Bartholinus anatomy made from the precepts of his father, and from the observations of all modern anatomists, together with his own ... / published by Nich. Culpeper and Abdiah Cole.

Chap. X. Of the Lung-Pipe or Wesand.

THe Pipe or Channel of the Lungs,* 1.1 is by the Ancients called Arteria, because it contains Air: Galen and o∣thers* 1.2 call it Trachea arteria or the rough Artery, because of its unevenness, and to difference it from the smooth Arte∣ries. Lactantius terms it Spiritualis Fi∣stula, the Spirit or Air-Pipe, because the Air is brea∣thed in and out thereby, Now it is a Pipe or Chan∣nel entring into the lower part of the Lungs, with many branches, which are by Hippocrates termed Syringae and Aortae, whose head is termed Larynx, of which in the following Chapter; the rest of its Body is termed Bronchus, because it is moistened with drink. For that some part of the drink doth pass even into the Wind-pipe and* 1.3 Lungs, Hippocrates doth rightly prove by an Hog new kild, in whose Lungs matter is found just so colored as the the drink was, which he drunk imme∣diately before he was killed. And that some drink may be carried through the Wind-pipe, may be proved out of Julius Jasolinus an Anatomist of Naples, who seeking in the body of a Noble person, the Cause of his death, found his Pericardium or Heart-bag, so distended with Humor, that it being squeezed, some of the said Humor came out at his mouth.

As to its Situation: in Man-kind it* 1.4 rests upon the Gullet, for it goes down from the mouth straight along to the Lungs: and at the fourth Vertebra of the Chest, it is divided into two branches, each of which goes into the Lungs of its respective side: they are again sub∣divided into two other branches, and these again into others till at last they end into very smal twigs in the surface of the Lungs. But the branches thereof which are greater then the rest of the Vessels of the Lungs, entring into the Lungs, do go through the middle thereof, between the Vena Arteriosa which is hinder∣more, and the Arteria venosa which is before it: with which it is joyned by obscure Anastomoses, or con∣junctions of Mouths, hardly discernable by our Eye∣sight.

In Bruits tis Situate much after the same* 1.5

manner. Yet we must note that it is different in a Swan, and after a manner altogether singular. For being longer, it insinuates it self by a crooked win∣ding into a case of the Breast-bone, and soon after from the bottom of the case, it returns upwards, and having mounted the Channel-bones, it bends it self towards the Chest. But before it reaches the Lungs, tis propped by a certain boney Pipe, broad above, narrow beneath, which in a Duck is round, then it is divided into two branches, which swel in the middle, but grow smaller where they tend to the Lungs, till they enter into them.

'Tis cloathed with a double Mem∣brane: one External, another Inter∣nal.* 1.6

The External is a thin one arising from the Pleura, and sticks close to the intermediate Lingaments of the Gristles, and Ushers along the recurrent Nerves.

The Internal being furnished with straight Fibres is thicker and more solid (most of all in the Larynx, least of all in the branches of the Lungs, indifferently in the middle Pipe) to the end it may not easily be hurt by Acrimonious drinks, or other Liquors voided by Coughing, or falling down from the Head.

It arises from the Coat which compasses the Palate, and therefore is continued with the Mouth.

It is smeared with a fat Humor to hinder its being dried up by motions, loud cryings, drawing in of hot Air, going out of sharp sooty Exha∣lations, &c. And by the Supera∣boundance* 1.7 or Deficiency hereof the Voice is hurt. For in the former contracted by Di∣stillations, it becomes Hoarse; in the latter through burning Feavers, &c. It becomes squea••ing. If it overabound, we are quite Dumb and unable to speak, and the moisture being consumed our Speech returns again: which might happen in that same dumb Son of Craesus mentioned by Herodotus, and in Aegle a Samian wrastler, mentioned by Valerius Maximus, and Za∣charias Orphanus a Fool, of whom Nicolas Fontanus tels a story in his Observations.

This Coat is of exquisite sense, that it may raise it self to expel what ever is trouble-some thereun∣to.

Between these two Membranes is the proper sub∣stance of the Trachea arteria, which is partly of the nature of a Gristle, and partly of a Ligament.

[illustration]

The VIII. TABLE.

The FIGURES Ex∣plained.

This TABLE represents the Aspera Arteria, the Oeso∣phagus, the recurrent Nerves about the Arteria Magna and the Arteria Axillaris, behind

FIG I

• AA. The Muscle contracting the Oesopha∣gus.
• BBB. The Oesophagus or Gullet.
• CCC. The Aspera arteria or Wesand placed under the Throate.
• D. The Membrane between the Wesand and the Gullet.
• EEEE. The Nerves of the sixth Conjugation.
• FF. Nerves of the Tongue inserted behind.
• GG. The right recurrent Nerve, turned back to the Artery of the Shoulder.
• HH. The left recurrent Nerve about the Descendent Trunk of the Arteria Magna.
• II. A Nerve tending to the left Orifice of the Stomach and to the Diaphragma.
• KK. A Nerve descending to the Diaphrag∣ma.
• L. The jugular Arteries on each side one.
• M. The left humeral Artery.
• N. The right Humeral or Shoulder Arte∣ry.
• OO. The Arteria Magna or great Artery.
• PP. The Trunks of the Arteries descending to the Lungs.

FIG. II. This Figure shews the upper part of the Gullet with its Muscles.

• AA. The Musculi Cephalo-pharyngaei s•• called.
• BB. The Musculi Spheno-pharvngaei.
• CC. The Musculi S••••lopharyngaei.
• DD. The S••luncterd awn from the Gullet.
• E. The In••de of the Gullet.
• F. The Descending part of the Gullet.

page 120

• I. For the Voices sake: because that which makes a sound must be so∣lid.* 1.8
• II. Otherwise by reason of its soft∣ness it would alwaies fall together, and would not easily be opened in Respiration.

It was to be partly Ligamental, and not wholly of a Gristly substance: for if it* 1.9 should consist of one only Gristle, or ma∣ny circular ones,

• I. It would be evermore open, and not somtimes widen and then fall together.
• II. It would bear hard upon the Gullet, to which nevertheless, it ought to give way, especially in the swallowing down of solid meats, that the Throat or Gullet might be sufficiently widned. And so the Gri∣stles help to frame the Voice; and the Membranous Ligaments for Respiration.

The Gristles are many, round like Rings, but not exactly. For on their backside, where they touch the Gullet, a fourth part of a circle is wanting, in place whereof there is a Membranous substance.

From their shape they are termed Sigma-shap'd re∣sembling the old Greek letter C, til they are fixed in the Lungs, for then changing their Fignre, they change their name. For the Wind-Pipes do there consist of perfect Gristles, Round, four square, or Triangular, but where they are joyned to the rest of the Vessels of the Lungs they become Membra∣nous.

These Gristles are joyned together by Ligaments going between, which in Men are more fleshy, in brute Beasts more Membranous; and in men the shew like little Muscles. And the Gristles do every where keep an equal di•…•…n from another, and the higher, the •…•…ey ••hey are.

It hath Vessels ••••mmon wi•••• others. Veins from the the external Jugulars; Arteries from the Carotides; Nerves, from the Recurrent Nerves of the sixth pair.

Its Use is, I. In drawing in the Air, that by it as a Pipe, the Air may be re∣ceived* 1.10 from the Lungs, as from a pair of Bellows. Hence comes that same Wheezing in such as have the Tissick, the Pipes of the Wesand being stopped, so that the Air coming and going and not finding a free passage makes that Hissing noise.

II. In blowing the Air out, I. That through it Fuliginous Excrements may be voided at the Mouth and Nostrils. For which intent the mouths of the Vena arteriosa do so artificially joyn with the Mouths of the Aspera arteria, that there is passage only for sooty steams but not for blood, unless it come away by force and violent Coughing. In the next place, that it may help to form the voice, which it doth by expiration likewise, though some Juglers frame their Voice by inspiration only or drawing in of their Breath. And therefore Hippocrates calls it the brea∣thing and vocal Organ. A wonder therefore it is that some Men can live long in the Water like Fishes, by Nature and not by Art, if Cardan is to be believed in the second Book de Subtilitate, when he makes relation of one Calanus a Diver in Sicily, who would lie three or four hours under the Water. And how in the West-indies everywhere, such as dive for Pearl∣oysters, will lie an hour together under the Water. If they did this by some art, it were not so wonder∣ful. So the Aegyptians are most perfect divers, and exercise Robberies that way. For as appears by the Description of Nicolus Christophori Radzivilij his jour∣ney to Hierusalem, they lie lurking under the Waters, and not being content to steal on land, what ever they can catch they draw into the water, and carry it a∣way: and frequently they catch a man as he lies upon a Ships deck draw him under the water and kill and strip him of his cloathes: So that such as sail are said many times to watch all night armed, And in the same parts, aboundance of fisher men will dive under the water and catch fish with their hands, and they will come up with a fish in cach Hand and a third in their mouths. These persons doubtless, do either live only by Transpiration, as such do that have fits of the Apoplexy and the Mother; or they have Anastomo∣ses open in their Hearts, by means of which as in the Womb, the blood is freely moved▪ without any mo∣tion of the Lungs.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Wesand.
• * 1.2

  Why call'd Trachea or Aspera Arte∣ria?
• * 1.3

  Whether any part of our drink doth pass into the Wesand and Lungs.
• * 1.4

  Its Situation in Man-kind.
• * 1.5

  In a Swan.
• * 1.6

  Its Membranes.
• * 1.7

  The Voice hurt.
• * 1.8

  Why the We∣fand is in part Gristly?
• * 1.9

  Why in part Liga∣mental.
• * 1.10

  The Use of the Wesand.