Bartholinus anatomy made from the precepts of his father, and from the observations of all modern anatomists, together with his own ... / published by Nich. Culpeper and Abdiah Cole.

Chap. I. Of the Dugs.

ACcording to our Anatomical Method,* 1.1 the first Parts in the Chest which we dissect, as soon as we have done with the lower Belly, are the Dugs. Now we shall treat of the Dugs of Women, casting in between while, wherein those of Men differ therefrom.

The Scituation of the Dugs, is in the middle of the Brest, above the Pecto∣ral* 1.2 Muscle, which draws to the Shoul∣der. 1. Because of the nearness of the Heart, from whence they receive heat. 2. For Comeliness sake. 3. For the more convenient giving of suck: because the Infant cannot presently walk after the manner of Brutes, but being embraced in his Mothers Arms, it is applied to the Dugs. No other Creatures have Dugs in their Breasts saving the Apes, who hold their young ones in their Arms likewise. Laurentius tells us the Elephant does the like, and Riolanus sayes as much of the Bat or Flitter-mouse. Some great Sea-fishes of the Whale-kind have Dugs on their Brests, full of Milk, as we lately observed in a Whale that came out of Norwey.

They are two in Number: not because of Twins; but that one being hurt, the* 1.3 other might supply its Office. Howbeit Varro reports, that Sows will have so ma∣ny Pigs as they have teats. Walaeus in a certain wo∣man observed three Dugs, two on the left side of her Brest, and one on the right. And Cabrolius observed in a certain woman four Dugs, on each side two.

As to their Magnitude. In Girls new born, there is only a Print or Mark visi∣ble* 1.4 on the brest, and afterwards by little and little it swells, and in little wenches hardly any thing appears beside the teats, untill by degrees they grow to the bigness and shape of Apples; and when they are raised two fingers high, their Courses begin to flow. In old women they wither away, so that no∣thing appears but the Nipples, the Fat and Kernels be∣ing consumed.

In women they swel more, and in women with child the last moneths, they are more and more encreased.

In men they do not rise so high as in women, because ordinarily they were* 1.5 not to breed milk [yet because of the equality of the kind, it was convenient that men should have them as well as women.] And therefore in men, the Dugs are commonly without Kernels: yet in burly people, the Fat which is under them raised the breasts. In the Kingdom of Sengea, the Dugs of women hang as low as their Bellies; and in the Isle of Arnabo, 'tis said they turn them over their shoulders to their backs, and there suckle their children.

Their Shape is roundish. They repre∣sent as it were an half Globe. And in* 1.6 some because of their over-great weight they hang down.

The Dug is divided into the Nipple* 1.7 and the Dug it self. For in the middle of the Dug there is to be seen a peculiar Substance, which,

Is called Papilla, the Teat or Nip∣ple, being spungy, like the Nut of a* 1.8 Mans Yard, and therefore it will fall and rise when it is suckt or handled. For it hath an excellent and exquisite Sense of feeling, because it is as it were the Centre, into which the ends of the Nerves▪ Veins, and Arteries do meet. Which is apparent from the Delicacy of its Sense, and the redness of its color, a sure token of Blood brought in by the Arteries, by reason of the Concourse whereof, Chyrurgeons do judg Cancers and other Tumors about the Nipple perni∣cious.

Riolanus believes that the Skin is doubled, and as it were compressed: but the doubling would make it thicker. But the Skin is exceeding tender, easily rub∣bed off, and apt to be pained when the Child sucks ve∣ry freely. Only in old women it grows thick. Not is the Nipple any other where made of the Skin strait∣ned or folded.

If the Nipples turn upwards, a Male child is in the Mothers womb, if downwards a Girl according to the Tradition of Hypocrates, which hath not been as yet ratified by the confession of women with child.

As to Number, there is one Nipple on each Dug. Hollerius saw two Nipples upon one Dug, which both yielded Milk.

Their Colour in Virgins is red, in such as give suck it enclines to black and blew, and in them also they are more sticking out, by reason of the Infants sucking; in such as are past Child-bearing, the Nipples are of a black color.

They have a Circle round about them which is called Areola the little Parsley-bed, in Virgins pale and knot∣ty, in such as are with child and give suck, brown, in old women black.

'Tis bored through the middle, with very small holes for the Milk to pass through: For

The Use of the Nipple is to be instead of a Pipe or Funnel, to put into the Mouth of the Infant, whereout it may suck the Milk: Secondly, to serve for a plea∣sing Titillation, whereby Mothers and Nurses are en∣ticed the more willingly, and with a certain Sense of pleasure to give their children suck.

The Dugs do inwardly consist of a Mem∣brane,* 1.9 Vessels, Kernels, or rather kernel∣lish Bodies, and Fat: though the two last do chiefly make up the Dugs; the Kernels and Fat lye concealed between the Membrane and the Skin.

Now the fleshy Membrane does fasten the kernellish Substance which it compasses, unto the Muscles which lye thereunder.

The Kernels are many: In Virgins more hard, in old women consumed, in such as are with child and give suck, more swelling and pappie. Yet there is one great one, just under the Nipple, which the other lesser ones do compass about, and infinite textures of Vessels lye between them. Riolanus hath observed a womans Dug to consist of one continued Kernel, and not of many, the contrary whereto we see in scirrhous and cancerous Tumors.

The Use thereof is, to turn Blood into Milk. And the use of the fat of the Dug is to encrease heat, and to make the Dug of an even round shape. And therefore such as have the Fat consumed by some Disease or old Age, they hang ill favoredly like empty Bladders, and are unfit to make Milk.

The Vessels. The Dugs receive their Skin and ex∣ternal Veins from the Axillary, which are called the Thoracicae Superiores, the upper Chest-veins, which in wo∣men with child and such as give suck, are often black and blew visible. They receive other internal Veins, brought thither a long way, that the Blood might be the longer therein wrought, which are termed Mam∣mariae

Venae or Dug-veins, which descend* 1.10 on each side one, from the Trunk of the Axillary Vein, under the Brest-bone, to the Glandules or Kernels of the Dugs. These are met by other ascendent Veins, by the right Muscles, of which before: and therefore the Infant being born, the Blood is carried no lon∣ger* 1.11 to the womb, but to the Dugs, and is turned into Milk. And hence it is that women which give suck, have seldom their Courses. Hence also, when the Children suck over-much, Blood comes out at the nip∣ples. Yea, it hath been observed that a womans cour∣ses have come away through her Dugs, and Milk by her womb; howbeit, this is a rare chance.

But the Matter of Milk, be it what it will, cannot according to the Principles of the Bloods Circulation, be carried by the Veins to the Dugs. The Venae mam∣mariae or Dug-veins, do only carry back what remains superfluous, after the Child is nourished, and Milk made. Moreover, they are seldome joyned with the Epigastrick Veins, and they are too few and small, a∣lone to carry so much blood from the womb, as may suffice a Child that is a liberal Sucker.

Their Arteries proceed from the up∣per Trunk of the great Artery: and* 1.12 from the Subclavian branches, which are joyned after the same manner with the Epigastrick Arteries, as was said of the Veins. The Th racicae Ar∣teriae or Chest arteries, so plentifully and evidently, that in cancerous Tumors of the Dugs, a woman hath bled to death by them, of which case I remember some Examples. Hence it seems more likely, blood is car∣ried to the Dugs to make Milk, which blood being consumed in fat and elderly women they are therefore none of the best Nurses. Hence it is that women which give suck, receive great damage by loosing their blood; contrariwise they are advantaged, by what∣ever may draw and provoke their blood to their Dugs, as by rubbing them, &c.

Now Prosper Martianus and Petrus Ca∣stellus do maintain out of Hypocrates, that* 1.13 the matter of Milk is twofold, viz. Blood and Chyle: and that the greatest part of the matter thereof, is pressed out of Meats and Drinks, not yet digested in the Sto∣mach, into the Dugs, by the Child swel∣ling in the womb, and after the Child is born, by the passages made wide by sucking: and that another small part is made of blood ascending from the womb, which is rather to be reckoned as an Efficient cause, by reason of its Heat, then of a Material cause.

That Blood alone is not the matter of Milk, besides the Authority of Hypocrates, they prove, because

• 1. Otherwise it were impossible that a woman should live, voiding two pounds of blood every day, in the form of Milk.
• 2. When a woman gives suck, her Courses flow, which in the first moneths of her going with child, are suppressed.
• 3. When a woman left breeding Milk, she would fall into a dangerous Pl••thory, or fulness of Blood.
• 4. There would be no Child-bed Purgations at all, the Milk being so violently carried into the Dugs, the second day after Child-birth, that it causes a Feaver.
• 5. Nature would then have framed greater Vessels from the womb unto the Dugs.
• 6. The Milk would not retain the smell, and vertue or operation of the Meats eaten, because these things are changed in the blood.
• 7 The Blood collected into the Dugs, does breed Madness. Aphor. 40. Sect. 5.

But that it depends upon the Sto∣mach* 1.14 and the Chyle, these following Reasons evince.

• 1. The force and efficacy of Purga∣tives, is after some hours violently carried into the Dugs, as divers Experiments do teach. Yea and our Country-women, when children that have the cough, suck at their breasts, they drink pectoral Decoctions, and believe that the sucking child does presently draw them.
• 2. If a Nurse do swallow an hair in her meat and drink; it comes into her Dugs according to Aristotle, and sticking in the Nipples, it causes the Disease Tri∣chiasis or Hair in the Nipple.
• 3. A branch of Cichory according to the Observati∣on of Martianus, hath come out of a womans Dug, which she had eaten the night before at Supper: and bran hath been seen in the Excrements of a child that only lived with sucking.
• 4. Nurses perceive as soon as ever they have eaten and drunken, the going down of the Milk, and the swelling fulness of their Dugs. Yea, and our Nurses are extraordinary careful not to eat, while they give their children suck, for otherwise the children should suck undigested Milk.
• 5. Castellus pleads their Scituation over the Stomach, not near the Liver or Womb, excepting in beasts.
• 6. The Milk is colder then the Blood, and leaves more Excrement in her that gives suck, then blood does in the Embryo or child in the womb.

Howbeit we find many difficulties in this new Opi∣nion, and those of no small moment.

• 1. There are no manifest passages from* 1.15 the Stomach to the Dugs, which if any man can find, I shall willingly acknow∣ledg my self convinced. Martianus, in∣deed, Castellus, Vestingus, and Horstius do talk of invisible passages, like the milkie Veins, which cannot be dis∣cerned in a dead body; or at least they conceive the Pores of the flesh may suffice to admit a passage for milkie Vapors. But the Pores seem too narrow for thick Chyle to pass through, which in the Mesentery did require large milkie Veins, which any body may discern. A subtile Spirit and thin Vapors with smoa∣kie steams, do pass through the Pores, and not the Chylus, nor blood, according to Nature; for if so, then there were no use of Vessels. Nor is the Infant satisfied only with Vapors. I willingly acknowledg, that Nature endeavors the translation of Humors from one part to another by unknown wayes, but she does it compelled, and besides her customary Course, where∣as the breeding of Milk is a constant and ordinary thing.
• 2. The Dugs being heated by any other cause what∣soever, do not breed Milk, but the action is hindred by the said Heat.
• 3. Nurses confess, that after they have drunk, the Milk does manifestly descend out of their backs, and from about their Channel-bones, and puts them to some little pain. For there the Chest-arteries are seated, and not the Stomach.
• 4. A tender Infant should be ill nourished with un∣digested meat, having been vsed to be nourished with blood before.
• 5. Out of the Nipples of Children newly come out of the Womb, before the use of meat, a wheyish mat∣ter drops like Milk, before they have eaten any meat.
• 6. What shall we say to that Aphorism of Hypocrates?

• ... If a Woman want her Courses, neither any shivering o Fea∣ver following thereupon, and she loath her Meat: Make ac∣count that she is with Child.
• 7. Cows, when they eat grass after hay, or hay after grass, before the fifteenth day, there is no perfect change either in the Constitution or colour of their Milk or Butter, according to the Observation of Walaeus; yet they perfectly change their Chyle the first day, but their Blood more slowly. Also our Nurses observe, that after they have slept, and their Meat is digested, their Dugs make Milk, which does not so happen, if they want sleep.
• 8. Hogeland proves by Famines and Seiges, that when all the Nutriment of the Nurse is turned into perfect blood, yet nevertheless Milk is bred in the Dugs.

Wherefore until some diligent hand shall have found evident wayes and pas∣sages,* 1.16 for the Answering of the contrary Arguments: You are to Note. 1. That we admit of the Chyle as the remote matter of Milk, but not as the immediate matter thereof. 2. That the Blood be∣ing plentifully evacuated by the Milk, is bred again by plentiful meat and drink; and therefore the plenty of Milk ceases when there is little drink taken in, as all Nurses do testifie. Morcover, such as are of a San∣guin complexion afford most Milk, whereas those that are of a tender constitution grow lean by giving Suck. 3. That all the blood which is poured out of the Arte∣ries into the Dugs, is not turned into Milk, but only the more wheyish part, a great deal running back by the Veins into the Heart. 4. That Women which give suck have their Courses, because the Vessels of the Womb are then more enlarged, then in the first moneths of their going with Child: and ever and anon they flow sparingly from Nurses, and leave off by fits. Also Women that give suck seldom conceive, unless they be of a Plethorick habit of body, that is to say full of good blood. Our Women when they would wean a Boy, if their Dugs swell, they do by certain Medicines keep back the Milk, by straitning the Ves∣sels, that the matter thereof may not enter nor be drawn that way. 6. That the Breast and Dug-Arteries are large, and are more and more widened by continual sucking. 7. That the Milk doth drink in the faculty of Meats and Purgatives, even by mediation of the Blood, which conserves the color and faculty of the meats, though sundry digestions have preceded; though vapors alone be raised, and the substance ascend not. 8. That many things are performed in the bo∣dy, according to the singular constitution of particular persons, yea and many things which rarely happen, which is to be understood of the Milk, which was in the Dugs of that Man at Cous, and of other things thence voided.

Nerves are carried from the Nerves of the Chest, especially the fift, for to cause* 1.17 sense, and they end in the Nipple.

Besides these Vessels, the Dugs have also white Pipes, according to the obser∣vation* 1.18 of later Anatomists, springing from the whole Circumference of the lower part which growing narrower, do alwayes meet together, wherein Milk being made, is preserved for use. Whe∣ther or no they are nothing but widened Arteries, be∣coming white, because of the change of the milk and the bordering kernels (which I am willing to believe) I leave to acuter Eyes and Wits to determine. They treasure up the Milk, when there is occasion of omitting to give the Infant suck: and when that use is over, they grow as small as the most Capillary Veins.

Their Use is, 1. General in Women and Men, to be safeguards to the* 1.19 Heart: hence Nature hath given Men of cold Complexions larger Dugs then ordinary; and Women that loose their Dugs become rough-voiced, according to Hypocrates. Nor doth the pectoral Muscle hinder, which performs the same Office, which is Riolanus his Objection; for the more noble parts require great fencing, even by the smallest thing, as the Eyes from the Eye-brows, the Heart from the water in the Heart-bag or Pericardi∣um, &c.

II. In women their use is to breed Milk, to nou∣rish the young Infant. For the Child was nourisht by blood in the Womb, and milk is the same blood only whitened, so that Nature seems to have put a trick upon living Creatures by obtruding upon them the gentler appearance of white milk, in place of red blood, as Plato hath it. Which is the Cause that the People of Savoy and Daulphine did anciently pro∣hibit their Preists, the use of milk, as well as of Blood.

Now the Efficient Cause of milk,* 1.20 is not the Womb, where milk was never observed, nor do the Dugs breed milk, by that vertue thereof which it self wants; nor of the Veins or Arteries, unless it be the nearest, can the vertue be communicated from the Dugs. For as for what Baronius relates of St. Paul, how when he was beheaded, not blood but milk ran from his Neck, ei∣ther it was a miracle, if true; or a serous humor flow∣ed out, which sometimes flows from the Arm, when a Vein is opened, and I have seen it very like to milk, or finally the Liquor of Kernels being cut, did re∣semble milk. But the true efficient cause of the milk, is that same kernelly flesh of the Dugs, unto which there is none like, in the whole body. Now it works this moderate Concoction by the propriety of its substance, and by reason of its proper temperament. Aulus Gellius conceives the milk becomes white, by Reason of plenty of heat and spirit Book 12. Chap. 1. But I am more enclined to believe, that milk is white, because it is assimilated to the Dugs that are of the same color.

Somtimes therefore (though it* 1.21 happen seldom) milk may be bred in Virgins, and in Women not with Child, according to the Ob∣servation of Bodinus in his Theatre of Nature, of Joachinus Camerarius in Schenkius, of Petrus Castell••s touching one Angela of Messina, of A. Benedictus and Christopher a Vega concerning a Girle of Bridges, and of others. In Scania in our Country, a maid was lately accused to have plaid the Whore, because she had milk in her Dugs, which nevertheless she proved to be a propriety of her Family, by pro∣ducing her young brother who likewise had milk in his Breasts. Infants new born shed a wheyish milky liquor out of their Nipples. These examples are confirmed by the Authority o•• Hypocrates in the 39. Aphorism of his fifth Section, where Women have milk though neither with Child, nor lately delivered. And this happens, when the Dugs are filled with abundance of spirituous blood, and suppression of Courses be joyned thereto: for then the Glandulous substance digests more then is necessary to nourish the Woman. Yea, in men that are fleshy, large-dug'd, and cold, of constitution, a milky humor, and as it were milk is frequently seen; especially if their Nip∣ples be frequently suck'r, and their Dugs rubbed, as

the examples of many do testfie. Aristotle writes of a certain Hee-goat in the I stand Le•…•…s, who yeilded so much milk, that C••rds were made thereof. Mat∣thiolus, tels us that in sundry places of Bohemia, three Goat-Bucks were found, that gave milk, by which persons that had the Falling-sickness were Cured. Others have seen Men, out of whose Dugs store of milk came. Aben-sina saw so much milk milked from a Man, that a Cheese was made thereof. C. Schenkius relates that Laurentius Wolfius had store of milk in his Breasts, from his youth, till he was fifty years old. Jo. Rhodius had such an Host in England, and Santorel∣lus knew a Calabrian, who his Wife being dead, and he unable to give wages to a Nurse, did nourish his own Child with his own milk. Walaeus saw a Flem∣ming of like Nature, who being even forty years of Age, could milk abundance of milk out of huge Dugs which he had. A. Benedictus relates the story of a Fa∣ther that gave his Son suck. And Nicolaus Gemma, Vesalius, M. Donatus, Aqua-pendens, H. Eugubius, Ba∣ricellus, do witness the same thing, and I have allrea∣dy told you as much of a Boy of Scania in our Coun∣trey of Denmarke, and Cardan saw a man thirty four years old, out of whose Dugs so much milk did run, as would have suffised to suckle a Child. They relate how that in the new world, all men well-near abound with milk. Now that this was true milk which we have related did run from men, is hence apparent be∣cause, it was as fit to nourish children, as that of Wo∣men.

III. The use of the Dugs in Women is to adorne them, and render them the more delectable to Men.

IV. They serve to receive Excrementious moi∣sture. Whereupon their Dugs being cut off, Women incur sundry Diseases; because the blood which as∣cends finding no Vessels to receive it, runs hastily into the principal parts, the Heart, Lungs, &c, Which danger I conceive the Amazones did study to avoid, by their so vehement exercising themselves in war∣fare. Some cut the Dug off when it is cancered, but the operation is dangerous, by reason of the bleeding which follows.

Notes

• * 1.1

  See Tab. XXV. Lib. I.
• * 1.2

  Why the Dugs in Mankind are seated in the Breast.
• * 1.3

  Number of the Dugs
• * 1.4

  Magnitude.
• * 1.5

  The difference of the Dugs in men and wo∣men.
• * 1.6

  Their Shape.
• * 1.7

  Their Parts.
• * 1.8

  How the Nipples come to have so exquisite Sense.
• * 1.9

  The Dug.
• * 1.10

  The Venae Mammariae.
• * 1.11

  Why Milk is bred af∣ter the child is born.
• * 1.12

  Their Arteries.
• * 1.13

  The matter of Milk is not Blood as Martianus holds.
• * 1.14

  But arises from the Stomach & the Chyle.
• * 1.15

  The said O∣pinion refu∣ced.
• * 1.16

  And the Ar∣gument of Martianus and others are answered▪
• * 1.17

  Their Nerves.
• * 1.18

  Their Pipes.
• * 1.19

  The use of the Dugs.
• * 1.20

  The Efficient cause of Milk.
• * 1.21

  Milk may breed in Virgins, Men, Women not with Child, &c.