Bartholinus anatomy made from the precepts of his father, and from the observations of all modern anatomists, together with his own ... / published by Nich. Culpeper and Abdiah Cole.

The Introduction.

ANthropologia or the Doctrine of Mans Nature, is, though com∣monly, yet rightly divided into two Parts: Anatomia which treats of the Body and its Parts; and Psychologia, which treats of the Soul.

Anatomia therefore [more rightly called Anatomy, that is Section, which Sr. Ignatius reckons as a kind of Martyrdom, Caelius terms Apertio an opening, and Tertulianus Prosectio a cutting up, whence the term Prosector, a Cutter up] that I may come to that which is my business; in as much as it is a part of Natural Philosophy [for* 1.1 Medicinal Anatomy how ever useful and of which Galen treats in his Anatomical Administration, we must leave to Physitians] hath for its Subject the Body of any Animal or Live-wight whatsoever, whether frequenting the Land or or Waters, flying in the Air, &c. and not only the Body of Man. But we are wont most of all to search into the structure of Mans Body. 1. Because of the great Perfection thereof, which* 1.2 is the Rule of Imperfection. 2. Because the sundry sorts of Animals are almost infinite, so that to dissect and search into all of them, the life of man in this Age of the World is not suffi∣cient. 3. Because of the incredible profit which thereby redounds to every man, who desires perfectly to know himself, and this House of his earthy Tabernacle, both the better to preserve Health and to cure Diseases: Nor can any man be a Natural Philosopher or deserve so to be called, unless he have the Doctrine of Anatomy at his fingers end, above all other Parts of Na∣tural Philosophy. Yet is not the Dissection of other Creatures therefore unprofitable, or to be* 1.3 neglected by an Anatomist, partly by reason of the Analogie and Correspondence they hold with the Body of Man, partly to attain to the Knowledg of the Motions of Living Creatures, and partly, to conclude, for the Exercise of an Anatomist and Surgeon. Democritus sought the Seat and Nature of Choler in Living Creatures. After him Galen dissected Apes and other Living Creatures, as also Severinus, Aldrovandus, Castellus, Br••nzerus, Panarolus and myself have cut up divers Living Creatures. By the cutting up of Creatures alive Asellius found out the Ven•• lacteae •••• milkie Veins, and Harvey and Walaeus found the motion of the Blood.

Moreover, because in regard of the vari•••• of its Actions, the Body of Man does not consist of one part all alike, but of sundry; therefore we must know that the whole Body is divided* 1.4 into Parts containing, Parts contained, and Parts moving, according to the ancient Doctrine of Hippocrates: that is to say, into solid Parts, Humors and Spirits. And in this large accep∣tation, all things are called Parts which make up and compleat the Body, even the Nails, Hairs, Fat and Marrow. But stricctly and properly that is called a Pa•••• which partakes of the form, and life of the whole, and such the Anatomists accounts 〈…〉〈…〉 so••i••t Parts, And therefore •…•…lius hath well defined a Part to be A Body 〈◊〉〈◊〉 to the whole, partaking of the common Life 〈…〉〈…〉 •…•…ted for the performance of some Functions or Use. But Galen accounts that a Part,* 1.5 which is a B•…•… •••• some sort joyned to the whole, and hath in part its own proper Circum∣sc•••••• 〈…〉〈…〉 part is properly;

• 1. Tha•• 〈…〉〈…〉 is 〈…〉〈…〉 but does not nourish any other Part. And so they ex∣clude the S•…•… H•…•…. 〈…〉〈…〉 also t•••• Fa••, which somtimes nourishes the Parts, and the* 1.6 Marrow of the Bone▪ 〈…〉〈…〉.
• 2. That which is solid.
• 3. Which hath a proper Circumscription of its own. The contrary whereof is in fat, which is terminated by the figure of the Parts adjacent.
• 4. Which is continued with the whole, Mathematically and Physically, both in respect of the Matter and Form joyntly considered.
• 5. Which is fitted for some Function or Use. And so Warts and Swellings, with other things which grow upon the living Body praeternaturally, are excluded.

And that we may understand what is ment by Function and Use, I shall briefly open the same. An Action or Function may be either private or publick. The private Action is that whereby the Parts provide for themselves; the publick is that whereby they provide for the* 1.7 whole live Creature. A publick Action as it is opposed to use, is the Action of the principal Part of an Organ which performes the whole Action. For every Action in the Body of a live∣wight, hath according to Galen, a peculiar Particle, by which it is performed. For Examples sake; The Skin hath of it self a private Action, such as the Attraction and Retention of Nourish∣ment &c. it hath also a publick action for the behoof of the whole Animal, viz. the discerning of the tangible Qualities, such as are perceived by the Sense of Feeling. So the action of the Liver•• •…•…od-making, of the Stones, Seed-making; of the Dugs Milk-making.

But the ••••••e, is that help which the less principal Parts afford the more principal, in the per∣formance* 1.8 •••• their Actions, which according to Galen is in all Parts, yea even in those which have no action at all. It springs chiefly from three Fountaines, and they are,

• 1. The proper Temper of the Part, that is to say the Symmetry or even proportion of the fir••t Qualities. For Examples sake, The Skin is in respect of the first Qualities temperate; and if

• you ask wherefore, I answer, that it may be able to discern and judg of all tangible Qualities.
• 2. Such things as follows the Temper, and they are the second Qualities: Hardness, Softness, Thickness Thinness, Compactness, Rarity, &c.
• 3. Necessary Adjuncts, as Magnitude, Number, Passages or Cavities, Figure, Conformation, Connexion, Situation, Surfase. But I, in these Institutions, for the conveniency of Learners, shall, with other Anatomists, seldom observe this accurate difference between Action and Use▪ especially, that I may avoid the tedious repetition of sundry things.

But before I proceed to the Division and Differences of Parts, I shal briefly resolve this que∣stion,* 1.9 Which Part of the Body is first generated. We must therefore know, that according to Hip∣pocrates, all the Parts are formed and differenced at one and the same time, as in a Circle, there is neither beginning nor end, but altogether are both beginning and end. But all the Parts are not perfected and adorned at one and the same time; but in the first place the Navil-vein. 2. The Liver. 3. Afterwards the Heart (which Aristotle would have to be first made, as Galen would have the Liver to be) and lastly the brain. The Navil-vein therefore, is first finished and perfected, in regard of the enlargement thereof by the blood, but not in respect of its first Constitution of the Seed. But others said that the Groundwork or underwarpe of the Parts is Seed, and the Woof or Superstructure blood, supposing that there are two material Principles of the body: Seed and blood. Which Opinion I have refuted and sufficiently explained in my Anatomical Controversies, Quaest. 11. touching the Parts and their Faculties and Functions.

And therefore the Vessels are said in respect of Perfection to be generated before the bowels,* 1.10 and that justly. For otherwise the bowels could not be nourished without a proportionable Instrument to that end, namely a Vein, by which the blood is conveighed for their Nutriment. For as out of a Kernel or Seed put into the Earth, first a long Root descends into the Earth, after that other Roots spread themselves round about the Surface of the Earth, out of which afterwards, the Trunk and branches spring up; so out of the Seed committed to the Womb, there arises first the Navil-vein, receiving blood out of the Womb-cake; out of which Navil∣vein arises the Vena Portae, with its Roots.

Let us now come to the Division or Differences of the Parts, which may be divers.

Taking the word in a large Sense, some divide them into parts of Necessity, as the Heart, Li∣ver,* 1.11 Lungs, Stomach; and Parts of Commodity, and that either great as the Eyes and Stones, or less as the Nails; and parts of Ornament, as the Hairs of the Head and Beard.

But I shall divide the Parts, chiefly in respect of their End, or in respect of their Matter.* 1.12

In respect of the worthiness of the End, some are Principal, others less principal and 〈…〉〈…〉.

The Principal are the Liver, Heart, Brain, which are the Principles of other Parts. As, out of the brain arise the Nerves, according to the common Opinion, out of the Heart, the Arte∣ries, out of the Liver, the Veins. Others add the Testicles, but without any need, because they make nothing to the Conservation of the Individual, ••and Generation is caused without them, as I shall shew by Examples in the 7. Book Chap. 22.

Now we do not mean the beginning of Radication or Original; for so, the Seed is the be∣ginning* 1.13 of all the Parts, but of Dispensation and Distribution; that is such a beginning as sends out of it self some Instrument, Force or common Matter. So from the Heart, as the beginning or Original of Dispensation, the Arteries arise, because they receive their Virtue from the heart. and seem there to have their Original. The same may be said of the Veins and Nerves in re∣spect of their Originals. So the Gristles have their Original from the bones, and also the Li∣gaments.

The Subservient Parts are necessary or not necessary.

The Necessary are those without which the Animal cann•••• 〈…〉〈…〉 cannot live well. So the Lungs serve the Heart, the Guts the Stomach; the Stoma•…•… ••aver and Spleen; the Gall∣bladder, Choler-passage and Piss-bladder, serve the Liver; and all the Instruments of the Sen∣ses serve the brain.

The Not-necessary, as simple flesh, &c. in respect of other Parts: for in consumptive persons ••is wasted away, and in fleshie persons tis a burthen, and in sects according to Aristotle have no Flesh.* 1.14

In respect of their immediate Matter, some are simple, Homogeneal or Similary; others Com∣pound Heterogeneal, or dissimilary.

A Similar Part, is that which is divided into Parts like it self, so that all the Particles are of the same Substance with the whole, as every part of flesh is flesh, &c.

Of such similar Parts, some reckons more, others fewer.

Aristotle in sundry places, thus reckons them: Blood, Flegm, Choler, Sanies or blood-wa∣ter, Milk, Seed, Gall, Fat, Marrow, Flesh, Veins, Arteries, Nerves, Fibres, Membranes, Skin, Bones, Gristles, Hairs, Nails, Horns, Feathers.

Averroes omits some of these, and adds Melancholy, Spirits, Muscles, Cords, Ligaments, Suet.

Galen in sundry places, thus reckons them: A Bone, a Gristle, a Vein, an Artery, a Nerve, a Membrane, a Fibre, a Tendon, a Ligament, a Nail, Skin, Fat, Marrow, the Glassie and Chrystalline Humors, the flesh of the Muscles and bowels, with the proper substance of the brain, Stomach, Guts and Womb.

Archangelus retaines all the aforesaid, and adds three sorts of Spirits, four Alimentary humors, and the Excrementitious humors, as Urin in the Bladder, Choler in the Gall-bladder, Excre∣mentitious Flegm, and all the Excrements of all digestions, the Scarf-skin, and the internal Skin of •••• 〈…〉〈…〉 Cavities. Moreover ••e adds to these, seventeen similar parts, not common∣ly

reckoned, viz. the proper substance (setting aside the other similar parts, Veins, Arteries, &c.) of the Brain, Tongue, Lungs, Heart, Liver, Gall-bladder, Spleen, Stomach, Guts, Kid∣neys, Ureters, Piss-bladder, Womb, Yard, Stones, Muscles, Kernels. But it is in Vain for him to reckon these parts as new: for all in a manner are comprehended under Flesh. For according to Hippocrates and Galen, there is a flesh of the Muscles, and a flesh of the Bowels, and a flesh of the Glandules or Kernels. But in another place Galen propounds a threefold flesh. 1. In a Muscle, which the Ancients did only cal Flesh. 2. The Parenchyma, or proper substance of the Liver, Heart, Kidneys, &c. 3. In the Stomach, Bladder, Veins. 4. In the Bones, though improperly.

Whence we may gather four sorts of Flesh. 1. Musculous flesh, which Galen frequently* 1.15 terms Fibrous flesh, and it is soft and red and properly termed flesh. And in Hippocrates his Language, by flesh many times is ment the Muscles. 2. Viscerous flesh or the flesh of the Bowels. Erasistratus cals it Parenchyma or an Affusion of blood; Galen cals it Similar and simple flesh, which supports the Vessels of the bowels, fills up the empty spaces, and performs the Action. 3. Membranous flesh, or the fleshy substance of every Membranous part, as in the Gullet, Stomach, Guts, Womb, bladder. 4. Glandulous flesh, or the flesh of Kernels, which serves. 1. For to support the divisions of Vessels. 2. To drink up superfluous humors, especially wheyish humors, because the Kernels are of an hollow Spungy substance; and there∣fore they are vulgarly termed Emunctories or Clensers. Those in the Neck being counted Clensers of the Head; those in the Arm-pits, of the Heart; those in the Groyns of the Liver. 3. To moisten the parts for their more easie motion, or otherwise to prohibit dryness. Such are those which are situate by the Tongue, Larynx, Eye-corners, &c.

But the similar parts are reckoned to be ten: A bone, a Gristle, a Ligament, a Membrane, a* 1.16 Fibre, a Nerve, an Artery, a Vein, Flesh and Skin.

Of these some are similar only in the judgment of Sense, as Veins, Arteries (some add Mus∣cles) others are simply and absolutely similar. That Veins, Arteries, Nerves, Muscles are not truly simple and similar, hath been rightly taught by Aristotle: for a Muscle consists of Flesh, Fibres, and a Tendon: Nerves are made up of the Dura and pia Mater, with Marrow: Arte∣ries, of two different coats; the Veins of a coat (and of Fibres as some will have it) and Valves. Simply and truly similar parts are Bones, Gristles, Ligaments, Membranes, Fibres, Flesh and Skin. To these some add the Ureters, the Air implanted in the Ear, &c. but in vain. For, 1. They are not parts common •••• the whole body, but proper to some parts. 2. The implanted Air of the Ears, is nothing but an implanted spirit, which cannot be reckoned among solid parts.

Here we are to observe that all these parts are commonly divided, into Spermatical, Sanguine, or mixt.

The Spermatical are made of seed, and such are the eight first reckoned; which if they are cut* 1.17 asunder, they breed not again, nor can they be truly united, but they are joyned together by a Callus in the middle, by reason of defect of matter and formative faculty, which acts not after the Conformation of the Parts.

The Sanguine or fleshy Parts, contrarywise are bred again, because they are supposed to be* 1.18 made of Blood, as the Flesh.

A mixt Part is the Skin, of which we shall treat hereafter, in Book 1. Chap. 2.

For feed and blood are commonly accounted the two general Principles of which we are made: so that in the Seed there is very little of the material principle, but much of the active, but in the blood much of the material principle, and but a little and weak portion of the active or effective principle. The first Rudiments and underwrap as it were of the parts, are said to be made of Seed; and the woofe or superstructure of blood flowing in. But what the Truth is in Contradiction to this vulgar opinion, we have taught in our Anatomical Controversies. For we are rather to hold, that the parts are at first made only of Seed, as of their matter; and that the Mothers blood doth nourish, and encrease and amplifie the Parts. The Skin in compari∣son to other Parts, hath an indifferent proportion of Seed, not so much as the Spermatical, nor so little as the Sanguinary parts.

The Compound or dissimilar Parts are, those which may be divided into divers unlike parts,* 1.19 as an Hand cannot be cut into other Hands, but into Bones, Muscles, Veins, &c. The dis∣similar parts are by the Phylosopher called Members: but they are vulgarly termed Organical or instrumental parts.

Now in every Organ, there are for the most part, four kinds of parts. For example sake,* 1.20 in the Eye there is, 1. That part by which the action, viz. Seeing is performed, namely the Chrystalline Humor. 2. That without which it cannot be performed, as the Optick Nerve. 3. That by which it is the better performed, as the Coats and Muscles of the Eyes. 4. That by which the action is preserved, as the Eye-lids, &c.

And because the Dissimilar parts are more or less Compounded, they are divided into four degrees or ranks.

The 1. Is such as are similar to the sense, as a Muscle, Vein, Artery. The 2. Is made of the sormer and the rest of the similars, as a Finger. The 3. is compounded of the second, as an Hand, Foot, &c. The 4. Is compounded of the third, as an Arm or Leg.

Finally the Body is divided into its greatest Members, as by some into the Head, Chest, Belly* 1.21 and Bladder; by others as Aristotle, Ruffus a 〈…〉〈…〉 Oribasius into the Head, Neck, Chest (under they comprehend the lower Belly) and therefore Hippocrates placed the Liver in the Chest] the

Arms and the Legs. But others have better divided them into the Bellies and Limbs.

The Bellies are certain remarkeable Cavities of the Body, wherein some noble bowel is placed: and as there are three principal Members, so are there three Bellies: the lowest belly, commonly called Abdomen or the Paunch, contains the Liver and Natural parts. The Mid∣dle or Chest, containes the Heart and vital parts. The uppermost or Head contains the brain and Animal parts. The Limbs which were given us for more conveniency of living, are the Arms and the Legs.

And therefore we shall make four books: 1. Of the Lower belly. 2. Of the Middle belly.* 1.22 3, Of the supream belly or Cavity, the Head. 4. Of the Limbs. And to these shall answer four Petty Books: The first of the Veins which arise from the Liver in the lower Cavity. The second of the Arteries which arise from the Heart, in the middle Cavity. The third of the Nerves, which are commonly thought to spring from the brain. The fourth of the bones, which are most what in the Limbs: and as the bones joyned together make a compleat frame and bodies as it were; so also do the Veins, Arteries, and Nerves.

We may find another division of the body in Fernelius, which nevertheless is of no use save* 1.23 in Physick. He divides the body into pulplike Regions and Private.

Private Regions he calls the brain, Lungs, Kidneys, Womb, &c. Publick or common he makes three extended through the whol body. 1. Hath the Vena porta, and all the parts whereinto its branches are spred. 2. Begins at the Roots of Vena Cava, and is terminated in the smal Veins, before they become Capillary. 3. Hath the Muscles, Bones, and Bulk of the body and ends in the Skin.

We purge the first Region cheifly by the Guts; The second by the Urinary passages; The third by the Pores of the Skin.

[illustration]

The I. TABLE.

The Explication of the FIGURE.

This TABLE holds forth the Pourtraicture of a Living Man, wherein both the external parts of the Abdomen, as all the Conspicuous Veins which are wont to be opened by Chirurgeons, and the places where Issues are wont to be made, are Represented.

• A. The Hypochondrium.
• B. The Epigastrium.
• CC. The Hypogastrium.
• D. The Flanks.
• EE. The Groins.
• F. The Region of the Share.
• G. The Navil.
• H. The Heart-pit.
• I. The jugulum or hollow of the Throat.
• K. The Forehead Vein.
• L. The Temple Veins.
• M. The jugular Vein.
• N. The Cephalica Vena.
• O. The Basilica Vena.
• P. The Mediana or common Vein.
• Q. The Head vein of the left Arm.
• R. The Salvatella.
• SSSS. The Saph••na Vein des∣cending.
• T. The Saphaena Vein in the Foot it self.
• V. The 〈…〉〈…〉 Sciatica.
• XX 〈…〉〈…〉 of Issues in 〈…〉〈…〉 in the Thigh.

before page 1.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Subject of Anatomy.
• * 1.2

  Why Anatomy treats chiefly of the Body of Man.
• * 1.3

  The Dissection of other Ani∣mals is useful to an Anatomist and why?
• * 1.4

  The division of the whol Bo∣dy of Man. ••
• * 1.5

  What a Part is?
• * 1.6

  What is the proper accepta∣tion of the wor•• Part.
• * 1.7

  What is ment by the Action of a Part.
• * 1.8

  What by the ••••••.
• * 1.9

  Which Part of the Body is first generated.
• * 1.10

  Why the Ves∣sels were to be made before the Bowels.
• * 1.11

  Division of the Parts.
• * 1.12

  In respect of their End. ▪The principal Parts.
• * 1.13

  The Beginning or principle of Radication. The Original of Dispensati∣on. Parts subservi∣ent or mini∣string.
• * 1.14

  In respect of their Matter. A similar part what it is, and how manifold.
• * 1.15

  How many sorts of Flesh there are?
• * 1.16

  The Number of the Similar Parts.
• * 1.17

  What a Sper∣matical Part is?
• * 1.18

  What a San∣guine Part.
• * 1.19

  What a dissi∣milar part is?
• * 1.20

  Organical parts.
• * 1.21

  con∣•…•… a visi∣on ••••
• * 1.22

  This whole Work divided into four Books and four Petty Books or Ma∣nuals.
• * 1.23

  The division of the Body ac∣cording to the Regions.