Bartholinus anatomy made from the precepts of his father, and from the observations of all modern anatomists, together with his own ... / published by Nich. Culpeper and Abdiah Cole.

CHAP. I. Of the Bones in General.

THe Nature of the Bones is easily known, if we shal but orderly propound their Causes and Accident•• or Adjuncts.

The Ma•••••• out of which the Bones are bred in the Womb, according to Hippocrates, is an earthy Excrement, with Fat and Moisture added thereto. Aristotle also calls it Excrementum seminale, an excrement of the Seed. Ga∣len saies it is the thicker and harder part of the Seed dri∣ed.

Now some Bones are perfectly generated in the Womb, as those in the Ear which serve the Sense of Hearing, being the smallest in the whole body; others imperfectly, as the Teeth and all the rest of the Bones, in which at first som∣what is wanting▪ either a process, o•• an Appendix, &c.▪

Moreover, all other Bones save the Teeth have a cer∣tain determination of their growth: but the Teeth grow continually, for if one Tooth be removed, that just against it grows longer: which Nature therefore ordained, be∣cause they are alwaies wearing through grinding and chewing the Meat.

Their remote nutritive Matter, is thought to be the thicker and more earthy part of* 1.1 the Blood, and that which is as it were excrementitious, flowing in through the Veins into the Marrow, where in the Ca∣verns of the Bones it may be digested, for Platerus denies that the Bones have Arteries, wherein Spigelius contradicts him: if there be Veins, there will doubtless be Arteries, which are as inconspicuous to the sight as the Veins are. Hence it is, that in the Cavities of the Bones of Animals newly brought forth, the Mar∣row is as yet bloody.

The Immediate nutritive Matter of the hollowed Bones, according to Hippocrates and Galen, is the Marrow con∣tained in the said Bones (who are contradicted by Ari∣stotle and other Peripetaticks, who will have the Marrow to be rather the excrement of the Bones) as in Gristles that same snotty matter which lies round about them, is their immediate nutritive Matter; and in Ligaments, Membranes and Nerves, that same clammy humor shed in amongst them.

Of the solid Bones not hollowed, the immediate Nutri∣tive matter, is thick Blood sent in through the pores; because 1. Being broken they are joyned with a Callus, bred of the Remainders of the alimentary Blood. 2. They are liable to Imposthumation in their Substance, the su∣perfluities of the nourishment putrifying in the pores. Hofman allows that they are nourished with Blood con∣tained in the Marrow, and that the Marrow serves the Blood, by carrying the solid part.

The Efficient is the Vis o••••ifica, or Bone-making faculty, or the innate faculty, acting by the Assistance of Heat.

The Form of a Bone is the Soul, as of the whole, and in the next place the ratiō formalis whereby a Bone is a Bone and no other thing, 2. de Gen. Anim. cap. 1. And therefore the Bones of dead persons are not properly but equivocally Bones. The Accidents or Adjuncts of Bones, are their sundry Figures, Solidity, Strength, &c. of which hereafter.

The End or Use of the Bones, is,

• 1. To be the Foundations and Supporters of the whole Body, like Pillars or Foundations in Houses.
• 2. To be as a Safeguard for some parts, as the Skull saveguards the Brain.
• 3. To serve for going, as is apparent in the Thighes and Legs. and therefore Ser∣pents,* 1.2 Worms and other Creepers, which have no Legs, cannot go, but are forced to crawl.
• 4. There are some private uses of divers Bones, of which in the special History of Bones.
• 5. Certain Medicinal Uses there are of Bones. Their Pouder cures a Cancer, Fevers, any Fluxes. Their Oyl is good for the Gout, the Magistery of a Mans Skull is good against the Falling-sickness, as also the triangular Bones of the Occiput, &c.

The Situation of the Bones is deep, because they are the Foundations and Upholders of the Body.

They vary in Magnitude according to the variety of their Utilities. Great are the Bones of the Leg, Thigh, Arm, Shoulder, &c. Small those of the Ear serving for Hearing, the Sesamoidean Bones, the Teeth, the Wrist∣bones, &c.

They are many in number and not one only, because of the variety* 1.3 of motions; and lest that one being hurt, all should be hurt.

Now a monstrous thing it is for a Child to be born without Bones, such an one as Hippocrates speaks of, be∣ing a Boy, four fingers big, but not long-liv'd the like to which Forestus also saw.

The Number of all the Bones of the Body, is not the same in all Persons. For in Children they are more, which by degrees grow together and become fewer. O∣thers may number the Epiphysis by themselves as distinct Bones, and so make a mighty number. Others may omit the Sesamoidean and other small Bones, or such as are seldom found, as in the Carotick Arteries: and so doth Archangelus who reckons but two hundred forty nine: others make commonly three hundred and four. Others as many as there are daies in the year.

They vary in Figure some are round, others flat, some sharp, others blunt, &c. as shal be shewed when we come to speak severally of the particulars.

The Colour in such as are naturally constituted, is white, mixt with a very little red.

They are all of them externally inclosed (not internal∣ly) with the Periostium, excepting the Teeth, sesamoi∣dean Bones, and the sides of the other Bones where they are mutually joyned one to another. And the Periostium is exquisitely sensi∣ble:* 1.4 but the Bones themselves want the sense of Feeling, excepting the Teeth, to whom we may attribute some Sense, seeing they feel exceeding cold Air or Water, yea with their Ends: especially when the Teeth are on Edge, before it reach to the little Membranes and Nerves, by help wherof they are thought to Feel.

The Connexion of the Bones is various. But the mutu∣al and artificial hanging together of all the Bones is by the Greeks cal'd Skeleton, as if you would say a dried Carcass from Skellein to drie. Being compacted partly with the natural Ligaments dried with the Bones, & partly with artificial ones, somtimes bolt upright, otherwhiles in the posture of sitting; which doth not properly belong to Anatomy, but the other Natural Osteology, framed by Nature, and adorned with its own moist Ligaments.

And this natural Cohaerence or Connexion, according to Galen, is made either Cat' árthron by way of Joynting; or catà sumphusin, by way of growing together.

He makes Arthron a Joynt to be double; viz. Diar∣throsis or by way of Diarticulation or joynting, such as are Enárthrosis, Arthrodia and Gigglumos: or Sunarthro∣sis, such as he reckons Suture, Harmonie and Gomphosis

Moreover Symphysis or growing together, is said to be with or without a Medium.

But I shall thus divide the Connexions of the Bones.

The Bones are fastned together either by Articulation or Joynting; or by Symphysis or growing together.

Articulation or Joynting is with motion, and that either obscure (which others cal neuter or doubtful Articulati∣on) as that of the Ribs with the Vertebrae, also of the Bones of the Wrist and Pedium; or evident loose and manifest, and it is called

Diarthrosis, of which there are three sorts:

• I. Enarthrosis Inarticulation, which is when there is a great quantity both of the Cavity of the Bone receiving, and of the Head of the Bone which is received: as in the Articulation of the Thigh with the Huckle-bone.
• II. Arthrodia, is where the Cavity receiving is superfi∣cial, and the Head received flat: as is that of the lower Jaw with the Bone of the Temples.
• III. Gigglumos, when the same Bone both receives, so that contiguous bones do mutually enter one into ano∣ther. And it is done three manner of waies:
  • 1. When the same bone is received by one bone which receives the same again mutually; as we see in the Arti∣culation of the Shoulder-bone with the Cubit.
  • 2. When one bone receives and is received of another, as in the Vertebrae. For the Vertebra being placed in the middle, receives the upper and is received by the lower.
  • ...

• ...
  • 3. In manner of a wheel, as that of the second Verte∣bra of the Neck with the first; where upon the Axel-tree as it were of one Vertebra, another is turned and wheeled about,

By Sumphusis or growing together, Bones are fastned, when the Connexion is without motion, and two Bones do only touch one another, or approach mutually one to another, as in the former.

And this growing together is either without a medium or with it.

Without a Medium:

• 1. Rhaphé a Suture as in the Skul.
• 2. Harmonia, which is a joyning of Bones by a single Line, streight, oblique, or circular: as in bones of the upper Jaw and the Nose. And so all Epiphyses in a man∣ner are joyned.
• 3. Gomphosis that is to say Nailing, when one Bone is fastned into another as a Nail in a Post, as the Teeth in the Jaw-bones.

These three sorts Galen and others following him, have comprehended under Synarthrosis as the Genus or kind. But they are out: because Bones thus joyned have no motion▪ yet peradventure they may some waies pertain to Synarthrosis, because of the firmness they afford to the parts of the body.

With a Medium there is also a threefold growing toge∣ther of the Bones, by reason of a threefold body coming between as the Medium:

• 1. A Gristle and the conjunction is called Sunchondro∣sis. as in the Bones of the lower Jaw, and the Share∣bones.
• 2. A Ligament and it is termed Sunneurosis, as is seen in the Union of the Huckle-bone with the Thigh bone.
• 3. Flesh or a Muscle, and it is called Sussarcosis, as in the Os hyoides with the Scapula.

The Substance of the Bones is hard, but not with dri∣ness in an healthy State, but with a shining fattiness. to which others joyn an acid or sharp spirit and a vola∣til Salt, in which regard they easily take fire and are burnt instead of Wood, as the Rogus of the Romans or their Fu∣neral-fires did witness [and our English Bonefires, for anciently (and yet in the* 1.5 North) they kept their Bones of Beef &c. til an occasion of Triumph, and then brought them out for joy to make Bone-fires] other∣wise they would easily be broken, as we see in calcined Bones, and in that old Woman, whose Members would break at the least touch, as Nic. Fontanus relates in his Observations. And Galen tels of some bones that would turn to Sand and Dust, like rotten wood, which is the effect of driness.

The Less this Hardness of the Bones is, the better do broken bones grow together and unite.

But in Persons that are come to years, they do not truly grow together, nor are regenerated, but are as it were glewed together, by the coming between of another substance like Glue, which they term Callus. Galen cals it Porus. Now a Callus somtimes happens beside the In∣tent of Nature, through overgreat plenty of Aliment and bad Nutrition: viz. when by a boney callus, the three upper Vertebra's of the Neck are so glewed together as they seem to be but one bone: or when the first Vetebra is glewed to the Skul; and such persons cannot express their consent or dissent, by moving their Head forwards or backwards as the manner is.

There is a greater hardness in some Bones than in o∣thers, as the Thigh, &c. But other Bones are softer, as of the Os Spongiosum, the last bones of the Fingers &c. Fer∣nelius, Ruellius, Hollerius have found all the bones so pre∣ternaturally soft, that they might be bowed like Wax, and that chiefly by the venereal Pox, witness M. Donatus. The Cartilago insiformis proves somtimes so soft and flag∣gie, that it falls, of which see Codronchius.

The parts of the Bones are solid or Hollow, yet Plinie tels us, that there were some that lived whose bones were solid, without any hollowness, who are by him called Cor∣nei, and that such persons are known, in that they never sweat nor thirst. which Salinus avouches of one Lyddanus a Syracusian. But both these Authors can somtimes drop leasings.

The Cavities are either within where the Marrow is, which cavities nevertheless are not every where conspicu∣ous; or without at the joyntings; which hollownesses if they are deep, they are called Cotúlai or Cotulides (not co••ul••dones) also Acetabula, Sawcers. Cotyle was among the Ancients, a measure of Liquors, containing as much as their Hemina; also a kind of Drinking Cup, as some suppose If the Cavities are shallow, they are called Glê∣nai and Glenoeideîs from the form of the Eyes hollowness when the Eye-lids are shut.

The solid parts of the Bones are three.

The first and principal is called Os, and is the hardest part, seated commonly in the middle.

The second is by the Greeks called Apophysis, also they term it Probolen and Ecph••se••in &c. the Latines call it Processus, Productio, Projectura, Extuberantia &c. It is a part of a bone, not only touching as Epiphusis, but continued bunching out beyond the plain surface of the Bone: such as many are in the Vertebra's of the Back, also in the lower Jaw-bone.

Its chief Use is for the original and Insertion of parts, as Muscles.

The third is Epiphusis, or Appendix, Adnascentia, Ad∣ditamentum; being a bone growing upon a bone, by a simple and immediate Contact, though not with so very plain a Surface, but a little mutual Ingress of Heads and Hollows, like Ginglumus, though without motion.

The Substance of the Epiphyses is rare and loose, being at first for the most part gristly; but in persons grown to years, it is hardned, and turns to a bone: yea in elderly persons, the Epiphysis is so united to the bone, as if they were but one contined bone,

At the Ends of the Epiphysis a Gristle is placed.

But all Bones have not these Epiphuses growing to them: yet there are divers of them; as in the Scapula, on the Bones of the Tibia and the Fibula, viz. on each side, at the Tree and Foot &c. Also the Tooth of the se∣cond Vertebra, the Rotator magnus, the Appendices Styloy∣des, are Epiphyses.

The Use of Eppiphyses.

• 1. In soft bones they are instead of covers, that the Marrow may not run out.
• 2. They serve for firmness, for that Basis is most firm which is broadest and largest.
• 3. That from them Ligaments may arise.
• 4. According to Pavius, that they might be as it were an intermediate matter, to be inserted betwixt a bone and Ligaments, as the Membranes betwixt the Brain and Skull.

The Apophysis are in some places called Capita Heads; in other places, Cervices Necks; in other places Tuber∣cula bunches; in some place Spina thorns; in other places Mucrones sharp points. But the parts which at the round of the Cavities, stick out and hang over like Lips, are called Supercilia Brows, and Labra Lips.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Whether the▪ Marrow be the Nutriment of the Bones.
• * 1.2

  Why creeping things cannot go.
• * 1.3

  Why many Bones in a living Creature.
• * 1.4

  The Periostium feels, but not the Bones. The Sense of the Teeth.
• * 1.5

  A Bonefire pro∣perly what.