Good order established in Pennsilvania & New-Jersey in America being a true account of the country; with its produce and commodities there made. And the great improvements that may be made by means of publick store-houses for hemp, flax and linnen-cloth; also, the advantages of a publick school, the profits of a publick-bank, and the probability of its arising, if those directions here laid down are followed. With the advantages of publick granaries. ... By Thomas Budd.

PEnnsylvania and New-Jersy in America lieth in about forty & forty two Degrees of North Latitude, and is severed the one from the other by the River of Dela∣ware on the West, and seperated from New-York Collony by Sandy-hoock-Bay, and part of Hudsons River on the East. The dayes in the Winter are about two hours longer, and in the Summer two hours shorter than in England, the Sum∣mer somewhat hotter, which causeth the Fruits and Corn somewhat to ripen faster than in England, and the Harvest for Wheat, Rye and Barley, being about the latter end of June. In the Winter season it is cold and freezing Weather, and sometimes Snow, but commonly very clear and Sun-shine, which soon dissolves it.

The Country is well Watered, the River of Delaware be∣ing navigable for Ships of great burthen to Burlington, which from the Capes, or entrance, is accounted an hundred and forty Miles; and for Sloops to the Falls, which is about ten Miles farther.

The Bay of Sandy-hoock on East-Jersy is a safe and excel∣lent Harbour for any Fleet of Ships, which can lie there in all Weathers, and go in and out to Sea in Winter, as well as Summer, and Ships of great Burthen can lie close to the Town of New-Perth, which renders it a good Scituation for Navigation, from whence in six Hours time at most, Ships can go out into the Sea; and close by the Town of Perth runs up Rariton River. From the Falls of Delaware River the Indians go in Cannows up the said River, to an Indian Town called Minisincks, which is accounted from the Falls about eighty Miles; but this they perform by great Labour in setting up against the Stream; but they can come down

with ease and speed; the River from the Falls runs from the North and North-West about twenty Miles, as I my self observed in my Travel so far by the River, but by the In∣dians Information, it cometh about more Easterly farther up. I have been informed, that about Minisincks, by the River∣side, both in New-Jersey and Pennsylvania is great quantities of exceeding rich open Land, which is occasioned by wash∣ing down of the Leaves and Soil in great Rains from the Mountains, which Land is exceeding good, for the raising of Hem? and Flax, Wheat, or any other sorts of Corn, Fruits, Roots &c. Where in time may be conveniently settled a Manufacture for the making of Linnen-cloth, Cordage, Twine, Sacking, Fishing-Nets, and all other Commodities commonly made of Hemp or Flax: And after great Rains, we may bring down great quantities of Goods in flat-bottom-Boats, built for that purpose, which will then come down, by rea∣son of the Land-floods with speed.

And into this River, betwixt the Capes and the Falls, run many navigable Rivers and Cricks, some of them fifteen or twenty Miles, and others less, which Rivers and Cricks are made by the plenty of Springs and Brooks, that run out of the Country, many of which Brooks are so considerable, as to be fit to drive Mills. And above the falls, in travelling of twenty Miles by the Rivers side, I went over twenty run∣nings of Water, five or six of them being fit to build Mills on.

The Country for the most part is pretty leavel, until we come about ten Miles above the Falls, where it is Mounta∣nious for many Miles, but interlaced with fertile Valleys. The Bay and River of Delaware, and the Rivers and Cricks that runs into it, are plentifully stored with various sorts of good Fish and Water-Fowl. as Swans, Geese, Ducks, Wigeons, &c. And a considerable Whale-Fishery may be carried on in

the Bay of Delaware, and on the Sea-Coasts of New Jersey, there being Whale -Fisheries already begun, plenty of Whales being by experience found there, and the Winter-time being the time for the catching them, they will not thereby be hin∣dred of raising there Summer-Crops; and the Oyl and Bone being good Commodities to be sent for England, there also be∣ing in the Bay of Delaware and Sandy-hoock, Drums, Sheeps-heads Bass, and other sorts of large Fish, which may be fit to salt up in Casks to keep for use, and Transportation also. There are great plenty of Oysters, which may be pickled and put up in small Casks for use. Likewise, in Delaware River are great plenty of Sturgion, which doubtless might be a good Trade, if mannaged by such Persons as are skilful in the boyling and pickling of them, so as to preserve them good to Barbadoes, and other adjacent Islands. There are also in the Spring great quantities of a sort of Fish like Herrings: with plenty of the Fish called Shads, but not like the Shads in England, but of another kind, being a much better sort of Fish; the Inhabitants usually catch quantities, which they salt up, and pack them in Barrels for Winter's Provi∣sion.

The Lands from the Capes, to about six Miles above New∣Castle (which is by estimation ninety Miles) is for the most part very rich, there being very many navigable Cricks on bo∣th sides of the River, and on the River and Cricks are great quantities of rich fat Marsh Land, which causeth those parts, to some fresh People, to be somewhat unhealthful in the latter part of the Summer, at which time some of them have Agues: Also in and near these Marshes, are small Flies, cal∣led Musketoes, which are troublesome to such People as are not used to them; but were those Marshes banked, and drained, and then plowed and sowed, some Years with Corn, and then with English Hay-seed, I do suppose it

would be healthful, and very little troubled with Musketoes; and if Cattel did commonly feed on this Ground, and tread it as in England, I suppose it would not be inferior to the rich Meadows on the River of Thames; and were quantities of this Land laid dry, and brought into Tillage, I suppose it would bear great Crops of Wheat, Pease and Barley, Hemp and Flax, and it would be very fit for Hop-Gardens, and for English Grass, which might serve for rich Pastures or Mea∣dow. Also these Marshes are fit for Rape, and were Rape-Mills built, and the design mannaged, so as it would be if it were in England or Holland, a great Trade might be carried on, and many hundred Tuns of Rape-Oyl might be made Yearly, and sent to England, to the Planters inrichment; and not only so, but would be for Merchants advantage, they thereby having Goods to freight their Ships, which would tend to the benefit of the Inhabitants in general.

And if those Trades and Designs are carried on to effects, as are mentioned in this Treatise, there would naturally follow Trade and Imployment for Ship-wrights, Boat-wrights, Coopers, Carpenters, Smiths, Ropers, Mariners, Weavers, Butchers, Bakers, Brewers; and many other sorts of Trades would have full Impoyment.

From six Miles above New-Castle to the Falls of Delaware (which is about sixty Miles) and so to the Head of the said River, the Water is clear, fresh, and fit for Brewing, or any other use.

The Air clear and good, it being supposed to be as health∣ful, as any part of England.

The Land is in Veins, some good, and some bad, but the greatest part will bear good Corn, as Wheat, Rye, Barley, Oats, Indian Corn, Buck-Wheat, Pease and Indian Beans, &c.

Fruits that grow natural in the Countries are Strawberries, Cramberries. Huckleberries, Blackberries, Medlers, Grapes,

Plums, Hickery-Nuts, Walnuts, Multheries, Chestnuts, Hassel∣nuts, &c.

Garden Fruits groweth well, as Cabbage, Colworts, Colli∣flowers, Sparagrass, Carrots, Parsneps, Turnups, Oynions, Cowcumbers, Pumkins, Water-Mellons, Musk-Mellons, Squashe, Potatoes, Currants, Goosberries, Roses, Cornations, Tulips, Garden-Herbs, Flowers, Seeds, Fruits, &c. for such as grow in England, certainly will grow here.

Orchards of Apples, Pears, Quinces, Peaches, Aprecocks, Plums, Cheries, and other sorts of the usual Fruits of England may be soon raised to good advantage, the Trees growing faster then in England, whereof great quantities of Sider may be made. And were Glass-houses erected to furnish us with Bottles, we might have a profitable Trade, by sending Sider to Jamaico and Barbadoes, &c. ready bottled, which is commonly so sent from Herefordshire to London.

It is supposed that we may make as good Wines as in France, (if Vineyards were planted on the sides of Hills or Banks, which are defended from the cold North-West Winds) with such Vines as the French-men commonly make those Wines of; for the Climate is as proper as any part of France, therefore it is rational to believe, that the Wines will be as rich and good as in France. There are some Vine∣yards already planted in Pennsylvania, and more intended to be planted by some French-Protestants, and others, that are gone to settle there.

Several other Commodities may be raised here, as Rice, which is known to have been sown for a trayal, and it grew very well, and yielded good encrease.

Also Annis-Seeds I have been informed groweth well, and might be a profitable Commodity, there being great Quan∣tities used in England by Distillers.

Liquorish doubtless would grow very well. And I que∣stion

not but that Mather, Woad, and other Plants and Roots 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 use might be raised. Shuemack groweth natural. 〈◊◊◊〉〈◊◊◊〉 a••useful Dargs grow naturally, as Sassafrass, 〈…〉〈…〉, Callunus Aromatious, Snake-Root, Jallappa, &c.

The Pine-Tree groweth here, out of which is made Pitch, Tar, Rosin and Tarpentine: In New-England some make quantities of Tar out of the knots of Pine Trees, with which they supply themselves and others.

There are many other sorts of Plants, Roots and Herbs of great Virtue, which grow here, which are found to cure such Distempers as the People are insident to.

Hops in some places grow naturally, but were Hop- Gar∣dens planted in low rich Land, quantities might be raised to good advantage.

There is no Lime Stone as we yet know of, but we make Lime of Oyster Shels, which by the Sea and Bay side are so plentiful, that we may load Ships with them.

There are several sorts of good Clay, of which Bricks, Earthen-Ware, and Tobacco-Pipes are made; and in some places there are Quaries of a ruf hard Stone, which are good to wall Cellars, and some Stone fit for Pavement.

The Trees grow but him thin in most places, and very little under-Wood. In the Woods groweth plentifully a course sort of Grass, which is so proving that it soon makes the Cattel and Horses fat in the Summer, but the Hay being course, which is chiefly gotten on the fresh Marshes, the Cattel loseth their Flesh in the Winter, and become very poor, except we give them Corn: But this may be remydied in time, by draining of low rich Land, and by plowing of it, and sowing it with English-Grass-seed, which here thrives very well

The Hogs are fat in the VVoods when it is a good Mast-Year.

The Woods are furnished with store of Wild Fowl, as Turkeys, Phesants, Heath-Cocks, Partridges, Pidgeons, Black∣birds, &c. And People that will take the pains to raise the various sorts of tame Fowl, may do it with as little trouble, and less charge, then they can in England, by reason of what they find in the Woods.

Bees are found by the experience of several that keep them, to thrive very well.

I do not question but that we might make good strong sound Beer, Ale and Mum, that would keep well to Barbadoes the Water being good, and Wheat and Barley in a few Years like to be very plentiful: Great quantities of Beer, Ale and Mum is sent yearly from London, and other places, to Bar∣badoes, Jamaica, and other Islands in America, where it sells to good advantage; and if Beer, Ale and Mam hold good from England to those places, which 'tis said is above one thousand Leagues; I question not but if it be well brewed in a sea∣sonable time of the Year, and put up in good Casks, but it will keep good to be Transported from Delaware River to those Islands aforesaid, which by computation, is not above half so far. If Merchants can gain by sending Beer, Ale and Mum from England, where Corn is dear, and Freight dear, by reason of the length of the Voyage, we in all probability must get much more, that buy our Corn cheap, and pay less Freight.

Flower and Bisket may be made in great quantities in a few Years, the Wheat being very good, which seldom fails of finding a good Market at Barbadoes, Jamaica, and the Carieb Islands: great quantities are sent yearly from Lonaon, and other places, which if they can make Profit of it, we much more for the Reasons already given.

Pork is but about half the price as in England, therefore the Inhabitants will seldom have their Market spoiled by

any that come from England, of which Commodity the In∣habitants in a few Years will have Quantities to sell to the Merchant, which is salted, and packed in Barrels, and so trans∣ported to Jamaica, Barbadoes, Nevis, and other Islands. Hams of Bacon are also made, much after the same manner as in West-Falia▪ and the Bacon eats much like it.

Our Beef in the Fall is very fat and good, and we are like∣ly in a few Years to have great Plenty, which will serve our Families, and furnish Shipping.

Our Mutton is also fat, sound and good, being only fed with natural Grass; but if we sprinkle but a little English Hay-Seed on the Land without Plowing, and then feed Sheep on it, in a little time it will so encrease, that it will cover the Land with English Grass, like unto our Pastures in England provided the Land be good. We find the Profits of Sheep are considerable.

Our Butter is very good, and our Cheese is indifferent good, but when we have Pastures of English Gass, (which many are getting into) then I suppose our Cheese will be as good as that of England:

Our Horses are good serviceable Horses, fit both for Draught and Saddle, the Planters will ride them fifty Miles a day, without Shoes, and some of them are indifferent good shapes; of which many Ships are freighted yearly from New-England with Horses to Barbadoes, Nevis, and other places; and some Ships have also been freighted out of Pennsylvania and New-Jersey with Horses to Barbadoes; but if we had some choice Horses from England, and did get some of the best of our Mares, and keep them well in the Winter, and in Pa∣stures inclosed in the Summer, to prevent there going a∣mongst other Horses, we might then have a choice breed of Horses, which would tend much to the advantage of the Inhabitants.

The Commodities fit to send to England, besides what are already named, are the Skins of the several wild Beasts that are in the Country, as Elks, Deer, Beaver, Fisher, Bear, Fox, Rackoon, Marten, Otter, Woolf, M••skquash, Mink, Cat, &c.

Potashes may be here made, and Soap, not only to the sup∣ply of our selves, but to sell to our Neighbours.

Also Iron may be here made, there being one Iron-Work already in East-Jersey.

Likewise, we may furnish Merchants with Pipe-Staves, and other Coopers Timber and Hoops.

The Woolen Manufacture may be mannaged in Pennsyl∣vania and New-Jersey, to good advantage, the upper parts of the Country being very fit for the keeping of Sheep, the Wool being found to be good, and the Sheep not subject to the Rot: The Ewes commonly after the first time, bring two Lambs at once.

But it may be queried, How shall the Sheep be preserved from the Woolf?

I answer; Get such a Flock as it may answer the charge, for a boy to make it his full Employment to look after them, and let them be pend at Night in a House or Fold provided for that purpose. If one man have not enough to imploy a Shepherd, then let several joyn their Stock together.

But it may be queried, Where shall Wool be gotten to carry on the Woollen Manufacture, untill we have of our own raising?

I answer; in Road-Island, and some other adjacent Islands and Places, Wool may be bought at six Pence a Pound, and considerable Quantities may be there had, which will sup∣ply until we can raise enough of our own.

Also, we may have Cotton-Wool from Barbadoes, and other adjacent Islands in returns for our Provisions that we send them. So that the making of Cotton-Cloth and Fustians

may be likewise made to good advantage, the Cotten-Wool being purchased by the growth of our own Country; and the Linnen-Yarn being spun by our own Families, of Flax, of our own growth and ordering.

The Tanning-Trade and Shoemaking may be here man∣naged to good advantage, Hides being plenty, and to be had at moderate Prices, and ••ark to be had for only the charge in getting it.

A Skinner that can dress Skins in Oyl, may do very well; for we have Elk skins, and plenty of Buck and Doe skins, which the Inhabitants give (at New-York, where there are such Trades) one half for dressing the other.

There ought to be publick Store-Houses provided for all Persons to bring their Flax, Hemp and Linnen Cloth to, where it may be preserved clean and dry at a very small Charge, and the owner at liberty to take it out at his own will and plea∣sure, or to sell, transfer or assign it to any other. Now the Hemp, Flax and Linnen Cloth being brought into the publick Store-House, and the Quantity, Quality and Value of it there registred in the Book, to be kept for that purpose; and the Person that hath put in the said Hemp, Flax and Linnen Cloth, taking a Note under the Hand and Seal, from the Store-house Register, of the quantity, quality and value of the Hemp Flax, and Linnen Cloth brought into the publick Store-House, with the time it was delivered; these Notes will pass from one man to another all one as Money: As for Example, Suppose I am a Merchant, that am furnished with divers sorts of goods, I sell them to a Planter, and receive their Notes which they had from the Store-house Registry, in pay for my goods, to the value of one hundred Pounds. I buy of the Clothier in Woolen Cloth to the value of sixty pounds, and of the ••oper in Cordage to the value of forty pounds; I pay them by these Notes on the Store-house; the clother he buys Woolen Yarn

of the Master of the Spinning-School, to the value of sixty pounds, and payes him by these Notes on the publick Store; the Master of the Spinning-School buys of the Farmer in Wool to the value of sixty pounds, and pays him by these Notes; the Farmer buyeth of the Merchant in Goods to the value of sixty pounds, and pays him by these Notes; the Mer∣chant receiveth on demand, from the publick Store, in Linnen Cloth to the value of sixty pound, at receiving thereof he de∣livereth up the Notes to the Register of the publick Store, which are cancelled, and then filed up as Waste paper. The Roper, when he pleaseth, receives on demand, in Hemp to the value of forty pounds out of the publick Store, by which he is made capable of imploying his Servants in making of Cordage; but he that hath no occasion to take out this Hemp or Flax, or Linnen Cloth, may pass these Notes from one man to another, as often they please, which is all one as ready Money at all times.

Were the Flax and Hemp Manufactuaries carried on to that height as it might be, it would greatly advance these Coun∣tries; for did we make our own Sail-cloth and Cordage, we could make Ships, Sloops and Boats at much easier Rates than they can build for in England, the Timber costing us no∣thing but Labour. And were more Saw-Mills made (of which there are divers already) to cut Planks and other Tim∣ber, both Ships and Houses might be built at easie Rates.

Many Ship Loads of Hemp is brought yearly from the East Countries to England, which is afterward there made into Cordage. Twine, Sacking, Fishing-Nets &c. and then trans∣ported from thence to Jamaica, Barbadoes, Virginia, New∣England, and other parts of America, so that doubtless ma∣terials made of Hemp, must be sold in America by the Retaler, at double the price as it cost where it grew; by which it ap∣pears that at those prices we should have double for our la∣bour

to what they have, and our Provisions as Cheap as theirs, it being raised on Land that cost us little.

1. Now. It might be well if a Law were made by the Governours and general Assemblies of Pennsilvania and New∣Jersey, that all Persons inhabiting in the said Provinces, do put their Children seven years to the publick School, or longer, if the Parents please.

2. That Schools be provided in all Towns and Cities, and Persons of known honesty, skill and understanding be yearly chosen by the Governour and General Assembly, to teach and instruct Boys and Girls in all the most useful Arts and Sciences that they in their youthful capacities may be capable to under∣stand, as the learning to Read and Write true English, Latine, and other useful Speeches and Languages, and fair Writing, Arithmatick and Book-keeping, and the Boys to be taught and instructed in some Mystery or Trade, as the making of Ma∣thematical Instruments, Joynery, Turnery, the making of Clocks and Watches, Weaving, Shoe-making, or any other useful Trade or Mystery that the School is capable of teaching; and the Girls to be taught and instructed in Spinning of Flax and Wool, and Knitting of Gloves and Stockings, Sewing, and making of all sorts of useful Needle-Work, and the making of Straw-Work, as Hats, Baskets, &c. or any other useful Art or Mystery that the School is capable of teaching.

3. That the Scholars be kept in the Morning two hours at Reading, Writing, Book-keeping &c. and other two hours at work in that Art, Mystery or Trade that he or she most de∣lighteth in, and then let them have two hours to dine, and for Recreation; and in the afternoon two hours at Reading, Writing, &c. and the other two hours at work at their several Imployments.

4. The seventh day of the Week the Scholars may come to school only in the fore-noon, and at a certain hour in the

after-noon let a Meeting be kept by the School-masters and their Scholars, where after good instruction and admonition is given by the Masters, to the Scholars, and thanks returned to the Lord for his Mercies and Blessings that are daily recei∣ved from him, then let a strict examination be made by the Masters, of the Conversation of the Scholars in the week past, and let reproof, admonition and correction be given to the Of∣fendors, according to the quantity and quality of their faults.

5. Let the like Meetings be kept by the School-Mistrisses, and the Girls apart from the Boys. By strictly observing this good Order, our Children will be hindred of running into that Excess of Riot and Wickedness that youth is incident to, and they will be a comfort to their tender Parents.

6. Let one thousand Acres of Land be given and laid out in a good place, to every publick School that shall be set up, and the Rent or incom of it to go towards the defraying of the charge of the School.

7. And to the end that the Children of poor People, and the Children of Indians may have the like good Learning with the Children of Rich People, let them be maintained free of charge to their Parents, out of the Profits of the school, ari∣sing by the Work of the Scholars, by which the Poor and the Indians, as well as the Rich, will have their Children taught, and the Remainder of the Profits, if any be, to be disposed of in the building of School-houses, and Improvements on the thousand Acres of Land, which belongs to the School.

The manner and Profits of a Spinning-School in Germany, as it is laid down by Andrew Yarenton in his own words, in a Book of his, call'd, England's Improvements by Sea and Land, take as followeth.

In Germany, where the Thred is made that makes the fine Linnens, in all Towns there are Schools for little Girls, from six years old, and upwards, to teach them to spin, and so to

bring their tender fingers by degrees to spin very fine; their Wheels go all by the Foot, made to go with much ease, whereby the action or motion is very easie and delightful: The way, method, rule and order how they are govern'd is, 1 st. There is a large Room, and in the middle thereof a little Box like a Pulpit: 2 dly, There are benches built round about the Room, as they are in Play-houses, up on the benches sit about two hundred Children spinning, and in the box in the middle of the room, sits the grand Mistress with a long white Wand in her hand; if she observe any of them idle, she reaches them a tap, but if that will not do, she rings a bell, which by a little ord is fixed to the box, and out comes a VVomau, she then points to the Ofendor, and she is taken away into another Room and chastized; and all this is done without one word speaking: In a little Room by the School there is a VVoman that is preparing, and put∣ting Flax on the Distaffs, and upon the ringing of a Bell, and pointing the Rod at the Maid that hath spun off her Flax, she hath another Distaff given her, and her Spool of Thred taken from her, and put into a box unto others of the same size, to make Cloth, all being of equal Threds. 1 st. They raise their Children, as they spin finer, to the higher Benches: 2. They sort and size all the Threds, so that they can apply them to make equal Cloths; and after a young Maid hath been three years in the Spinning-School, that is taken in at six, and then continues until nine years, she will get eight pence the day, and in these parts I speak of, a man that has most Children, lives best

Now were Spining-Schools settled in the principal Cities and Towns in Pennlyvania and New Jersey and a Law made to oblige the Parents of Children, to put their Children to School, we should then soon 〈◊◊〉〈◊◊〉 such a way of making Linnen-Cloth, as that we should not only have sufficient fo

our own supply, but also should have quantities to sell to the Inhabitants of our own neighbouring Provinces, where it will sell at considerable Prices, they being usually supplied from England, where it must be dear, after Freight, Custom, and other charges at Importation, with the Merchants profit considered; and yet nevertheless this Cloth, thus dear bought will sell in New-England, Virginia, and some other places in America, at thirty Pound per Cent profit, above the first cost in England, and the Moneys paid by Bills of Ex∣change, and the Retalier makes commonly on Goods thus bought not less then twenty Pounds per Cent. profit: So that if all things be considered, the Cloth is sold in America, to the Planter at full double the price as it cost from the maker in France or Germany, from whence it brought to England, by which it doth appear, that if we do get such Prices for the Cloth that we make, then we shall have double for our La∣bour to what they have; therefore it may be well that a Law were made for the encouragement of the Linnen Ma∣nufacture by the Governours and General Assemblies, that all Persons inhabiting in Pennsylvania, or New-Jersey, that keep a Plow, do sow one Acre of Flax, and two Acres of Hemp, which would be a means of supplying us with Flax and Hemp, to carry on the Manufacturies of Linnen-Cloth and Cordage; and also would be very profitable to the Planter, by imploying his Family in the Winter season, when they would have otherwise but little else to do, viz. the Men and Boys in Breaking and Dressing of it, and making it fit for use, and the Women and Girls in Spining it, and neverthe∣less they may carry on their Husbandry as largely, as if no∣thing of this was done; the Husbandry-Affairs being chief∣ly betwixt the Spring and Fall.

Now to that end that a Bank of Monies and Credit may be in Pennsilvania and New Jersey, a Law may be made, that all

Monies sent on Interest be at 8 l. per Cent. by the year, and that all Bills and Bonds be entred on the publick Registry, and by Act of Assembly be made transferable by Assignments, so as the Property may go along with the Assignment; thereby a Bond or Bill will go in the nature of Bills of Exchange; and so A. owing 200 l. to B. he assigns him the Bond of C. who owed him 200 l. and C. owing D. 200 l. assigns him the Bond of E. who owed him 200 l. and so one Bond or Bill would go through twenty hands, and thereby be as ready Monies, and do much to the Benefit of Trade. Also, that all Lands and Houses be put under a publick Registry, and entred in the Book, with an account of the value of them, and how occupied and tenanted, a particular thereof being given under the Hand and Seal of the Office to the Owners. We having thus fitted our selves with a publick Registry of all our Lands and Houses, whereby it is made ready Money at all times, without the charge of Law, or the necessity of a Lawyer; and a Law being made for the payment of such large Interest for Monies lent, and the security being so undeniably good, a Pank will in time arise, and such a Bank as will be for the benefit and advantage of Pennsilvania and New-Jersey, and Trade universal.

Suppose my self, and some others have in Houses and Lands in Pennsilvania or New-Jersey, worth 3000 l. and are minded to mannage and carry on the Linnen Manufacture, but cannot do it, without borrowing on Interest 2000 l. therefore we come to the Bank in Pennsilvania or New Jersey, and there tender a particular of our Lands and Houses, and how occupied or tennanted, being worth 3000 l. in Penn∣silvania or New-Jersey, and desire them to lend us 2000 l. and we will Mortgage our Land & Houses for it; the answer will be, We will send to the Register's Office your particular, and at the return of the Messenger you shall have your answer: The

Registers send answer, it is our Lands and Houses, and occu∣pied, and tenanted, and valued according to the particular, there needs no more words but to tell us the Money, with which we carry on the Trade briskly, to the great be∣nefit and advantage of some hundreds of People that we set to work, and to the supplying of the Inhabitants with Cloth made of Flax, grown, drest, spun and wove in our own Pro∣vinces; which Trade we could not mannage and carry on without this credit, but having this credit, we go on with our Trade comfortably, and the Lender will have his ends answer∣ed, and his Moneys well secured. And its certain, such an Anchorage, Fund, and Foundation, will then bring out the Monyes unimployed from all Persons in these Provinces, even People of all degrees will put in their Monyes, which will be put out again into Trade to Merchants, and such as stand in need of ready Monyes; and thereby Trade is made easie, and much convenienced.

Suppose ten Families purchase in Pennsilvania or New-Jersey five thousand Acres of Land, and they lay out a small Town∣ship in the middle of it, for the conveniency of neighbourhood, to each Family one hundred Acres for Houses, Gardens, Or∣chards, Corn-fields and Pastures of English Grass, the re∣mainder to lie in common, to feed their Ca••tel; and suppose that by that time they have built their dwelling Houses, Cow∣houses, Barnes, and other Out-houses, and have made In∣closures about their home-lots, that their Monyes is all expend∣ed, and without a further supply to buy Oxen and Horses to plow their Land, and Cows to find their Families in Milk, Butter and Cheese, and Sows to breed a stock on, they will live but meanly for some time, therefore to amend their con∣dition they come to the Bank, and there tender a particular of their Lands, valued to be worth 1500 l. on which they desire to take up 1000 l. to purchase a Stock of Oxen, Horses, Cows, Sows, Sheep and Servants, by which they will be en∣abled

to carry on their Husbandry to great advantage, and the benefit of the Province in general; and it may be that in two or three-years time, they may be able to pay in this Money, with Interest, to the owner; and in two or three years more may be able to bring into the Bank, to be lent out to others, one thousand pounds of their own Estates.

As to the benefit of publick Granaries on Delaware River, to keep the Corn for all Merchants, Bakers and Farmers that please to send it thither, that so the destruction and damages occasioned by Rats and Mice, may be prevented. In this Gra∣nary, Corn at all times may be taken in, from all Persons that please to send it, and the Corn so sent may be preserved sweet, safe, and in good Order, at a small charge for a whole year, and the owner at liberty to take it out at his own will and pleasure, or to sell, transfer or assign any part of the said Corn to any Person or Persons for the payment of his Debts, or to furnish himself with Clothing, or other Necessaries from the Merchant; and the Granary-keepers to give good security that all things should be faithfully done & discharged. Now the Corn being brought into the publick Granary, and there registred in the Register-Book, to be kept for that purpose; and the Person that hath put in the said Corn, taking a Note under hand and seal, from the Granary-Register, of the quan∣tity of Corn brought into the Granary, with the time it was delivered, and the matter and kind of the Corn, then these Advantages will ensue:

First, Preservation from the Rats and Mice, Straw to supply his Cattel, the Chaff for his Horses, and the light Corn to feed his Pigs and Poultry; his Husbandry mannaged with rule and order to his advantage; no forc'd haste, but thrashing and carrying the Corn to the Granary in times wherein his servants have leisure; so in seeding time & harvest all People are freed from that. Besides, there being at all times sufficient quanti∣ties

of Corn in the Granaries to load Ships, Merchants from Barbadoes and other places, will come to buy Corn; of one Farmer he may buy one hundred Bushels, of another fifty, and so he may buy the Corn that belongs to sixty or eighty Farmers, and receive their Notes which they had from the Granary-Office, which Corn he letteth lie in the Granary until he have occasion to use it, then he orders his Baker to go with those notes to the Granary-Office, and receive such quantities as he hath a mind shall be made into Flower and Bisket, which the Baker does accordingly, and gets it packt up in Casks, and sent to Barbadoes; the remainder, if he please, he may full to some other Merchant that lives at Barbadoes; or some other place, and when sold, may deliver the said Merchant the Notes on the Granary-Office, at sight whereof they may re∣ceive their Corn, if they please, or they may pass those Notes from one to another, as often as they please, which is all one as Money, the Corn being lodged safe, and kept in the publick Granary, will be the occasion of imploying much of the Cash of Pennsilvania and New-Jersey; most People near these publick Bank Granaries, will be dealing to have some Corn in Bank-Credit; for that cannot miss of finding an encrease and benefit to them in the rise of Corn.

The best places at present for the building of Granaries, are, I suppose, Burlington in West-Jersey, Philadelphia and New-Castle in Pennsilvania, and New Perth in East-Jersey, which places are excellently situated, there being many Navigable Rivers, whereby Trade is very communicable, and the Corn may be brought in Boats and Sloops from most places now inhabited, by water to these publick Granaries, for small charge, and from the Granaries may be carried to Water-Mills to grind, which are some of them so conveniently situ∣ated, that Boats may come to the Mill-Tayl, which is also a great conveniency to those that trade much in Corn.

Now I will demonstrate, and shew you the length, breadth and heighth the Granaries ought to be of, to hold this Corn; as also the Charge of building one of them, and the way how it should be built for the best advantage, with the way of ordering and managing the Corn that it may keep good, sweet and clean, eight or ten Years. The Gra∣naries must be three hundred Foot long, eighten Foot wide betwixt inside and inside, seven Stories high, each Story seven Foot high, all to be built of good well burnt Brick, and laid in Lime and Sand very well; the ends of the Granaries must be set North and South, so the sides will be East and West; and in the sides of the Granaries, there must be large Windows to open and shut close, that when the Wind blows at West, the Windows may be laid open, and then the Gra∣nary man will be turning and winding the Corn, and all Filth and Dross will be blown out at the Window. When the Weather is fair, then throw open the VVindows, to let in the Air to the Corn; and in the middle, there must be Stoves to be kept with Fire in them in all moist or wet times, or at going away of great Frosts and Snows, to prevent moist∣ness either in the Brick-walls, Timber, Boards or Corn. There must be in each side of the Granaries, three or four long Troughs or Spouts fixt in the uppermost Loft, which must run about twenty Foot out of the Granary; and in fine VVeather, the Granary men must be throwing the Corn out of the uppermost Loft, and so it will fall into another Spout made ten Foot wide at the top, and through that Spout the Corn descends into the lowermost Loft, and then wound up on the inside of the Granary, by a Crane fixt for that purpose, and the Corn receiving the benefit of the Air, falling down thirty Foot before it comes into the second Spout, cleanseth it from its filth and Chaff; these Spouts are to be taken off and on, as occasion requires, and to be fixt to another of the

Lofts, that when Vessels come to load Corn, they may through these Spouts convey the Corn into the Boats or Sloops, without any thing of Labour, by carrying it on the Backs of men.

The charge of one Granary three Hundred Foot long, eighteen Foot wide, seven Stories high, seven Foot betwixt each Story, being built with Brick in England, as by the Ac∣count of Andrew Yarenton, take as followeth; Six hundred thousand of Bricks builds a Granary, two Bricks and a half thick the two first Stories, two Bricks thick the three next Stories, Brick and a half thick the two uppermost Stories; and the Brick will be made and delivered on the Place for eight Shillings the Thousand, the laying of Brick three Shillings the Thousand, Lime and Sand two Shillings the Thousand; so Brick-laying, Lime and Sand will be thirteen Shillings the Thousand, one hundred and fifty Tuns of Oak for Summers-Joists and Roof, 170 l. Boards for the six Stories, sixty thousand Foot, at 13 s. 4 d. The one hundred Foot and ten thousand Foot for Window-Doors and Spouts at the same rate, 48 l. Laths and Tiles 100 l. Carpenters work 70 l. Iron, Nails, and odd things 60 l. So the charge of a Granary will be 800 l. There will be kept in this Granary fourteen thousand Quarters of Corn, which is two thousand Quarters in every Loft, which will be a thousand Bushels in every Bay; six labouring men, with one Clerk, will be sufficient to manage this Granary, to turn and wind the Corn, and keep the Books of Accounts; fifteen pounds a piece allowed to the six men, and thirty pound a year to the Clark or Register, will be Wages sufficient; so the Servants Wages will be 120 l. per annum, allow ten in the hundred for Monies laid out for building the Granaries, which is 80 l. so the charge will be yearly 200 l. Now if the Country-man pay six pence a Quarter yearly for keeping his Corn safe and sweet in the Granary, fourteen thousand Quarters will come to 350 l. for Granary-Rent yearly.

Admit I have a Propriety of Land in Pennsilvania or New-Jersey, either place then alloweth me to take up five thousand Acres, with Town or City-Lots, upon condition that I settle ten Families on it, therefore I send over ten Families of honest industrous People, the charge of each Family is 100 l. as by the account of particulars appears, as followeth.

	l.	s.	d.
For one hundred Acres of Land,—	05—	00—	00
For the Passage of the Family, five persons,—	25—	00—	00
For fresh provisions to use on Ship-board, over and above the Ships allowance, as Rice, Oatmeal, Flower, Butter, Sugar, Brandy, and some odd things more, which I leave to the discretion of those that go,—	05—	00—	00
For 3 hundred weight of six penny, eight penny and ten penny Nails, to be used on sides and Roof of the House,—	05—	00—	00
For a Share and Coulter, a Plow-Chain, 2 Sythes, 4 Sickles, a horse Collar, some Cordage for Harness, 2 Stock Locks, 2 weeding Hoes, 2 grubbing Hoes, one cross-cut Saw, 2 Iron Wedges, 1 Iron Pot, 1 frying Pan, 2 falling Axes, 1 broad Ax, 1 Spade, 1 Hatchet, 1 Fro to cleave Clapboard, Shingle and Coopers Timber,—	05—	00—	0
For Portridge, Custom-house charge and ftraight, &c. on the goods,—	02—	00—	00
For Insurance of the one hundred pound	03—	00—	00
In all	50—	00—	00

The remaining fifty Pounds may do well to lay out in these goods, which are the most vendable in the Country, viz.

	l.	s.	d.
Ten pieces of Serge, at	20—	00—	00
Six pieces of narrow blow Linnen, containing about seven hundred Yards,	05—	00—	00
200 Ells of brown Ossembrigs, at about	07—	10—	00
Half a piece of three quarters Dowlis,	03—	10—	00
Three pieces of coulered Linnen	02—	10—	00
Two pieces of Yorkshire Kerseys,	04—	00—	00
One piece of red Peniston, above 40 yards, at 18 d, per Yard,—	03—	00—	00
One piece of Demity,	00—	15—	00
In Buttons and Silk, Tape and Thred suitable to the Clothes,	03—	15—	00
In All	50—	00—	00

And when you come into the Country, you may lay out the above-mentioned goods to purchase a stock of Cattel and Provisions, &c. which for goods at the first cost in England, will buy at the prices under-mentioned, viz.

	l.	s.	d.
One pair of working Oxen, at	60—	00—	00
One Mare 3 l. and four Cows and Calves, 12 l.	15—	00—	00
One Bull 2 l. ten Ewes 3 l. 10 s.	05—	10—	00
Four breeding Sows, and one Boor,	04—	00—	00
One fat Ox to kill for winter Provisions,	03—	10—	00
400 pound of Pork, at 3 half pence per pound,	02—	10—	00
24 pound of Butter, at 4 d. per pound,	00—	08—	00
One Barrel of salted Fish,	00—	10—	00
One Barrel of Malassas to make Beer,	01—	08—	00
40 Bushels of Indian Corn, at 1 s. 8 d. per Bushel,	03—	06—	08
20 Bushels of Rye, at 2 s. per Bushel,	02—	00—	00
20 Bushels of Wheat, at 3 s. per Bushel,	03—	00—	00
6 Bushels of Pease and Indian Beans, per Bushel,	00—	08—	00
2 Bushels of Salt, at 2 s. per Bushel,	00—	04—	00
50 pound of Cheese of the Country-making, at 3 d. per pound,	00—	12—	06
12 pound of Candles, at 5 d. per pound,	00—	05—	00
In Sugar, Spice, and other things,	00—	17—	10
In All	50—	00—	00

Note, That the above-mentioned Prices is for goods at first cost in England, which in Country Money would be some∣thing above one third higher, viz. a Cow and Calf valued in goods at first cost at 3 l. is worth in Country Money 5 l. and other things advance much after the same proportion.

My five thousand Acres of Land cost me 100 l. I had of the ten Families for the one thousand Acres disposed of to them 50 l. my Town or City Lots will yield me currant 50 l. by which it appears I am nothing out on the four thousand Acres that is left.

I get my five thousand Acres surveyed and laid out to me, out of which I lay out for the ten Families one thousand Acres, which may be so divided, as that each family may live near one to the other; I intend with them to let the Money lie in their hands six years, for which they to pay me each family, 8 l a year, in consideration of the one hundred pound a fa∣mily laid out for them, and at the expiration of the six years, they to pay me my 1000 l. viz. each family 100 l. as by agree∣ment; my Money being paid me, I am unwilling to let it lie dead, therefore I lay out in the middle of my Land one thou∣sand Acres, which I divide into ten lots, in form and manner as▪ before then I intend, with fifty Servants to serve me four years a piece, I place them on the Land, viz. five on each lot. Their Passage, and in goods to purchase Cattel and Provisions, &c. is to each five servants 100 l. as before is explained: Now I order a House to be built, and Orchards, Gardens and In∣closures to be made, and Husbandry affairs to be carried on on each lot; so that at the four years end as the servants time is expired, I shall have ten Farms, each containing four hun∣dred Acres; for the one thousand Acres being laid out in the middle of my Land, the remaining three thousand Acres joyns to it.

My servants time being expired, I am willing to see what charge I am out upon these ten Farms and Stock, in order to know what I have gain'd in the ten years past, over and above 8 l. per Cent. Interest, that is allowed me for the use of my Mo∣ney: I am out by the first charge 1000 l. & the Interest there∣of for four years, at 8 l. per Cent. is for the four years 320 l. so that the whole charge on the ten Farms, Principal & Interest, comes to 1300 l. Now if I value my ten Farms but at 400 l. each, which is 20 s. per Acre, one with another; then the whole will be 4000 l. besides the first Stock of Cattel and Hogs, &c to each Plantation, with its Increase for four years, which Stock cost at first to each Farm 30 l. in goods at first cost, but is worth 40 l. sterling, at which rate the Stock on the ten Farms cost 400 l. and if we account the four years Increase to be no more than the first Stock, yet that is 400 l. by which it appears that the ten Farms, and the stock on them is worth 4800 l. out of which deduct the Money laid out, which with Interest is 1320 l. So the the Neat profit, besides 8 l. per Cent. allowed for Interest, is for this ten years improvement, 3480 l. and twenty Families set at liberty from that extream Slavery that attended them, by reason of great Poverty that they endu∣red in England, and must have so continued, had not they been thus redeemed by coming into America. It may be thought that this is too great an undertaking for one man, which if it be, then I propose that ten joyn together in this community, and each man send over five Servants, of which let one of them be an honest man that understands Country business, as an Overseer, which if we allow him over and above his Passage and Diet 20 l. a year for his four years service, this amounts to 80 l. which is for the ten farms 800 l. which being deducted out of the 3480 l. there only remains 2680 l. clear profit to the ten men, which is for each man 268 l. for his ten years improvement of his 100 l. and his 100 l. back

again with Interest for all the time at 8 l per Cent. per annum, the whole producing 448 l. for his 100 l. first laid out.

Some may object, and say, They cannot believe the Land of each farm, with its Improvements, will sell at 20 s. an Acre, that is, at twelve years purchase 1 s. 8 d. per Acre per annum. be∣cause three hundred Acres of it is as it was, viz. Rough Woods.

I Answer; That although it be so, yet these Woods are made valuable by the twenty Families that are seated near them, the first ten families having been settled ten years, the last four years; for some are willing to have their Children live near them; and and they having but one hundred Acres in all, it will not be will to divide that, therefore they will give a good price for one hundred Acres, to settle a Child upon, to live by them, as experience sheweth; for in Rhode-Island, which is not far from us, Land rough in the Woods, not bet∣ter than ours, will sell at 40 s. an Acre, which is 3 s. 4 d per Acre per annum. Therefore, Reader, I hope now thou art con∣vinced that there is a probability that what I here inform thee of, will prove true, casualties of Fire, &c. excepted.

The Indians are but few in Number, and have been very serviceable to us by selling us Venison, Indian Corn, Pease and Beans, Fish and Fowl, Buck Skins, Beaver, Otter, and other Skins and Furs; the Men hunt, Fish and Fowl, and the Women plant the Corn, and carry Burthens; they are many of them of a good Understanding, considering their Educati∣on; and in their publick Meetings of Business, they have excellent Order, one speaking after another, and while one is speaking all the rest keep silent, and do not so much as whisper one to the other: We had several Meetings with them, one was in order to put down the sale of Rum, Brandy, and other strong Liquors to them, they being a People that have not Government of themselves, so as to drink it in mode∣ration,

at which time there were eight Kings, (& many other Indians) one of the was Ockanickon, whose dying Words I writ from his Mouth, which you shall have in its order.

The Indian Kings sate on a Form, and we sate on another over against them; they had prepared four Belts of Wam∣pum, (so their current Money is called, being Black and White Beads made of a Fish Shell) to give us as Seals of the Covenant they made with us; one of the Kings by the consent and appointment of the rest stood up and made this following Speech; The strong Liquors was first sold us by the Dutch, and they were blind, they had no Eyes, they did not see that it was for our hurt; and the next People that came amongst us, were the Sweeds, who continued the sale of those strong Liquors to us: they were also Blind, they had no Eyes, they did not see it to be hurtful to us to drink it, although we know it to be hurtful to us; but if People will sell it us, we are so in love with it, that we cannot forbear it; when we drink it, it makes us mad; we do not know what we do, we then abuse one another; we throw each other into the Fire, seven Score of our People have been killed, by reason of the drinking of it, since the time it was first sold us: Those People that sell it, they are blind, they have no Eyes, but now there is a People come to live amongst us, that have Eyes, they see it to be for our Hurt, and we know it to be for our Hurt: They are willing to deny themselves of the Profit of it for our good; these People have Eyes; we are glad such a People are come amongst us. We must put it down by mutual consent; the Cask must be sealed up, it must be made fast, it must not leak by Day nor by Night, in the Light, nor in the Dark, and we give you these four Belts of Wampam, which we would have you lay up safe, and keep by you to be Witness of this Agree∣ment that we make with you, and we would have you tell your Children, that these four Belts of Wampam are given you to be Witness bet wixt us and you of this Agreement.

A Letter from New-Jersey in America to a Friend in London.

Dear Friend;

I Having this short opportunity, have nothing to present thee with, but the Dying-Words of an Indian King, who died in Burlington, and was buried amongst Friends accord∣ing to his desire; and at his Burial many Tears were shed both by the Innians and English; so in Love, and great haste, I rest

thy Friend, John Cripps.

The Dying-Words of Ockanichon, spoken to Jachkursoe, whom he appointed King after him, spoken in the Presence of seve∣ral, who were Eye and Ear Witnesses of the Truth thereof.

IT was my desire, that my Brother's Son, Jahkursoe should be sent for to come to me to hear my last Words, whom I have appointed King after me. My Brother's Son, this day I deliver my Heart into thy Bosom, and would have thee love that which is Good, and to keep good Company, and to refuse that which is Evil; and to avoid bad Company. Now inasmuch as I have delivered my Heart into thy Bosom I also deliver my Bosom to keep my Heart therein; there∣fore alwayes be sure to walk in a good Path, and never de∣part out of it. And if any Indians should speak any evil of Indians or Christians, do not joyn with it, but to look to that which is Good, and to joyn with the same alwayes. Look at the Sun from the Rising of it to the Setting of the same. In Speeches that shall be made between the Indians and Chri∣stians, if any thing be spoke that is evil, do not joyn with that, but joyn with that which is good; and when Speeches are made, do not thou speak first, but let all speak before thee,

and take good notice what each man speaks, and when thou hast heard all, joyn to that which is good. Brother's Son, I would have thee to cleanse thy Ears, and take all Darkness and Foulness out, that thou mayst take notice of that which is Good and Evil, and then to joyn with that which is Good, and refuse the Evil; and also to cleanse thy Eyes, that thou mayest see both Good and Evil; and if thou see and Evil, do not joyn with it, but joyn to that which is Good. Brother's Son, Thou hast heard all that is past; now I would have thee to stand up in time of Speeches, and to stand in my Steps, and follow my Speeches as I have said be∣fore thee, then what thou dost desire in Reason will be granted thee. Why shouldst thou not follow my Example, inasmuch as I have had a mind to do that which is Good, and therefore do thou also the same? Whereas Sehoppy and Swan∣pis were appointed Kings by me in my stead, and I under∣standing by my Doctor, that Sehoppy secretly advised him not to cure me, and they both being with me at John Hol∣linshead's House, there I my self see by them that they were given more to Drink, than to take notice of my last Words, for I had a mind to make a Speech to them, and to my Breathren the English Commissioners, therefore I refused them to be Kings after me in my stead, and have chosen my Brother's Son Jahkurosoe in their stead to succeed me.

Brother's Son, I desire thee to be plain and fair with all, both Indians and Christians, as I have been. I am very weak, otherwise I would have spoken more; and in Testi∣mony of the Truth of this, I have hereunto set my Hand.

The Mark ʒ of Ockanickon, King, now deceased. Henry Jacob ••akkinbery, Intrepreter.

Friendly Reader, when Ockanickon had given his Brothers Son this good Consel, I thought meet to speak unto him as followeth; There is a great God, who Created all thing, and this God giveth Man an understanding of what is Good, and what is Bad, and after this Life rewardeth the Good with Blessings, and the Bad according to their Doings; to which he answered and said, It is very true, it is so, there are two Wayes, a broad Way, and a strait Way; there be two Paths, a broad Path and a strait Path; the worst, and the greatest Number go in the broad Path, the best and fewest go in the strait Path.

T. B.

Something in Relation to a Conference had with the Indians at Burlington, shortly after we came into the Country.

THe Indians told us, they were advised to make War on us, and cut us off whilst we were but few, and said, They were told, that we sold them the Small-Pox, with the Mach Coat they had bought of us, which caused our People to be in Fears and Jealousies concerning them; therefore we sent for the Indian Kings, to speak with them, who with many more Indians, came to Burlington, where we had Con∣ference with them about the matter, therefore told them, That we came amongst them by their own consent, and had bought the Land of them, for which we had honestly paid them for, and for vvhat Commodities vve had bought at any time of them, vve had paid them for, and had been just to them, and had been from the time of our first coming very kind and respectful to them, therefore vve knevv no Reason that they had to make War on us; to vvhich one of them, in the behalf of the rest, made this follovving Speech in ansvver, saying,

Our Young Men may speak such Words as vve do

not like, nor approve of, and vve cannot help that: And some of your Young Men may speak such Words as you do not like, and you cannot help that. We are your Bro∣thers, and intend to live like Brothers with you: We have no mind to have War, for when vve have War, vve are on∣ly Skin and Bones; the Meat that vve eat doth not do us good, vve alvvayes are in fear, vve have not the benefit of the Sun to shine on us, vve hide us in Holes and Corners; vve are minded to live at Peace: If vve intend at any time to make War upon you, vve vvill let you knovv of it, and the Reasons vvhy vve make War vvith you; and if you make us satisfaction for the Injury done us, for vvhich the War is in∣tended, then vve vvill not make War on you. And if you intend at any time to make War on us, vve vvould have you let us knovv of it, and the Reasons for vvhich you make VVar on us, and then if vve do not make satisfaction for the Injury done unto you, then you may make VVar on us, othervvise you ought not to do it. You are our Bro∣thers, and vve are vvilling to live like Brothers vvith you: We are willing to have a broad Path for you and us to walk in, and if an Indian is asleep in this Path, the English-man is asleep in this path, the Indian shall pass him by, and say, He is an English-man, he is asleep, let him alone, he loves to Sleep. It shall be a plain Path, there must not be in this path a stump to hurt our feet. And as to the Small-Pox, it was once in my Grandfathers time, and it could not be the English that could send it us then, there being no Engliish in the Country, and it was once in my Fathers time, they could not send it us then neither; and now it is in my time, I do not believe that they have sent it us now: I do believe it is the Man above that hath sent it us.

Some are apt to ask, How we can propose safely to live amongst such a Heathen Poople as the Indians, whose Prin∣ciples and Practices leads them to War and Bloodshed and our Principles and Practices leading us to love Enemies, and if reviled, not to revile again; and if smitten on the one cheek to turn the other, and we being a peaceable People, whose Principles and Practices are against Wars and Fightings?

I Answer: That we settled by the Indians consent and good liking, and bought the Land of them, that we 〈…〉〈…〉, which they conveyed to us by Deed under their Hands and Seals, and also submitted to several Articles of agreement with us, viz. Not to do us any Injury; but if it should so happen, that any of their People at any time should injure or do harm to any of us, then they to make us satisfaction for the Injury done; therefore if they break these Covenants and Agreements, then they may be proceeded against as other Offendors, viz. to be kept in subjection to the Magi∣strates Power, in whose hand the Sword of Justice is com∣mitted to be used by him, for the punishment of Evil-doers, and praise of them that do well; therefore I do believe it to be both lawful and expedient to bring Offendors to Justice by the power of the Magistrates Sword, which is not to be used in vain, but may be used against such as raise Rebellions and Insurrections against the Government of the Country, be they Indians or others, otherwise it is in vain for us to pretend to Magistracy or Government, it being that which we own to be lawful both in Principle and Practice.

Q. Whether there be no Bears, Wolves, and other Ra∣venous Beasts in the Country?

I Answer: Yes. But I have travell'd alone in the Country some hundreds of Miles, and by missing of my way have lain in the Woods all night, and yet I never saw any of those Crea∣tures, nor have I heard that ever man, woman or child were

hurt by them, they being afraid of Mankind; also, encou∣ragement is given to both Indians and others to kill Wolves, they being paid for every Wolfs head that they bring to the Magistrate, the value of ten Shillings; and the Bears the Indians kill for the profit of their Skins, and sake of their Flesh, which they eat, and esteem better than Deers flesh.

Q. Whether there be 〈…〉〈…〉 Snakes, more especially the Rattle-Snake?

Ans. Yes, but not many Rattle-Snakes, and they are easily discovered; for they commonly lie in the Paths for the benefit of the Sun, & if any Person draws nigh them, they shake their Tail, on which the Rattles grow, which make a noise like a childs Rattle; I never heard of but one Person bitten in Penn∣silvania or New-Jersey with the Rattle-Snake, and he was helpt of it by live Chickens slit assunder and apply'd to the place, which drew out the Poyson; and as to the other Snake, the most plentiful is a black Snake, its bite, 'tis said, does no more harm than the prick of a Pin.

I have mentioned before, that there are a sort of troublesom Flies call'd Musketoes (much like the Gnats in England) in the lower parts of the Country, where the great Marshes are, but in the upper parts of the Country seldom one is seen.

There are Crows and Black-birds which may be accounted ▪amongst the inconveniences, they being destructive to the In∣dian Corn, the Crows by picking up the Corn just as its appear∣ing in the 〈…〉〈…〉 above ground, and the Black-birds by eating, it in 〈◊◊◊◊◊〉〈◊◊◊◊◊〉 if not prevented by look∣ing 〈7 words〉〈7 words〉 seldom hurt.

〈8 words〉〈8 words〉Persons will sit do 〈8 words〉〈8 words〉build; for they 〈8 words〉〈8 words〉 Summer, but 〈8 words〉〈8 words〉; for those that 〈◊◊◊◊◊◊〉〈◊◊◊◊◊◊〉 Corn, Cattel,

and other things at the prices mentioned, and may have Houses in some of the Towns of Pennsilvania and New-Jesey on Rent, until they build for themselves, and Water-Mills to grind their Corn, which are such conveniences that we that went first partly missed of.

Thus, Kind Reader, I have given a true Description of Penn∣silvania and New-Jersey, with the Rivers and Springs Fish and Fowle, Beasts, Fruits, Plants, Corn and Commodities that it doth or may produce, with several other things needful for thee to know, as vvell Inconveniences as Conveniences, by vvhich I keep clear of that just Reflection of such as are more apt to see faults in others, than to amend them in themselves.

T. B.

WHereas I unadvisedly published in Print a Paper, dated the 13th of July, 1685. entituled, A true and perfect Account of the dis∣posal of the one hundred Shares or Proprieties of the Province of West New-Jersey, by Edward Bylling: In which Paper I gave an Ac∣count of the purchasers Names, and the several Proprieties granted to them, part of which I took from the Register, the remainder from a List given in by Edward Bylling, to the Proprioters, as men∣tioned on the said Paper, which Paper I find hath proved Injurious to the aforesaid Edward Bylling, although not so intended by me. Therefore in order to give him Satisfaction, and all others that are concerned, I do acknowledge he hath, since the publishing of that Paper, shewed me some Deeds, wherein he hath several Proprieties conveyed back to him again, from the original Purchasers and Judge, he may make good Titles to the same.

A Letter by Thomas Budd, sent to his Friends in Pennsilvania and New-Jersey.

Dear Friends;

YOu are often in my Remembrance, and at this time I feel the tender Bowels of our heavenly Father's Love flowing in my Heart towards you, in a sence of those great Exercises that many of you have, do and may meet vvithal in your Spiritual Travel tovvards the Land of Promise.

I am also sensible of the many Exercises and invvard Com∣bats that many of you met vvithal, after you felt an inclina∣tion in your Hearts of Transplanting your selves into America: Oh the Breathing and servent Prayers, and earnest Desires that vvere in your Hearts to the Lord, That you might not go except it was his good Pleasure to remove you, for a purpose of his own: This you earnestly desired to be satisfied in, and many of you received satisfaction, that it was your places to leave your Native Country, Trades, and near and dear Relations and Friends to transplant your selves into a Wilderness, where you expected to meet with many Tryals and Exer∣cises of a differing kind, than what you had met withal in your Native Country; but this you contentedly gave up to, but not without earnest desire, and servent Prayers to the Lord for his Wisdom to govern you, and his Fatherly Care to preserve you, and his comfortable presence to be with you, to strengthen and enable you chearfuly to undergo those new and unaccustomed Tryals and Exercises, that you were sen∣sible would attend you in this weighty undertaking, the Lord heard your Prayers, and answered your Desires, inasmuch as that his Fatherly Care was over you, and his living Presence

did accompany you over the great Deep; so that you saw his wonderful Deliverence, and in a sence thereof, you prai∣sed his Name for the same.

The Lord having thus far answered our Souls desire, as to bring us to our desired Port in safety, and to remain with as, to be a Counsellor of good things unto us, let us now an∣swer this Kindness unto us by a righteous Conversation, and a pure, holy and innocent Life, that others beholding the same, may be convinced thereby, and may glorifie our heavenly Father.

The Eyes of many are on us, some for Good, and some for Evil; therefore my earnest Prayers are to the Lord, That he would preserve us, and give us Wisdom, that we may be governed aright before him, and that he would give a good Understanding to those that are in Authority amongst us, that his Law may go forth of Sion, and his Word from Jerusa∣lem. Be not backward in discharging that great Trust com∣mitted to you in your respective Offices and Places, that you may be help-meets in the Restroration.

And be careful to suppress, and keep down all Vice, and disorderly Spirits, and incourage Virtus, not only in the general, but every one in his perticular Family; there is an incumbant Duty lieth on all Masters of Families over their Family, therefore my desire is, that we may call our Fami∣lies together at convenient times and Seasons, to wait upon the Lord, and to seek to him for Wisdom and Counsel, that his Blessings may attend us and our Families, and our Chil∣dren may sit about our Table as Olive-branches full of Virtue, then shall we be full of Joy and Peace, and living Praises will spring to the Lord, in that his Blessings and Fatherly Care hath been thus continued towards us.

Dear Friends; be tender and helpful one towards another, that the Lord may bless and fill you with his divine Love,

and sweet refreshing Life, which unities our Souls to each other, and makes us as one Family of Love together: Let us not entertain any hard Thoughts one of another, but if deference should happen amongst us, let a speedy and peace∣able end be put unto it; for if Prejudices enter, it will eat out the precious Life, and make us barren and unfruitful to God. We are not without our daily Exercises, Tryals and Temptations, therefore do desire the Lord may put it into your Hearts, to Pray for our Preservation, and our safe re∣turn to you, that we may meet together again in the same overcoming Love of God, in which we parted from you.

My Heart is full of Love to you, and do long to see your Faces, and to enjoy your Company, that I may more fully express that pure Love of God that springs in my Heart unto you, then I can do by Writing. Therefore I desire you may rest satisfied with these few Lines, and receive them as a token of unfeigned Love. From

Your dear Friend, Thomas Budd.

London, the 29th of the 8th Month, 1684.