The memoires of the lives and actions of James and William, Dukes of Hamilton and Castleherald, &c. in which an account is given of the rise and progress of the civil wars of Scotland, with other great transactions both in England and Germany, from the year 1625, to the year 1652 : together with many letters, instructions, and other papers, written by King Charles the I : never before published : all drawn out of, or copied from the originals / by Gilbert Burnet ; in seven books.

Anno 1648.* 1.1

THe former Book has given the Reader a just and full Representation of His Majesties Imprison∣ment, and the Danger his Person was in; of the Force put on the Two Houses by the Army, and of the breach of former Treaties with the Scotish Nation: and now it cannot but be imagined, that such Illegal and Unjust Proceedings must have inflamed the Resentments of all good Sub∣jects, and more signally of such who had formerly been carried away in the crowd to act against the Kings Interests, but now seeing how fa∣tal the Breach between the King and his People was likely to prove to both, were much concerned to correct all former Errours, and expiate all past Faults by a vigorous appearance for the Kings Rescue out of his Imprisonment. In order to this Design the Duke was not idle in Scot∣land,* 1.2 but by all the Art and Diligence he was Master of, did study to rouse up and work upon the Fidelity and Loyalty of that Nation; re∣presenting, that now an Occasion was in their Hands to witness to the World the sincerity of their Intentions for their King, when he was un∣der so base a Restraint, and Designs were hatching against his Life: Would they now look on and see the King murdered, the Parliament of England over-awed, the City of London oppressed, the whole English

Nation enslaved, the Treaties with Scotland so unworthily violated, the Covenant and Religion so neglected, and swarms of Sectaries over∣run all? Now or never was the time for declaring themselves; and if Duty did not move them, yet the apprehension of their own Danger might provoke them to look to themselves; for did they think to escape the fury of the Sectaries, if they were so tame as to suffer them to pre∣vail in England? therefore all Laws Divine and Humane did ob∣lige them to look to themselves, and to those Enemies of theirs. And there was good reason to hope for success, since besides the Blessing of God, which might be expected upon so just and Noble Enterprizes, the People of England were groaning under this Usurpation, and would be ready to assist them: and they had reason to expect a welcome from the City of London, and the better part of the Two Houses. These things did prevail much on the most of the Nobility and Gentry.

* 1.3But at this time Three Parties begun to appear in Scotland. The one was, of those who would hear of no Proposition for the Kings Deli∣very, unless he first gave satisfaction in matters of Religion: and this was made up of the Preachers, and a few of the Nobility, and the Western Counties. Others were for a direct Owning of the Kings Quarrel without any restrictions; and for taking all Persons who had been in Arms for the Kings Service within it. The Earls of Traquair and Calendar were the chief of these, and many Noblemen were of it, who called themselves the Kings Party: but their Power in the Country was not great. The Duke was as much for that in his thoughts as any of them, but saw it impossible to effectuate the Kings business at that rate; and therefore judged it best to go on in so great a Design by degrees.

The present Strait was that he first looked to, which was the Re∣scue of the Kings Person; and he doubted not, if they once got a good Army engaged upon that account, though all were at first clog∣ged with many severe Restrictions, yet it would be easy afterwards to carry things that were not to be then spoken of: and this way took with almost the whole Gentry of Scotland.

The Scotish Commissioners spent much of the month of Ianuary at London,* 1.4 establishing a good Correspondence with the Kings Friends in England: and they had Letters from St. Germans in France, in which the Queen and Prince undertook to make good to them all that had been promised by the King in their Name. And in the Commissions the Prince gave to Sir Marmaduke Langdale and others, for Levying of Forces in the North of England, he commanded them to receive their Orders from the Earls of Lauderdale and Lanerick, and follow their Commands. Thus having laid down the best Methods they could think of with their Friends in England, they set out for Scotland about the end of Ianuary.

At their coming to Scotland they found a general dissatisfaction with the Kings Message (in November) about Religion. And though all the Duke's Friends were ready to have hazarded their Lives for His Majesties Preservation, on these, or on easier terms; yet it was long debated amongst them, what the Consequences might be of engaging in so great a Work, not only without Unanimity, but with the Oppo∣sition of the Church, and most of those who had been of greatest Emi∣nence and Power during the late Troubles. Wherefore they resolved

to give very extraordinary Complyances to their Desires, whereby they might either gain their Concurrence, or at least mitigate their Opposi∣tion, and determined to go a greater length than otherwise their Loy∣alties could allow of. But the Church-men, by the insinuations of Mr. Gillespie and others, were possessed with an opinion of their bad Inten∣tions, and that their Resolutions (if they were blessed with Success) were to overturn all that had been formerly established: and so they resolved not to be satisfied with any Security or Proviso they might grant, believing that nothing they offered was really meant to be kept, and that all they intended was but Cajolery; therefore they determi∣ned to oppose them with their utmost Zeal and Industry.

A few dayes after the three Lords returned to Scotland, the follow∣ing Letter came to them from His Majesty.

UPon Saturday I received yours of the twenty fourth of January,* 2.1 and have written to Lee as you desired. Let no reports of any Personal Threatning against Me stagger your Confidence of My Constancy, nor hinder Scotland in what shall be best for King∣ly Authority: lose no time in your great and honest Designs, for him who is

Your most assured, real, constant Friend, CHARLES R.

Monday 7^th February, 1648.

POSTSCRIPT.

I resolve within these two or three Days to write to you by a trusty Messenger, however I hope not to fail by these ways you mention.

To which they returned the following Answer.

May it please Your Majesty,

THis day we received Your Majesties of the 7^th Instant: Your Letter to Lee we hope may be useful. Our Resolution to serve Your Majesty cannot be shaken, with which we will go through or perish. The Clergy can∣not be satisfied with what Your Majesty offers in Religion, for the rea∣son expressed in our last of the 15^th, yet we hope to engage them in the Work. We wish Your Majesty could further enable us in that Particular, as the only mean to procure Vnanimity. In the mean time we will set up our rest on the procuring a speedy Engagement, though without that we cannot do it so much to Your Majesties advantage. Sir Marmaduke Langdale is come hither, and our first care shall be to secure Berwick and Carlisle, which ere this we had done, if our Forces had not been at too great a distance, scattered in their Quarters. They have now Orders in private to draw toge∣ther, and we intend to act and speak both at a time.

POSTSCRIPT.

We want Arms and Ammunition exceedingly, and do earnestly desire the Queen may be pleased to endeavour the supplying us from France and Hol∣land speedily.

The Lord Chancellour (though at first the most forward of them all for an Engagement,* 3.1 yet) was quickly wrought upon to abandon his generous Resolutions; and not only turned over to the violent Church-Party, but some Months after was made do Penance by a solemn Ac∣knowledgment in the High-Church of Edinburgh, for his sinful comply∣ance with these unlawful Courses, as they were termed. Traquair played his old game a great while with both hands, and studied to make a Reconciliation with some Lords of the Church-party, if by any means they could have been engaged in the Design: and Mr. Murray of the Bed-Chamber, who was sent to Scotland from France, treated al∣so long with the Heads of the Church-party, whom he thought more powerful in the Country, and so more able to deliver the King; but finding them so backward, without positive Concessions about Religion and the Covenant, he, and the rest of these called the Kings Party, were forced to unite with the Duke and his Friends.

The first thing was to engage all the Officers of the little Army then standing, which was carried very successfully; and their next care was to fix on one to command. Those who united for engaging in the Kings Quarrel, designed that David Lesley, now Lord Newark, should command the Army to be raised; and he at first undertook the Service very cordially: but some of the Church-men fell upon him very furi∣ously, and prevailed so far on others who had a great Ascendant over him, that he being of an easie nature, struck off, and refused the Ser∣vice. Whereupon finding it necessary that a Person of Eminence and Integrity should command the Army,* 3.2 they resolved on making the Duke General, which he opposed to a high degree; saying, that he was resolved to hazard his Life with the first, yet he would decline all Command, knowing with what Calumnies he had been aspersed, and what Jealousies many had still of him, as if his Designs were for himself, and to the Kings Prejudice. And many yet alive, with whom he lived in the greatest Confidence, know with what earnestness he pressed them to set their eye on some other Person; but there were none to choose fit for the Trust, wherefore it was agreed by them all, that the Charge must be laid on him, to which he submitted with great Aversion.

* 3.3In the beginning of March the Parliament sate. Their first trouble was from the Remonstrance, which the Commission of the Kirk sent them a∣gainst Association with Malignants, and of the danger Religion was in; which Paper they intended to have printed, but with much difficulty this was stopped.

There were Commissioners sent down from the Two Houses (with whom Mr. Stephen Marshal came) for Justifying their Proceedings, and keeping a good correspondence with the Scotish Nation: and notwith∣standing all the Injuries done by them last Year, yet some of the Clergy, and of the Lords of their Party, were in a very good understanding with them. But first of all the Carriage of the Sco∣tish Commissioners in England was approved in Parliament; next,

there was a Committee of Eighteen appointed for preparing business, and to confer with the Commissioners of the Kirk, for giving them satis∣faction; which was a long and slow Work.

On the 14^th of March the English Commissioners complained, that they heard there were Designs among some Malignants to seize Berwick, which they desired these in Scotland would oppose; whereupon the Par∣liament referred it to the Committee of Eighteen to see to the Security of the Kingdom in that Affair, from which all the Members, who were of the Church-Party, dissented: and against this Vote the Commissioners of the Kirk sent in another Remonstrance, because they knew that Committee was so chosen that they would send Orders for the securing of Berwick.

On the 22^th of March the Committee of the General Assembly, commonly called the Commission of the Kirk, gave in their large Pa∣per consisting of a long Preamble and Eight Articles.

THe first was, That before they went on to a War,* 3.4 the Grounds and Causes of it might be well cleared. Secondly, that the alledged Breaches of the Covenant and Treaties might be condescended upon, and Reparation of them first sought. Thirdly, that there might be no such Grounds of War, as might break the Vnion of the two Kingdoms, and disoblige the Pres∣byterians of England. Fourthly, that none of the disaffected or Malignant Party might be admitted to Trust, but on the contrary that they should be opposed and suppressed. Fifthly, that the Kings late Concessions might be declared unsatisfactory. Sixthly, that they should engage not to restore His Majesty to the exercise of His Royal Power, till He should by Oath bind Himself and His Successors to consent to Acts of Parliament for confirming the League and Covenant, and settling Presbytery, the Directory, and the Confession of Faith. Seventhly, that none might be trusted, but such as were of known Integrity and good affection to the Cause. Eighthly, that the Church might have the same Interest in carrying on this Engagement, which they had in the Solemn League and Covenant.

These Demands run in so high a strain, that those of the Church-Party judged, either they would be rejected, and so the Church would pretend somewhat for their breaking with the Parliament; or if they were yielded to, it would so alienate the Hearts of the King, and all His Friends in England from them, that they would hate them as much as they did the English Parliament or Army. The Committee of Par∣liament found the Strait they were in, and saw what an unhappy pra∣ctice it had been to give the Church-men so great an interest in Ci∣vil Affairs. Some were for brisker Courses, and for clapping up in Pri∣son all the more turbulent Ministers; but the Duke apprehended great trouble from that, fearing it should raise stirs among the people, which might retard the design of the Kings Delivery, upon which all his thoughts were bent.

The hazard of intercepting Letters made the Intercourse by them so slow, that the Lords that corresponded with His Majesty had no Re∣turn from him before the beginning of April; and then they got that which follows.

I Was as glad to see the constancy of your Resolutions, as I was sorry to understand the great Opposition you find in Your Vn∣dertakings.* 4.1 But as for any Enlargement concerning Church-affairs, I desire you not to expect it from Me, for such expectati∣ons have been a great cause of this My present Condition, which I assure you, I am still resolved rather to suffer than to wrong My Conscience or Honour; which I must do, if I enlarge My Self any thing in those points. But I take very well the freedom of your Advice, because I see it flows from your Affection, being also confi∣dent that you will cheerfully and resolutely go on according to your Engagements to Me, who am

Your most assured, real, constant Friend, CHARLES R.

17^th March, 1648.

And to this the Earls of Lauderdale and Lanerick wrote the follow∣ing Answers.

SIR,

WE have received Your Majesties of the 17^th of March. Nothing but the cruel slowness of Proceedings here would have made us so long silent, and that was occasioned by the great Opposition we have met with from the Ministers, and the rigid Persons, who strongly pretend Your Majesties not satisfying in matters of Religion; and upon these grounds have gained upon many, and obstructed any Engagement. Yet we, and those we have interest in, are so sensible of our Duties, our Honour, and of Your Majesties sad Condition, (which goes nearer our Hearts than any earthly thing) that although an Engagement upon the terms we parted on be im∣possible; yet we shall either procure Scotland's Vndertaking for Your Ma∣jesties Person, or perish, let the hazard or opposition be what it can. We can boldly say we have the Major Vote of the Parliament clear, and if we were blest with Your Majesties Presence the work were done. We dare not presume in this troublesom way to express the particulars of our Difficulties or Resolution, but hope shortly to give a more satisfactory account, having vow∣ed to live and die

Your Majesties most humble, most faithful, and most loyal Subjects and Servants,

• LAVDERDALE,
• LANERICK.

22^th March. 1648.

Lanerick also wrote what follows, taken from an imperfect Copy under his hand.

SIR,

I Have been long silent, and possibly should have been so a little longer, had I not received Your Majesties of the 17^th of the last Moneth; but lest I be involved in other mens Guilt, I must first speak and then perish, or do my Duty. Sir, at our first returning to Scotland, we met with a general Dissa∣tisfaction with what you offered concerning Religion, from the Ministers and their Party; though all I have Interest in would have cheerfully hazarded their Lives for Your Majesties Preservation, upon these or easier terms: but after long Debate upon the Consequences of engaging in so great a Work, not only without Vnanimity, but with the Opposition of the Church, and most of those who have been of greatest Eminence and Power during these late Troubles, this moved us to a willingness for a very extraordinary Compliance with their Desires, providing we might be assured of an Engagemennt. But now when we have gone a greater length than even our Loyalty can allow us, we find that nothing is intended by them, but either a Conjunction with those that seek your Ruine, or at least a dull and stupid Suffering, and enduring of those destructive Re∣solutions to Religion and Government, which are now designed by the Ene∣mies of God and Your Majesty.

After this there was a new Committee of 24 chosen by the Parliament for a Conference with the 12 Commissioners of the Kirk, who had many Meetings with them, and gave them satisfaction to all their De∣mands, so that all back-doors were shut, and they were ashamed that they had asked no more; wherefore being driven from all their Pretences they fled to the last starting-hole of Jealousie, and said that their Designs were contrary to their Professions. This was a tedious Affair, and cost ma∣ny Conferences. In end great Offers were made to satisfie the Church-party, but nothing did prevail; whereupon the Committee drew up a large Declaration of all the Violations of the Covenant and Treaties made by the Two Houses, together with an account of their own In∣tentions, suitable to the Propositions made by the Ministers; only they stood much upon the sixth Article, that seemed most contrary to their Duty to their Sovereign, and it took them up many days; at length they yielded even to that: but for this the Reader is referred to the Declaration printed with the Acts of that Parliament.

On the 25^th of April the great Business was carried,* 6.1 of putting the King∣dom into a posture of Defen••e; but the account of the Procedure of the Parliament in this matter shall be set down from some of the Earl of La∣nerick's Letters, which the Writer chooses rather to insert than any Dis∣course of his own. The first was written to a Friend at London, but to whom it appears not.

I Had given you an account of the Condition of Affairs here long ere now,* 6.2 had I known how to have addressed my Letters; and however this be an uncertain way, yet because possibly it may come to your hands, first, I shall ac∣knowledge the receipt of yours the of the last Moneth, which I have in part obeyed, and to that end have written to Ireland, to those I have interest in; and I am confident that our Army there, will follow our Advice in order to the Kings Service: but our Difficulties here are greater than you can imagine; for the same disloyal spirit that hath governed these years past, is yet so power∣ful as to obstruct, though I hope they shall not be able to destroy, our Designs of serving the King; and the same Instruments the Devil hath hitherto made

use of, are still the rigid Opposers of all dutiful Motions. Many amongst us pretend to Loyalty, but have such faint Hearts, and love their Fortunes so well, that they dare not act where there is danger: others have both Courage and Affection, but their Ambition will not allow them to act if they be not ab∣solute; and they have no power of themselves, without a Conjunction with some of greater Eminence than themselves. Thus while we are tearing our selves in pieces through Factions and Self-interests, perit Saguntum, our King is for∣got, and may God forget them that do so. But though the Chancellour hath made a foul Defection, and these that pretend Affection to the King are not so united as they ought to be; yet I despair not but that with Gods assistance, in despight of all opposition, we will force an Engagement or perish. I can∣not descend to the Particulars, only this I will assure you, that all you have interest in are intirely right and resolute. Adieu.

The next of Lanerick's Letters that are in the Writers hands, was to His Majesty, dated the 13^th of April, 1648.

OVr last was of the fourth of this Moneth, to be conveyed to you by Do∣ctor Frazer. In it did we shew you in general, what extraordinary Opposi∣tion we met with here in our Desires to serve You, but some of them we are now got over: for to morrow it will be resolved that the Kingdom shall be presently put in a Posture, and the whole Forces, or such parts of them as shall be appointed, are to be ordered to be ready to march when they shall be required; and while this is doing, we have voted the sending of three Demands to the Parliament of England, having found all the Articles of the Covenant, and divers of the Treaties, highly violated. The first is concerning Religi∣on, wherein we are very high and full, knowing it will be refused, and we thereby obliged to resent it: besides, our Design is rather to fix the Denial thereof on them than on Your Majesty. The second is, that Your Majesty may come to some of Your Houses, in or near London, with Honour, Freedom, and Safety, where the Parliaments of both Kingdoms may make their Appli∣cations to Your Majesty for obtaining a well-grounded Peace. The third is, that the present Army under the Lord Fairfax be disbanded, to the end that all the faithful Members of both Houses may with Safety return to attend their Charges, the Parliament may Sit and Vote in Freedom, both King∣domes, without their interposition, may make their Addresses to Your Maje∣sty, and the Settlement of Religion, and a common Peace, be no longer hin∣dred nor obstructed. These Demands are to be sent by a Messenger, who is to have a few days limited him for his Return. We are forced to move by these steps, which certainly will either speedily procure Your Majesties Freedom, or an Engagement. Our Opposition from the Ministers doth still continue; but many, formerly of their Party, are ashamed of their unwillingness to all Du∣ties, and particularly Balmerino who is Lauderdale's Convert.

By the power of Perswasion our Army in Ireland hath offered their Ser∣vice to us, which may be of excellent use many ways.

Thus, Sir, you have the true Condition of Affairs: but as we proceed (which I confess is in a most horrid dull pace) I shall still presume to give You an ac∣count of it as a part of our Duty.

Great Endeavours are used by some, that we may again send our Desires concerning Religion to Your Majesty; for their zeal will not allow them to hazard their Lives for Your Person, who will (as they say) no sooner be at Li∣berty, than you will destroy all that they have been doing (with the hazard and

expence of so much Blood and Treasure) for Religion. But this is as yet waved, and forced Concessions (such as certainly those must be while Your Majesty is in Prison) are alledged, can bring but small Security to Religion.

The next of the 18^th of April was to a Friend at London.

I Had resolved upon eternal Silence, since I could not but be wrapped in the guilt of others for their disloyal Delays, nor should the receipt of yours of the 10^th Instant have invited me to have broke that Resolution, had not this days Proceedings in Parliament revived my languishing Hopes. I shall not mention any thing of my last Dispatch upon Fri∣day by Fisher; but this day we have past in Parliament the great Act of putting this Kingdom into a posture of Defence, under pretence whereof we mean to raise our Army: the Colonels and Committees of War in several Counties are to be named on Friday next. Besides this we have presented to the Parliament a large Declaration to be emitted to the Kingdom, containing the Breaches of Covenant and Treaties, the De∣mands which upon them we mean to make to the Houses, and our Resoluti∣ons in case of a Refusal. I confess it is clogged with many Impertinencies, to which we are necessitated for satisfying nice Consciences; yet it drives at a right end. Argyle and the Minsters are still uncapable of Satisfaction, and with horrid violence oppose all Loyal Motions: and though the Chancel∣lour hath intirely deserted us, and not only joyned with them, but endea∣vours by all means imaginable to divide us among our selves; yet we are both fixed to our Principles and Friendships, so that in despight both of Apostacy and Knavery we carry on the Work. I confess it is neither in so quick nor so prudent a way as is fit, and that we have already lost our greatest advan∣tages; yet we can never move so late, but that we will make our selves con∣siderable. We hear there are strong endeavours to separate His Majesty from our Interests: I confess we deserve no better from him, yet possibly he may find it not unfit to own us, even though we do not him as we ought. This I swear, I urge more out of my Duty to Him, than kindness to our selves.

The next was of the 24^th of April. 1648.

SInce my last to you I have received yours of the 18^th and 22^th of the last Moneth. We have made an indifferent good progress in our Parliament here, for we have stated all the Breaches of Covenant and Treaties: we have resolved upon some Demands to be sent to the Houses of Parliament, for Re∣ligion, for His Majesty, and for Disbanding of the present Army of Se∣ctaries; and we have pressed a Declaration, containing the Grounds of our Resolutions. In order to all these, we likewise Voted the present put∣ting of this Kingdom into a posture of War, and this Week we are to nominate and make choice of all the Officers of our Army. The Church doth still violently oppose us, and threatens us with cross Declarations, if not the extremity of Church-Censures. Argyle and his Party maintain them in their Obstinacy, or rather they do him in his Disloyalty: but neither the fear of their Curses, nor want of their Prayers can fright us from our Duty, so soon as we are ready to act, which possibly may be sooner than you imagine.

The next was of the 28^th of April to His Majesty.

MY last to you was of the 13^th of this Moneth by the Conveyance of Doctor Frazer. Since that time we have perfected what was then designed: for we have made choice of all the Officers of our Forces, where∣in we have been forced to spend much time; and the next Week we intend to model our Army for England, which we hope shall be upon the Borders against the 21^th of the next Moneth; which is the time limited for the Re∣turn of our Messenger from London, who this day parts from hence with the three Demands to the Houses of Parliament, wherof my last made menti∣on, and with a positive Command to stay only 15 days for his Answer. We intend likewise in the beginning of the next Week to dispatch Sir Wil∣liam Fleming to the Queen and Prince, to give them an account of our Pro∣ceedings, and to know his Highness's Resolution concerning his coming hither, and to desire the present sending of Arms and Ammunition to us, whereof we are absolutely unprovided; so that if the Queen or Prince of Orange (to whom we beg Your Majesty would write) do not supply us, it will infinitely retard the Service. We have passed a Declaration, which is full of many rude Restrictions both in order to Your Majesty, and Your faithful Servants.

But we are forced to them for the satisfaction of the Nice Consciences of the Clergy, and their Proselytes, whom we find still so inflexible, that no∣thing can perswade them to a Conjunction with us in the Work; on the con∣trary we meet with all imaginable Opposition from them: yet as we have carri∣ed the Declaration and all that is yet done, against their strongest Endea∣vours; so we hope, in despight of them, to be Instruments in accomplishing the chief end it drives at, which is Your Majesties Rest and Restauration. Our next will certainly bring you the Knowledg of some Acting in order to that which we dare not hazard to this Cypher, lest there may be more Copies of it than what we have with Your Majesty.

The slowness of their Motions in Scotland begun to give great Jea∣lousies of their Proceedings every-where.* 10.1

At Paris the Prince was much courted to go to Ireland, but he re∣solved rather to go to Scotland, and designed to go first to Holland. Yet there were some about him, who studied to give him ill Impressions of all that passed in Scotland, grounding them on the old Calumnies that had been cast on the Duke, and on the slowness of their Procedure at that time in Scotland, together with the extraordinary Cajolery they gave the Church-party: all which were made use of for alienating his Highness from that Resolution. But he resolved to obey the Kings Commands, and sent them new Assurances of that by Sir William Fle∣ming; and to oblige the Duke the more, a Book being dedicated to his Highness, containing some passages much to the Dukes dishonour, he refused to accept of it, and ordered it to be called in.

While things were thus preparing in Scotland, His Majesty in the Isle of Wight was contriving an Escape, being resolved if it succeeded to have come to Scotland; but the means failed oftener than once, which being discovered made his Prison the straiter. He was also courted under hand with new Propositions from the Parliament of England, but refused to enter into any Treaty without the Concur∣rence of the Scotish Nation. Yet it troubled him much to hear no more of the progress of their Designs, on which all his Hopes were then set; for in that disorderly time, it was not easy to transmit fre∣quent

and clear accounts of all that passed. At length having under∣stood from Scotland what advance was made in that Affair, he was satisfied with the Fidelity of those he had imployed there.

At London there went various Constructions on the Scotish Actions. The Commissioners of the Two Houses that were at Edinburgh, wrote up, that the Church-party would undoubtedly keep the Duke and his Party in play at least that Year, and that the zeal of the Ministers would make the Levies go slowly on; they either believing this them∣selves or at least designing that others should do so. At this time there was a great Inclination all over England to shake off the Armies Arbitrary Yoke;* 10.2 Stirs were rising in every place. The Duke with his other Friends in Scotland dealt earnestly with their Correspondents in Eng∣land, to get all kept quiet till they were ready to march, that so there might be an universal Rising at once, which would have undoubtedly divided the Army that was against them into so many Fractions, as might make way for their easier Overthrow. This Design was zealously promoted by many, who saw the great advantage it might produce; but many were too jealous of the Scotish Designs, and so did precipi∣tate their own Ruin. Others apprehended from their Declarations, that the Bondage would be the same, only the Masters changed if they prevailed; and this made the Kings Party resolve rather to perish than receive any help from the Scots on these terms. Their slowness made others despair of their Sincerity, and the reports of the Power of the Church-party, made all suspect their Strength: so the untimely Rising in England was the Ruin of this Years Design, for they rose only to be destroyed, and to animate the Army with those many Victories they obtained over them. And as these Defeats did much discourage the Scotish Army, so it forced them to march into England before they were ready, and e're they had looked well to the Security of Affairs behind them. The first Rising was by Poyer in Wales, to whom Langhorn came within a little, and Commanded most of the Country.

At Westminster, as they understood the state of the Scotish Affairs better than the Rabble did, so they did more apprehend the Danger of it. And first, great pains were taken to reconcile the Presbyterian and Independent Parties, at least to unite them against the Scots; where∣fore they Voted, that the Government should be by King, Lords, and Commons: yet the Independents opposed this, so that it was carried but by 45 Voices. They also appointed that the Propositions offered at Newcastle should be the Grounds of settling the Kingdom, and they Voted that it should be lawful, notwithstanding the Vote of Non-Ad∣dresses, to make new Applications to His Majesty. Their Design in this was visible, for they hoped the Scots could not pass from these Pro∣positions, and they were assured the King would never consent to them, particularly to that of Religion, which was so dear to Scotland. But Cromwel was not at all pleased with these Votes, and as little with the City: and if the Stirs over England had not given him other Em∣ployment, he would have made a Journey to London with his Army, for the Purging the House a-new.

They in Scotland were much straitned with want of Ammuniti∣on and Mony, therefore they sent Sir William Bellandin to Hol∣land, to see what could be had from the Prince of Orange: they like∣wise

wise sent Sir William Fleeming to Paris, to the Queen and Prince, with the following Letters.

May it please Your Majesty,

ALL verbal Assurances would justly appear too low and mean testimonies of our Fidelity,* 11.1 since Actions are now the only touch-stones of Loyalty; which we hope e're long shall be better, than what we can in this Common way speak of our real Affections to His Majesties Service.

We have presumed from the Encouragements we have received from Your Majesty, to hope the Prince his Highness will countenance our Endea∣vours for his Father's Rescue with his presence amongst us, which would certainly give an extraordinary vigour and life to all our Motions. For that end, we have instructed this worthy Bearer with our humble desires therein to Your Majesty, and to his Highness, and with such other Particu∣lars as are necessary for enabling us to carry on the Work; to whom we beg Your Majesty would be pleased to give Trust, and further to believe that no∣thing was ever more absolutely fixed than are our Resolutions, either to perish, or eminently to shew our selves

Your Majesties most humble, most faithful, and most obedient Subjects and Servants,

• Hamilton,
• Lauderdale,
• Crawford,
• Lanerick,
• Roxburgh,
• Calender.

May 1^st. 1648.

May it please Your Highness,

THe deep sense we have of His Majesties sad Condition, invites us to these Actions of Duty and Loyalty, to which we are by so many Relations and Tyes bound and obliged; and having divers Encourage∣ments from His Majesty, and from the Queen, to hope for your Highness's Presence amongst us, in countenancing our faithful Endeavours for His Ma∣jesties Rescue, we have presumed humbly to address our selves to your Highness, that from your Self we might know your own Inclinations, that accordingly such publick Assurances and Invitations may come from hence, as your Highness shall think fit to require; being confident that before we can receive your Highness's Directions herein, we shall be in some condi∣tion to evidence our Loyalties otherwise than by Words. So until we give a more real testimony thereof, we shall only beg to be esteemed of by your Highness as Persons that have vowed themselves to this Service, and who are faithfully

Your Highness's most humble, most faithful, and most obedient Servants,

• Hamilton,
• Lauderdale,
• Crawford,
• Lanerick,
• Roxburgh,
• Calender.

May 1^st, 1648.

Next they modelled the Army, which will better appear by the fol∣lowing Letters written to the King.

SIR,

YOu now find the effects of what my last of the 28^th of April promi∣sed: we are now engaged, and Sir Marmaduke Langdale's success∣ful Attempt upon Berwick and Carlisle will be resolutely seconded by Your Servants here.* 13.1 To morrow Sir William Fleeming and Mr. Murray part for France; the last acknowledges the baseness of his new Friend Argyle. We hope the Prince will now countenance with his Presence our Endeavours for Your Majesties Rescue, since the Duke of York is escaped, for he will give an extraordinary life and vigour to all our Motions. The Kirk hath this day declared against our Declaration and Engagement; but all it hath procured is a Vote of thirty thousand Foot, and near six thousand Horse, which is this day remitted to the Consideration of the several Bodies, and I hope will pass the House to morrow.

2^d May. 1648.

SInce my last we are far advanced in our Designs of serving Your Maje∣sty; our new Army is modelled, which I hope will be more considerable than any Army that ever went out of Scotland; the Old General hath laid down his Charge, and the Duke of Hamilton is to Command in chief, who joys to meet with so happy an occasion to vindicate his Loyalty. He will be found active in his Trust, and seconded by the most gallant and eminent persons of the Kingdom; his Election was carried very unanimously in Parlia∣ment, Argyle and only six with him dissenting. Calender with the same Vna∣nimity, and the same Opposition, is chosen Lieutenant-General, and David Lesley Lieutenant-General of the Horse; but he hath not as yet accepted of his Charge. Middleton is appointed Major-General of the Horse, who is most eminent for his Loyalty and forward in this Service. Our Armie will be on foot about the end of the Moneth, and that the Raising of men may the more actively be gone about, we have adjourned the Parliament till the first of June. We have sent Commissioners with Instructions and Money, to invite our Army in Ireland to come and joyn with us in this Service. Our Opposition from Argyle and the Ministers is still as great as they can make: we are undone for want of Arms, and a little Money; if we be not supplied from France or Holland, this glorious and most hope∣ful Vndertaking that ever this Nation had, may be in hazard to mis∣carry. Sir William Fleeming and Mr. Murray went ten days ago for France, and this day we have dispatched Sir William Bellandin to Hol∣land. We are much dejected because we have not heard from Your Ma∣jesty since the 17^th of March, which makes us fear You involve us in the Guilt of the by-past deadness, and slowness of their Motions here: but we take God to witness, we are as free thereof, as we shall be faithful to the Vows we have made of perishing, or of serving Your Majesty in such a loyal and dutiful way, as hath been professed by

Your Majesties, &c.

17^th May.

The Differences that were among the Lords were adjusted,* 14.1 and most of the Officers were also well named; yet the Levies went on dully, though many of the Lords were so cordial, that they who had

allowance from the Publick but for 80 Horse, raised Regiments of five or six Troops on their own expences. And though it is not to be imagined, that the publick Expence of so great a Design was not likewise great, yet there was a sad want of Money; which the Duke and his Brother did all they could to supply, as far as their Credit could go, and rai∣sed above two and twenty thousand pounds sterling for prosecuting of the Engagement; and were on all publick occasions so liberal of their own Money, as if some Bank had been put into their hands.

The Curses the Ministers thundred against all who joyned in this Engagement, made the Souldiers very heartless, being threat∣ned with no less than Damnation. This obliged the Lords to use Force in some places, for carrying on their Levies: and indeed the Ministers counter-acting the State was such, that it is hard to judge, whether their Boldness or the Parliaments Patience was most to be wondred at. The Lords resolved to chastise them to purpose in due time, but judg∣ed the present time improper for it; and to carry on the Levies the better, the Parliament adjourned for three weeks. So the Lords went to the several places of their Interests, leaving a Committee behind them at Edinburgh; but before their Adjournment they wrote the following Letter to the Presbyteries.

* 15.1THe many Scandals that are t••rown on our Actions by the favourers of Sectaries, and haters of the Person of our King and Monarchi∣cal Government, invite us to this extraordinary Address to you, conju∣ring you as you will answer the Great God, whose Servants you are, not to suffer your selves to be possest with unjust and undeserved Prejudices against us, and our Proceedings, who have (since our late Meeting in Parliament) preferred no earthly thing to Religion, and the promoving all the ends of our Covenant, and have constantly used all real Endea∣vours to have carried on these Duties, to the satisfaction of the most ten∣der Consciences; and especially by our great Compliance with the many Desires from the Commissioners of the General Assembly, we have proceed∣ed to greater discoveries of our Resolutions in the ways and means of ma∣naging of this present Service, than possibly in prudence we ought to have done, having so near and active Enemies to oppose us: neither can it with any Truth or Iustice in any sort be alledged, that we have in the least measure wronged or violated the least Priviledges and Liberties of the Church, or taken upon us the determination or decision of any matters of Faith or Church-discipline, though we be unjustly charged with making an Antecedent Iudgment in matters of Religion, under pretence where∣of great Encroachments are made on our unquestioned Rights; for what can be more Civil than to determine what Civil Duties we ought to pay to our King, or what Civil Power he ought to be possessed of? and if we meet with obstructions and opposition in carrying on these Duties▪ are not we the only Iudges thereof? is there any other Authority in this Kingdom but that of King and Parliament, and what flows from them, that can pre∣tend any Authoritative Power, in the choice of the Instruments and Mana∣gers of our Publick Resolutions? is it a Subject for the Dispute of Church-Iudicatories, whether His Majesty have a Negative Voice or not? These things certainly cannot be pretended to by any Kirk-man, without a great Vsurpation over the Civil Magistrate, whereof we are confident the Church of Scotland, or any Iudicatory thereof, will never be guilty, nor fall

into the Episcopal disease of meddling in Civil Affairs; and if any have already in these Particulars exceeded their bounds, we expect the ensuing General Assembly will censure it accordingly, and prevent the vilifying and contemning the Authority of Parliament by any of their Ministers, (ei∣ther in or out of their Pulpits) who shall offer to stir up the Subjects of this Kingdom to disobey, or deny to give Civil Obedience to their Laws, it being expresly prohibited by the 2 and 5 Acts of King James the sixth, his eighth Parliament Anno 1584. That none of His Majesties Sub∣jects under pain of Treason impugne the Authority of Parliament. And there∣fore, seeing the Cause is the same for which this Kingdom hath done and suffered so much, and that we are resolved to proceed for the Preservation and Defence of Religion before all wordly Interest whatsoever, and to carry on sincerely, really, and constantly, the Covenant and all the Ends of it, as you will find by our Declaration herewith sent to you, we do confi∣dently expect that as the Ministers of this Kingdom, have hitherto been most active and exemplary in furthering the former Expeditions: so now you will continue in the same Zeal to stir up the People, by your Preach∣ing and Prayers, and all other ways in your Calling, to a chearful Obe∣dience to our Orders, and Engageing in the business; that you will not give so great advantage to the Enemies of Presbyterial Government, and bring so great a Scandal on this Church, as to oppose the Authority of Parlia∣ment, or obstruct their Proceedings in their necessary Duties, for the good of Religion, Honour and Happiness of the King and his Royal Posterity, and the true Peace of His Dominions.

Signed by Order of Parliament. Alex. Gibsone Clerk Regist.

Edinburgh, May 11, 1648.

The Parliament having resolved to raise an Army for the Kings Relief,* 15.2 found it expedient for encreasing the number and strength of their Forces, to send to Ireland for a part of their Scotish Army there; (which, as was told An. 1642, had been sent from Scotland thither by Com∣mission from the King under the Great Seal, and upon a Treaty, and Establishment betwixt the two Nations for suppressing the Irish Re∣bellion) and for perswading them to desert, for so Noble an Under∣taking, their Interest in Ireland which was very considerable, (for there was above seven hundred, and seventy thousand pound sterling of Arrear resting to them, upon a stated Accompt fitted by Persons in∣trusted by the Parliament of England, and Commissioners from them, preceding the 16^th of Iune, 1647 besides a year more until Iune 1648 not at all reckoned) they sent over three of their number, two Knights, Sir Iames Macdougal, and Sir William Cocheran, (now Earl of Dundonald) and Mr. Crawford Burgess of Linlithgow, with Letters and Instructions to that purpose. They were kindly received by such of the Officers as had chief Power there; but most unwelcome to a con∣trary Party, who had notice how averse the Kirk, to which they were addicted, had declared themselves from the Designs of that Parliament; nevertheless it was quickly agreed to, that about twelve hundred Horse, and two thousand and one hundred Foot, should be provided and re∣gimented, and transported to Scotland, to be conducted by Sir George Monro, in the quality of a Major-General, and to be joyned with the Dukes Armie.

At Westminster they were in great Confusion, fearing that the Gene∣ral inclinations over England should prove too hard for them: but Mr. Marshall,* 15.3 who was sent back from the English Commissioners in Scot∣land, comforted them the best he could, giving them all assurance that the Designs there would meet with vigorous Opposition: where∣fore it was moved that some of the Forces might be presently sent down, before the Army were drawn together, who might hope for good Assistance in Scotland. But he also told them, that nothing would be so likely to divide them in Scotland, as to declare for the Co∣venant, and the Propositions sent to Newcastle: and indeed this was much dreaded by the Duke and his Friends, since there was nothing so popular in Scotland, as that the Parliament and Army of England had fallen from the Covenant; but they resolved, though that were granted, to accept of no Treaty till the Army were presently disband∣ed, for which the former Years Transactions did furnish them with very good reasons. Mr. Marshall did what he could to reconcile the Presbyterians and Independents in London; and that they might not fall out about Religion, it was Voted, that the Kingdom should be first settled before Religion was fallen upon. The City of London was generally well-affected to the Scotish Design, though some studied to alien••te them from it, by telling them that those in Scotland were in Correspondence with the Cavaliers in England. The City was in∣constant, and the Citizens feared the Armies falling on them to plun∣der them, so that they were easily over-awed; and at that time the Agitators of the Army were upon the Fining of the City in a Million of English Mony.

A general Answer was returned to the Scotish Demands by the day they had prefixed, with the Promise of a more particular one to fol∣low shortly; which was looked on as a Design to shift them off by Delays. At this time the Two Houses were much lifted up with a Defeat given to Langhorn in Wales, which was represented to be great∣er than indeed it was. But to allay their Joy, there came in Peti∣tions from many Counties of England for a Personal Treaty with the King, and for being disburdened of the Army: one came from Essex, which was subscribed by twenty four thousand Hands; and eight thousand men came out of Surrey with their Petition, upon whom the Souldiers fell barbarously, and killed about Twenty of them, wounding above an Hundred. Next the Kentish men rose in a for∣midable number; but it was more terrible that the Navy was stagger∣ing, and many of the Captains of the Ships declared against their Proceedings. This was sad News for London, by reason of their Trade, which was like to be blockt up. And now Cromwel, to please the City of London, drew the Forces out of it, and left the Militia of London in their own Hands; only he got Skippon, who was of their own Cabal, made Major-General of their Trained Bands: and there was no small Disorder in the Army, the Agitators being for the most part Levellers, and against Cromwel, as was by some supposed.

With all this Tragical visage of things they at W••stminster were not a little mortified,* 15.4 so they appointed a Day of Humiliation; and when they were naming the reasons for the Fast, one of the Members had a singular opinion, that notwithstanding the Self-denying Ordinance they had past, yet they had ingrossed all Places of Power and Profit to

themselves, by which Juggling God was mocked; wherefore he mo∣ved that they might devest themselves of these: but the rest were not of his mind. And if three Sermons and a great many long Prayers would reconcile God to them, they would be at the cost; but were resolved to quit none of their Power nor Places. All these Tumults in England, as they had hindered the Two Houses from sending down their Forces to Scotland; so they called aloud for hasty Relief from the Scotish Army, which from all places was called for. But the Oppositi∣tion the Clergy and their Party made, had so fore-slowed their Levies, that they could not overtake this fair opportunity; but were forced to leave the poor People in England to be knockt down by the insult∣ing Army.

The Parliament of Scotland re-assembled in Iune,* 15.5 and after few days Sitting, and the emitting of new Declarations both for Scotland and England, but of a milder strain than their former of April had been, (being now weary of their hopeless courting of the Clergy) they adjourned for Two Years, having chosen a Committee of Estates sure to their Designs; and they were drawing their Army together with all possible diligence.

But the great matter now debated in Scotland was,* 15.6 whether they should first make all sure at home, or leave things in that disordered posture, and make haste into England. Lanerick was for taking order with the Opposite Party, and the Lords that headed them, before they stirred out of Scotland, lest otherwise assoon as they were gone, the Ministers might blow up the People into Sedition, which would either force them to send back a part of their Army for curbing them, or lose Scotland totally by their Tumults, while their Army should be strug∣ling with an uncertainty in England. Besides, they were neither well-furnished with Arms, Ammunition, nor Mony, but had good Assurances of large Supplies from the Queen and Prince, by Sir William Fleeming; and the Prince (though much disswaded by these who were both E∣nemies to the Scotish Nation in General, and the Duke in particular) continued still firm to his first Resolutions of going to them, when all things were brought to that Posture, that it were fit for him to hazard himself amongst them: and therefore in the middle of Iune, Sir William Fleeming was dispatched again from his Highness to Scotland with the following Letter, directed,

For the Lord Duke Hamilton, and the Earls of Lindsay, Rox∣burgh, Lauderdale, Lanerick, and Calender.

My Lords,

YOu will receive by Sir William Fleeming, who is amply instructed, the full account of My Intentions; and he is not more particularly charged with any thing, than to let you know the sense I have of Your Affections: yet I thought fit to reserve unto My Self the assuring you, that as I conceive I am not capa∣ble of being more obliged than I have been by you; so I shall be

most exactly just in the discharge of my Acknowledgments, when it shall please God to make My Condition fit for it. In the mean time I have nothing to say, but to desire you to be intirely confi∣dent of it, and that I am most truly,

My Lords,

Your Affectionate Friend, CHARLES P.

Sir William Bellandin met with more Opposition in Holland, for Judgments were passed on the Scotish Proceedings from their Declarati∣ons; and all he could say was not able to take off those Impressions, so that no good was expected from Scotland. The States of Holland had no great inclination to the Kings Party, and the Prince of Orange was at that time much influenced by the Dukes Enemies; yet Bellan∣din got many promises made him of a large supply of Mony and Am∣munition.

Upon these Expectations the Earl of Lanerick was against a speedy March into England;* 16.1 but this was opposed by the Earl of Lauderdale, who pressed a present Dispatch. They were called upon so earnestly from their Friends in England, that to linger still was to lose the Kings Party there: for now the Kentish men were broken, and some of them had passed over unto Essex, where many rose with them, and carried Colchester, and made a good Body both of Horse and Foot, but were not able to hold out long against the Army; yet they gave them di∣vers foils. But that of the greatest Importance was, that most of the Navy had declared for the King, and desired a Correspondence with Scotland, and Willoughby, who was made Vice-Admiral by the Prince, was a great Friend to the Scotish Nation. The Earl of Inchequin also, with his Army in Ireland, had declared against the Parliament, and sent to Scotland a very kind Message for a good Understanding with that Parliament: and finally, a part of the English Army, being much sollicited by the Church-party in Scotland, who complained that they were now exposed by them to Ruin, was coming North-ward, under the Command of Lambert; and Langdale had written to them, that he could not be able to stand long before Lambert if he were not speedily relieved, and that Carlisle also would be in great hazard: neither was the hazard only the loss of Carlisle, of which they made less account; but the Army which was with Langdale, whose Wives and Children were in Carlisle, did threaten to leave him and Capitulate if that Place were not preserved. Besides all this, they at Westminster, to temper the general Hatred against them, had called back the Secluded Mem∣bers of both Houses, and were Levying new Forces, and had Voted a Personal Treaty with the King; at which time also one Osburn avouched, that there were Designs against the Kings Person, and that himself had been sollicited to assist in the poysoning him. All these Considerations were pressing, and could admit of no delays; where∣fore Lauderdale insisted for a present March, and that the Dukes Car∣riage

might shew it was the Kings Service, and not a Faction, he was designing, nor Resentments against these who withstood him in Scot∣land: for so did Lauderdale mistake Lanerick's advice for curbing of the Church-party, and punishing their Leaders.

The Duke saw great reason on both sides,* 16.2 and though his own Judgment went along with his Brothers Advice, knowing well it was easie for him to have forced all Scotland very soon into a Compliance with their Design; (which being once done, he could have marched into England upon greater advantages, and with a far better Army) yet he was content to be over-ruled, believing that if they were pro∣sperous in England, upon which depended all their hopes, it would be no great Work to Master any Opposition might be made in Scotland. And thus did the unripened forwardness of those in England force the Duke on a fatal Precipitation of Counsels. The resolution was taken, and a General Rendezvous appointed to be at Annan, near the Bor∣ders of England, on the 4^th of Iuly.

All this while my Lord Lanerick had not forgotten the Kings Com∣mands about the Marquis of Huntley, but the ill Opinion the Church∣men had of them, was such, that to have proceeded roundly in that matter, would have given greater grounds of Jealousie to that Party: therefore the Iunto sent him word to the Castle of Edinburgh, where he was then Prisoner, that though at that time it was not fit to set him at liberty by an Order, yet they were willing he should make his Escape, and they offered their Assistance for conveying him safe away. But he said he was brought thither by Order, and he would not steal out as a Thief: and from this fatal stiffness they could not get him removed, yet they resolved to liberate him openly when they should be better able to avow their Actions.

The Opposition the Church-men made to the Raising of the Army,* 16.3 did still retard the Levies and discourage the Souldiers, though the Officers were generally resolute. Some Forces were sent West-ward, under the Command of Sir Iames Turner, to keep that Country quiet, who found a little Authority vigorously managed did quickly tame some of the most unruly. But at Mauchlin there was a great Gathering under the Colour of an Assembly to a Solemn Communion, and many went thither Armed, pretending hazard from the danger of that time. Turner got notice that an Insurrection was designed there, and ad∣vertised the Duke of it, who ordered Turner not to stir till the Earls of Calander and Middleton should come to assist him; who came to Pasely on the Saturndy before that Communion, they drew out the Forces that lay there, consisting of two Regiments of Foot, and fourteen Troops of Horse, and marched to Steuarton, where the Earl of Glen••airn and others of the Nobility met them. Some advised a March of the whole Forces, others thought a few Troops were sufficient for dispersing that Multitude; whereupon Middleton was commanded out with six Troops, who found them near two thousand strong, Horse and Foot; but be∣ing ill-commanded, they were soon disordered. Middleton and Hurry gave the Charge, and were briskly encountered; so that they were made to retreat with the loss of some men, and both Middleton and Hurry got slight Wounds: but the Party that had given them this rude Shock, having cleared a way for themselves, made their Retreat. The report of this Disorder was brought hot to Calender, who leaving the

Foot at Kilmarnock, went with the eight Troops he had with him to assist Middleton; but upon his appearing all run away. The Horse were not pursued, sixty Foot Souldiers were taken, and five Officers, and some Ministers, who were all dismissed: only the Officers were condemned to dye by a Council of War, but were afterwards pardon∣ed by Calander.

* 16.4After this, before a General Rendezvous was possible, the Duke for animating those of Carlisle who began to be sore put to it, sent Collonel Lockhart with some Regiments of Horse to lye at Annan, and Collonel Turner with five or six Regiments of Foot to lye at Dumfrice, hoping thereby to hinder Lambert from coming near Carlisle, wherein his expectation did not fail him; for no sooner came Lockhart to Annan, but Lambert drew his Troops nearer, and Sir Marmaduke Langdale got air a while, for Provision both for his Men and Horses, and against the day appointed the General came from Edinburgh to Annan with Calander, Middleton, and Baylie, and several Regiments of Horse and Foot.* 16.5 Turner also came to him from Dumfrice with the Regiments that lay there, and some Ammunition, and abundance of Meal, that had been sent from Edinburgh: but before I go further, a little must be premised of the state of the Army, and of those who commanded it.

* 16.6The Duke was General, of whom I find an old experienced Souldier, who served under him, passing this judgment, His Conduct of Forces was as good as that of any under his Command, without exception; but it was his Fate (I dare not say his Fault) in Military matters, as was his Masters in Political Affairs, not to trust to his own Iudgment, but to the Iudgments of others, though inferiour, (as all the World knew) to their own: and to this Character all with whom the Writer ever spake, who served in that Army, did agree.

* 16.7The Lieutenant-General was the Earl of Calander, who was bred from his youth a Souldier in the Wars of Germany, and the Low-Countries, where he long commanded a Regiment of Scotish Foot, and had gained (de∣servedly) the reputation of a man of great Courage; and understood well the Dutch Discipline of War, which he observed with a strict∣ness that seemed not free of Affectation. The promptness of his Deportment, and the Authority he usually took on him, being judg∣ed far beyond his skill in the Conduct of an Army, he was made Lieutenant-General of the Scotish Army, that went against the King under General Lesley, Anno 1640: and joyned with Montrose and the other Noblemen and Gentlemen, who signed the Bond men∣tioned in the account of that Year: and from that time he con∣tinued for some Years in a great Friendship with Montrose, which as it did alienate the Church-party from him, so it set him at a di∣stance from the Duke, of whom he was ready both to receive and give ill Impressions. Yet he having made great and constant Professi∣ons of Loyalty, and having got himself to make a considerable figure among some Noblemen who were called the Kings Party, a Conjun∣ction with him being also earnestly recommended by the Queen in her Letters to the Duke, he and some of his Friends (though many con∣demned the choice) were easily induced to such an opinion of the Reality of Calander's Loyalty, and Military Conduct and Courage, as to accept of him for Lieutenant-General of the Army, though the Duke had no reason to have any confidence in his Friendship. But as he left

nothing undone to overcome all Obstacles that lay in the way of this loyal Expedition, so he complied with divers things that were uneasie to him, whereof this was none of the least; because he would leave no ground for Calumny it self to charge him with Slackness in at∣tempting to do this signal Service to God, the King, and his Country. The Lieutenant-General was quickly observed to design a Faction in the Army for himself, and to oppose all that the General suggested; which he did so peremptorily, that he usually pressed all his own Pro∣positions with such warm Language, as that the Kings Service was ruined, if other Courses were followed: and this never failed to over∣rule the Duke, and in effect he gave away almost his whole Power to him.

But if he expected little Friendship from Calander, he had as much confidence in Middleton, Lieutenant-General of the Horse, who was a Person of great Courage and Honour; and none had been more gal∣lantly active in carrying on this Expedition than he was; for which and other Great Services he was by His Majesty that now reigns, created Earl of Middleton: nor had he less assurance of Baylie Lieutenant-General of the Foot, who had given many signal demonstrations of Valour and Conduct. The Inferiour Officers stood all divided according as their Affections led them, either to the General or Lieutenant-General: and thus was the Army modelled.

The Regiments were not full, many of them scarce exceeded half their number, and not the fifth man could handle Pike or Musket. The Horse were the best mounted that ever Scotland set out, yet most of the Troopers were raw and undisciplined. They had no Artillery, not so much as one Field-piece, very little Ammunition, and very few Horse to carry it; for want of which the Duke stayed often in the Reer of the whole Army, till the Country-men brought in Horses, and then conveyed it with his own Guard of Horse. Thus the precipita∣ting of Affairs in England, forced them on a March before they were in any posture for it: but now they were engaged, and they must go forward, an account whereof follows, but not drawn, as the former Parts of this Work have been, from the Dukes Papers, and little Notes he used to take on all occasions: for if any of these were taken by him in this Expedition, they were either destroyed by himself, or fell into the Enemies hands when he was made Prisoner; so that the Writer was forced to seek help from others for supplying this Defect, and procured divers Relations from very worthy Gentlemen, who were Eye-Witnesses or Actors in the whole Affair, upon whose Informations he must rest, and therefore offers them as follows.

UPon the Armies march to Carlisle, Lambert drew back and we ad∣vanced to Crofton-Hall, where we lay about eight or ten days;* 16.8 from thence we went towards Penreith: but the Duke sent out a Party of some three hundred Horse, who discovered the Enemies Main-Guard of Horse, and gave the General notice of it; who thereupon com∣manded the whole Cavalry to march, purposing to fall upon the Ene∣my that very night, and he sent orders to Baylie to hasten the advance of the Infantry. A full discovery being made of the Enemy, our Cavalry was drawn up in their view, where expecting the advance of

the Foot, we stood in Arms till night; but about midnight the Ene∣my drew off quietly. Next morning betimes a great rain falling, we advanced to a Bridge a mile beyond Penreith, with design to en∣gage the Enemy; but missing our hopes, were forced for our acco∣modation in Quartering to return to Penreith. Next day my Lord Levingstoun commanding a Party of Horse, discovered the Enemies Main-Guard, within a mile of Appleby-Castle in Westmoreland, consi∣sting of about three hundred Horse, of which having sent advertise∣ment to the General, he ordered the Army to march immediately to∣wards the Enemy; and Middleton commanded the Captain of the Generals Troop to charge, who beat back the Enemies Horse into the Town of Appleby. That evening our whole Cavalry made a stand for several hours, expecting the advance of Langdale, who being mar∣ched up, did presently with his Foot engage with the Enemy in∣to the Town till it was dark. Our Infantry Quartered that night on the Moor, near Appleby; but before the next morning the Enemy marched away both Horse and Foot, leaving only a Garrison in Ap∣pleby-Castle; and did cut the Bridge, so that it was impossible to fol∣low, for the rains had fallen in such abundance that the Waters were not to be forded: whereupon we went to Kirby-thure in Cum∣berland, where we lay three Weeks, expecting the rest of our Forces, who came up to us, yet far short of the Numbers appointed by the Parliament, of which there was wanting more than a third part; so that in all we were about Ten thousand Foot, and Four thousand Horse. This is the true account of the Strength of our Army. Tur∣ner, who being our General-Adjutant did often muster the Infantry, avers on his Honour they were no more; and both Middleton and Lockhart did also assert there were not above Four thousand Horse; so far short was our Number of what was appointed by the Parlia∣ment, and generally given out to be the Strength of our Army.

We also waited for the Irish Forces, which Monro had brought o∣ver. In the mean while Langdale besieged Appleby, and lest Lambert had faced about, Turner was ordered to lie near him with two Bri∣gades of Foot till the Castle capitulated, which it did in a very few dayes.

Here I shall add a Letter of Sir Marmaduke Langdale's to the Earl of Lanerick, written from this Place.

* 17.1My most honoured Lord,

GIve me leave to give your Lordship many hearty and humble Thanks for your Favours, and to beg so much trouble to you, as to give your Bro∣ther Thanks for me, who is as careful of me, and all those under my Com∣mand, as if they were his own, furnishing us with Arms and Ammunition, and upon all occasions with his own Forces to assist us. All I can render to so great a Person, considering my Condition, is to be thankful; and I hope neither my self, nor none that joyn with me, will ever be so ungrateful or un∣gracious, as to forget his particular Favours, besides the general good to the whole Nation; wherein what we have, or are like to enjoy, is by his Endea∣vours,

with the hazard of his own Person and Friends, and all they can call dear unto them. These are Benefits can never be forgotten by Gentlemen, whereof one with many more is,

Your Lordships most humble devoted Servant, MAR. LANGDALE.

Appleby, 1^st August 1648.

We next marched to Kendal, and from that to Hornby, where it was hotly debated, whether we should march to Yorkshire or Lan∣cashire. The General and Baylie, and Turner, were for Yorkshire, but Lancashire was resolved on, which many blamed, that County being so disaffected, that little go•••• Intelligence was to be hoped for there; whereas Yorkshire was well-affected: but Calander and Langdale pres∣sed it earnestly, alledging it would ease our Friends, and weaken our Enemies.

By this time the Irish Forces had come over,* 17.2 consisting of the num∣ber above-mentioned, all well-trained, and experienced Souldiers. They met with some danger and difficulty in their Transportation, for the Parliament of England (apparently fearing by their utter ne∣glect of that Army, that some such Course would be taken by them,) sent two Men of War to guard the Passage betwixt Scotland and Ireland, who intercepted about Three hundred Foot of Dalyel's Re∣giment, whom they disarmed and kept two days, but for want of Victuals were willing to dismiss them again. The rest made use of small Vessels, a••d the Night-time, by which means and the narrow∣ness of the Sea, they arrived all safe (albeit divers were chased) up∣on the Scotish Shoar; and as they landed in parcels, they were or∣dered to march straight towards Carlisle. But as they went through the Shire of Galloway, and Stuartry of Kirkudbright, they were unfa∣vourably used, for none of the Country-Gentlemen, excepting one or two, did own them: so being left to themselves, without any person to appoint orderly Quarters for them, and being railed at from the Pulpits, and Curses denounced against them, and that whole En∣gagement cryed out to be unlawful, and the Ministers in every Pa∣rish discharging their Parishioners to have any meddling with, or ac∣cession thereto, it was no wonder if Abuses were committed, but no∣thing answerable to the great Clamours, purposely spread abroad against them by those of that Country.

It was at Kendal in Westmoreland where Sir George Monro had the first Meeting and Conference with the Duke, who was upon his March with the Army towards Preston in Lancashire. Sir George and those with him followed upon his Reer to Kirby-Lumsdale, near the Border of that Shire. The Duke had a great mind to have joyned them to the Army, for they were resolute and well-trained, especi∣ally the Foot, and he was well assured both of Officers and Souldiers: but Monro had no mind to take Orders, either from Calander or Baylie; and this made Calander unwilling to bring them up. He also saw that most of their Officers depended on the Duke, and so he had no kindness for them: therefore though the Duke pressed much the bring∣ing them to the Army, yet Monro was sent back with Orders from the

Duke in writing to stay at that Place, and wait for some Cannon coming out of Scotland, and to conduct them to the Army; but withall in case it should happen he were attack't by the Enemy, not to Engage, but to make his Retreat back to Appleby-Castle or Carlisle, and there to secure himself till further Order. As he stayed at that Village, Sir Philip Musgrave, and Sir Thomas Tilslie, the one Lieutenant-General, the other Major-General to Sir Marmaduke Langdale, with two Re∣giments of Foot then raised in the Northern Counties, joyned him.

Our March into Lancashire being concluded, the Van was led by Langdale, who undertook to provide Guides and Pioneers, and to get us Intelligence; but the want of this helped us to our Ruine, for he was well-nigh totally routed, before we knew that it was Cromwell vvho attack't us. And here the Cavalry complaining of scar∣city of Forrage in these Parts, and th•••••• Officers pretending a necessi∣ty to enlarge Quarters, desired liberty to advance before the Infan∣try, against which the General gave many Reasons: yet to prevent a Mutiny he yielded to it, not apprehending how near the Enemy was, of which we were secure, resting on Langdale's Intelligence; which was only, that one Ashton had raised two or three thousand Presbyterians together to stop our March, and amuse us, pretending it was because we came out of Scotland without the approbation of the Kirk. Calander and Middleton went on with the Cavalry to Wig∣gan, some Regiments of Horse being only reserved for a Reer-guard to the Infantry, and we marched forward to Preston.

* 17.3

Upon the day after our Army was thus divided, being the 18^th of August, Calender got some hint of Cromwel's joyning Lambert. Upon this Calander thought it fit to bring the Cavalry nearer the In∣fantry, intending to go himself that night to the General; where∣upon some Regiments of Horse were drawn into the Moor near Wig∣gan, and commanded to stay there till further Orders, which late at night they got to return home to their Quarters: then Calander went to the General, and Middleton stay'd with the Horse, which was the Ruine of the Army; for all judged that Calander ought to have brought the Horse with him, since he had reason to apprehend the approach of so powerful an Enemy; yet when he came to the Ge∣neral, he spoke nothing to him of the Advertisement he had got.

Next day about Noon we all drew up in Battalia upon the Moor, but had not ground enough: from us the General went and passed the Bridge to view the Field for a convenient Leaguer, and before his re∣urn, Calander ordered Baylie to pass the Bridge with the Foot, to the place where the Leaguer was to be. The General returning, and thinking to have found the Foot still in the Moor, met Baylie on the Bridge, who told him he had received Orders from Calander to draw over the whole Body of Foot; but hearing that Langdale was hotly engaged with the Enemy, he had halted there, till he saw what the event of the Action might be: which the General approved, and or∣dered him to halt, wishing they had stayed still on the Moor. Mean∣while Calander came up, and asked why they did not March: Baylie gave him the Answer he had given the General, with which Calander was unsatisfied, and went away in a chafe. The General seeing him in passion studied to allay it, telling him that Baylie had stop'd up∣on his Order: Calander answered, his Grace might do what he pleased,

but he had given former Orders to march, which he conceived most fit to be done, pretending the necessity of having the Horse and Foot on one side of the River, to which the General gave way; and so Baylie marched over, and the Duke and Calander returned back to the Moor, where the Rere-guard of the Horse, together with two Brigades of Foot, stood all the while. By this time they got sure intelligence, from some Prisoners whom Langdale had taken, that the Enemy he engaged with was Cromwel; and the General ordered Turner to send out commanded Parties to Langdale's Relief, who sent about seven hundred Foot with a good quantity of Ammunition, of which the English stood much in need, and were sore put to it, Cromwel gaining hedge upon hedge of them. But Langdale being over-pow∣ered by the growing numbers of the Enemy, sent to the General for a further Supply, who ordered Calander to send it: and he under∣took to do it, yet did nothing. Langdale wondering at the delay, sent a second more pressing Message; and Sir Iames Hamilton shewing the General how necessary it was to send a speedy Supply, lest Langdale being beaten back the Enemy should fall in betwixt the Rear-guard of the Horse, and the Foot, who could not be now brought back, the Duke ordered him to draw out an hundred Horse from the Regiments that stood there, and charge with them. But Calander coming up, as he was advancing, asked who commanded that Party, and finding it was Sir Iames Ha∣milton, who had no Charge in the Army, but rode in the Gene∣rals Troop a Volunteer, he ordered the Horse back to their Regi∣ments, and went to the General, complaining that he gave Com∣mand to those who had no Charge, and all this on pretence that the few Regiments which stood there were not to be weakened. But the General shewing him Langdale's extreme Danger, and the neces∣sity of sending him Relief, Calander undertook with a Brigade of Foot to second him, though this could not be performed, the Foot being now so far from us: yet upon that colour he went along the Bridge, ordering his Waggons that lay in Preston, to be drawn over to the other side; which being done, he stayed on the other side. Mean while Langdale beat back the Enemy two or three Closes, still expecting Relief; but that failing, he was totally routed, and retired disorderly, and fell in betwixt our Infantry and the Moor, where the General stood with the Horse still expecting Calander: but now seeing a necessity of joyning himself to his Infantry, he got into the Town of Preston with his Guard of Horse, and Langdale and other Officers with him, with intention to pass the River below it, which at that time could not be ridden by reason of the Rains which fell con∣tinually; for all this while there were such deluges of Rains not only over England, but over all Europe, that every Brook was a River, which made the March very heavy both to Horse and Foot: nor was it possible for the Foot to keep one Musquet fixed, most part of the time we were in a Body in England: but the Enemy pursued us fiercely into the Town; whereupon Turner endeavoured to rally some of the Musqueteers who had fled, and to line the hedges with them for keeping off the Horse. But the General perceiving they did small Service, did himself charge those who pursued him, being followed by all the Officers and his own Guard, and put two Troops

of the Enemy to a speedy Retreat, and then turned to get to the Ford: but assoon as we turned, the Enemy faced about and turned again on us, and the General charged the second time, and put them again to the flight; but being pursued the third time, he char∣ged the Enemy so home, that he set him a good way off, and they could not soon overtake us. In all which he shewed as much Daring resolution and Courage, as any man could be Master of.

But Langdal•• and Turner perceiving the Enemies Foot advance, who would have lined the Hedges, and from them fired on us, pressed the General to think rather of retiring to his Army than staying in a Place where all he could do was to give proof of his Personal Va∣lour: whereupon he yielding to their Advice, we took the Ford and swimmed over, and got safely to the Place where our Infantry lay, whom Baylie had very advantageously drawn up on the top of a ri∣sing Hill, among fensible Inclosures. The Regiments that stood on the Moor were put to the rout by the Enemy, and got off disorderly in Parties. Calander Congratulated the Generals safe Escape from so eminent a Danger; who returned him thanks, but passionately re∣grated the bad fortune of that unhappy Day, whose sad effects he said he very much apprehended. Before his Arrival, Calander had sent six hundred Musqueteers to maintain the Bridge, which was done without consideration; for they were to march through an open field of a quarter of a miles length, that lay betwixt the Hill we stood on and the Bridge, in which there was no shelter, and the E∣nemies side was all a Descent to the Bridge, that was full of Hedges, from which their Fire-men played uncessantly on our Musqueteers, who could do them no harm again. The General and Baylie obser∣ving this, did by Calander's advice, who saw his Error, send Turner with some Musqueteers to make their Retreat, and bring them off; but he met them rather flying than retiring: nor did the Enemy pur∣sue eagerly, but divers of our Men were killed, and now Cromwell was Master of the Bridge.

This was the issue of that Day wherein our loss was great, many were killed, and many were taken Prisoners, and we lost more who run away; two Brigades of Foot were totally routed, and either killed, taken, or dispersed; nor did we ever hear any more of Monro, and the Irish Forces, nor of the Rear-guard of Horse that was on the Moor; so that we begun to look on our selves as broken, being in a Country where we might look for nothing but Unfriendliness and Treachery. Upon this sad Juncture, the General called a Council of War of all the chief Officers in the Army: there was one of two things to be done, we were either to wait for the Cavalry, or to march to them. Divers Messages had been sent to Middleton to come up with the Horse, yet he appeared not. Calander pressed a Retreat, and to him agreed almost all the Officers, except Baylie and Turner, who urged their staying till Middleton came up, which might be ex∣pected in a few hours. The General expressed much indifferency in that Particular, and if they had stayed they could not have forced Cromwel to fight, who knowing their wants would have let them a∣lone till Hunger had forced them away. So Calander's Authority pre∣vailed for a March: the greatest Prejudice thereof was, that they could not carry their Ammunition with them, for the Countrey Peo∣ple,

whose Horses carried it, had fled away; so that there was a necessity of leaving it behind them. To have fired it would have discovered their March, and so done them Mischief; therefore it was appointed to be blown up by a Train, which being neglected by him to whom it was trusted, it fell into Cromwel's hands next day: all the Souldiers could carry with them was only their Flasks full. Our March was very sad, the way being exceeding deep, the Souldiers both wet, hungry, and weary; and all looked on their business as more than half ruined. The next morning we came to Wiggan, and found almost the half of our Foot had fallen off by the way, whom we saw no more. But our Misfortunes grew on us;* 17.4 for Middleton upon the advice he got, had marched to the Bridge of Preston ano∣ther way, where he found the Enemies quiet, our Fires burning, and none by them but some Sutlers; wherefore hearing we were gone to Wiggan, he followed our tract, and was hotly pursued all the way by the Enemies Horse, with whom he skirmished all along till he came within a Mile of us: and indeed he made that Retreat, which was seven Miles long, very gallantly, and was well seconded both by Coll. Lockhart and Coll. Hurry, the last getting a dangerous shot in his Head, which occasioned his being taken Prisoner. The Enemy lost several Men, and among others one Collonel Thornly, accounted one of their best Officers. We meeting with our Cavalry drew up in Battalia in the Moor, and some thought of Fighting; but we found it impossible, the Place not being large, and environed with Inclosures, which we could not have maintained long for want of Ammunition. So we were resolved to march all night, and designed for Warring∣ton-Bridge, where we hoped we might either maintain the Bridge, or cut it, and so have gone whither they pleased; yet many of us apprehended we might be routed e're we got thither. Marching all night we got a false Alarm, which put us in no small Disorder; and Turner and Lockhart labouring to recover us, the one was wounded, and the other was trodden down, to the great danger of his Life: yet no Enemy came in the Rear, for they had taken up their Quar∣ters for that night; but next morning they pursued us, yet we passed Warrington-Bridge,* 17.5 the Enemy being close in our Rear. We main∣tained it some time against the Horse, but were driven away from it when the Foot came up. And here Calander, and most of the Offi∣cers of the Cavalry, pressed the General to March off, and leave the Foot to Capitulate; their Reasons were strong, they had marched two nights, both under an extraordinary Rain, and in very deep way, and were wet almost up to the middle, and had scarce eat any meat all that while; they had no Ammunition, the Powder in their Flasks being all wet; so that to study to preserve them was to at∣tempt an impossibility and to lose all. The Horses were also so wea∣ry with their long ill March, that they were for no present Action, but they getting off; and turning either back to Scotland, or joyning with those who were in Arms for the King in England, might still prove useful for His Majesties Service. Upon which the General was moved, though with great reluctancy, to leave the Foot and Baylie to Capitulate; and in an account of this Business drawn by Baylie, which the Writer has seen, he sayes, Calander ordered his Capitulating, and Middleton advised it; but says nothing of any Orders he had

from the Duke for it. Baylie upon this occasion lost some of the Pa∣tience he was usually Master of; but having recovered himself as much as he could, he sent Major Fleeming to Cromwel with Articles, who not agreeing to those, desired a Parly with Baylie himself: and they met on the Bridge, and agreed that the Infantry should lay down their Arms, and both Officers and Souldiers be Prisoners of War to the Parliament. Here Cromwel left Lambert with four Brigades of Horse to pursue our Cavalry, and himself marched after Monro.

But I shall go through with the Tragedy of our Army before any further account be given of that March.

Our Cavalry rode divers miles towards Westchester, with intention, as was supposed, to have gone to Wales; but putting on another Re∣solution, we stayed all night at Malpas in Shropshire. And here it was debated, whether we should go to Yorkshire, or to Herefordshire, where we had intelligence, that Sir Henry Lingen had put himself in a considerable posture for the King: but this being contradicted, that very night vve resolved for Yorkshire, designing to try if vve could clear a vvay for our selves to Scotland. But next day many of the County Trained-Bands appeared against us, vvho vvere soon dissi∣pated by Middleton vvithout any bloud-shed, and that day vve made a great March, and lodged all night in the Fields; next day vve marched betimes, and at noon made a great halt at Stone in Stafford∣shire.

After this as vve vvere marching, Middleton rode in the Rear, for making it good against some Troops of the County-Militia; but unfortunately his Horse fell under him, and he vvas taken Prisoner. Thus the remnant of our unfortunate Army sustained an irreparable loss by the taking of that brave Man. The rest of that day vve marched to Vtoxater,* 17.6 and the vveather being rainy, vvindy, and tempestuous, vve came thither in great Disorder. On the next day vve had not marched a mile, when both Horses and Men being ex∣tremely weary, many of the Officers and Troopers expressed an un∣willingness to march further, neither were we well-resolved whi∣ther to go that night; and many surrounded the General in a Con∣fusion next to a Mutiny, desiring he would return to Vtoxater, from which he was very averse, and represented to them that it was bet∣ter Capitulating with Sword in Hand in an open Field, than to be cooped up in a Town: but both he and Calander were forced by their importunity to return to Vtoxater, purposing to spend the rest of that day and the next night there, for refreshing Men and Horses, and after that to continue their March. And here Langdale, and some of the English Officers that were with us, seeing all hopes were gone, and knowing their own Danger if taken with us, left us. A T••um∣peter came to us from the Governour of Stafford, commanding the General to render himself, and these with him, to him and the Coun∣ty-Committee: and many such Letters came to him from impertinent Commanders of the County-Militia, at which he was nothing mo∣ved, and as low as he was he undervalued them. But now our Mis∣fortunes must be compleated by our own Madness, and the Mutiny of our Souldiers,* 17.7 among whom it was given out, that the General Officers intended an Escape from them, though they had often pro∣tested that they should never leave them, but live and dye with

them. The Souldiers set double and treble Sentinels, both about the General's, and Lieutenant-General's Lodgings, and other chief Offi∣cers; all which was done in the sight of the Stafford-Trumpeter. Next morning assoon as we could see, Collonel Turner by the Ge∣neral's Order called out at the Window to them, and asked if they were not ashamed of the ignominy of that Action, and of the base and unworthy Usage they had offered their General, and the Con∣tempt they had shown to all Discipline. He advised them, if for no other reason, yet for their own Safety, to return to their Duty, re∣move their Guards, go home to their Lodgings, and refresh them∣selves; which they instantly did, cursing those who set them on to mutiny, but named none. Calander protested he would hear of no Treaty, but prepared to be gone, with all who would follow him, who were at least half our number. The General pressed his Stay, that a joynt-Course might be followed, at least that night, and that he would not divide the Forces; and the next day they should ei∣ther March, Fight, or Treat, as should be agreed on in a Council of War, where he might freely deliver his mind. But all was in vain, for he marched away with as many as had good Horses to follow him, who quickly dispersed themselves; and Calander got secretly to Lon∣don, and from that to Holland, so that his Escape proved more fortu∣nate than any Officers (of the Army) was.

Now we concluded it impossible to return in a Body to Scotland, and the County-Militia was every-where rising, our Horses were bea∣ten, and our Troopers both heartless and disposed to mutiny; so that we all told the General, there was a necessity of Capitulating, for though we might possibly have cleared a way for our selves, through those who then surrounded us; yet in every part of Eng∣land we would find a fresh Enemy before us, and it was impossible to cut out our way through all these Difficulties: to which, seeing it was unavoidable, the General yielded, and on the 25^th of August sent three Collonels, Lockhart, Foules, and Turner, to Capitulate with the Governour of Stafford, who had environed us with about three thou∣sand Men. They Treated in a House three Miles from Vtoxater, where Mary Queen of Scotland had been long kept Prisoner; they found those they treated with no Enemies to Monarchy, & so they had reason to expect good Conditions from them: but that Treaty was interrupted by a Message from Lambert, who was now advanced ve∣ry near Vtoxater, and sent them word that if they would Treat it must be with him, which was no good News to our Collonels. Yet they went to him, and found him very discreet; he ap∣pointed Lilburn, Hains, and Manwaring to Treat. They demand∣ed of us the delivery of Berwick and Carlisle; and undertook if we would engage to deliver those Places, we should not only be per∣mitted to go back to Scotland, but conveyed thither. Our Com∣missioners answered, they had only Warrant to Treat about the Ge∣neral, and those with him, and had no power to Treat about those Places: so our Commissioners were sent to know the Generals Plea∣sure about Berwick, and Carlisle, who answered, he neither could nor would engage for the performance of what was not in his power, since in that condition he was in, he had no reason to expect obedi∣ence to his Orders from the Deputy-Governours; adding, that he

did not set that value on himself, or his Liberty, as for the Procuring of it, to do any thing might so far prejudice the Kings Service, as the Delivery of these Towns would do; whereupon he dismissed the Collonels with some very sad expressions. During this Treaty the Lord Grey of Grobie came towards Vtoxater, to whom the General sent Collonel Ker to tell him, he was in Treaty with Lambert; and those who were appointed to Treat, agreed on the following Articles.

* 18.1THat James Duke of Hamilton his Grace, with the rest of the Officers and Souldiers under his Command, now at Utoxater, shall render themselves up Prisoners of War, (with their Horses, Arms, and all other Pro∣visions of War, Bag and Baggage whatsoever, (except what is mentioned in the ensuing Articles) to Major-General Lambert, or such as he shall ap∣point, without spoil, concealment, or imbeazelment, by four of the Clock this Afternoon, upon Utoxater-Heath, or some convenient Field near unto it.

[ II] That the Duke of Hamilton, with all Officers and Souldiers of the said Scotish Forces at Utoxater, shall have their Lives and Safety of their Per∣sons assured to them, and shall not be pillaged or stript of their wearing Cloaths, or what they have about them, or otherwise wronged, beaten, or abu∣sed, upon the delivering up of their Arms, or afterwards, and shall have civil Vsage during the time of their Imprisonment.

[ III] That all Field-Officers, and Captains of Horse in Command, shall have each of them a Horse provided to ride on, to such Places as shall be appointed by Major-General Lambert for their Stay; each Collonel in Command to have one Horse for his Servant to ride with him, and each Commission-Officer that is sick or wounded, and not able to go on foot, to have one Horse provided for himself to ride on, and that a safe Convoy shall be provided to conduct the Prisoners to the Places they shall be sent to; and if any that are sick or wounded do desire it, they may have liberty to stay at Utoxater till further Order from Major-General Lambert.

[ IV] That the said Duke of Hamilton shall have six of his Servants, such as he shall choose, allowed to wait on him, and each of them an Horse to ride with him, till they come to the Place of Stay, and have none of their wearing Cloaths or what they have about them taken from them.

[ V] That all Treasure and Plate remaining in the Scotish Army at Utoxa∣ter, shall be delivered up to such Persons as Major-General Lambert shall appoint.

Signed,

• Rob. Lilburn,
• Hezekiah Hayns,
• Edward Manwaring,
• William Lockhart,
• James Foules,
• James Turner.

Lambert desired them to sign the Articles quickly, and he would go to Vtoxater to save the Duke from Grey of Grobie's Men: but before he came they had fallen in, not regarding the Treaty nor the Cessation of Arms, and had taken the Duke; yet Lambert would not look on him as a Prisoner till the Articles were signed, which he ratified, and disclaimed Grey of Grobie's taking him, as done in time of Treaty and Cessation, against the Law of War and Nations: neither was the Lord Grey empowered by the Parliament, so that Lambert having Authority from them, they were obliged by his Treaty and Articles. The Arti∣cles

were also signed, though not sent back, some time before Grey him∣self came up.

The Duke was carried to Derby, from that to Longhburrough,* 18.2 from that to Leicester, and from that on the 28^th of August to Ashby de la Zouch, where he continued Prisoner till the beginning of December that he was carried to Windsor. He was kept under strict Guards, and in a close Restraint, not being permitted to go without the Castle, and but seldome to walk in the Court; for the second night after he came thi∣ther, when he was taking a turn in the Court after Supper, he had not walked half an hour, when a Serjeant came and commanded him to his Chamber, though many Souldiers were looking on: he immediately went to his Apartment, and said to the Lord Bargany, who was Prisoner with him, that the Serjeants carriage was a notable instance of the va∣nity of worldly Greatness, and the instability of mans Condition in this Life; since he, who but a few days ago commanded so many thou∣sand men, was now himself commanded by a private Serjeant.* 18.3 Soon after his Imprisonment the Parliament sent two of their number, and Hugh Peters waiting on them, to examine him in order to the dis∣covering those in England, who had confederated and corresponded with him in this Engagement: but the Examination held not long, for they could draw nothing from him, and found none of their Arts could prevail (though they spared neither Promises nor Threatnings) to make him think of redeeming either Life or Liberty at so base a rate, his Honour and Conscience being much dearer to him. He told them, he could not say he knew any thing worth their pains, but if he did, nothing, no not Torture it self, should ever draw it from him.

Thus ended that Expedition,* 18.4 the miscarriage whereof occasioned much Censure and Reproach; but those who did impartially re∣flect on the whole progress of that Army, ceased to wonder, when they saw the ruin of a raw, undisciplined Army, which without either Artillery or Ammunition sufficient, was precipitated by an over-hasty March into an Enemies Country, harassed and wearied with a sad March, in such bad vveather and vvay, and encountered by so strong an Enemy; vvho as he had a vvell-disciplined and trained Army, so he had the vvhole Country on his side: and vvhere-ever any censura∣ble Miscarriage vvas to be fastened all that vvere impartial did con∣fess the Duke free of blame, except for yielding too much to other more experienced Souldiers, vvho upon every inclination he expressed of differing from their Counsels, told him he vvas ruining the Kings Service. And just observers, vvhen they considered hovv little care he expressed for preserving himself, and hovv much for preserving the Army, hovv ready he vvas to hazard his ovvn Person, hovv he vvould not abandon the broken Remainders of his Army, but stayed and run the same Fortune vvith them, vvhen others vvere more careful of their ovvn Preservation; hovv he vvould not preserve himself at the rate of delivering up Berwick or Carlisle, judging those Places of more im∣portance for His Majesties Service than his Liberty could be, or the Li∣berty of that handful vvas vvith him; and in fine, hovv he abhorred so mean a thought as the ransoming himself by betraying others vvith vvhom he had corresponded; did very much condemn the too great for∣vvardness of some in believing those base Reports which vvere spread of his betraying that Army.

But in Scotland things changed no less strangely. The Clergy du∣ring the Armies March, continued animating the People into an oppo∣sition to the Engagement: but the Committee of Estates secured the Peace of the Kingdom, by some Troops they kept in suspected places, and seemed to connive at many things, which they resolved to punish to purpose when they had a good account of their Army. About the end of Iuly Mr. Murray came to Scotland from the Queen and Prince, with full assurances of their Friendship and Kindness to them, and told them that the Prince was ready to come assoon as he were sent for, appoin∣ting them to send to him to Holland whither he was then going; where∣upon the Earl of Lauderdale was sent by the Committee of Estates to invite his Highness to come and Command their Army,* 18.5 giving him the Publick Faith of the Kingdom for his Honour, Freedom, and Safety, both during his stay with them, and for liberty to leave them when he would. He was also to desire his Highness would land at Berwick, and for satisfying the People as much as could be, that he would bring none with him who were hateful to the Nation, and would, as the King had always done in Scotland, conform himself to their Forms of Religious Worship.

On the fifth of August he set sayl first for Yarmouth-Road, where he heard the Prince was with the Fleet, but that being contradicted, he held his Course for Holland; and as he was sayling into the Brill the Pilots Boat assured him, that his Highness was gone from thence, but he knew not whither: wherefore seeing a Man of War, who as they told him, belonged to the Prince, he turned his Course, and followed him, but he could not overtake him. At last a Frigat of the Prince's came a-stern of him, and told him he was in the Downs; so he sailed on with the Frigat, and came to the Downs on the 10^th of August, where he found his Highness, and Prince Robert, with some others of the Nobility, and of his Council, and a very good Fleet of about eighteen sail, commanded by the Lord Willoughby as Vice-admiral. His Highness gave him a very kind Reception, and expressed a great sense of the Loyalty and Duty of the Scotish Nation; all that were about him were likewise very well-affected to that Nation. The Prince called the Earl of Lauderdale to his Council, where he appointed him to de∣liver his Message, which he did; and the Prince after a days conside∣ration, gave him a very Gracious Answer to every particular, and re∣solved to go quickly to Berwick, and from that to make all the haste he could to the Army; but he was first to go to Holland, where he in∣tended to stay some few days. The Earl of Lauderdale had got Instru∣ctions from Scotland to go to the Prince of Orange, and the States Ge∣neral, to give them an account of their Affairs, and to crave their As∣sistance in Money, Arms, Ammunition, and Shipping; to see also what Money could be borrowed upon the Publick Faith of Scotland for the prosecuting the Engagement, and to desire from them the three Scotish Regiments that were then in the States Service, and to settle a firm Alliance with them: and from them he was to go to France, with Letters to the Queen, and to treat with the Queen Mother of France for the Assistance of that Nation, according to the ancient Alliances between the Crowns of France and Scotland. All these Instructions being communicated to his Highness, he judged the Im∣ployment might be of good use, but would not let the Earl of

Lauderdale leave him, intending to carry him with him to Holland, and was very well pleased that Sir Robert Murray was appointed to go to France, in case the other went not: yet he resolved to carry him a∣long likewise to Holland. Upon which the Earl of Lauderdale sent advertisement to Scotland, to make ready for his Highness Reception. This was done on the 20^th of August, and as the Prince was making ready, the sad news of the Defeat of the Army was brought him: so that Design vanished.

But in Scotland the news of the routing of the Army was received by the opposite Party, with all the insultings of Joy, they adding infa∣mous opprobries to their Invectives. Some observing that the Division of the Duke's Army, which was its Ruin, was on the 17^th day of August, the day in which the Covenant was first made, which from thence some used to call Saint Covenants day; this Conjuncture of Af∣fairs was held a visible Declaration of Gods Displeasure, (for their breaking the Covenant and their Juggling in it,) by those who took upon them to expound all Gods Providences. The Western Counties were commanded, and animated to an Insurrection by the Lord Chan∣cellour and the Earl of Eglinton, together with their Ministers, who came leading out whole Parishes with such Arms as could be had, and when these failed, with Staves, and Pitch-forks, and Sythes.

When the Resolutions for raising an Army were taken in the Parlia∣liament, divers of the Nobility did dissent from them,* 18.6 the chief of whom were Lowdon, who was then Lord Chancellour, and Argyle: and now Lowdon upon the notice of the misfortune in England, gave out Orders for raising the Western Counties, and all others who would zealously own the Covenant against the late Engagement. Those that were raised were at first commanded by the Earl of Eglinton, and the Marquis of Argyle made all the haste he could to come down with his Highlanders: the Earl of Cassilis was slowest with his men, for though he had dissented from the Engagement, yet he was long unsatisfied with the Tumultariness of the Insurrection, but after some times consulting about it, he came up to them at Linlithgow.

This, together with the sad account of Affairs from England, did not a little disorder the Committee of Estates, who as they drew a few Troops that were kept in the Country for their Guard nearer them, so were not well resolved what to do. They looked on the bu∣siness as desperate by the ruin of the Army in England;* 18.7 and though it was easie to scatter the confused Bodies were coming from the West, yet they apprehended, that certainly they finding their own weakness, would call for the Assistance of the English Army, before which they knew they could not stand. Most of the Committee were men of good Estates, who apprehending certain ruin to their Fortunes, were resol∣ved to see to their own Preservation the best way they could. Others were much addicted to the Ministers, and though they had gone a∣long with the Service, notwithstanding the opposition of the Clergy; yet now that they knew they were resolved to excommunicate all who were for the Engagement, their hearts failed them. Many of the Ministers did also represent to them, and some of their Friends, that their Designs being blasted by God, why should they fight any longer against him? and assured them, that if they would lay down Arms, and accommodate matters without Blood, all should go well; that they

would all own the Kings Quarrel, according to the Covenant: but if on the other hand they persisted in their opposition to the Church, the English Army would be called in, which would undoubtedly destroy both the Country and them. These things prevailed with most of the Committee of Estates.

But the Earl of Lanerick opposed all these Resolutions, judging it base and dishonourable to treat with those Rebels, and abandon so good a Cause because of a Misfortune. He thought it therefore ne∣cessary to recall Sir George Monro with his Forces, and secure themselves of Sterlin and St. Iohnstoun, and then to raise all the North, by which they might gather a new Army; and the time of the Year told them, that Cromwel durst not stay long in these Parts: so that upon his going to London they might make themselves Masters of Scotland, and force a new Army into England the next Year. Yet in this he was almost alone, and many of the Committee of Estates plied him hard, especi∣ally with one Argument, that if more Bloud were shed in Scotland, their Enemies would undoubtedly revenge themselves on his Brother; and then all the World would say his Ambition to succeed him, had made him contribute to his Ruin. But on the other hand the Mini∣sters and their Adherents gave great Assurances, that they should pro∣cure his Brother's Liberty, if matters were packt up. This being con∣stantly pressed on him, he yielded to be passive, and let them be do∣ing; and so after some days Debate they resolved to prosecute the En∣gagement no more, and to pack up the business if it were possi∣ble: therefore they sent the Lords of Lee and Humby to the Western Forces, (who were come in their March the length of Hamilton) to see what their Demands were, and to propose a Cessation in order to a Treaty; they also sent Orders to Sir George Monro to return to Scot∣land. But here I shall stop a little, to give account of the motions of his Army in England.

* 18.8Musgrave had got intelligence that Cromwel with his Army was upon his March to stop the Duke's progress, and had advanced the length of Skipton-Castle in Yorkshire; which Advertisement was instantly dispatch∣ed to the Duke at Preston, and a small Party of about forty Horse was sent under the Command of one Galbreath, to examin the truth of these Reports; who returned with this Account, That having con∣cealed their Party within a Hedge near that Place, some of them came to a House of their acquaintance, from which they sent a Servant to Skipton, who brought them assurance of Cromwel's being there with an Army of about ten thousand men, and that he had commanded those of that Garrison excepting a few, to be ready to march with him next day.

Sir George Monro being thus informed, sent Advertisement to Pre∣ston by divers Messengers of both Sexes; but neither did this Intelligence, nor any sent before, ever come to the Duke's Army, which is attested by many Persons of Honour then in Command there; and indeed those of the Army rested wholly on Langdale's Intelligence. But Mon∣ro considering that Skipton was equally distant from Kirbie Lumsdale where he lay, and Preston, judged that Cromwel's first Design was up∣on him; which upon, and in pursuance of the Duke's Orders, he re∣tired softly upon the way towards Appleby about fourteen miles back: but the second day, having notice that Cromwel had taken the road to

Preston, he returned to his former Station, where he kept both Horse and Foot night and day in readiness.

Two days after that towards the morning, a small Party of Horse sent out from the Watch upon the Preston-road, were unexpe∣ctedly ala••med with the noise of Horse-feet, as it were at a good di∣stance; but those were presently discovered to be the scattered Troops of the Duke's Army. Some of them were Officers of Foot, who as they declared, were Commanded out from Preston to the assistance of Sir Marmaduke Langdale, whilst he and Cromwel were engaged in a Hedge-sight: but before they were able to give him relief, Cromwel had forced them to retire, and had got in after Sir Marmaduke betwixt them and the Town, and so had separated them from the Duke's Ar∣my. There were also some Troops of Horse who were the Rear-guard, of whom mention was made in the account of the business of Preston, in all about twelve hundred, belonging to divers Regiments of Horse: they were earnestly sollicited by Sir George Monro, to stay with him till they should hear what had become of the Duke and his Army. But they objected their Men and Horses were very weary, and that there was a great want of Horse-shoes amongst them; and so excused themselves, and said they should only go to some of the nearest Villa∣ges, where they might be refreshed: but they went straight to Scot∣land through Westmoreland and Northumberland, spoiling and plundering all these Counties as they past; which made great out-crying, and was charged upon the Forces Commanded by Sir George Monro, (who not long after followed them,) but very unjustly.

At Kirbie-Lumsdale Sir George Monro and the Gentlemen who were with him stayed a few days, to learn the certainty of the Duke's Con∣dition, the reports whereof changed hourly: but fearing the worst of the Duke, and the danger of being surprized, they retired to Kirbie-Steven; and getting no certain advertisements of the Duke or his Ar∣my, thought it fit to send for advice to Scotland, and to be still draw∣ing North-ward through Northumberland. When they came to Mor∣peth, Collonel Hamilton, General of the Artillery, came to them from Edinburgh, with Orders from the Committee of Estates to take New-castle, or at least to fortifie themselves where they were, and attend the Duke's coming, whose Army they still judged to be safe, and that it was like he would return through Yorkshire: but they got soon after that the certainty that the Duke's Army was wholly lost, and that Cromwel with a great part of his Army was on his March to fall upon them. Upon this they took their way for Berwick, and met new Or∣ders from Scotland, giving notice of a great Insurrection in the West, and thereupon requiring them with all possible speed to hasten to Cockburns-path, where the Committee of Estates was to meet them. They also ordered them to suffer none of the English Forces to come to Scot∣land with them, which was executed at Berwick; great Complaints being made by the English Gentlemen of that inhumane Usage. Upon the way from Berwick, it was told Sir George, that he had need to look to himself, and those with him, since the Committee of Estates, even after they had called for him to their assistance, and were for∣ced, by the multitudes of Armed men drawing from the West towards Edinburgh, to fly to him for Safety; yet had passed an Act not to pro∣secute the Engagement any further, and that they had entred already

upon a Treaty with the other Party, and had imployed the Lords of Lee and Humby to go to them with Propositions. He reflecting on these News, and the Orders he had received not to let any of the En∣glish Nation cross Tweed,* 18.9 thought there was no more intended but to make use of him as an Engine for a safe off-coming: but though Ar∣gyle sent his Brother to him, inviting him to his Party with great of∣fers; yet he rejected that Proposition, and hasted forward to Cockburns∣path, where he found no body. He lay a night or two there, and got Orders to march to Hadingtown, where the Earls of Crawford, Glen∣cairn, and Lanerick met him, who had got together some of the scat∣tered Troops belonging to the Regiments that had left the Duke at Preston. And at Gladesmoor, all the Forces were put in Order, which upon Rendezvous were above three thousand Horse, and two thou∣sand Foot; from thence they advanced to Musselburgh, near which a Party of seven or eight hundred Horse of the Western Army were come from Edinburgh to view the fields. They, upon discovery of the March of the Forces from Gladesmoor, retired, leaving a Troop at the Bridge, who at the approach of sixteen Horsemen run away in all haste, and so escaped with the loss of some few that were taken Prisoners.

These Earls lodged that night at Inneresk, and agreed next day to march by Edinburgh upon the South-side, to shun the danger and Straits of the way by Leith, which was beset by that new Army from the West, though Monro offered with his Forces to clear the way to them; but the greatest part of the Committee were resolved not to engage in blood. The Western Army was now some way modelled, and Commanded by the Earl of Leven as General, David Lesly as Lieu∣tenant-General, and Robert Montgomery and Sir Iohn Brown, as Major-Generals. Some of the Ministers were earnest for fighting, not doubt∣ing but their Enemies would fly before them; but the Military men understood well enough their own weakness, and therefore would not engage. All this while the Lords of Lee and Humby were very dili∣gent, posting night and day betwixt those in Edinburgh and the Com∣mittee of Estates, to mediate an Accommodation betwixt both Parties, but hitherto without any effect.

The Committee of Estates took their way by Pentland-hills, where they lay that night: next day they did march by Collingtown and Chri∣storphen, and so towards Linlithgow, purposing to hinder the Conjun∣ction of some new additions of Forces from the West, led by the Lords of Cassilis, Kirkubright, and Argyle: as also to fix themselves at Sterlin, as a secure place, and convenient for maintaining their Army, and for raising the whole Country on the north of Forth, or fighting if occasion should offer.

At Linlithgow the Earl of Cassilis, with about four or five hundred Horse, was almost surprized; but by the darkness of the night he escaped towards Burroughstownness, and the Queens-ferry, and so to Edin∣burgh.

Lieutenant-General Lesley with his new Army followed upon the others Rear near Linlithgow, but was loth to engage, having little Confidence in his Men, although he was hard pressed to it, for prevent∣ing the danger Argyle might fall into at Sterlin; and Sir George Monro would willingly have turned upon him, but that he was earnest once to be at Sterlin, where he hoped to fall upon Argyle and his Party, and therefore hasted forward.

At Larbour he was assured that Argyle with about sixty Horse, and a thousand Foot all Highlanders, was in the Town of Sterlin,* 18.10 keeping a Committee, and treating with the Castle (wherein was the Kings Garrison commanded by Norman Levingstoun) for a Surrender; upon that Sir George hasted on with the Cavalry, commanding the Foot to follow in order as fast as they could, which they did at a good pace. A Gentleman coming from Sterlin met Sir George about St. Ninians, and told him that the Barras-port was shut and manned, and that he must pass through the Park, round about the Castle, to gain the Bridge, and prevent Argyle's Flight: and as he came near the Castle, the Go∣vernour displayed the Kings Colours upon the Walls, and caused the Cannon to play upon the Bridge, where he perceived some of Argyle's People withdrawing. The difficulties Sir George met with in opening the Park-Gate, and breaking down some Stone-walls to make a pas∣sage for the Horse, gave time to the Marquis of Argyle to get himself and his Troopers mounted. They pass'd the Bridge in haste, a very little before Sir George, who with five Horsemen pursued them a good way: the Highlanders marching close together, to pass after their Lord, were assaulted by the first Troop that came up after Sir George: they made some sort of confused resistance, but were instantly trod down, and scattered, and forced to call for Quarter; about a hundred were killed and drowned attempting to swim the River, the rest ta∣ken Prisoners, being betwixt eight or nine hundred.

Upon this Orders were dispatched from the Committee of Estates for raising all the sensible men in the Northern Shires, to joyn with those at Sterlin, and Lanerick went to Perthshire to invite the Nobility to joyn. Upon which the Lord Ogilvy and the Lord Drummond came with some Propositions to the Committee of Estates; yet all means were essayed to bring the Matter to a Treaty. The Earls of Crawford and Glencairn had drawn the Earl of Buckleugh, and Mr. Robert Douglas and Mr. Robert Blair, two leading Ministers, from Edinburgh to a pri∣vate Conference with them, where Crawford and Glencairn moved, that the Committee sitting at Edinburgh might come and reside there for perfecting of the Treaty, whilst their Forces should continue at Sterlin;* 18.11 which was flatly denied them.

Here the Ministers were very earnest with these Lords, that matters might be accomodated. The Lords moved, That nothing might be done to derogate from the Authority of Parliament, and Commit∣tee of Estates; That the Officers and Souldiers then in Arms by their Authority, might be provided for and entertained; That at least, if there was no further use for their Service, the Articles agreed to by the Parliament for these Forces that came from Ireland, might be duly kept to them, and that some consideration might be given to the rest of the Forces that were to be disbanded; That none who had entred into that Engagement might be questioned for it, but enjoy still their Offices, Honours, and Fortunes, and other Civil Places; That an effe∣ctual Course might be agreed on for the Relief of their Friends, de∣tained Prisoners in England; and finally, That the Committee might sit with Freedom in the ordinary Place, and by advice of the Church con∣sider of the dangers of Religion, of his Majesty and his Posterity, and and of the Peace and Safety of his Kingdomes, that so by joynt advice such ways might be taken as would best secure Religion, preserve

his Majesty and his Posterity, and quiet the Distempers of the King∣dom.

The Ministers on the other hand proposed That all Armies, whether in the Fields or in the Garrisons of Berwick or Carlisle, should be presently disbanded; That the securing the Interest of Religion might be referred to the General Assembly, or their Commissioners, and all Civil Differen∣ces to the Determination of a Parliament to be speedily called; That in the mean time there should be a Committee of Estates, in which none should be admitted that had concurred in the late Engagement: but withall they gave them good assurances, both for the Prisoners in En∣gland and for themselves, that no Prejudice should follow on any for their accession to the Engagement; and when the Earl of Glencairn said, perhaps nothing would be kept of all that should be agreed to; Mr. Douglas answered, that if but a tittle of the Agreement were broken, all the Pulpits in Scotland should declare against it.

But now Argyle, having escaped from these who pursued him, was joyned to the Western Forces, commonly called Whiggamores; and he being irritated with what befell him at Sterlin, was for severer Me∣thods. They resolved to invite the English Army to their Assistance, to which Cromwel was not backward, both that he might recover Berwick and Carlisle, and destroy all the Kings Friends. The Whiggamores did al∣so know well how averse the Committee of Estates were from Engaging into Action, and that they intended to make Peace on any terms: there∣fore they grew high in their Propositions, and at Sterlin the other Par∣ty was much divided; for most of the Committee of Estates were for a Treaty, and most of the Officers of the Scotish Forces were Capitulating for themselves.

The chief Arguments proposed to perswade the necessity of this Agree∣ment, were the improbability, if not impossibility, of resistance if Crom∣wel should joyn the Enemy, who had already invited him to Edinburgh by a Message sent him to Berwick by Argyle, Elcho, and other two Com∣missioners, which they doubted not but he would accept; The fear this Conjunction would beget in the Country would hinder their Rising, and drive their Army either to a want of Subsistence, or to destroy their Friends, and turn them Malecontents first, and then Enemies: but above all, some pretended the fitness of preserving the Kings Friends and Fa∣vourers to a better opportunity for his Service, which they hoped would quickly offer it self.

It was objected against the Treaty, That the Relief of their Prince from such a cruel Captivity, was a just cause; That they had Law and Authority upon their side, and so ought not to be diffident of success, or fearful that lawless Rebellion, how strong soever, should prosper; That their Enemies joyning with Cromwel and his Army of Sectaries, would make them the more hated, and quickly discover that it was not Religion and Reformation they intended, as they always gave out, but that they sought the Government and Worldly ends, where∣upon many of both Nations would fall from them; That the Kings Safety, and the Preservation of their Friends then Prisoners in England, depended much upon them, and their Continuing in Arms; That they were bound to continue in their Duty, and wait for what Change God would bring about, and that suppose good Conditions were granted, what assurance could be given for the performance of them? Those who

opposed the Treaty were the Earl of Lanerick, and most of the Irish Officers. In end Lanerick was prevailed with to give way to it, which he did not only then declare was against his Heart, and done meerly to prevent a Rupture that had otherwise followed among themselves; but he continued to his Death condemning it, whatever seeming colours of reason might be given for it. The Officers of the Army brought from Ireland, seeing they would be infallibly ruined if they were de∣prived of the Authority of the Committee of Estates, were likewise for∣ced to give way to a Treaty; so the following Articles were agreed on and sent to the Whiggamores.

WE being Servants to the State,* 19.1 and unwilling to engage in a Civil War, do conceive our selves obliged to remit the ways of prosecuting of all Duties to Religion, and to our King, to the determination of Church and State; and let them move in it as they will be answerable to God, our Lives shall ever be ready to be exposed to all hazards for the good of both: and if all duties for them, and for our friends Release in England, shall now be deserted, let the blame before God and Men lye upon the obstructers of it. And if no further use be made of our Service, we do demand,

That Security be given to all who are or have been engaged in this Service, [ I] for their Persons, Honours, and Estates, whereby they may be free from all Dangers, Prejudices, and Censures whatsoever, whether Ecclesiastical or Civil, for their accession to the late Engagement, or any thing done by them relating thereunto, or to this present Service, for our own Defence; and this to be con∣firmed by Act of Parliament, or the lawful Authority of the Kingdom.

That in regard of our extraordinary Charges and Loss, one Months Pay [ II] be instantly delivered us for payment of the Irish Forces, and that Boats and Ships be presently provided for their Transportation to Ireland; and for pre∣venting all Disorders upon their March through the West Country by free Quartering, we do desire that a regular Course may be taken for their Enter∣tainment during their abode, which shall be no longer than Wind and Weather shall serve, and Boats be provided to transport them.

That one Months Pay be provided for the Scotish Forces, and that they [ III] be not disbanded until the Irish Forces be transported, or that sufficient Pledges be delivered for performance of what is desired, and that their Dis∣banding and Transportation be done by Authority of the Committee of Estates.

These reasonable Demands being performed, we the Irish are ready instant∣ly to march towards any part of the West-coast, which shall be thought most fit for our Transportation into Ireland, and we the Scots instantly to disband; otherwise rather than expose our Lives and Fortunes to the mercy of any by the want of fitting Assurances for what is past, or the loss of our Honours by deserting the Interest of those commanded by us, or who joyn with us, we are resolved to sacrifice our selves at the dearest rates we can, and take God to witness how free we are of the Guilt and Consequences that may follow thereupon.

We have appointed our Commissioners to stay no longer than six a clock at night to morrow the 19^th, and that the Treaty shall then end, and the Cessa∣tion to expire eight hours thereafter, unless the Desires above-mentioned be fully granted.

Signed by the Warrant and at the Command of the Officers, and others now in Arms, by Authority of the Parliament of the Kingdom of Scotland, IO. SPALDING.

Sterlin 18^th September 1648.

To these they had the following Answer returned them.

WE have considered the Desires of the Officers and Souldiers at Sterlin,* 20.1 and do return this Answer:

That the Imputation of neglecting all Duties to Religion, and to the King, mentioned in the Preface to the Articles, cannot be charged upon us, who have never been wanting in the use of all lawful Means to prosecute the Ends of our Solemn League and Covenant; but upon those who join∣ed in the prosecution of the late unlawful Engagement against our Neigh∣bour-Nation of England, which hath been destructive to all those Ends.

Touching the first Article we refer you to the Answer given in our former Papers; and do here again declare, that we shall not challenge any of your number for their Lives and Estates, but shall endeavour to secure them so far as we can, without approbation of their Actions, or breach of the Co∣venant and Treaties. And for that which concerns Exemption from Church-Censures, we cannot meddle therein without breach of Covenant, but must refer you to the Iudicatories of the Kirk, to whom you may make your own Address, and receive Answer.

Concerning the second and third Article, we refer you to the Answer given by our Commissioners to the Commissioners on your side, which was, that we held it unreasonable that they should desire any thing from us, or any other who adhere to us, for satisfaction of their Officers and Souldiers, be∣cause we will not involve our Selves in any thing which may import any accession to the late Engagement, or may be the ground of a Quarrel to Eng∣land against this Kingdom: but if they had real inclinations to Peace, they and their Adherents, might without our accession thereunto take course a∣mongst themselves for giving satisfaction to their Officers and Souldiers; and therefore we did desire, and do now again renew the same, that all their Forces, and the Forces of those who adhere unto them, may be disbanded betwixt this and the 25^th, at furthest the 28^th, of this Month September, and that none of them be found together after that time, in Troops, Compa∣nies, or Regiments; and we shall betwixt this and the said day disband all our Forces, and none of them after that time shall be found in Troops, Com∣panies or Regiments; for the punctual observance whereof on both sides mutual Pledges are to be given, and further we cannot say in answer to these Articles.

If you shall not agree to the Desires made in our last Paper of the 16^th of this Instant, and not rest satisfied with these Answers, but shall continue in Arms to the disturbance of the Peace of this Kingdom, and persist in the Causes in the which you are now engaged, contrary to the Declaration of the General Assembly and their Commissioners;

We do hereby certifie you, that all who have been Active in the late En∣gagement, as well those in England, as those in this Kingdom, and all such as have or shall hereafter joyn with you, are to be declared Enemies to both Kingdoms, and that this Kingdom will be necessitated to concur with the Kingdom of England, for punishing them accordingly as breakers of the Covenant and Treaties.

We leave it to you seriously to consider, whether the Ways and Courses you are upon be really for the good of the King and this Kingdom, or a safe way for the relief of your Friends that are Prisoners in England.

Signed, By Warrant and Command of the Noblemen, Officers, and Gentlemen now in Armes for the Covenant, THO. HENDERSON.

Edinb. 20^th Sept. 1648.

After some dayes treating upon the Heads wherein they differed, the Treaty was finished upon the 26^th of September, those at Sterlin yielding to the Propositions made by the Whiggamors.

And it was agreed that the Irish Army should be suffered to march to Ireland, and should have free Passage thither; that none should be questioned for what was past; only that all who had been in the En∣gagement, should lay down their Offices and places of Trust, and not be permitted to sit in any Judicatory, and that all Publick Matters should be referred to the Determination of the Parliament, and the General Assembly.

It was very soon after the closing of the Treaty remarked, how small regard was had to it; for the Troops being once dissipated, and those who were to go to Ireland, being on their March thither, there came News that the Garrisons of Carrick-Fergus, Belfast, and Culrain, belong∣ing to the Scotish Army in Ireland, under the Command of Major-General Robert Monro, were basely betrayed under Trust by his own Officers, and Countrey-men, into the hands of General Monk for the Parliament of England.

This being spread about, the people of the West Countrey fell upon those who were returning to Ireland, plundered, abused, and dispersed them in their way betwixt Glasgow and Air: and after a few days a Proclamation was issued out at Edinbourgh, commanding all persons, who had been in the Army, designed by the name of the unlawful Engage∣ment, to remove at least twelve Miles from Town under pain of Impri∣sonment, Cromwell being on his way thither.

And thus ended the design of the Engagement, gallantly under∣taken and well contrived, but unfortunately and fatally brought to nothing. The Whiggamors having now possessed themselves of the Power, their Leaders did constitute themselves into a Committee of Estates, for hitherto they had acted in no Legal Character. There were divers among them, who were by Authority of Parliament commissionated to be of the Committee of Estates, but with this express Provision, that they should not be capable of Sitting there till they had owned the Resolutions and Declarations of the Parliament; for divers of those who dissented, were named to be of the Committee, that so there might be a fair way for bringing them off from their Opposition. But now all these without regarding that Provision, pretended they were a Quorum of the Committee of Estates, and that so they were warranted by Authority of Parliament to Act in that Supreme Authority. They sent a Message to the King in their usual style, and were very careful to give no Umbrage to the Parliament of England; and so not only en∣tertained Cromwell with all the expressions of Friendship and Confi∣dence imaginable, delivering Berwick and Carlisle to him, but sent Commissioners with the following Instructions to the Two Houses.

YOu shall repair to London, and deliver our Letter to the Honourable Houses of the Parliament of England.* 20.2

You shall excuse the long delay in sending to them, and in the mean time let them know, we hold Correspondence with the Commander in Chief of their Forces.

You shall give them a Narrative of our whole Proceedings according to the Declaration of the Kirk, and our own; particularly you shall ac∣quaint

them with our Proceedings in opposition to the late unlawful En∣gagement, and what Industry was used on the other part, for the Election of Malignants to be Members of Parliament, and how unlawfully some were admitted to sit in Parliament; and great numbers of Malignants were brought in from England, to over-awe the honest Party, and how many of the Army were corrupted.

And you shall further represent particularly the great Sufferings and Oppressions of honest men, and that before they heard any thing of the Defeat of the Forces under Duke Hamilton in England, they had re∣solved on the manner and time of their Rising in Arms here in this Kingdom, against the Promoters and Abettors of that Engagement, and their Adherents. You shall also shew them the result of the Treaty betwixt us and those Armies about Sterlin, and how useful their Forces have been to us by being at so near a distance.

You shall endeavour to take away all Mis-information or Mis-constru∣ctions of any of our former Proceedings, and settle a good Vnderstand∣ing betwixt them and the honest protesting Party in Scotland: and you shall show them the continued evil Principles, Malice, and Designs of the Ma∣lignant Party in this Kingdom, yet to trouble our Peace and interrupt theirs, and as they call it, not to live and outlive the not carrying on so pious and loyal an Engagement: and that some of them are going to Holland with an intention, as we are informed, to bring over Forces if they can: therefore we have caused deliver Berwick to be disposed of for the Good of both Kingdoms, and given the like Warrant for Carlisle; and that it is also surrendred, or presently to surrender for the use foresaid. So we agree during these Troubles, until the Peace of this Kingdom be settled, that the Honourable Houses may keep some Forces upon the Borders, and suffi∣cient Garrisons in them both, upon a twofold assurance: First, that in case any new Troubles be raised in Scotland by the Malignants, both they and the Forces about Newcastle have Directions from the Parliament to come unto Scotland, to pursue the Common Enemy when they shall be desired by the Committee of Estates, as it is now constituted of the Protesting Party in Scotland: and Secondly, that the Parliament shall remove all Garri∣sons out of those two Towns, and from our Borders, and put them in the Condition agreed on by the Treaties betwixt both Kingdoms, whensoever the Troubles are at an end, and the Peace of the Kingdoms settled.

You shall shew how desirous and willing we are to harken to any good Over∣ture that may conduce to prevent any such-like Breaches again betwixt the Two Nations, and that it may not be in the power of Malignants again ei∣ther to seduce, or to enforce upon the People the like Sin and Snare; and for mutual Consultation, we think it expedient, both that they should have some honest Noblemen, Commissioners, here to reside at Edinburgh, and that we shall have some at London, that by Commutation of Coun∣sels, our Common Peace may be the better settled and continued.

You shall try if the Treaty betwixt the Kings Majesty and the Two Houses of Parliament be like to take effect, and shall study to preserve the Interest of this Kingdom in the matter of the settling of the Peace of these Kingdoms: and if you shall find there are real Grounds to hope an Agreement betwixt the King and the Two Houses, in respect both Kingdomes are engaged in the same Cause and Covenant, and have been, and still are under the same Dangers, and to the end our Peace may be more durable, you shall endeavour that before any Agreement of Peace

be made, we may be first acquainted therewith,* 20.3 that we may send up Commissions in relation to the Treaty with the King, upon the Proposi∣tions, and in relation to mutual Advice, for the settling of the Peace of these Kingdomes, and accordingly as you find the Two Houses inclin∣ed therein, you shall give us Advertisement.

You shall according as upon the place it shall be found expedient, pre∣sent the same Desires to the Two Houses of Parliament in name of this Kingdome, touching the Work of Reformation, as shall be presented to them from this Kirk.

You shall assist Mr. Blair in this Imployment, and take his advice and assistance in yours, and give us Advertisement weekly how all mat∣ters goe.

You shall publish all Papers either concerning the Proceedings of the Church, or of the Protesters, which are necessary to be known.

You shall endeavour to keep a good Vnderstanding betwixt us and the City, and the Assembly of Divines; and strive to remove all Iea∣lousies betwixt us and them, or betwixt honest men amongst them∣selves.

You shall endeavour that honest men who have suffered for opposing the Engagement be not prejudiced, but furthered in payment of the Sumes assigned unto them before the Engagement, out of the two hun∣dred thousand pound Sterling, and Brotherly Assistance, for publick Debts or Losses.

You shall acquaint the Speakers of both Houses with his Majesties Letter to this Committee, and our Answer sent to Him.

You shall desire that the Noblemen, and Gentlemen of Quality, and considerable Officers of the Army that went into England under the Duke of Hamilton, and which are now there Prisoners may be kept as Pledges of the Peace of the Kingdomes, especially to prevent a new Di∣sturbance in this Kingdome, or Trouble from this Kingdome to England, until the Peace of both be settled.

You shall acquaint the Two Houses with our Answer to that of L. General Cromwell's, of the sixth of this Instant, and make use of the Grounds therein mentioned as you shall find occasion.

Their next Care was to look well to Lanerick,* 20.4 and the other Engagers, lest they should attempt somewhat against them; the account of which shall be set down in a Letter Lanerick wrote to the Lord Chancellour when he left Scotland. For in the end of Ianuary, the Earl of Lauderdale came from Holland, being com∣manded by the Prince to see what might be done there: but he found all so discouraged and overpowered, that no good was to be ex∣pected; and he got advertisement from the Lord Balmerino, that they designed to secure both Lanerick and himselfe, and, as he be∣lieved, would deliver them up to the Parliament of England as In∣cendiaries; whereupon they both resolved to go beyond Sea, in the same Ship in which Lauderdale came, and to offer their Service to the Prince. The Letter follows.

My Lord,

ALbeit the Proceedings of the late Committee, constituted of Dissenters, against me, was without president in Confining me a free Subject,

(who was neither Guilty, nor so much as accused of any Guilt or Breach of the Laws of the Kingdome) for declining to sign a Declaration and Bond, which even they themselves conceived (in Iustice) they could not enjoyn me to sign: yet I did submit, and went not without the Bounds li∣mited for my Confinement, until I was certainly informed that upon Wednes∣day last, at a private and select Committee it was resolved, I should instantly be Committed, and the little Liberty left me taken from me; for it seems that these private persons (I speak not of Iudicatories) who procured the severe Instructions given those employed to London, against my Brother the Duke of Hamilton, and the many Noble and Gallant Persons who are now in Bonds with him for their Loyal Endeavours to have rescued His Majesty from being murthered, are not satisfied, or think themselves secure, while any enjoy their Liberties, who would have been Instruments in that pious Duty to our Sove∣reign; therefore I am forced to seek shelter and protection abroad, since Inno∣cency and Law, and even Treaties and Publick Engagements, prove now too weak Grounds for securing me at home. And though this rigid and unpa∣ralell••d Procedure against me might have tempted the dullest and calmest na∣ture to some Desperation, yet I have still preferred the Peace and Quiet of Scotland to all my own Interests; and I do ingeniously declare upon my Ho∣nour unto your Lordship, that I neither have had, neither do I know of any Design from abroad or at home of interrupting the same: and now in what∣soever corner of the World it shall please the Lord to throw me, as I shall en∣deavour (by his assistance) to maintain my Loyalty to my Prince untainted, so I shall still preserve a perfect affection to the Peace and Happiness of my Country. My prayers to God shall be, that it may yet be instrumental of ad∣vancing the Work of Reformation, and so fixing the Crowns of these King∣domes upon the Head of our Soveraign Lord the King, and of His Royal Progeny after Him, that Faction and Rebellion may never be able to shake or interrupt their Government; that Loyalty may lose the name of Malignancy, and a good Christian may with Safety and without Scandal be and profess to be a good Subject; that the Acts of unquestionable Parliaments, and the De∣crees of other Sovereign Iudicatories of this Kingdom may be Security suffi∣cient to the Subjects to govern their Civil Actions by; that they may be free of arbitrary Exactions and Impositions, and may enjoy with Truth and Peace their Estates and Liberties, without the tyrannous Encroachments of great men, and other impowered persons: and I am confident that the God of Heaven, who will Iudge all the Iudges on earth, will avenge the wrongs of the oppressed, and in his own time restore me again to my Country, who am now forced by unjust Persecution to flee from it. This I shall patiently wait for, and give your Lordship no more Trouble, but desire you to make what use of this you think fit, from,

My Lord,

Your Lordships most humble Servant, LANERICK.

Dirleton 25^th January, 1649.

But now I return to prosecute what remains to be said of the Duke.

Notes

• * 1.1

  An. 1648.
• * 1.2

  The Dukes endeavours in Scotland.
• * 1.3

  Three Parties in Scotland.
• * 1.4

  The Commis∣sioners return to Scotland.
• * 2.1

  A Letter from the King.
• * 3.1

  Lowdon falls off to the Church-party.
• * 3.2

  They resolve the Duke should be Ge∣neral, which he oposed much.
• * 3.3

  The Parlia∣ment meets in Scotland.
• * 3.4

  and find great opposi∣tion from the Ministers.
• * 4.1

  The King writes to his Servants in Scotland.
• * 6.1

  The Parlia∣ment vote an Engage∣ment for the King.
• * 6.2

  Some of Lane∣rick's Letters.
• * 10.1

  Jealousies of the Scotish Proceedings.
• * 10.2

  Great Disor∣ders in England.
• * 11.1

  Letters to the Queen and Prince from the Duke and his Friends.
• * 13.1

  Letters to His Majesty.
• * 14.1

  The Levies are much retarded by the Mini∣sters.
• * 15.1

  The Parlia∣ments Letter to the Presby∣teries.
• * 15.2

  The Parlia∣ment sends for the Scotish Ar∣my in Ireland.
• * 15.3

  Great Disor∣ders in Eng∣land.
• * 15.4

  A Fast at Westminster.
• * 15.5

  The Parlia∣ment ad∣journs.
• * 15.6

  A present March is dis∣swaded by some,
• * 16.1

  but much pressed by others.
• * 16.2

  and is resol∣ved on.
• * 16.3

  An Insurrect••∣on at Mau∣chlin.
• * 16.4

  Some Forces were sent to∣wards the Borders.
• * 16.5

  The Army en∣ters England.
• * 16.6

  The chief Officers of the Army.
• * 16.7

  Calander's Character.
• * 16.8

  The account of the March of the Army.
• * 17.1

  Langdal••'s Letter.
• * 17.2

  The Irish For∣ces come o∣ver.
• * 17.3

  Preston fight.
• * 17.4

  Middleton's Gallantry.
• * 17.5

  Warrington-Bridge.
• * 17.6

  The Horse came to Vto∣xater.
• * 17.7

  A Mutiny.
• * 18.1

  The Articles of Rendition.
• * 18.2

  The Duke in Prison,
• * 18.3

  and exami∣ned, but disco∣vers nothing.
• * 18.4

  The Censures passed on the Engagement.
• * 18.5

  Lauderdale is sent to bring the Prince to Command the Army.
• * 18.6

  An Insurrecti∣on in Scotland.
• * 18.7

  Many in the Committee of Estates incline to yield to them.
• * 18.8

  The account of the Irish Army.
• * 18.9

  The Irish Ar∣my returns to Scotland,
• * 18.10

  and fell on Argyle at Ster∣line.
• * 18.11

  A Treaty is pursued.
• * 19.1

  Articles offer∣ed for a Trea∣ty.
• * 20.1

  The Answer sent to these offers.
• * 20.2

  Their Instru∣ctions to the Two Houses.
• * 20.3

  An. 1649.
• * 20.4

  Lanerick ap∣pointed to be secured, but escapes to Holland.