parva Lingua, or Glottis, the 〈…〉〈…〉 Tongue, for the voice* 1.189 cannot be 〈…〉〈…〉 through a narrow passage. This rests upon the upper and hinder side of the Cricoides, in the Cavity of the Thyroides.

In this place is to be observed a certain Hollowness, which is formed between the Guttalis and the Scutalis, by the Membranes which gather up the Cartilages; into which if peradventure while one is speaking or laughing, and the Epiglottis is open, a cru•••• of bread or a drop of drink do happen to fall, it causes Cough∣ing, because it goes against the Course of the wind. But if any thing slide leasurely down the Chink, by the Walls of the Larynx, it hinders not the wind, and so causes no Coughing.

The fift is termed Epiglottis, which co∣vers and shuts the Chink, least an consi∣derable* 1.190 quantity of meat or drink should fall into the Wesand, but that the Epiglottis being shur, they might pass down the Gullet. But it is not exact∣ly shut, so that some smal quantity of drink may slip down the sides. For when we say that drink passes

not into the Wesand and the Lungs, it is to be under∣stood of the greatest part; for that some is carried thither, I have shewed you before. And therefore in Diseases of the Chest, we prescribe Electuaries and Lozenges, which are to be held in the patients mouth, his Head leaning backwards, till they melt away, that some portion of them may slip in by the Walls of the Wesand. Tis opened when we Laugh, and therefore Men must be careful that the•• do not Laugh when they are supping of broath 〈…〉〈…〉 the like. Also let such as are greedy eaters take •…•…eah, any meat get between the Epiglottis and the 〈…〉〈…〉 whence im∣mediately suffocation follows, as I have se•••• in a yong man of Hafnia, who was suddainly choaked by a peice of Neats-tongue weighing an ounce and an halt, gree∣dily eaten.

Now the Substance of the Epiglottis is soft, and its Shape resembles a Tongue, or an I vie leaf, according to Hippocrates. And on either side a Membrane is fa∣stend to the common mouth; such an one as that which being daubed with a clammy Humor, doth compass the inner Cavity of the Larynx, and the out∣side thereof is likewise covered thereby.

As for Vessels.* 1.191

The Larynx hath Veins from the inter∣nal Jugular.

It hath Arteries from the larger branch of the Caro∣tides.

It hath Nerves which Galen terms Vocales, for the motion of the Muscles, from the recurrent branch of the sixt pair.

Two parcels of Kernels attend the same.* 1.192

One Parcel at the upper part of the La∣rynx, viz. at the sides of the Uvula 〈…〉〈…〉 Gargareon which are called Tonsilla or Amyg•…•… also Paris∣thima and Antiades the Almonds of the Ears: which being Spongy (on each side one) ••o 〈…〉〈…〉 the moi∣sture of the Brain, t•••••• it into Spittle and therewith m••••sten the Throat, Larynx,* 1.193 Tongue and Oesophagus; though it helps also our Tasting, which cannot be performed without moisture. These Kernels are about the Root of the Tongue, and are covered with the common Coat of the Mouth, and receive Veins from the Jugu∣lars.

They have placed by them two little white Bladder∣keys, which receive ••ero••ity out of the Kernels, and void forth into the Mouth. Riolanus doth acknowledg no such in a Man, but Sustitutes in their stead Ligamen∣tal Membranes, stretched out from the Uvula to the Almonds.

Others stand by the lowerside of the Larynx, on each side one, at the sides of Cricoides and of the first ring of the Wesand, being great and spongy, through which Veins are spred, from the Jugularis externa. In Women it is more Perspicuous; in a Man and in an Ox, more fleshy and red.

The Use is, to bedew the Larynx, with a clammy and fat, but not fluid moisture, that the Gristles may be more fit for motion, and the voice may be made swee∣ter: which is imitated by those who anoint their pipes with Oyl.

The Use of the Larynx is to be the Organ of the Voice.

For the Organs of the Voice are either Remote or Im∣mediate.

The Remote are the Chest and the Lungs, without the Assistance of the Heart; for if the four Vessels of the Heart should be tied, and the Heart cut off, yet a Dog can both run and bark, as besides later Authors, Galen did often experiment: and the illustrious Sr. Francis Bacon, in his History of Life and Death, Article 15. tels of an unbowelled Man, who after his Heart was taken out, uttered three or four words of his Prayers.

The Immediate are either preparatory, as the Tra∣chea; or assistant as the Muscles and Nerves; or con∣servatory, as the Mouth and Throat. But the most principal part is the Larynx: and that part thereof termed Glottis is the next and adequate Organ of the Voice.

Now the Voice is made after this* 1.194 ma••••er: the Air is suddenly and strongly blown out by the Lungs, and the Chink is moderately straitned, where by the smi∣ting of the Air the Voice is made, as we perceive the wind to whistle through the Chink of a Dore. And therefore Aristotle cals the Voice a smiting of the Air; understanding, in a causal way of expression, the Acton for the quality springing therefrom. And if the breath go out, the Organ being wide o∣pen, it causes a Sig••.* 1.195

And therefore, that noise which Animals make cannot properly be termed a voice, they wan∣ting this Organ; as the noise which some sishes make, the croaking of Frogs, and the ••re••king of Grass-hop∣pers. Aristotle tels us that the croaking of a Frog is made, when the Lip of the lower Jaw being equally let down, and a little water being in their Throats' the upper Jaw which remains immoveable, is so for∣cibly bent, that their Eyes seem to sparkle. But, it is evident, that a Frog hath Lungs, and a Chink in stead of a Larynx. And therefore the Voice is an Animal sound, made by the Glottis through* 1.196 smiting the Air as it is breathed in and out, being produced to signifie the Conceptions of the Mind. And therefore Voice is only in living Creatures, nor is every sound in them a Voice, but that which is made in the Glottis; not Coughing, nor hawking, If any Fishes make a noise, it is by their Gills or some such thing, but not by their Mouths. Creatures without Blood and Insects, as Bees Waspes, Locusts and the like, utter no Voice, but as Aristotle rightly observes in his fourth Book de Historia Animalium, they make a noise which pro∣ceeds from their Back, as for example sake, a Grass∣hopper makes a noise, by rubbing its wings one a∣gainst another; For in these insects there is contained a certain Spirit and Air, in a Membrane beneath the Septum Transversum. Others will have it that in∣sects make such noises by beating the Air after sundry manners with their wings.

The Differences of Voices are infinite,* 1.197 which are made, 1. By the Figurati∣on of the Mouth. 2. By the different Percussion and Modulation of the Air, as we see in Pipes. 3. From the largeness and other qualities of the Instruments, viz. the Larynx, Wesand, Lungs and Chest. 4. According as the Voice comes to the Ear, intire or mangled. And besides these differences, every particular Beast hath a voice of its own, which the Brutes themselves can accurately distinguish, having herein a better hearing then Men. For a Lamb newly brought forth, knows its Mothers bleating among a thousand Sheep, and the Ew likewise knows the bleating of her own Lamb from all others. Which is also true of Henns and Chickens. For the same voice never happens, because the Instruments do never agree in all things: even as

Bells made of the same matter, the same weight, the same form, and by the same workman, do neverthe∣less alwayes differ in sound.

The Parts of the Voice or Speech, are* 1.198 Vowels and Consonants. We repre∣sent the Vowels only by five Letters, because the root of the Tongue is only moved by so many motions. But when a Vowel is further cut and modified, in the fore part of the Tongue, by the Lips and Teeth, it becomes a conso∣nant, which therefore cannot be uttered without a Vowel, because that is its matter, seeing it arises only from a Vowel modified and cut: just as from the confused sound of a Pipe, an Articulate and Harmo∣nious sound is made, when after a certain Method, the sounding Air is again stopped and cut by the Fin∣gers.

Chap. XII. Of the OESO∣PHAGUS or Gullet.

THe OESOPHAGUS which some term Gula, others stomachus, and Coelius Aurelianus Via stomachi and Ventris the way of the Stomach and Belly, in Eng∣lish the Gullet, is the Pipe or Funnel of the Stomach, as the Wesand is the Pipe of the Lungs.

'Tis so Scituate, as that it begins in the Throat, where it is termed Pharynx,* 1.199 and from thence goes down right for∣ward, under the Wesand, into the Stomach. And when it is come as far as to the fift Vertebra of the Chest, giving way to the Aorta, which passes through the middle thereof, it bends to the right Hand; after∣wards it rises again to the left great Artery, and at the eleventh Vertebra, through the Diaphragma or Mid∣riff it enters the left mouth of the Stomach, accompa∣nied by two Nerves arising from the sixt pair.

It hath a few Veins from the Cava, the Azygos, Intercostal and Jugular* 1.200 Veins.

It hath Arteries from the Intercostal Arteries, and the internal Carotides.

And Nerves from the sixth pair.

Its Connexion is, at the beginning with the Jawes and Larynx, by the Coat of* 1.201 the Mouth, which is common to it and the Stomach. To the Vertebrae, the Trachea and neighbouring parts 'tis joyned by Membranes arising out of the Ligaments of the Back. And because it lies upon the Spina* 1.202 or Back-bone, therefore when it is Diseased, we apply external reme∣dies to the Back-bone.

A Glandulous Body grows to the hinder part of it, which affords* 1.203 moisture, to wet the Cavity there∣of, the better to assist the swallowing of things. And somtimes it swels so much, as to hinder the swallowing of all liquid meats and drink.

Its Substance consists of a triple Coat, that it might more easily be stretched* 1.204 long-wayes and broad-wayes.

The first is common with the Stomach. This some will have to arise from the Ligaments of the Vertebra's, others from the Pleura, who are therein both mistaken. For it hath its rise, there where the Membrane of the Stomach arises, viz. from the Peri∣tonaeum, for it is one continued Body with the Mem∣brane of the Stomach, it is exceeding thin and in a manner destitute of all Fibres.

The second is the first Proper one, the external being more fleshy, thicker and softer, then the other; being as it were a Muscle bored through, being commonly reputed to be interwoven with round and transverse Fibres. Also Hofman doth thereby prove it to be a Muscle, because it suffers Convulsions and Pal∣sies.

The third is the second Proper one, internal, more Nervous, somwhat subtile and harder, being com∣monly said to be interwoven with streight and long Fibres. It is contained with that Membrane which covers the Palate, Throat and Lips, and therefore when a Man is ready to vomit, his lower Lip trem∣bles.

Howbeit, contrary to the vulgar opinion aforesaid, our Eyes can witness, that the inner Coat is furnished with transverse and circular Fibres, the external with straight and longish ones.

The Muscles of the Gullet which other* 1.205 have passed over in silence, are four.

The first, is the same I spoke of before, trea∣ting de Larynge. It is only one like a Sphincter Mus∣cle compassing the Gullet. And therefore Riolanus, Spigelius, and Ves••ingus term it Musculus Oesophagus, being the Authors of that name.

The second, is the Sphaenopharyngaeus by them so called, arising from the internal acute process of the Sphaenoides, and being obliquely implanted into the sides of the Oesophagus, that it being drawn upwards and widened, it may be the more wide to receive in meat.

The third is Stylopharyngaeus, which arising from the Bodkin-shap'd acute process, is stretched out to the sides of Oesophagus; which both Dilates and Ampli∣fies.

The fourth, is Cephalo-pharyngaeus, commonly said to arise from the Chin, but according to late Authors, from the lowest part of the Heads-top where it is nearest the Neck; and is inserted with a various contex∣ture of Fibres into the beginning of the Oesophagus, where it is larger: and therefore because of its Latitude and Fabrick, it seems to be two.

The Action therefore of the Oeso∣phagus* 1.206 is Animal; seeing it is per∣formed by Muscles and not natural, as the vulgar opinion is of all Au∣thors, and swallowing doth doubt∣less depend upon our free will and liberty.

Now swallowing is performed after this manner: when any thing is to be swallowed, that same first Mus∣cle which Galen terms Sphincter doth every way con∣tract it self, whereupon its oblique Fibres, which reach from the Oesophagus to the Larynx, are made trans∣verse, which being done, the Larynx is lifted up, and the Gullet is depressed; and the Cavity of the Gullet so depressed, is made more narrow. Hereunto the fourth Muscle is assistant. For as the first being con∣tracted, embraces the meat which by chewing is brought into a round Mass, and so bears it down: so this fourth Muscle also contracting it self, comes out as it were to help, and that the meats received in at the Mouth may not go back, it straitens and repels them on every side, and transmits them into the Gul∣let, so that by both these Muscles contracted, and the Semicircular joyned therewith a perfect circle as it were and Sphincter is made, viz. by the fourth in the upper part of the Pharynx, and by the first in the lower.

The Use of the Gullet is, that by it as by a Funnel, meat and drink may be passed into the Stomach. And liquid things are indeed more easily swallowed then solid; contrarywise in* 1.207 some sick persons solid meats are more readily swallowed then liquid, because the faculty is more provoked by a stron∣ger object, being otherwise lulled a sleep as it were; especially in the Palsie.

Chap. XIII. Of the Neck.

AN Appendix or Appurtenance to the* 1.208 middle Belly. is the NECK, as a medi∣um between the Head and the Chest.

'Tis termed Collum a Colendo, because it is wont to be adorned: or a Colle* 1.209 from an Hillock, for it arises out of the Body, as an Hill out of the rest of the Earth.

'Tis oblong for the modulation of the* 1.210 Voice; and therefore Animals which utter no true Voice, as Fishes and Frogs, have no Necks: and those which make the greatest Voice, have the longest Necks, as Cranes and Geese, &c. By the use of Venery the thickness of the Neck is altered, because heat distends the Aspera Arteria, the Carotides, and the Jugular Veins. Whence it was an ordinary Practice among the Romans to measure the Brides Neck the day after the Wedding, by which they knew whether she were a Virgin or Corrupted, as we learn out of Catullus and Mercurialis.

The hinder part of the Neck is proper∣ly termed Cervix. Now the parts of the* 1.211 Neck are either external, as the Skin, Muscles, &c. or internal; as the Vessels which run through the Trachea and Oesophagus: of the latter I have spoken, of the rest I shall speak in their proper places.

The Use of the Neck is, 1. For the Oeso∣phagus, Wesand, and Lungs. Hence Crea∣tures* 1.212 that have no Lungs, as Fishes, have no Necks. 2. To be instead of an Hand to some Creatures, to take their meat with, according to Ga∣len. 3. That it may afford Nerves to the fore-parts, the Shoulder, Cubit, Hand, Midriff; for those crea∣tures only have these parts who have Necks.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The middle Venter what it is.
• * 1.2

  Hypocra∣tes and Ari∣stotle.
• * 1.3

  Its Figure.
• * 1.4

  Magnitude.
• * 1.5

  Substance.
• * 1.6

  Its Use.
• * 1.7

  Its Parts.
• * 1.8

  Common.
• * 1.9

  The Use of the hair un∣der the arm∣pits.
• * 1.10

  Why there is little Fat in the Chest.
• * 1.11

  The proper Parts.
• * 1.12

  See Tab. XXV. Lib. I.
• * 1.13

  Why the Dugs in Mankind are seated in the Breast.
• * 1.14

  Number of the Dugs
• * 1.15

  Magnitude.
• * 1.16

  The difference of the Dugs in men and wo∣men.
• * 1.17

  Their Shape.
• * 1.18

  Their Parts.
• * 1.19

  How the Nipples come to have so exquisite Sense.
• * 1.20

  The Dug.
• * 1.21

  The Venae Mammariae.
• * 1.22

  Why Milk is bred af∣ter the child is born.
• * 1.23

  Their Arteries.
• * 1.24

  The matter of Milk is not Blood as Martianus holds.
• * 1.25

  But arises from the Stomach & the Chyle.
• * 1.26

  The said O∣pinion refu∣ced.
• * 1.27

  And the Ar∣gument of Martianus and others are answered▪
• * 1.28

  Their Nerves.
• * 1.29

  Their Pipes.
• * 1.30

  The use of the Dugs.
• * 1.31

  The Efficient cause of Milk.
• * 1.32

  Milk may breed in Virgins, Men, Women not with Child, &c.
• * 1.33

  See the Figure of the follow∣ing Chapter.
• * 1.34

  Their Number.
• * 1.35

  The Error of others.
• * 1.36

  Their use.
• * 1.37

  The Diaphrag∣ma or Midriff, why so called.
• * 1.38

  What it is?
• * 1.39

  Its Situation.
• * 1.40

  Its Figure.
• * 1.41

  Its Num∣ber.
• * 1.42

  Magni∣tude.
• * 1.43

  An Head and Tail in the Midriff.
• * 1.44

  Its substance.
• * 1.45

  Its Membrane.
• * 1.46

  Its Holes.
• * 1.47

  Vessels.
• * 1.48

  Sardonian Laughter▪
• * 1.49

  Use.
• * 1.50

  How the motion of the Diaphragma is performed.
• * 1.51

  What the Pleu∣ra is, and its O∣riginal.
• * 1.52

  Its Thickness.
• * 1.53

  The place of the matter which causes a Pleu∣risie.
• * 1.54

  Its Holes.
• * 1.55

  Its substance.
• * 1.56

  Vessels.
• * 1.57

  The use of the Mediastinum
• * 1.58

  The Thymus what it is?
• * 1.59

  The Pericar∣dium. See Tab. 3. of Book 2.
• * 1.60

  Its Original.
• * 1.61

  Its Holes.
• * 1.62

  Situation.
• * 1.63

  Its Connexion.
• * 1.64

  Its Surface.
• * 1.65

  Its Substance.
• * 1.66

  Its Vessels.
• * 1.67

  Its Use.
• * 1.68

  Whether all Live-Wights have this wherish Liquor in their Heart-bags.
• * 1.69

  Why more plen∣tiful in dead Bodies.
• * 1.70

  Whence the liquor in the Heart-bag proceeds? The first Opini∣on.
• * 1.71

  Its Use.
• * 1.72

  Why the Heart •••• in the middest of the Body.
• * 1.73

  A vulgar Error that the Heart is in the left side.
• * 1.74

  Why the point of the Heart enclines to the left side.
• * 1.75

  Who have the greatest Hearts.
• * 1.76

  Connexion.
• * 1.77

  Why the Sub∣stance of the Heart is so thick.
• * 1.78

  Its Coat.
• * 1.79

  Whether Fat is found about the Heart?
• * 1.80

  The Coronary Vein of the Heart.
• * 1.81

  An Error of Fallopius.
• * 1.82

  Whether the Heart be a Muscle?
• * 1.83

  The Error of Averroes.
• * 1.84

  An Hairy Breast what it signifies?
• * 1.85

  An Hairy Heart what it signifie••?
• * 1.86

  Whether the Heart doe perfect the Blood.
• * 1.87

  What things are requisite to perfect the Blood?
• * 1.88

  In which Ventricle the Blood is perfect∣ed.
• * 1.89

  What the Pulse is.
• * 1.90

  Its Parts.
• * 1.91

  The Heart takes in Blood in the Diastole.
• * 1.92

  The Quantity of blood in the Heart.
• * 1.93

  The form of the Heart in the Systole.
• * 1.94

  The shape of the Heart in the Diastole.
• * 1.95

  The next Effi∣cient Cause of the motion of the Heart.
• * 1.96

  Whether there be a pulsifick Faculty.
• * 1.97

  Remote Causes of the motion of the Heart.
• * 1.98

  The Earlets of the Heart why so cal∣led?
• * 1.99

  What pulses first in an Eg.
• * 1.100

  Their Situation.
• * 1.101

  Number.
• * 1.102

  Substance.
• * 1.103

  Their Surface.
• * 1.104

  See Tab. IV. of Book II.
• * 1.105

  Their Colour.
• * 1.106

  Their Motion.
• * 1.107

  Their use.
• * 1.108

  The Ventricles of the Heart. Aristotles Er∣ror.
• * 1.109

  Fleshy Pillars in the Ventri∣cles of the Heart.
• * 1.110

  Things preter∣natural found in the Heart.
• * 1.111

  A Bone in the Heart.
• * 1.112

  The right Ventricle.
• * 1.113

  The left Ven∣tricle.
• * 1.114

  Manifest Pores in the Septum of the Heart.
• * 1.115

  Whether the Blood pass through the partition of the Heart?
• * 1.116

  Vessels of the Heart.
• * 1.117

  Vena Cava.
• * 1.118

  Its treble poin∣ted Valves.
• * 1.119

  The Vena Arteriosa, why called a Vein?
• * 1.120

  Why call'd an Artery?
• * 1.121

  Its Original and Progress.
• * 1.122

  Its Use.
• * 1.123

  The Sigma-fashioned Valves.
• * 1.124

  The Arteria venosa, why an Arterie?
• * 1.125

  Why a vein.
• * 1.126

  Whether Air enters into the Heart?
• * 1.127

  The Mitre∣shap'd Valves.
• * 1.128

  The Arteria Magna.
• * 1.129

  Its Use.
• * 1.130

  Its Valves.
• * 1.131

  In the Child in the Womb.
• * 1.132

  The Union of the Vessels of the Heart.
• * 1.133

  Its various Uses.
• * 1.134

  The use of the lit∣tle Membrane.
• * 1.135

  'Tis shut after the Birth.
• * 1.136

  By a Chanel or Pipe.
• * 1.137

  Which is dried up.
• * 1.138

  Its use.
• * 1.139

  The Reason of their Name.
• * 1.140

  Their Situ∣ation.
• * 1.141

  Division.
• * 1.142

  Into Lobes.
• * 1.143

  Their Figure.
• * 1.144

  Their Colour.
• * 1.145

  Connexion.
• * 1.146

  A certain Cause of long lasting Short-winded∣ness.
• * 1.147

  The Substance.
• * 1.148

  Membrane.
• * 1.149

  The Vessels.
• * 1.150

  Why the Lungs ••at•• so great Vessels?
• * 1.151

  See Tab. 4. of Book 2.
• * 1.152

  How Circulati∣on is caused in the Lungs.
• * 1.153

  Contrary objecti∣ons answered.
• * 1.154

  Why Ulcers of the Lungs are without pain.
• * 1.155

  Whence the mo∣tion of the Lungs proceeds.
• * 1.156

  Aristotles Error.
• * 1.157

  The Opinion of Falcobur∣gius.
• * 1.158

  The motion of the Lungs is proved to arise from the Chest.
• * 1.159

  An Observa∣tion in live Anatomies.
• * 1.160

  Its Use.
• * 1.161

  All kind of Air is not a friend to mans Spirit.
• * 1.162

  Our heat doth want a Cooler.
• * 1.163

  Why Fishes need no Lungs.
• * 1.164

  The Lungs of Children in the Womb move not.
• * 1.165

  The Wesand.
• * 1.166

  Why call'd Trachea or Aspera Arte∣ria?
• * 1.167

  Whether any part of our drink doth pass into the Wesand and Lungs.
• * 1.168

  Its Situation in Man-kind.
• * 1.169

  In a Swan.
• * 1.170

  Its Membranes.
• * 1.171

  The Voice hurt.
• * 1.172

  Why the We∣fand is in part Gristly?
• * 1.173

  Why in part Liga∣mental.
• * 1.174

  The Use of the Wesand.
• * 1.175

  The Larynx.
• * 1.176

  Its Situation.
• * 1.177

  Number.
• * 1.178

  Shape.
• * 1.179

  Magnitude.
• * 1.180

  How the voice becomes shril, or big?
• * 1.181

  What the Cau∣ses are of a great Voice?
• * 1.182

  How the Voice comes to change.
• * 1.183

  Its Muscles.
• * 1.184

  The Common.
• * 1.185

  The Proper.
• * 1.186

  The Proper.
• * 1.187

  Its Gristles.
• * 1.188

  Adams Apple is more bun∣ching out in Men then in Women.
• * 1.189

  The Glottis.
• * 1.190

  Epiglottis.
• * 1.191

  Vessels
• * 1.192

  Kernels.
• * 1.193

  Spittle
• * 1.194

  How the Voice is made?
• * 1.195

  Sig••ing.
• * 1.196

  What is properly a Voice?
• * 1.197

  The differences of Voices, or Speeches.
• * 1.198

  Parts of Voice or Speech.
• * 1.199

  Its Scituation.
• * 1.200

  Its Vessels.
• * 1.201

  Connexion.
• * 1.202

  When the Gullet is diseased, Medi∣caments are appli∣ed to the Back.
• * 1.203

  Its Kernels.
• * 1.204

  Substance.
• * 1.205

  Muscles.
• * 1.206

  Whether Swallo∣wing be a Natu∣ral or Animal Action?
• * 1.207

  Why som∣times solid meats are more easily swallowed then liquid.
• * 1.208

  The Neck.
• * 1.209

  Why call'd Collum.
• * 1.210

  Its Magni∣tude.
• * 1.211

  Its Parts.
• * 1.212

  Its Use.