Bartholinus anatomy made from the precepts of his father, and from the observations of all modern anatomists, together with his own ... / published by Nich. Culpeper and Abdiah Cole.

Chap. 6. Of the proper Bones of the Skull in particular.

THe first Bone is the OS FRONTIS, the Forehead bone, which some call Coronale, Inverecundum, Os puppis: which hath

A Figure imperfectly circular; more perfect where it is circumscribed with the Coronal Suture, more imperfect neer the Eyes.

Its Substance is thinner than that of the Os occipitis or Hinder-head bone, and thicker than the Ossa sincipitis, or bones of the foremore part of the Head.

It is twofold in Children new-born, distinguished by the sagittal Suture: also framed of a twofold Plate, an external and internal.

At the top of the Nose above the Eye∣brows, there are large Cavities commonly* 1.1 two in number, between the two plates, somtimes cloathed with a green Membrane and separated, containing a certain soft and marrowish body. But these Cavities are not 1. In Children til they are a year old. 2. In such as have a flat and Saddle-face. 3. In such whose Fore-head is divided.

The said Cavities have holes which end into the wide spaces of the Nostrils: and another which ends into the Skul, above the Septum of the Os spongiosum to distinguish the Organs of Smelling.

The Use of these Cavities.

• 1. To make the Voyce Melod•••••••• and Sounding; be∣cause they are not in such who have a bad Speech.
• 2. Some conceive they serve for the Air to be elabora∣ted in, to generate animal spirits.
• 3. That they may contain the Air which is drawn into the Nostrils and brings the smels of things along with it, from whence it passes leisurely to the Organs of Smel∣ling, and to the Brain to alter the ••ame, and reduce it to its natural State, when it is disordered. And therefore it is that many times an whole day together a smel is per∣ceived in the top of the Nostrils.
• 4. Others suppose, they serve to collect Excrements, not only thick but watry, which being carried to the Glandula lachrymalis, do make Tears.
• 5. some conceive that the marrowy matter therein con∣tained, doth pass through the hole of the greater Corner of the Eye, and moisten the Eye make it glib and slippery, that it may move the Easier.

This Bone hath Processes: one at the greater Corner of the Eye, another at the lesser, to constitute the upper pare of the Eye-hole or Socket. There are also two cor∣nerd Eminencies or risings on each side o••e, towards the Temples, which are termed Horns; by Albucasis, Diony∣sisci the Author of the Definitions and Heliodorus the Physitian; and if that boney Tumor be only on one side Ingrassias calls it Dionysiscus.

It hath three holes; one more inward of which before, which ends into the Skul: two outward, at the middle of the Eye-brows, for the thorough-fare, of the Nerves of the third Conjugation to the Forehead.

The Second and Third are the two Bones of the Sincipu•• or Vertex, which some call Parietalia, others Arcualia, Nervalia, Rationis or Cogitationis, of reason or thought: the Greeks Brég••a••os o••••â, because the most moist and sofe Brain, is placed under them.

In Shape they are four square and unequal.

Their Substance is more rare and in∣firm* 1.2 then of other Bones, because the Head in this part, wants very much evaporation: and therefore the Wounds of the Sinciput are deadly.

[illustration]

TABLE. II.

The FIGURES Explained.

In this TABLE are presented the Bones and Su∣tures of the Skul, as also the parts of both the Jaw∣bones.

FIG. I.

• AA. The Coronal Suture.
• B. A part of the sagittal Suture.
• CC. The scalie Suture of the Bones of the Temples.
• D. The Os frontis, or Bone of the Fore-head.
• EE. Processes of the said Bone, to the grater cor∣ner of the Eye.
• F. Another process to the les∣ser corner.
• G. An hole for the passage of Nerves expressed on one side.
• H. Os Bregmatis.
• I. The Bone of the Temples.
• K. Its Appendix cal'd Sty∣loïdes.
• L. Its mamillary process.
• M. Another process thereof, which makes the Os ju∣gale.
• N. The first bone of the low∣er Jaw according to our Author.
• O. The second Bone.
• P. The hole of this Bone, neer which is the Ca∣runcula Lachrymalis.
• QQ. The third Bone of the upper Jaw.
• RR. The fourth Bone thereof.
• S. The Partition of the Nostrils.
• T. The lower Jaw-bone.
• u. Its outer and lesser hole, the greater is to be seen within.
• X. The process of that Jaw-bone, termed Corone.
• Z. The other blunted Process called Condilodes.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Dent••s Incisores or Cutting Teeth.
• 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. The Dog-teeth.
• ...〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 The Grinders or Grinding-teeth, Molares.

FIG. II.

• AAA. The Coronal Suture.
• BB. The Sagittal Suture.
• CC. The Lambdoidea.
• D. The Os frontis.
• EE. The Bone, of the Sinciput, Bregma, or ••or•…•… of •••••• Head.
• FF. A portion of Os Occipitis or Hinder-head 〈◊〉〈◊〉

page 342

In Infants, that part which is at the Conjunction of the coronal and Sagittal Sutures is found Membranous, and soft, and among all the Bones of the Head, it last receives a boney hardness, then when the Child begins to speak distinctly and intelligibly▪ while it remains Membranous and soft, it is not so thick as afterwards, but transparent. Hence in Children there is observed in that place a Gap or Chink, which some term Fontanella and ••ons pulsatilis; where also they are wont to make Issues in desparate Ca∣tarrhs. I have once observed this part in a person grown up, to have been not yet boney, but membranous as in Children, viz. in a man of years of Age. 〈…〉〈…〉 Woman of twenty six years old, found it re•…•… open.

There are within superficial Cavities, being the in •…•…∣sions of Veins, and without certain small holes.

The fourth Bone of the Occiput which some call 〈…〉〈…〉 Os prorae, Os memorioe, Os pixidis, the G•…•… doth constitute almost the whole hinde•…•… part of the Skul.

Which in grown persons is commonly b•…•… double or treble; in Children it con•…•… part of four seldom of five bones▪

Its Figure is of a Sphaetical triangle▪

Its Substance is the thickest and most compact of all the rest (because there the noble Ventricle is seated, and there the Nerves arise as from a Fountain) especially at the Basis of the Skul, save at the sides of the great hole, where it is most thin (and therefore in this respect Aristotle did well say, that this was the thinnest Bone of all, which Co∣lumbus taxes) and therefore for safeties sake, there is in the middle thereof a long Prominency.

It hath five holes, one which is the greatest neer the first Vertebra, through which the Medulla oblongata passeth forth; the rest are lesser serving for the going out of Nerves and the entrance of Veins and Arteries.

It hath nine Cavities, seven within and two with∣out.

It hath before two broad Processes at the Basis (in Children they are Epiphyses) covered with a Gristle, within more eminent, inserted into the Cavities of the first Vertebra, for the motion of the Head. There is a∣nother small Process behind, joyned to the first Verte∣bra.

In the Hinder-head of Dogs, there is another small bone between the Brain* 1.3 and the Brainlet, which is triangular: that it may as a Prop sustain their going with their heads downwards.

The fift and sixt, are the Temple Bones, by the Ears; some call them Lapidos••, Petrosa, Sa••ea, Squamiformia Mendofa, and others Parietalia and Aercualia.

Their Shape is uneven (but rather circular than three square) because of their manifold Substance, which is like Rocks and craggy Clifts; for which cause they are also called Ossa petrosa the rocky bones. But in their upper part they are attenuated, so as to be transparent, where they lie under the temporal Muscles, and are joyn∣ed to the bones of the Sinciput, like Scales.

They have six holes without, two within▪ the first ex∣ternal hole is large, viz. The Auditory passage; the rest are small, for Vessels to pass thorough.

They have two Cavities. The outer is covered with a Gristle▪, and receives the lower Jaw-bone. The inner is longish, common to the Os occipitis.

[illustration]

TABLE III.

The FIGURES Ex∣plained.

This TABLE demonstrates the inner structure of the Or∣gan of Hearing, with the little Auditory Bones.

FIG. I.

• AA. Os temporis, the Temple Bone.
• bbb. The scalie Suture of the said Bone.
• cc. The Os spongiosum, or Spungy-bone.
• D. The Cavity into which the Auditory Nerve is inserted.
• e. The boney Circle.
• ff. The greater winding of the Cochlea.
• ggg. Three boney half-circles, which form the La∣byrinth.
• h. The Malleus or Hammer in its situation.
• i. The Anvil or Incus.
• k. The Stapes or Stirrup.
• l. The external Muscle of the Ear.
• m. The internal Muscle of the Ear, of which see B. 3. chap. 9.

FIG. II.

• aaa. The Labyrinth.
• b. The Cochlea.
• c. The oval hole where the Stapes is seated.
• d. Fallopius his Aquae-ductus.
• e. The Fenestra Rotunda, round window.
• ff. Little holes to let out Veins and Arteries.

FIG. III.

• aa. The Cochlea dissected.
• bb. An intermediate space or thing dividing the Cochlea into two wreaths.
• c. A round hole, ending into the Cavity of Hearing, and the lower wreath of Cochlea.
• ddd. The wreathings or Circumvolutions of the Labyrinth opened.
• e. The Fenestra ovalis, or oval window.

FIG. IV.

• a. The round Head of the Malleus or Hammer.
• b. Its end whereby 'tis fastned to the Drum.
• c. The smaller process of the Malleus, Mallet or Hammer.
• d. The larger and more fine process thereof, first observed by Folius.
• e. The Incus or Anvil, whose upper part hath a Cavity to re∣ceive the Head of the Hammer.
• f. The longer process of the Anvil, to which the Stirrup is fastned.
• h. The Stapes or Stirrup.
• i. A fourth little bone fastned to the Stapes or Stirrup by a Ligament, first observed by Fr. Sylvius.

FIG. V.

• Shews the boney Circle in Infants, to which the Membrane of the Drum is fastened.

page 343

It hath a certain Appendix, sharp, long and small, and therefore called Styloīdes, Belenoïnes, Graphioïdes, Ple∣ctrum, &c. It is soon broke off, and therefore it is not in all Skuls, especially such as are dug out of the ground. In grown persons 'tis hony, in Infants Gristly. It is a lit∣tle crooked, like a Cocks Spur.

It hath three Processes.

• 1. Is external and obtuse, thick, short and cavernous, id est, having holes like a Spunge in it; its cal'd from its shape, Mammillaris, Dug like.
• 2. Is External also, and a portion of Os jugale.
• For the Os jugale or Lygomatis, seated under the Eye, is not a peculiar bone, but is made up of the Processes of two bones; the one is that newly mentioned, the other is that of the Jaw, joyned by an oblique Suture, making as it were a Bridg: whose use is to defend the Tendon of the temporal Muscle, the Skul being otherwise but thin in that place.
• 3. Is Internal with a long protuberancy, wherein there is a threefold Cavity: the Drum, the Labyrinth, the Co∣chlea, also the bones which serve the Hearing. But if the outer passage before the Membrane of the Tympanum be reckoned, there wil be four Cavities of the Auditory passage. The Ancients makes mention but of one Ca∣vern.

I. The first Cavity, which is the Tym∣panum or Concha, or as some call it Pel∣vis,* 1.4 and by Aristotle termed Cochlea, is situate presently after the little Mem∣brane of the Tympanum (about which goes a boney circle, easily separable in Infants, in elderly persons hardly) wherein is the Congenit or inbred Air, also four little bones, a Ligament and Muscles, little Windows and a water-passage; and from this Cavity a Channel goes in∣to the palate of the Mouth. It doth not transmit the Congenit Air, which Nature studies to retain.

The Fenestrae or Windows, are two little holes in this Cavity: the one oval, is in the middle of the Cavity, more towards the fore-part, and higher, upon which the Basis of the Stapes or Sti••rups rests, and in a great mea∣sure shuts the same: in the hinder part, it opens it self in∣to the Cochlea with a large overture, and joyns it self al∣so to the hinder hole which is lower in mankind, lesser and narrower? and this is divided into two channels, divided by a very thin bony Scale: with the one it goes, together with the oval window unto the Cochlea, with the other to the Labyrinth; and the hindermore channel is called Aquae-ductus, also Meatus cochlearis, Tortuosus, Caecus, Ca∣preolaris, by reason of the crooked winding passage, through which the greater part of the Auditory Nerve is carried with the Artery.

II. The second being round and less than the former, is called Cabyrinthus and fodina the Maze and Mettal-mine or Cole-mine, because of its crooked manyfold turnings: behind the Fenestra ovals, it joyns it self to the following Cavity. From this, many waies run out▪ which they call Semicirculos osse••s excavatos, hollowed boney Half-circles, or funiculos little Ropes, three for the most part, large at the beginning, and then by little and little growing nar∣rower, cloathed with a little thin Membrane, that the sounds may become more acute, and being by little and little broken may so ascend unto the Brain. It hath four holes besides the oval, and a fift which is terminated in∣to the Cochlea.

III. The third is termed Cochlea because of its wreathed turning, others call it Cavitas cochleata, Buccinata, An∣••rum buccinosum, &c. for it hath three or four windings (those who are thick of Hearing have only one or two) mutually receiving one another, and is cloathed with a very exceeding thin and most soft Membrane, and is ador∣ned with infinite little Veins, which being twined about the wreathings of the Cochlea, doth by many branches creep into the secret turnings of the Labyrinth.

Notes

• * 1.1

  See Tab. 4. Fig. 1.
• * 1.2

  Why the wounds of the Sinciput are deadly.
• * 1.3

  The triangular bone in Dogs.
• * 1.4

  The Cavities in the Ossa petrosa.