Bartholinus anatomy made from the precepts of his father, and from the observations of all modern anatomists, together with his own ... / published by Nich. Culpeper and Abdiah Cole.

CHAP. XIV. Touching the Liver.

ANd so much may suffice to have said touching the Organs destined to primary Digestion or Chyli∣fication, we come now to those which are any waies assisting the second Concoction or Sanguification. And the Principal of these is the Liver.

The Liver is an Organick Part seated in the Lower Belly, just under the Diaphragma or Midriff, on the right side, being the Organ of Blood-making, and the beginning of the Veins.

It hath its Name in Greek, from a Word that signifies want or Indigen∣cy,* 1.1 because it supplies the want of the Parts of the Body, the Latins cal it Je∣cur, as if you would say juxta Cor, near the Heart. 'Tis called the Principle or Beginning of the Veins, because therein the Roots of two of the greatest Veins appear dispersed, viz. of the Cava and Portae, as Roots implanted in the Earth. The milkie Veins are supposed to arise from the Pancreas: Yet Trunks and Branches of them are also to be seen in the Liver. Now the Roots of Trees dispersed in the Earth, do grow together into a Trunk without the Earth. The Vena arteriosa of the Heart, is in truth an Artery: And the Arteria venosa, is a Vein, and may owe its Original to the Liver, because in a Child in the Womb, it is joyned with the cava, and opens it self thereinto by an Anastomosis: And besides, it carries Blood to the Heart, but brings none from it, if there be any force in this Argument.

The Liver is commonly but one in Number, seldom two: And more sel∣dom* 1.2 is the Liver quite wanting, as in Matthias Ortelius.

It is situate in the lowest Belly, under* 1.3 the Septum transversum (which also Hip∣pocrates and Aristotie acknowledged) by the Ribs, and for the greater part in the right Hypochondrium, a fin∣gers breadth distant there from, that the motion there∣of might not be hindered: Therefore a Swelling in the Liver causes shortness of breath. In Birds it lies e∣qually on both sides: As also for the most part in Dogs which have a thin and long Spleen. In Man it seldom changes its place, so as the Liver should be in the left, the Spleen in the right side, which Gemma and Spererius have observed. It rests lightly upon the for∣mer and upper part of the Stomach, especially on the right side, for otherwise some part thereof reaches to the left side also, and somtimes the greatest part, the Spleen being very small. But some conceive that A∣ristotle was ignorant of the Situation of the Liver, be∣cause the said Huper de to Diazoma, &c. which they in∣terpret, above the Septum is the Liver seated. But the Philosoper is thus to be translated: It is placed on the other side, or beyond the Septum transversum; for Hu∣per with an Accusative signifies beyond, but with a Ge∣netive, it signifies above.

And by reason of the Midriff, to which* 1.4 it was to give way, it hath its upper and outward Figure sufficiently round, convex or gibbous, even and smooth, where also there is an oblong Cavi∣ty, behind at the Passage of Vena cava. And because of the Stomach it hath received a Figure which is hollow on the inner and lower side, which is termed its si∣mous or saddle side, and it is more uneven then the o∣ther having in it two hollownesses: One on the right hand for the Gall-bladder; another on the left, for the Stomach to pass by. So that the Liver is on the right side of an ample roundness, but on the left it is narrow and sharp.

The Liver is divided by some, into the* 1.5 right and left part: between which there is a smal cleft or chink, where the Um∣bilical* 1.6 Vein enters. Otherwise for the most part, it is entire in a Man and un∣divided, save that Spigelius observed here

[illustration]

[illustration]

The XVI. TABLE.

The Explication of the FIGURES.

FIG. I. Expresses the Liver taken out of the Body, and especially the hollow side thereof.

• AAA. The Liver in its hollow side, cloathed with its Coat and ragged Nap.
• B. The Vena Portae, and its E∣gress out of the hollow side of the Liver.
• CC. Two Trunks of Vena Cava, by the tuberant or bossie part of the Liver.
• D. The going forth of the Navil-Vein from out the Liver.
• EE. The Gall-bladder seated in the hollow part of the Liver.
• F. The Gall-passage, called Cysticus Felleus.
• G. The other Gall-passage called Hepaticus.
• H. An Artery which comes from the Ramus Caeliacus to the hollow part of the Liver.
• I. A branch of this Artery, which enters the Liver.
• KK. Another branch of the same Artery which goes unto the Gall-bladder.
• L. A Nerve of the sixt pair which goes unto the Liver.
• M. A smal Lap or Scollup stret∣ched out unto the Call, by which the Liver being full of water, is somtimes emp∣tied.
• NN. Certain Eminencies of the Liver, anciently termed Portae the Gates.
• a. The bottom of the Gall-blad∣der, hanging without the Liver.
• d. The common Channel, made up by the passages of Ramus Hepaticus.

FIG. II. Shews the Vessels of the Liver freed from the Parenchyma or Fleshy substance thereof, with the Gall-bladder.

• AA. A portion of Vena Cava.
• BB. A portion of the Trunk of Vena Porta, passing forth of the Liver.
• CC. The Gall-bladder.
• DD. The Navil-Vein ending into a branch of Vena Porta.
• EEEEEEE. The branches of Vena▪ Porta, dispersed through the whole Parenchyma of the Liver.
• FFFF. The branches of Vena Cava, especially those which are distributed through the upper parts of the Liver, and joyned in sundry places with the branches of Porta.
• GGGG. The most remarkable Anastomoses or joyning together of the Mouths of Vena Cava and Porta.
• HHHH. The extremities of the said Veins, called Capiliary Veins, because of their smalness.
• a. The Meatus Cysticus or passage into the Gall-bladder.

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a certain little lobe, of softer Flesh then the rest of the Liver, compassed with a thin and subtile Membrane, which is carried out into the Call, and somtimes emp∣ties the Liver when it is full of Blood. In this little and soft lobe, I have manifestl•• 〈…〉〈…〉 certain ••il•• Veins inserted in the cutting up of Fishes; so that ac∣cording to the diversity of the parts of the Liver, we have now the Inserting of t•••••• ••essels▪ which hath hitherto been unobserv••••▪ But in B••••••••s (excepting an Ox and some others) it is divided into di•…•…

which they call Lobes of Scollops, wherewith they say the Stomach is covered and contained, as with so ma∣ny fingers. Galen therefore and Plempius have done ill to say that Mans Liver is divided Naturally into Lo∣bes, Laps, and Scollops, for preternaturally and rarely it is indeed so divided, as Fernelius, Sylvius, and Gemma have observed. Galen is to be excused, because he took the Extuberances of the Liver made of the Trunks of the Vessels for Lobes. And Horstius junior doth learned∣ly refute Plempius, for giving out the Clefts, Cavities, and Extuberances of the Liver, for Lobes perfectly di∣stinct.

The Greatness and thickness thereof, is remarkable and exceeding great in* 1.7 a man (as is his Brain) not only for Nutrition as in brutes, but for the breeding of Animal Spirits, which are often dissipated (and they are bred of the Vital Spirit, as it is bred of Blood. Yet it is greater then ordinary in bodies that are of a cold Com∣plexion, and in fearful Persons and great Eaters, to augment the Heat of the Heart. In persons dead of a Comsumption, I have somtimes seen an exceeding great Liver, four or five times bigger then ordinary, and somtimes again very exceeding little. And others have found a very small Liver, and somtimes no Liver, or the Liver consumed away; and a great and strong Spleen performing its Office. Rhasis and Abensina ga∣ther the greatness of the Liver from the length of a bo∣dies singers.

It is compassed with a thin Mem∣brane, springing from one of the* 1.8 Membranes of the Veins, which hath its Original from the Peritonaeum. In this there arise little bladders of water, from whence the Dropsie come, Witness Platerus. I have seen of these bladders in a she Goat, many in number, whiteish, which being cut open, were found to contain within a single coat or skin, wheyish Humor, with snotty Flegm, and another yellow substance, whether through a fault in Nature, or because the Goat was camed. I have more then once found intertwisted ropes of Worms, in other Mem∣branes of the Liver.

It is fastned by three strong Liga∣ments. 1. To the Belly, by the um∣belicalis* 1.9 Vena, or Navil-vein, which after the Birth, is in grown Persons dried up, and turns to a Ligament, least the Midriff should dangle too much, and should hang too low down. 2. Above to the Midriff, on the right side, by a broad membranous and thin Ligament, but yet a strong one arising from the Peritonaeum, which the Midriff undercircles; and this is called the Ligamentum suspensorium or hanging Liga∣ment. 3. Also above to the Diaphragma, but on the left hand, by another Ligament sprung from the Peri∣tonaeum, round, and exceeding strong: Also in its af∣ter-part where the Vena cava passes, i•• cleavs by its bun∣chy side to the Peritonaeum. Riolanus reckons these three Ligaments for one, because he contends that the umbelical Vein is dried up, which being carried through a duplicature or folding of the Peritonaeum, hath for its Companion the Membrane it self, which being rou∣led back over the Liver, runs out upwards & downwards to the Diaphragma it self, which it invests and fastens. But it is al one case. For Ligaments are termed sundry, because they fasten and suspend divers parts of the Li∣ver, although the two latter arise from the Peritonae∣um. Now therefore according to his reckoning, there will be two Ligaments, •••••• one only; the former from the Umbelical, and the other from the Peritonae∣um. The fourth Ligament annexed to the mucronata Cartilago, at the Cleft of the Liver, is no pecular one, but must be reckoned as part of our second Liga∣ment.

It hath a Substance red and soft [so* 1.10 that with a little stick it may be beaten off, and separated from the Vessels interwoven, either when it is boyled or being raw] spred about the Ves∣sels, like congealed blood, for which cause it is termed Parenchyma, that is to say an Effusion or shedding forth of blood, because it is poured about the Vessels, and fills the spaces between them [in some kind of fishes it seems to be a congealed Fat, out of which an Oyl is boy∣led to burn in Lamps. Yet is it hardly corrupted; for Riolanus hath observed that a Liver having been acci∣dentally kept a year together, hath remained uncor∣rupt. In substance it is most like an Oxes Liver, and being boyled; differs not there-from, neither in consi∣stence, color, nor tast, and therefore our flesh is more like that of Oxen then of Swine.

The Color of a sound Liver is ruddie [but* 1.11 if it be quite void of blood, or boyled, we may rightly say with Gordonius, that it is whiteish, as in an Embryo, before affusion of blood be made. But we shall find it very large and red, in Children new born, of a good Constitution. I have demonstrated it to be yellow, in the fish called a Lump. In a Lam∣prey it is green (which makes Bronzerus dispute touch∣ing the Principallity of the Liver) though the blood be red, whether it have contracted its color here, or in the Heart, or from it self] In some sick persons, as those which have the Dropsie, it is very pale, as also the Spleen and Kidneys.

Now those Vessels in the Liver, are the* 1.12 Roots of Vena portae and cava, (with a few [to a mans first thinking, but upon serious Examination according to the Observation of Walaeus, an innume∣rable company of] small Arteries interposed, of a whi∣ter color, dispersed from the Coeliaca, through the sad∣dle part thereof) [partly that they might nourish the Liver, and warm it throughly with the heat of the heart the branches of Vena portae assisting likewise to the same intent; partly that by the motion of the Pulse, and the necessity of running back, it may assist and provoke the passage of the blood out of the Liver according to the conjecture of Slegelius. For whereas Galen tells us that the Liver is cooled by the Arteries, that is not con∣sonant to truth: For they are hot, and by their moti∣on further the blood, and draw it to those parts where∣in they are implanted;] which appear distinct, the flesh or Parenchyma of the Live▪ being taken away, how they are carried this way and that way, without order, among which also small branches are dissemina∣ted, which afterwards unite into one common Passage, and so carry Choler into the Gall-bladder. Now it is conjoyned with the Roots of Porta, that there the Blood may be separated from the Choler. But more Roots of the Porta are spred up and down here and there through the lower part of the Liver, very few through the upper part: Contrariwise, more of the Roots of the Cava are carried through the upper and tuberous, or bossie part thereof, and fewer through the hollow or saddle part. To these must be added the Roots of the Milkie Veins. Asellius did somtimes ob∣serve their trunk to be in the Liver. But he did not precisely add the place, which I have determined to be in the third Lobe.

The Anastomoses or Conjunctions of* 1.13 the Roots of Vena Porta and Vena Cava, are peculiarly to be observed. For reje∣cting those who altogether deny the Union of these

Veins, or who conceive that they are obscurely and hardly known: [among whom Harvey and Riolanus are lately come upon the stage, the former of whom could no where find any Anastomosis, either in the Liver, Spleen, or any other Bowel, though they had been boyled, till the whole Parenchyma would crumble in peices, and was separated like dust from all the strings of the Vessels, with a needle. Only he obser∣ved this one thing, in a fresh Liver, viz. that all the branches of Vena Cava creeping along the bossie part of the Liver, have Coats like selves full of infinite lit∣tle holes, as being made for the draught of the Body, to receive such Blood as settles there: but that the branches of the Vena Portae are not so but are divided into boughes, and that every where the branches of both, do run out to the highest Eminency of the bossie side of the Bowel, without Anastomoses. But the Porta hath likewise very many holes great and little, as the Cava hath, some of which will admit the probe, others not, only they make certain Cavities covered with a thin Membrane. Whence it is apparent, that the blood is staied by those closed holes and not strai∣ned out, some of them being▪ covered with a Coat, Riolanus inspired by the same Spirit, doth strongly op∣pose the Anastomoses of the Vena Cava and Portae least he should be forced to admit the Circulation of the Blood in that Place. He was afraid that the con∣cocted liquor should be confounded and mixt with the unconcocted. And what if they be confounded and jumbled together? The Chymus being changed into imperfect blood is confounded coming out of the milky Veins, with that which is contained in the Cava, for both of them are to be perfected in the Heart. And the other which flows out of Porta, prepares both with its acid juyce. But be it how it will be, the Authority of all Anatomists doth assert those Anastomoses from the times of Erasistratus and Galen to our daies, because it is manifest to such as search diligently, that these roots are joyned together, somtimes athwart, so that one lies over the middle of another as it were, som∣times the extremities of one Vein touch the Extremi∣ties or ends of another, otherwhiles the ends of one touch the middle of the other; and somtimes they touch not one another at all; peradventure where the Branches of the Liver serve only for Nutrition. Bau∣hinus wishes us chiefly to observe a remarkable Anasto∣mosis, which resembles a channel, and is as it were a common and continued passage, out of the Roots of Porta into the Roots of Cava, admitting a pretty big Probe. But because we cannot rely upon naked Au∣thorities, experience must be called by us to counsel, which doth necessarily perswade us that there are such Anastomoses or Unions of the Mouths of the Vesseis, by reason of the passage of the Blood out of the milky Veins and the Venae Porrae, unto the Cava, and out of the manifest Arteries, seeing the passage only through the flesh cannot suffice, in a quick and plentiful Flux. I confess all the kinds of Anastomoses are not appea∣rent to the Eye as to be seen open, in dead bodies, though no man can therefore deny that there are such things; but some of them are insensible, which admit neither Probe not Wind, and some admit Wind and nothing else. The Renowned Walaeus observed and found by experience, that the Veins of the Porta are in the Liver no where opened into the greater branch of Vena Cava, but that the very smallest branches of Vena Porta, do open into the smallest branches of the Vena Cava, as he observed in a Liver blown up with wind, after the flesh was taken away, and floating up∣on water. I have in an Oxes Liver curiously sought for apparent Anastomoses, because there they must needs be visible because of the greatness, following the example of the most learned Slegelius. But the very truth is they are not visible to the Eye: the Vessels in∣deed are divers waies interwoven and twisted one among another; Trunk with Trunk, branches of the Trunkes, either with the Trunk of another Vein, or with little branches; and that either in the middle of those little branches, or in the extremities, even as we see both the Vessels cleave together in the Womb-cake: But a Probe finds no entrance, by any open hole of an Anastomosis. Nevertheless, it is not to be denied, but that in living▪ Bodies there is a passage known to Nature though unknown to us by reason of the ne∣cessity of a through passage. Which I the rather be∣lieve, because that in the conjunction of the Vessels, yea even of the greater, where the Anastomoses seems shut, the Coat is extraordinary thin and for the most part single, as appears by its transparency, which in Living Bodies being ratified by heat and motion, doth easily suffer the blood to pass through.

By these Unions therefore of the Roots of the Vena Cava and the Vena Portae, the Blood may pass through: And by them likewise the peccant matter passes, when we Evacuate the habit of the Body by Purgations. Not that it should be carried out of the Porta to the Mesentery, as hath been hitherto beleived, but so as thence to pass through the Heart, and be emp∣tied out through the Caeliacal Arteries, and thence through the stomach or the Gall-Conduits into the Guts, forced along by virtue of the purging Medica∣ment.

Those Anastomoses are likewise to be observed, by which the smal Veins of the Gall-bladder, are joyned to the Branches of Vena Portae and Vena Cava.

The Roots of Vena Portae, do by little* 1.14 and little towards the lower part become smaller and greater, until they make one Trunk, which is called Vena Porta, the Gate-Vein: So also the Roots of the Cava, above and in the fore-part do altogether make up one Trunk; be∣fore the going out whereof, certain Circles are placed, here and there in the greater branches, being of a Mem∣branous substance and very like to Valves, somtimes thicker, other whiles thinner and like Cobwebs, which were first discovered by Stephanus▪ and after by Con∣ringius in an Oxes Liver; and I likewise found them, looking towards the larger trunk, which hinder the return of blood, not so much of that which is impure and dreggy, as of the pair being once gone out to the Heart: afterwards, as soon as it comes to the Liver, it is divided into two great branches, the ascendent and descendent; and hence it is that they say, the Cava arises from the upper or bossie part of the Liver, and the Vena Portae from the lower and hollow part.

The Liver hath two Nerves from the sixt pair, one from the Stomach, another from the Costal, disper∣sed only through its Coat, and not through its sub∣stance (as Vesalius will have it) that in its inmost body, it may be void of sense, in regard of so many motions of humors. And therefore the pains in this part are, dul and rather a kind of Heavyness then pain. Yet Riolanus hath observed, that two remarkable little Nerves do accompany the Vena Portae, and go into the very substance of the Liver.

The Action of the Liver is Sangui∣fication.* 1.15 For of the Chylus ••rawn by the Mesaraick milky veins, ••••e Liver makes Blood; and the Blood i•• made

[illustration]

[illustration]

This TABLE shews both sides of the Liver and the Gall-bladder, Distinct one from another.

The XVII. TABLE▪

The Explication of the FIGURE.

FIG. I.

• AA. The Convexe or Bossie side of the Liver.
• B. The Livers Membrane Separated.
• CC. The Ligament of the Liver called Sep••ale.
• DD. The coming forth of Vena Cava, out of the upper part of the Liver.

FIG. II.

• AA. The concave part of the Liver turned up.
• B. A Lobe or Scollup of the Liver to which the Call joynes.
• C. A cleft of the Liver, out of which the Navil-Vein D. descends.
• E. The Gall-bladder.
• F. The Gall-bladder Channel.
• GG. The Choler-passage, ending into the Duodenum H.
• I. The trunk of Vena Portae descending from the Liver.
• K. The Right-hand Coeliacal Artery.
• L. A Nerve brought unto the Liver.

FIG. III.

• A. The bottom of the Gall-bladder.
• B. A Cavity at the rise of the Neck of the Gall-bladder.
• C. The Neck of the Gall-bladder.
• DD. The Passage of the Gall-bladder be∣tween the roots of the Vena Portae F. and of the Cavae G. dispersed through the substance of the Liver.
• E. The concourse of the passages of the Gall-bladder.
• H. The Porus Biliarius or Choler-pipe, broader then the Neck of the Gall∣bladder.
• I. The common passage of the Choler∣pipe and Neck of the Gall-bladder.
• K. The Orifice of the Choler-passage, in the Gut Duodenum.
• L. M. The Gut Duodenum opened.
• N. An Artery dispersed into the Liver.
• O. A smal Nerve of the Liver and of the Heart of the Gall-bladder: which the graver hath represented too large.

page 36

in the branches of the milkie veins; the substance of the Liver, doth not only sustaine the Veins, as some would have it, but it is the efficient of Sanguification: And together with Blood, it generates natural Spi∣rit.

Sanguification therefore or Blood∣making, is thus performed: the more* 1.16 unprofitable and thicker part of the Chyle (which is made first in the Sto∣mach and finally perfected in the thin Guts) is thrown out into the thick Guts, and voided at the Fundament; but the more laudable and thin part▪ is drawn in by the milky veins, spred up and down in the Guts; and •…•…le altered, and from them by means of a power proceeding from the Liver, it re∣ceives the first Rudi•…•… of Blood, and is then called Chymus. The greatest question is whether the Liver draws it, or it is forced thither. It seems to be drawn by the heat of the Liver, as Chaf or Straw is drawn by heated Amber, and as Blood is drawn into the outward parts by hot Fomentations. Which is here visible by Ligatures and live dissections, in which the attraction of the Liver is so great, that the milky Veins are spee∣dily emptied. There is not the same necessity, that it should be forced thither, as other have thought, be∣cause the beginning of the Motion or moving prin∣ciple should either be without the Chylus, or within it. It cannot be in it. 1. Because nothing thrusts or drives, but that which is alive. 2. The Chyle newly drawn out of the Vessels, doth not move it self. 3. It is void of Appetite. 4. It should alwaies be driven downwards▪ not up▪ to the Liver. Nor can it be in

any thing without it. 1. Because the Meseraick Arte∣ries have enough to do to drive out their own blood, and the Veins have work enough to receive it. 2. And the milky Veins are exceeding small. 3. The proper Fibres of the Veins, do serve more for strength, then for driving. 4. The Stomach indeed, and the Guts are contracted, but they are not able to expel the chyle; for their motion is obscure, and though it were evi∣dent, yet it would not presently follow, that it must drive into the Liver. 5. Those Bowels being con∣tracted on all sides, and shut up, as much Chyle is re∣tained, as is expelled. 6. The Abdomen doth oft∣times rest, according to our desire and pleasure, being apt to be moved by the Muscles; but the motion of the Chylus is performed continually and swiftly, viz. the due time of distribution being come. 7. The dreg∣gy Chyle should be sent unto the Liver, without dif∣ference, as well as the pure. It is therefore principally drawn by the Liver, howbeit some construction of the Guts, is secondarily assistant thereunto. This Chymus being attracted in the Roots of the milky veins, as in the place where, is by the Parenchyma or Substance of the Liver, as the Efficient cause, with the assistance of the internal heat of the Chyle, changed into a new sub∣stance of blood. Now it gains a Redness like the sub∣stance of the Liver, not so much from the flesh of the Liver alone, which it self ows its color to blood shed about it, which it layes away when it is washed or boy∣led, and in some other Creatures we find it of a green color, as from its own proper and adventitious Heat (as Grapes are red) which vanishing away, the red∣ness ceases, as it happens in blood-letting. Nor is that a sufficient cause, seeing in healthy bodies it continues afterwards red, and therefore we must take in light as another Cause, of which there is a great quantity in red colors, subsisting even without Heat, unless the subject happening to be dissolved, it come to be extinguished and exhale. Hence it is, that boyled blood becomes black, and putrid blood is duskie. Hence also, by how much the more Natural inbred light any man hath, the more he shines with bright blood; contrariwise, in Me∣lancholick persons, the same being darkned, the blood grows black and dark. That light and fire are the cause hereof appears in Oyl of Sulphur, by the mixture whereof Liquors become red.

Now this Heat and Light, is partly planted in the li∣ver, and the Chyle it self, springing thereout, by reason of its previous preparation, and partly kindled therein, either by reason of the nearness of the Heart, and bor∣dering parts, or by reason of the Arterial blood, derived from the Heart and Spleen.

The more crude Blood being thus made, is not di∣stributed to nourish the Liver or the Body, which Of∣fice is performed by the Hepatick Arteries, but by in∣sensible Anastomoses of the flesh and Vessels, it is ex∣pelled into the Roots of Vena cava, where by longer tarriance, it is more elaborated, and soon after with the returning blood of the Vena porta and the Arteries, it is poured out into the Trunk of cava, going all straight along, through the upper part of the Trunk to the heart, that it may there attain its last accomplishment where∣by it becomes fit to nourish all the Parts. Not any thing returns this way to the Liver, the Valves hinde∣ring, which in the Liver look outwards, in the Heart inwards, as the whole Fabrick and Ligatures do testi∣fie. By these it is, that the Cava alwayes swells towards the Liver, and is empty towards the Heart.

Afterwards the Nourishment of all the Parts of the Body being accomplished by the Capillary Arteries, because all the blood is not consumed, which by conti∣nual Pulsations is sent forth, nor can that which is su∣perfluous return the same way, by reason of the Valves of the Heart seated by the Aorta, which lets any thing pass from the Heart, but admits nothing back again; and because any Artery being tied, is full, and swels to∣wards the Heart, but is empty, and lank towards the Veins: Therefore it must needs return as it were by a circular motion, out of the smallest Vessels back again into the greatest Veins, and the Trunk it self of the Ca∣va, and thence into the Heart. As it passes through the Liver, other blood there newly bred, is joyned with that of the Vena porta, and that which is redun∣dant from the Arteries, for the restoring of that which is spent, and so the Circulation is again repeated. Mean while, as hath been said, Choler is drawn out of the blood, by branches of vessels, terminating into the Gal∣bladder and Choler-passage. But the wheyish part, is because of its thinness retained a while, that the blood may more easily pass every where, and afterwards it is sent away, partly to the Kidneys (with the wheyish blood, which according to Galen is not concocted in the Kidneys, but because the Serum is an Excrement of the Liver, the Kidneys do only separate the blood from the whey) and from thence by the Ureters into the Bladder; whence the Urin does afterward partly go into the Skin, and passes out by sweat and insensible Transpiration.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Why the Liver is the Original of the Veins?
• * 1.2

  Its Number.
• * 1.3

  Its Situation.
• * 1.4

  Its Figure.
• * 1.5

  Its Division.
• * 1.6

  A Mans Li∣ver is not di∣vided into Laps or Scol∣lops.
• * 1.7

  Its Magnitude.
• * 1.8

  Its Membrane.
• * 1.9

  Its Connexion.
• * 1.10

  Its Substance.
• * 1.11

  Its Color.
• * 1.12

  Its Vessels.
• * 1.13

  Their Ana∣stomoses.
• * 1.14

  The Origi∣nal of the Veins.
• * 1.15

  The place of Blood-making, the Matter and Efficien.
• * 1.16

  The Authors opinion how the blood is made.