The history of Scotland written in Latin by George Buchanan ; faithfully rendered into English.

THE HISTORY OF SCOTLAND. BOOK I. (Book 1)

WHen I first determined to Write the Famous At∣chievements of our Ancestors, and, after I had purged them from the mixture of vain Fables, to vindicate them from oblivion; I thought it con∣ducive to my purpose, to repeat from the very beginning,* 1.1 (as much as so long a distance of Time; and first the scarcity, then the loss, of Learned Monuments, would permit,) What the situation of the Countrys were; What was the nature of the Soil and Air; What were the ancient Names and Manners,* 1.2 and Who were the first Inha∣bitants, of the Islands, called of old, Britanny; which are extended between Spain and Germany, in a long Tract of Land toward France. Albion and Ireland, Two of them, do far exceed the rest in Bigness, and therefore of these Two I shall speak first; afterwards, as conveniency serves, I will explain the site and the Names of the rest.

The first, for bigness, is Albion, That now alone retains the Name of Britain, which was heretofore common to them all.* 1.3 Concern∣ing its breadth and length, other Writers do, in effect, agree with Caesar, namely,* 1.4 that the length of it from North to South is 800 miles; and the breadth, where it is widest, which is (as some think) where it looks towards France; or, (as others say) from the point of St. Davids in South-Wales, to Yarmouth in Norfolk, almost

200 miles; From thence it narrows by degrees, till we come to the borders of Scotland. The Romans, who, as yet, knew not the fur∣thest parts thereof, believed the Island to be Triangular, but when they proceeded a little further,* 1.5 they found, that beyond Adrian's Wall, it extended it self broader by degrees, and ran out far towards the North-East. This in brief, concerning its bigness.

The Climate of Britain is more temperate than That of France, as Caesar affirms, but the Climate of I••eland i•• milder than them both. The Air thereof is seldom clear, but commonly darkened with thick Mists,* 1.6 the Winters are mild enough, rather Rainy than Snowy. The Soil brings forth Corn plentifully,* 1.7 and, besides Corn, it pro∣duceth all sorts of Metals. It is also very fruitful in Breeds of Cattle. They, who inhabit the extream parts of the Islands, which are more infested with cold,* 1.8 do eat Bread made of Oatmeal; and, for Drink, they use a Wine or Strong Liquor made of Corn steeped into Malt: Some do boil Whey, and keep it in Hogsheads under Ground for some months, which is counted, by many of them, not only an wholesom, but a very pleasant, Drink. There was no Controversy concerning the Name of Britain amongst the Ancients, except that the Greeks call'd it Brettania, the Latines, Britannia. Other Nati∣ons have their Appellation of it, some one, some 'tother, at their pleasure. But of late some Men have started up, not so much desi∣rous of Truth as of Contention, who hoped to make themselves Famous by Carping at other Eminent Persons; for they imagined, that they must needs obtain a great opinion of Learning amongst the Vulgar, who dared to enter the Lists against, and to Combate with, all Antiquity; And though the Dispute were of a thing of no great consequence, yet, because it concerned the very name of their Coun∣try, they thought it worth contending for, with all their might, as if all the Ancient Glory of the whole Nation had lain at stake. They say,* 1.9 that three ancient Names of the Island have their several Assertors, viz. Prudania, Prytaneia, and Britannia. Lud contends with might and main for Prudania; Thomas Eliot, a British Knight, for Prytaneia, but very modestly; almost all other Nations do re∣tain the Name of Britain.

Lud, to maintain his Assertion for Prudania, useth the Authority of a certain old Paper-Fragment,* 1.10 which rust, mouldiness, and length of time (and nothing else,) have almost made Sacred, with him. Tho' he counts that proof firm enough of it self, yet he strengthens it by Etymology; by the Songs of the Bards; by the custom of the Coun∣try-Speech; and by the venerable rust of Antiquity. But, in the first place, I ask him; Whence came that Fragment, on which he lays the stress and weight of his Cause?* 1.11 When was it writ? Who was the Author of it? Or, what says it, that makes for his Asserti∣on? Concerning the Name, the Time, the Author, all these (may he perhaps allege,) are uncertain, which proves, (he thinks) the Antiquity thereof. An Excellent Proof, indeed! where the Certainty, Credit and Authority of the Testimony doth depend on Ignorance, Meanness, and Obscurity; And that which is assumed to explain the matter in controversy, hath more intricacy and weakness in it, than the Cause, which it is brought to maintain▪ Who then gives Testi∣mony

in this case? I know not, (says he.) What then does he pre∣tend to in lieu of a Testimony? I know not that neither, (replies 〈◊〉〈◊〉) but this I have heard, that, in that Fragment, it is called Prudania. But, prithee, tell me, what is that Prudania? Is it a Mountain, or a River? A Village, or a Town? A Man, or a Woman? Here I am posed too, (says he;) but, I conjecture, that Britain is signified by that Name. Go too, then, let Prudania signifie Britain. Yet what doth this thy Fragment make for thee? I would ask this Question of thee▪ Whether it affirms Prudania to be the true Name of the Island, or else doth not rather upbraid their Ignorance, who ascribe that false Name to it? Here too I am Nonplust, (says Lud▪) but this I am certain of, that here is the sound of a British word, and the force of the British Language doth appear, even in the very 〈◊〉〈◊〉 thereof. For Prudania is, as it were, Prud••ania, which is in British Excellent Beauty, from P••••d, signifying Beauty, and Cam, White: The asperity of the Word being somewhat mollified. But for that reason, it should be called Prudcamia, not Prudania, which Word the Bards do pronounce Pruda, in their Country Speech.* 1.12 I shall not here speak, how trivial, deceitful, and oftentimes ridicu∣lous, this Enquiry after the Original of Words is. I pass by Varro, and other Learned Men,* 1.13 who have been often derided upon this ac∣count: I omit also the whole Cratylus of Plato, wherein he is guilty of the same fault. I will only affirm this, that, before equal Judges, a Man may more easily prove, that the Word Cambr•• is derived from Canis and Brutum, a Dog and a Brute, than you shall persuade me, that Prudania comes from Prudcamia. For by this means you may derive Quidlibet •• Quolibet, as you please. And indeed, Lud himself shews, what little confidence he puts in his own proofs, when he calls in the Bards to his Aid, a race of Men, I grant indeed, very ancient,* 1.14 but yet Antiquity affirms, they committed nothing to Writing. But of these I shall speak more elsewhere.

Let us now come to the last refuge of Lud: Caesar, says he, who first mentioned the Name of this Island in Latin, called it Britain, whose Steps almost all Latin Writers having trod in, did not change the said Name. Here Lud begins with a Notorious mistake; That Caesar was the first of the Latins, who called it by the Name of Bri∣tain; for, before ever Caesar was born,* 1.15 Lucretius makes mention of Britain; and Aristotle, amongst the Greeks, long before him; and Propertius, not long after Caesar, when he saith

Cogor & in Tabula pictos ediscere Mundos,* 1.16 I am compelled in a M••p, To learn the pictur'd World's Shape,

shews thereby, that, in his Age, the Description of the World in Maps, was wont to be fastned to the Walls of Mens Houses: I would ask your self, Sir, do you indeed think, that Caesar,* 1.17 who was so well-skilled in all sorts of Learning, did never see the Description of the World? Or, can you be persuaded, that the Island of Britain alone, the greatest in the whole World, then so famous both in the Latin and Greek Monuments, was omitted in those Maps? Or, do you be∣leive,

that Caesar, who was so inquisitive to know the Affairs of Bri∣tain, as, What Men did Inhabit that Country, then, and before his time; What Animals and Plants did grow, or were bred, therein; What were the Laws and Customs of the Country, do you, I say, be∣leive, that he, who had been so solicitous about those things, would have neglected to set down the Name of the whole Island? Or, that he, who, with so great Faithfulness and Diligence, gave right Names to the Cities of the Gauls, would deprive the Britains of their An∣cient Glory? Upon the whole, I see no reason at all, why Lud should think, that the old Name of the Island was Prudania, (for he values himself much on the account of this Title,) unless Words do also contract Antiquity from the rust of a Worm-eaten Paper. This is all I have to say against Lud, at present, who by home-bred Wit∣nesses, and by his own Dreams together, hath thought fit to oppose himself against the current verdict of all the Learned Men, that now are, or ever have been, in the World.

* 1.18As for Sir Thomas Eliot, my task will be easier with him; he, being induced not only by probable conjectures, but also by some, not ob∣scure, Authors, thinks, that the Island was sometimes called Pry∣taneia.* 1.19 He judged it not improbable, that an Island abounding with plenty of all things, not only for the Necessities, but even the very Ornaments, of Life, should be so called. In this case, if we should weigh the reason of Names, Sicily might be rather called Prytaneia, and some other Islands also, which are, as more Fruitful, so far less in compass, than Britain. Besides, in those Authors, by whose Testi∣mony the Name Prytaneia is confirmed, it easily appears, that the Orthography is vitiated.* 1.20 As for Stephanus, there is the highest incon∣stancy in him. In the Word Albion, he says, that That is the Island of Brettain, following Martian therein, as he alleges. In the Words Invernia and Inverna, it is writ Praetanica. Elsewhere, says he, in the Ocean are the Brettish Islands, whose Inhabitants are called, Brettains.* 1.21 But Martian and Ptolomy, in these Words, make P the first Letter; if any one compare the places, without doubt, he will find, that the Writing is corrupted, and that Stephanus himself was of opinion, that Brettania ought to be writ by B the first Letter, and two tt's. Eliot, I believe, was not ignorant of this, and therefore, being content to advise his Reader, as much as he thought fit, what things Men, greedy of Praise, will scrape together for the Ostentation of their Learning, he leaves the matter in dispute intirely to his Judg∣ment. But▪ Lud, that you may know his disposition more fully, of the Three Names of this large Island, approves That most, which hath the fewest Assertors, viz. Prudania; next to that, he commends Pry••aneia. But he rejects Britannia, which Name was now famous thr••••gh all Nations, and celebrated both in Greek and Latin Monu∣men••••, (as Pliny affirms,) as corrupted by Iulius Caesar, and that a long time after, whom he falsely affirms, (as hath been said) to have first mentioned the Name of Britannia in Latin, and that he drew others with him into the same Errour. But I can prove the Anti∣quity of the Word Britannia, by many clear and ample Testimonies, i•• that were the matter in dispute; and that it was not corrupted by Cae••ar, but delivered down to us, pure from Hand to Hand, by our

Ancestors, save that the Ancients were wont to write it with a dou∣ble T. T. (Brittania;) And therefore it was, as I suppose, that Lu∣cretius made the first syllable of the word Bretain long in Verse; but now the Latins leave out one T, which is still retained in the word Britto. The Greeks, who write Brittania, come nearest to the Pro∣nunciation of the Country-Speech, which the Britains themselves, and all their Neighbours, do yet retain. For the Neighbouring Gauls call all British Women Brettae; and Bretter, with them, is to speak British; and a Promontory in Aquitania is commonly called Cape-Bretton; and both sorts of Scots, (i. e.) both the Albians, and the Hibernians, do so speak; only with this difference, that they who do delight in the German Dialect, do sometimes use the Transposition of Letters, and pronounce Berton for Breton. But Dyonysius Af••r in that Verse.

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

Where, mentioning the Bretanes to inhabit near the cold Surges of the Ocean, in putting away one T, in the word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, he hath used a Poe∣tical Liberty, (as he hath also done in the word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,) by eliding the Letter. Here the consent of so many Nations, almost from the very beginning, both among themselves, and with the An∣cients, both Greeks and Latins, shall be of greater accompt with me, than all the Hodgepodge Trash of Lud, raked by him out of the Dunghil, on purpose to be ridicul'd, and preserved only for igno∣miny; and, though they have a confident Patron, to urge them to give in a false Testimony against Antiquity, yet they have not yet dared, to appear, as it were, in open Court. Let him shew, if he can, what Author ever wrote Prudania, before Aristotle: Let him turn and wind himself, as he please, he will never be able to do it; seeing, some Ages after Aristotle, 'tis certain, That the Bards com∣mitted nothing to Writing. Away then with that (shall I say?* 1.22) vain-glorious, or not rather witless, Boast of Antiquity, of which no Argument, no Footstep, no nor the least Print of any, can be found.

Amidst this disagreement of Opinions, and the diverse manners and customs of Speech; Lud thinks it most adviseable, always to look to Antiquity, and the Country-manner of Speech, as a Pole-Star, and, by That, to direct the whole course of his Language: For my part, I would not much dissent from him, if that, which was in ancient use, and therefore thought certain, might be always ob∣served and kept. (a) 1.23 But there are several Reasons why that cannot be done.

First, Because, in every Language, 'tis very difficult to find out the (b) 1.24 Original Words; and therefore 'tis more adviseable, in this case, to follow the Custom of the Learned, than by a vain and ri∣diculous Labour, always to search after Originals, as after the (c) 1.25 Fountain of Nilus, especially, since the Original of Words depends not on the Judgment of the Wiser sort, but on the pleasure of the Vulgar, who, for the most part, are rude and incult, and therefore anxiously to inquire after their Judgments, is a piece of needless Cu∣riosity;

and, if you should find out what they mean, it would not be worth your Labour. For, as in the Generation of all other Things, which either grow naturally of themselves, or else are invented by Men for the use of Life; the First Embryo's are very imperfect, and come forth less acceptable, not only for Use, but even for Sight; yet afterward, by Culture, they wax gentle, and are made amiable by due Treatment: '••is so in Language, which, taking its first Rise from Men rude and impolite, came forth harsh, rugged, and uncouth; then, by use, it gradually puts off its natural Horror and Unpleasantness, becoming more gentle and sweeter to the Ear, and more easily insi∣nuating into the mind of Man. And therefore, in this case, (if in any case at all) I think something is to be indulged to the Custom of Men more polite than others; and that such a pleasure, which is neither uncomely nor ungraceful, as far as it is not hurtful to Mens Manners, is not to be despised. But if any one be born under such an ill Constellation, that he rather affects the Language of Cato and Ennius, than of Cicero and Terence; and when Corn is found out, yet had rather feed on Mast still, my Vote is, Much good may it do him. But this our present dispute is not concerning the Purity and Elegan∣cy of the Latin Tongue, for it nothing affects It, to know, how the Britains did heretofore sound forth their Letters or Words: My whole endeavour is, to shew, how the Latins pronounced the Bri∣tish, not how the British pronounced the Latin, Tongue. For my part, I had rather be ignorant of the doting Fables of the old Bri∣tains, than to forget that little of the Latin Tongue, which I imbi∣bed, when I was a Youth. And there is no other cause, why I take it less in disdain, that the old (d) 1.26 Scotish Language doth by degrees de∣cay, than that, thereby, I joyfully perceive those barbarous Sounds, by little and little, to vanish away, and, in their place, the sweetness of Latin Words to succeed: And in this Transmigration of Languages, if one must needs yield to another, Good-now, of the Two, let us pass from Rusticity and Barbarism, to Culture and Humanity; and, by our Choice and Judgment, let us put off that uncouthness which accrued to us by the Infelicity of our Birth. And if our Pains and Industry can avail any thing in this case, let us bestow them all this way, viz. To polish, as much as we can, the Greek and Latin Tongues, which the better part of the World hath publickly received; and, if there be any Soloecisms or Flaws sticking thereto, from the Contagion of Barbarous Languages, let us do what we can to purge them away.

Besides, this over-anxious diligence about Foreign Names, especi∣cially in transferring them into another Language, can never be kept, neither is it expedient that it should: For what Language hath not these Letters and Sounds, which cannot fully be expressed by the Characters of another Tongue? What Nation, besides the German, can pronounce the Letter (e) 1.27 W? Who can give that sound to the Letters D. G. P. T. X. and Z. in Latin, which the Spaniards, the Britains, and part of the Scots, do?

Because of this absurdity of Sound, as I suppose, it is, that * 1.28 Pliny, reckoning up the Cities of Spain, denies, that some of them can be well pronounced in the Latin Tongue: Some he calls Ignoble, and of Barbarous Appellation; Others, he says, cannot be so much as

named without grating the Ear. What, I beseech you, would Lud do in this case, if he were to write the History of Britain in Latin? With all his rust of Barbarism, I believe, he would scarce know how to pronouce the Genuine Names of the Brittons. For seeing he vexes himself so much how he should write Lud, either Lhuyd, or Llud, or else bare Ludd, neither of which can be writ, pronounced, or heard amongst Latinists without regret. If he retains the true Sound, he will make not a Latin, but a Semi-Barbarous Oration. But if he bend Foreign Words to the sound of the Latin, he will commit as great a Trespass, as Caesar is said to have done in the Word Britannus. What then shall we do, to please so captious and so morose a Person, as Llud? Shall we call the Island Prudania, rather than Britannia? Lud himself, who is so severe a Censor of others, will not exact this of us: He will permit it to be called Prudania, from Pruda. But if any one dare to pronounce and call it Britannia, or Brettannia, he'll lay about him, and accuse him presently of violating Sacred Antiquity, of corrupting and contaminating the Ancient and Sincere Language; and, from a Robust and Masculine sound, of turning it into an Effeminate and soft Pronunciation. What shall we do in this case? Is it lawful for us to change or cleanse any Word from the uncouthness of its ancient Deformity? Or, if we may not change, yet, pray, may we not polish some rough Words, and in∣cline them a little from their incult Barbarity, that they may become more acceptable to Mens Ears? As we see our Ancestors have done in the Words * 1.29 Morini, Moremarusa, and Armorici; so that if we cannot make those Words Latin-Denizons, yet at least, we may imi∣tate the Garb and Similitude of the Latin, in them. But, I see, Lud will not allow us that Liberty. He calls us back to the August Anti∣quity of the Prudany's, and forbids us to divert in the least from Bards and Sanachys. But the Ancient Greeks and Latins were never so strait∣laced: For, after that the rigor of their Ancient Speech began a lit∣tle to remit, there was none amongst them, who had rather pronounce Famul and Volup, than the Words which were substituted in their rooms; and they used a very great Liberty in Translating Latin Words from Greek, and Greek from Latin. Whoever blamed the Latins, for turning Polydences into Pollux, Heracleis into Hercu∣les, Asclepios into Aesculapius? Or, who hath reproved the Greeks, for calling Catulus, Catlus; and Remus, Romus? Nay, What did the Greeks do, in Translating Barbarous Words into their own Language? Did they ever make any scruple to turn Al, a Punick Termination, into As, in the end of Words? If a Man pronounce Annibas for Annibal, must he (forsooth) present∣ly tread under foot the Majesty of all History? Must he be said to corrupt the Truth, or to do a Notorious Injury to the Punick Lan∣guage? See, how the desire of Humanity and Culture, which was amongst the Ancient Saxons, and the Danes, who passed over later into Britain, doth differ from this Immanity, and affected Slovenli∣ness, of Lud! They, being rude and ignorant of all Learning, when they came to Men barbarous, and of a stammering Speech, were so far from suffering themselves to be infected with their Soloecisms; that, on the contrary, when they had once tasted of the sweetness of

the Latin Tongue, they pared off much of the roughness which they had brought upon it: They so smoothed some harsh Words, as to make them less offensive to the Ear,* 1.30 such as are Oxonia and Roffa, for Oxonfordia and Raufchestria, and many others, Lud himself not contradicting. And he allows himself the same Liberty in many other Words, though he be so severe an Exactor in this one Word Britannia. But now, he doth pertinaciously contend against the Ancient Custom of all Nations, for a new, obscure, and uncertain Word. Sure it is, that the Royal Name of Lud, of a Danish Ori∣ginal, and kept as a Palladium to this very Day, may not be buried in Oblivion. To prevent which, Lud manages a Contest against the consent of the Multitude, the Antiquity of Time, and even against Truth it self.

There is yet also another Observation in the Word (f) 1.31 Britannia, That Foreign Writers make it the Name of the whole Island; but the Britains and English, who have wrote the British History, some∣times agree with Foreign Writers, in their Appellation of it; and sometimes they call only that part of the Island Britain, which was a Roman Province; and that variously too, as the event of War changed the Borders; sometimes they made the Wall of * 1.32 Adrian, sometimes That of Severus, to be the Limits to their Empire: The rest, which were without those Walls, they sometimes termed Bar∣barous,* 1.33 sometimes Outlandish, People. Bede, in the beginning of his first Book, writes thus: Wherefore the Picts, coming into Britain, began to Inhabit the North Part of the Island; for the Britans Inha∣bited the South. He says also, Chap. 34. Aidan was King of the Scots, who Inhabit Britain. And Lib. 4. Chap. 4. writing of the return of Colman out of England into Scotland, he says, In the mean time Colman, who was of Scotland, leaving Britain: And elsewhere, Then they began for many Days, to come from the Country of Scotland into Britain. And farther, Oswald was slain near the Wall that the Romans had built, from Sea to Sea, to defend Britain, and to repel the Assaults of the Barbarians.* 1.34 The same Form of Speech is found in the same Author, Lib. 2. Chap. 9. Claudian doth not seem to be igno∣rant of this manner of Speech, peculiar to the Britains, when he writes, That the Roman Legion, which curbed the Fierce Scot, lay between the Britains; i. e. opposite to the Scots, that it might cover the Britains from their Fury, in the farthest part of England, and Borders of Scotland.* 1.35 William of Malmsbury, and Geoffry of Monmouth, none of the obscurest Writers of British Affairs, do often use this kind of Speech, in whom a Man may easily take Notice, that That only is called Britain, which is contained within the Wall of Severus. Though this matter be so clear to them, than no Man can be igno∣rant of it, yet it hath produced great mistakes amongst the Writers of the next Age, what some have affirmed in their Works, i. e. That Alured, Athelstan, and some other of the Saxon Kings, did some∣times Reign over the whole Island, when yet, 'tis clear, they never passed beyond the Wall of Severus. For when they Read, That they held the Empire of all Britain, they presently thought, that the whole Island was possessed by them.

Neither is the Observation much unlike, in the use of those Names Britannus and Britto;* 1.36 for all the old Greek and Latin Writers ca••l the whole Island Britannia, and all its Inhabitants Britains, without any distinction. The first, that I know, of the Romans, who called them Brittons, was Martial, in that Verse,* 1.37

Quam veteres bracchae Brittonis pauperis.* 1.38

—The old Trouses of Britton poor.

The Vulgar commonly call the Inhabitants of the Gallick Penin∣sule, Brittons, though Gregory * 1.39 Turonensis always calls it Britain,* 1.40 and its Inhabitants Britains. The Romans do constantly call their Provincials Britains, though their Provincials themselves like the Name of Brittons well enough. Both Names have one Original, viz. Britannia: and, as they both flow from one Root, so they both signifie one and the same thing. And that the Verses of * 1.41 Ausonius the Poet do plainly shew.

(g) 1.42 Silvius ille bonus, qui carmina nostra lacessit: Nostra magis meruit disticha Britto bonus.

'Tis Silvius Bonus, whom my Disticks blame; But Britto Bonus were his Prop'rer Name.

Silvius hic bonus est. Quis Silvius? Iste Britannus. Aut Britto hic non est Silvius, aut mal••s est.

Silvius is good. What Silvius? The Britain. Silvius no Britton is, or a bad one.

Silvius esse Bonus Britto, ferturque Britannus, Quis credat civem degenerass•• lonum?

Silvius Bonus, a Britan or Britton, How he degen'rates from good Denizon.

Nemo bonus Britto est. Si simplex Silvius esse Incipiat, simplex desinet esse bonus.

No Britton's good: If Silvius 'gin to be Simple, simple and good do not agree.

Silvius hic bonus est: Sed Britto est Silvius idem. Simplicior res est dicere, Britto malus.

Silvius is Bonus: Yet a Britton still. 'Tis plainer Phrase to say, the Britton's ill.

Silvi, Britto Bonus, quamvis homo non bonus esse Ferris, nec se quit jungere (h) 1.43 Britto bono.

O Silvius, bonny Britton, but bad Man; Britton and good, together joyn, who can?

They who contend, that the Britains were a Colony of the Gauls, do say, that Hercules begat a Son on Celto, a Gallick Virgin, called Britannus, from whom the Nation of the Britains had their Original. Pliny placeth this Nation near to the (i) 1.44 Morini, the (k) 1.45 Atrebates, and the (l) 1.46 Gessor••aci. Neither are there wanting some Greek Gram∣marians to confirm it; as Suidas, and he who wrote the Book called Etymologi••um Magnum. C. I••lius Caesar, and C. Cornelius Tacitus, seem to have been of the same Opinion; and so do other Latin Writers also, not unlearned, yet not so famous as those two. Besides, the Reli∣gion, Speech, Institutions and Manners of some Nations, inhabi∣ting near the Gallick Sea, do evince the same thing; out of which the Britains seem to me to have been exhausted by Transmigrations; and the Morini by little and little to have been quite extinguished. The Word Morinus seems to draw its Etymologie from (m) 1.47 More, which, in the old Gallick Tongue, signifies the Sea. Venta, called in old Latin, Venta Belgarum, (because Inhabited by the Gallo-Belgae) i. e. Winchester; and (n) 1.48 Icenum derived from (o) 1.49 Icium, these Names make it very probable, that their Colonies Transported with them in∣to a Foreign Soil their own Country Terms in the place of a Sirname; and at their very entrance, meeting with the Britains, whom they acknowledged to be their Off-spring, they brought them home, and did, as it were, entertain them at their own Houses. For Morinus amongst the old Gauls, signifies (p) 1.50 Marinus: And Moremarusa, Mare Mortuum: Though Gorropius hath almost stoln from us those two last Names, whilst he is studious to extol his (r) 1.51 Advatic•• beyond measure. Neither can the (s) 1.52 Aremorici, or Armorici, de∣ny that they are of our Stock; for we have ample and clear Testi∣monies, both old and new, as Pledges thereof. Because Ar, or Are, is an old Gallick Preposition, which signifies At, or Vpon; as if we should say, At or Vpon the Sea; i. e. Maritime. And Morema∣rusa is derived from More, i. e. Mare, the Sea, the last Syllable be∣ing long, after the manner of a Greek Participle. As for Aremo∣rica, or Armorica, (he which shall not know them at first hearing, is wholly ignorant of the old Gallick Tongue) they also signifie Ma∣ritime, and so Strabo Interprets them, who in Greek always renders them (t) 1.53 Ap••ceanita Caesar writes thus of the Armori••ks, Lib. 5. That great F••••ces of the Gauls, out of the Cities called Armoricae, were gathered together to oppose him.(q) 1.54 And Lib. 7. Out of all the Ci∣ties near the Ocean, which, according to their Custom, are called Ar∣moricae. And Lib. 8. And the other Cities situate in the extream parts of France, near the Sea, called Armoricae. As often as Caesar

makes mention of these Cities, he always adds, Which are so called; but he so adds it, that it rather seems an Epithet, or Sirname of a place, than its proper Name. Neither is That found to be the Name of a City in any other Authentick Writer; yet that Word is spread far and near in that Coast, viz. from Spain to the Rhene: And amongst all Writers, I find Pliny alone to seem not to understand the force of the Word; for he thinks, that all (u) 1.55 Aquitain was sometimes so called. But enough of it at present, more may be said of the Gallick Tongue hereafter.

The most Ancient Name of the Island is thought to be Albion; or, as Aristotle, or rather Theophrastus, in the Book Intituled, De Mundo, writes it (w) 1.56 Albium. But that Name is rather taken out of Books, than used in common Speech, unless amongst the old Scots, who, as yet, call themselves Albinick, and their Country Albin. Many think, that the Name was imposed on it, because the White Rocks did first appear to them, as they Sailed from France. But it seems to be ve∣ry absurd to me, to fetch the Original of a British Name from the Latins, there being then so rare a Commerce between Barbarous Nations. Others are of Opinion, That the Name was imposed by (x) 1.57 Albion the Son of Neptune, whom they feign to have been sometimes King of Britain: A bold Fiction, and having no ground from Anti∣quity to support it; yet some are not ashamed to name the Kingdom so, upon so weak a Foundation as That of a near Appellation. For I see no other Foundation in History, which might occasion this Fable. Amongst the Greeks, 'tis true, Diodorus Siculus and Strabo have made mention of Albion and (y) 1.58 Bergion; of the Latins, Cato, Hy∣ginus, and Mela, from whom we may gather, That Albion and Ber∣gion, the Sons of Neptune, being (z) 1.59 Ligurians, infested the High-Ways with Robberies, which lead from the Country of the (a) 1.60 Albicans into Italy. These Men, when Hercules, after he had Conquered G••ryon, was returning out of Spain, sought to Rob him of his Prey, and maintained so sharp a Fight with him, that he, being almost des∣perate, (as old Story says,) was forced to implore the Aid of Iupiter, who sent down a showr of Stones, to relieve his Son; and that the Field of Stones remained to Posterity as a Testimony of that Fight. I will not deny, but that both the Island, and the Robber too, took its Name from (b) 1.61 Album. But this I say, That Album was a com∣mon Name amongst many Nations, and that it signified, with them, not only Colour, but Height too. And Festus Pompeius affirms, that what the Latins call Alba, the Sabins call Alpa, from whence the Alps had their Name, because they are white with continual Snow. For my part, as I assent concerning the one, that Album and Alpum were Sy∣nonymous amongst the Ancients, and I have the Authority not of Festus only, but of Strabo also, to support my Opinion; so I also judge, the Alps were so called, rather from their Height, than their Whiteness. My Reasons are, First, Because Alba is the Name of many Cities in Italy, France and Spain, which are all situate on Hills, or near them: And besides, because Strabo acknowledges, that those Names, Alba, Alpa, Alpia, Albionia, Albici, without any difference, are derived from the same Root, in the Signification of Height; and therefore he shews, That they are most used, where the Alps begin to grow high. Hence, in Liguria, there is (c) 1.62 Albingaunum,

and (d) 1.63 Albium Inti••elium; and among the (e) 1.64 Iapodes, there is an high Hill, where the Alps do end. There are other Places, which may seem to be named from their height. In Italy there is the River (f) 1.65 Albula, rising in the Mountains of Etruria, and the Waters called Albulae flowing down from the Tiburtine Mountains. In Gallia Nar∣bonensis there are the Albici, a Mountainous People. In Germany there is the River (g) 1.66 Albis, arising from the Mountains of Bohemia. In Asia, the River (h) 1.67 Albanus flows down from Mount Cauc••sus, and the Albanians dwell about the same Mountain. By which Instances, it will appear to be a Truth, That Album is not a Word of one, but many Nations, and in all the Places which I have named, their height doth not render them always, or unchangeably, White; yea, some Months they are not White at all. The Names of the Ligurian Giants do also confirm this Conjecture, Albion and Bergion, both of them, as I judge, being named from their Talness. What the An∣cients thought of the Word Album, I have said enough. That the Ger∣mans call (i) 1.68 High, Berg, is known to all: And there is a place in Pliny that shews, it was anciently used in the same sense amongst the Gauls, in his Third Book, which I am of Opinion must be thus read; Whence Cato affirms, the (k) 1.69 Bergomates to have had their Original, they discover themselves by their Names to be situated more highly, than happily; Therefore Albion and Bergion, Men, it seems, far taller than their Neighbors, in confidence of their Strength, did com∣mit Robberies in those Coasts of Liguria, whom Hercules, travelling that way, subdued by force of Arms. But none of the Ancients ever affirmed, That they Reigned in Britain, and the then State of the Gallick Affairs makes it very improbable, that it should be so; and it is likely, that the State of Britain was not much more quiet; in which Land, the Great Albion left a Famous Kingdom, that he might play the Robber at Home. But I, though I do not much differ from their Opinion, who assert, That Albion was so called from Album, so I think, the occasion of the Name was not from the Colour, but from the Height, of the Mountains: They, who imposed that (l) 1.70 Name, were, I believe, something inclined thereunto by com∣paring England with Ireland, there being but a Narrow Sea between Them: For they seeing one Shore to be altogether Mountainous, and the other depressed, level, and spread into Campagne or open Fields, they called the first Albion, from its height: But whether they gave any Name to the second, from its low Situation, the Length of Time, and the Negligence of the Inhabitants in Recording Ancient Affairs, hath made uncertain. Besides, this also adds Strength to my Opini∣on, That the Name of the Island, derived from Album, whether Albion, or Albium, as yet pertinaciously remains in (m) 1.71 Scotland, as in its Native Soil; neither could it ever be extirpated there, not∣withstanding so many Mutations of Inhabitants, Kingdoms, Lan∣guages, and the Vicissitude of other things. These things seem true, or at least probable, to me; yet if any Man can inform me better, I will easily be of his Opinion.

Hitherto of the Ancient Names of the Island: The next thing, is, To explain the (n) 1.72 Situation of the Countries. The English Writers have plainly and clearly enough described their own several

Counties: But (o) 1.73 Hector Boetius, in his Description of Scotland, hath delivered some things not so true, and he hath drawn others into Mistakes, whilst he was over-credulous of those, to whom he committed the Inquiry after Matters, and so Published their Opini∣ons, rather than the Truth. But I shall briefly touch at those things which I am assured of, and those which seem obscure and less true, I will correct as well as I can.

(p) 1.74 England, as far as concerns our present purpose, is most con∣veniently divided by Four Rivers, Two running into the Irish Sea viz. Dee and Severne; and Two into the German Sea, i. e. Thames and Hum∣ber. Between Dee and Severne lies Wales, being distinguished into (q) 1.75 Three several Regions. Between Severne and Thames, lies all that part of England, which is opposite to France. The Countries interjacent be∣tween Thames and Humber, make the Third Part; and the Countries reaching from Humber and Dee, to Scotland, make up the Fourth.

But (r) 1.76 Scotland is divided from England, first, by the River Tweed; then, by the high Mountain Cheviot; and where the Moun∣tain fails, then by a Wall or Trench newly made, and afterwards by the Rivers Eske and Solway. Within those Bounds, from the Scotish Sea to the Irish, the Counties lies in this Order. First, (s) 1.77 M••rch, in which the English do now possess Berwick, situate on the left side of the Tweed. On the East it is bounded with the Firth of Forth. On the South, with England. On the West, on both sides the River Tweed, lies (t) 1.78 Tiviotdale, taking its Name from the River Tiviot: It is divided from England by the Cheviot-Hills. After this, lie three Counties not very great, (u) 1.79 Liddisdail, (x) 1.80 Eusedail, and (y) 1.81 Eskdail, being so called of three Rivers, which have a near Appella∣tion, viz. Lidal, Eue, and Eske. The last is (z) 1.82 Annandale, ta∣king its Name from the River Annand, which divides it almost in the middle, and, near to Solway, runs into the Irish Sea.

Now to return again to (a) 1.83 Forth, on the East it is bounded by Lothian. Cockburnes Path, and Lamormoore-Hills do divide it from Merch. Then, bending a little to the West, it touches (b) 1.84 Lauder∣dale and Twedale; the one so called from the Town Lauder; the other from the River Tweed, dividing it in the middle. (c) 1.85 Liddis∣dale, Nithisdale, and Clidesdale, do border on Twedale on the South and West. The River Nith gives Name to Nithsdale, running through it into the Irish Sea. (d) 1.86 Lothian was so named from Lothus, King of the Picts. On the North-East it is bounded with the Forth, or Scotish Sea, and it looks towards Clidesdale on the South-West. This Country does far excel all the rest, in the Civility of its Inhabitants, and in plenty of all things for the use of Life. It is Watered with five Rivers, ••ine, both the Eskes, (which before they fall into the Sea, joyn in one Chanel,) Leith and Almond. These Rivers, ari∣sing partly from the Lamormoore-Hills, and partly from Pentland-Hills, disgorge themselves into the Firth of Forth. Lothian contains these Towns, Dunbar, Hadington, Dalkeith, (e) 1.87 Edinburgh, Leith, and Linlithgoe. More to the West, lies (f) 1.88 Clidsdale on both sides the River Clid, which, by Reason of its length, is divided into two Prefectures or Sheriffwicks. In the uppermost of them there is an Hill, not very high, yet out of it, Rivers run into three di∣vers

Seas, Tweed into the Scotish, Annand into the Irish, and Clyd into the Deucaledonian-Seas. The most eminent Cities in it, are Lanerick and Glasgo.* 1.89 Kyle on the South-west is adjoining to it; Be∣yond Kyle is Galloway.* 1.90 It is separated from Nithsdale by the River Clyd, bending almost wholly to the South, and by its Shore that re∣maining part of Scotland is also covered.

It is all more fruitful in Cattle, than Corn; it hath these Rivers running into the Irish Sea, Vre or Ore, Dee, Kenn, Cree, and Luss; it hath scarce any great Mountains, but only some small Hills, in it; between which, the Water, stagnant in the Valleys, makes a∣bundance of Lakes, by which, in the first Showres, after the Au∣tumnal Aequinox, the Rivers are encreased, which bring down an incredible quantity of Eeles,* 1.91 which the Inhabitants take in Weels made of Osier Twigs, and, salting them, get no small Profit there∣by.* 1.92 The Boundary of that side is the Mul of Galloway, under which, in the mouth of the River Lus, is a Bay, which Ptolomy calls * 1.93 Re∣rigonius. The Bay commonly called Loch-Rian, and, by Pto∣lomy, Vidogara, flows into it on the other side from the Firth of Clyd. The Land running betwixt those Bays, the Inhabitants do call Rinns,* 1.94 (i. e.) the edge of Galloway: They also call Nonantum, the Mul, (i. e.) the Beak, or Jaw. But the whole Country is called Galloway (for Gallovid, in old Scotish, signifies a Gaul.)

* 1.95Below Loch-Rian, on the Back side of Galloway, there lies Carrick-Bailiery, gently declining to the Firth of Clyd. Two Rivers pass through it, Stinsiar and Girvan, both of them having many plea∣sant Villages on their Banks. Between the Rivers, there are some small Hills, fruitful for Pasture, and not unfit for Corn: 'Tis all not only self-sufficient with Land and Sea-Commodities, but it also sup∣plies its Neighbours with many Necessaries. The River Down sepa∣rates it from Kyle,* 1.96 which ariseth from a Lake of the same Name, wherein is an Island, with a small Castle. Kyle follows next, bor∣dering upon Galloway on the South, and on the North East, on Clyds∣dale; on the West it is separated from Cuningham by the River Ir∣wyn: The River Aire divides it in the middle. Near it is scituated Air,* 1.97 a Town well traded; the Country in general abounds more with valiant Men, than with Corn or Cattle; for the Soyle is poor and sandy, and that sharpens the Industry of the Inhabitants; and their Parsimony confirms the Strength both of their Bodies and Minds.* 1.98 After Air, Cuningham runs on to the North, and doth, as it were, justle out and streighten the Clyd, and brings it into the com∣pass but of a moderate River. The Name of the Country is Danish, and, in that Language, signifies the King's House, which is an Ar∣gument,* 1.99 That the Danes did somtimes possess it. Next is Renfrew, scituate at the Eastern Coast thereof, so called from a little Town, wherein they were wont to celebrate their Conventions, 'tis com∣monly called the Barony of Renfrew. Two Rivers, both of them called Carth,* 1.100 divide it in the midst. After the Barony of Renfrew, Clydsdale is stretched out on both sides of the River Clyd, and, in regard of its largeness, is divided into many Jurisdictions. It pours out many famous Rivers; on the left hand, Even and Duglass, which run into Clyd; and on the right, another River called Even, which

divides Lothian from Sterlingshire. These two Currents take the common Appellation of Rivers, instead of a proper Name, as, in Wales, the River called Avon doth, in a divers Dialect. The Ri∣ver Ev••n or Avon separates the County of Sterling on the South,* 1.101 from Lothian; on the East, the Firth of Forth, unti•• at last, being les∣ned, it is reduced to the just magnitude of a River, and admits a pas∣sable Bridge near Sterling. There is but one memorable River which divides this Country, called Carron-Water,* 1.102 near which there are some ancient Monuments. On the left hand of Carron, there are two small Hills or Barrows, made of Earth by Man's hand, (as the thing it self shews) commonly called Duni pacis,* 1.103 (i. e.) Emblems of Reconci∣liation. But about two Miles lower, on the same River, there is a round Edifice made without any Lime, but so formed with sharp Stones, that part of the upper Stone is, as it were, Mortassed into the lower, so that the whole Work, mutually conjoyned, sustains it self with the weight of the Stones, from top to bottom, growing nar∣rower and narrower by Degrees. The top of it is open: The com∣mon People have several Fancies, according to their divers Humours,* 1.104 concerning the Use and Author of this Structure. For my part, I once conjectured, That it was a Temple of the God Terminus, which, they say, was wont to be built round and open at top; And the Du∣ni pacis near adjoyning seemed somwhat to strengthen my Conjecture, as if a Peace had been made there, of which these Hills are a Mo∣nument, because there the Romans terminated the Bounds of their Jurisdiction and Empire; neither could any thing have altered my Opinion, unless I had been informed by creditable persons, That, in a certain Island, there are many Edifices in other respects like the Structure which I have spoken of, but that they are greater, and not so compact. There are also two Chapels in Ross of the like shape. These things made me suspend my Opinion, and to judge that these were Monuments or Trophies of some famous Deeds, placed, as it were, at the fag-end of the World, that they might be preserved from the Injury and Fury of Enemies. But whether these were Tro∣phies, or (as some think) Sepulchres of famous Men, I believe they were Monuments consecrated to be perpetuated to Posterity, but built by rude and unskilful Workmen, after the similitude of the Temple erected at Carron. On the right side of Carron, the Ground is generally plain and level, only▪ there is a little Hill in it, almost in the mid-space between the Duni pacis and the Temple or Chapel; and therein, at the bending of the Angle, the Footsteps of an ancient City do yet appear. But the Foundation of the Walls, and the de∣scription of the Streets, partly by reason of Countrymens Plowing up the Ground, and partly, by plucking out the square Stones to build some Rich Mens Houses thereabouts, are quite blended and confused. English Bede expresly calls this place Guidi,* 1.105 and places it in the very Angle of the Wall of Severus. Besides him, many fa∣mous Roman Writers make mention of this Wall; yea, several foot∣steps thereof do yet appear, and many Stones are dug out, with In∣scriptions containing a Gratulation of Safety and Victory, received by the Centurions and Tribunes of the Romans, or else some Fune∣ral Epitaphs are engraven therein. And seeing the Wall of Severus

is seldom less distant than 100 Miles from Adrian's Wall,* 1.106 (as the Remains of both do shew) which was built by him before; Eng∣lish Writers betray their great Ignorance, either in not understand∣ing the Latins, who have delivered these things down to us; or else their Carelesness, who have wrote that so confusedly, which is so plainly recorded: However it be, the thing is worthy, if not of a sharp Reprehension, yet of a light Admonition, at least; especially, since by the Monuments lately spoken of, and by Bede's English Hi∣story too, it plainly appears, That there was somtimes the Boundary betwixt the Britains and the Scots.* 1.107 But those who fancy Maldon to be scituate here, are the same Men, who affirm, That the Chapel or Structure we spoke of, was the Temple of Claudius Caesar; but they are hugely mistaken in both, seeing Maldon, a Colony of the Romans, is above 300 Miles distant from that place, if we may believe Pto∣lomy, and the Itinerary of Antoninus. Cornelius Tacitus doth plain∣ly confute this their mistake, as in all his other Narrations, so especially, when he says, that the Romans having lost Maldon, fled to the Temple of Claudius Caesar for safety. But that Structure, whe∣ther it were a Chapel or Temple of Terminus, or else a Monument of some other thing, having no Doors, nor sign of any, and being open also at top, for the casting in of Stones, can scarce contain, much less shelter, Ten Soldiers. Moreover, about 40 Years after the Expediti∣on of Iulius Caesar into Britain,* 1.108 Iulius Agricola was the first of the Roman Generals who penetrated with his Army into those parts; Besides, Adrian also, 50 Years after Agricola, setled the Bounds of the Roman Province,* 1.109 between the Rivers Tine and Eske, by making a Wall, of which, divers Footsteps in many places do yet remain. But Septimius Severus, about the Year of our Lord 210, entring in∣to Britain,* 1.110 built a Wall 100 Miles beyond the Limits made by Adri∣an, from the Firth of Clyd to the Conflux of Forth and Avon, of which, many clear and evident Tokens yet remain. Besides, we ne∣ver read in ancient Writings, that the chief Seat of the Picts was at Maldon,* 1.111 but at Abernethy; there was thei•• Royal, and also Epis∣copal, Seat, which was afterwards translated to St. Andrews. And if it be demanded, what moved the Romans to draw a Colony thi∣ther, and how they maintained it in a Soil so barren, and (at that time) woody, uncultivated, and obnoxious to the daily injuries of the fiercest of their Enemies; I suppose, they will answer, (for I see not what else they can say, thereto) that it was supplyed from the Sea, for then Ships came up to the very Gates of the City, thô against the stream of Carron-Water. If that were true, then the Grounds lying on both sides the Forth, must needs be overwhelmed with the inundations of the Ocean, and must therefore be barren, which alone, in that Tract, ought to have born Corn. But this is yet a more difficult Question; That seeing the Sea-water did run on both sides the Forth, why the Romans did not there make their Boundary-Wall, rather than unnecessarily carry it many Miles fur∣ther?

* 1.112Beyond the County of Sterling lies Lennox, divided from the Ba∣rony of Renfrew by Clyd, and from the County of Glasgow by the River Kelvin; from the County of Sterling by Mountains, and

from the Stewarty of Menteath by the Forth;* 1.113 at length it is ter∣minated in the Mountain Grampius, or Grantsbain, at the foot of which, through an hollow Valley, Loch-Lomund spreads it self,* 1.114 which is 24 Miles long, and 8 broad; it contains above 24 Islands; besides a multitude of other Fishes, it hath some of a peculiar kind, very plea∣sant to eat, they call them Pollacks. At length,* 1.115 breaking out to∣wards the South, it pours out the River Levin, giving Name to the whole Country, and near the Castle of Dumbarton, and a Town of the same Name, falls into Clyd. The furthermost Hills of Mount Grampius, do heighten the extreme parts of Lennox,* 1.116 being divided by a small Bay of the Sea, called Loch-Ger, from its shortness. Be∣yond that, there is a Bay much larger, called Loch-Long, from the River Long, falling into it; That is the Boundary between Lennox and Cowel. Cowel it self, Argyle and Knapdale are divided into many parts,* 1.117 by reason of several narrow Bays of the Sea running down into them, from the Firth of Clyd: There is one Bay, or Loch, more eminent than the rest, among, them called Loch-Finn,* 1.118 obtaining its Name from the River Finn, which it receives into it; it is above 60 Miles in length. There is also in Knapdale a Loch called Loch-Awe,* 1.119 in which there is a small Island, and a Castle, that is fortified. The River Awe, or Owe, issues out from that Loch, which is the only River in that Country, that empties it self into the Deucaledonian Sea.

Beyond Knapdale, to the South-West, there runs out Cantyre; i. e.* 1.120 The Head of the Country; it stands over against Ireland, from which it is divided but by a Narrow Sea: It is not so Broad, as it is Long; and it is joyned to Knapdale by so Narrow an Isthmus, or Neck of Land, that it is scarce a Mile over;* 1.121 and that space too is nothing but Sand, so plain and level, that sometimes Seamen, to make their Voy∣ages shorter, do hale their small Vessels, called Birlings, over it, from one side of Loch-Tarbet to the other.

Lorn touches Knapdale, it borders immediately on Argyle, and reaches as far as the Country of Abyr, commonly called Loch-Abyr: It is a plain Country, and not unfruitful;* 1.122 where the Moun∣tain (a) 1.123 Grampius is lowest, and more passable, that Country is called (b) 1.124 Braid-Albin, which is as much as to say, The highest part of Scotland; and where the loftiest Pic, or Top, of all is, that is called (c) 1.125 Drum-Albin, i. e. The Back of Scotland, and not without cause; for from that Back, there run down Rivers into both Seas, some into the North or German, others into the South or Deucaledonian Sea. For from (e) 1.126 Loch-Earn it pours out the Ri∣ver Earn, towards the South-East, which falls into the River Tay, about three Miles below Perth. From this River, the Country cal∣led in Highland, or old Scots, Language, (f) 1.127 Strath-Earn, takes it Name, being situate on both sides of its Banks. For the Highlan∣ders use to call a Country, lying at the fall of Rivers, (g) 1.128 Strat. Between the Mountains of this Country and the Forth, lies the Stew∣arty of (h) 1.129 Menteath, taking its Name from the River Teath, which runs through the middle of it. Next to Menteath stand the Moun∣tains called (i) 1.130 Ocel-Hills, a great part of which, as also of the Country lying at the Foot of them, is reckoned within the Stewarty of Strath-Earn; but the rest of the Country, even unto the Forth▪

Man's Ambition hath divided into several Stewarties, as the Stew∣arty of (k) 1.131 Clacman, of (k) 1.132 Culross, and of (k) 1.133 Kinross. From these Stewarties and the Ocel-Hills, all the Country lying between the Forth and the Tay, grows narrow like a Wedge, Eastward even to the Sea; and it is all called by one Name (l) 1.134 Fife, a Country self-sufficient with all necessaries for the use of Life: It is broadest where Loch-Leven, and the River (m) 1.135 Leven, running through it, do divide it; and from thence it narrows on each side, till you come to the Town of (n) 1.136 Cara••l▪ it sends forth but one remarkable River, and that's called Leven. Its whole shore is stor'd with abun∣dance of Towns, of which the most remarkable, for the Study of the Arts is (o) 1.137 St. Andrews, which the Highlanders call Fanum Re∣guli: More to the Inland, almost in the middle of the County, lies (p) 1.138 Cowper, the Shire or Assize Town, whither the rest of the Inha∣bitants of Fife do come for the Administration of Justice. Where it touches Strath-Earn stands the Town of (q) 1.139 Abernethy, the Anci∣ent Royal Seat of the Picts. Here the River Earn falls into the Tay.

As for the (r) 1.140 Tay it self, that breaks out from (s) 1.141 Loch-Tay, which is in Braid-Albin; (a Loch Twenty Four Miles long) it is without que∣stion the greatest River in Scotland; for winding about towards the Grampian-Hills, it touches upon (t) 1.142 Athol a fruitful Country, situate in the very Woody Passages of Mount Grampius. That part there∣of, which is extended into a Plain, at the Foot of the Mountain, is called the (u) 1.143 Blare of Athol, which Word signifies a Soil devoid of Trees.

Below Athol, on the Right side of the River Tay, stands the Town of (w) 1.144 Caledonia, which yet retains its Ancient Name, though vulgarly called Dunkelden, (i. e.) an Hill full of Hasel-Trees. For those Trees, growing thick in such unmanured places, and sha∣dowing the Country, like a Wood, gave Name both to the Town, and also to the People thereabouts. For the Caledons, or Caledonians, heretofore one of the famousest Nations amongst the Britains, made up one part of the Kingdom of the Picts, as we may be informed by (x) 1.145 Ammianus Marcellinus, who divides the Picts into Two Tribes; i. e. The Caledones and the Vecturiones, though at this Day there is hardly any Footstep left of either of those Two Names.

Twelve Miles below Dunkelden, on the same Right-hand Bank of the Tay, stands (y) 1.146 Perth, otherwise called St. Iohnstons. And on the Left-Bank of the Tay, below Athol, towards the East, stands (z) 1.147 Gowry, a County abounding with rich Corn-Fields.

Below Gowry, between the Tay and the Esk, is extended (a) 1.148 An∣gus, or, as the Highlanders call it, Aeneia; some call it Horestia, or, according to the English Dialect, Forestia. In it there are these two Cities, (b) 1.149 Cowper, and that which Boetius, to gratifie his Country∣men, ambitiously calls (c) 1.150 Deidonum, but, I think, the old Name thereof was (d) 1.151 Taodunum, i. e. Dundee, from Dune, i. e. an Hill situated by the River Tay; for at the Foot of that Hill the Town is built.

Fourteen Miles beyond the Tay, in a direct Line along the Shore, we meet with the Town of (e) 1.152 Aberbrothock, sometimes called Abrin∣ca. Then follows the Promontory, called (f) 1.153 Red-Head, which shews it self at a very great distance. The River South-Esk runs through the middle of Angus; and the North-Esk divides it from the Mearns. The (g) 1.154 Mearns is, for the most part, a plain and level Country, till it toucheth Mount Grampius, beyond the little Town of Fordun, and Dunotter, a Castle belonging to the Earls of Marshal: Then it grows lower and lower, declining towards the Sea. Beyond Mearn, towards the North, is the River (h) 1.155 Die, commonly called Diemouth; and about a Mile beyond it, is the River (i) 1.156 Don. Upon the one, there stands (k) 1.157 Aberdone, a Town famous for Salmon-Fishing; and upon the other, stands (k) 1.158 Aberdee, (for so 'tis called in old Records) where the Bishops-See is, and also a Flourishing University: But now adays both Towns are distinguished only by the Names of Old and New (k) 1.159 Aberdene.

From this narrow Front, between those two Rivers, begins * 1.160 Marr, which growing wider and wider by degrees, extends it self 60 Miles in length, even unto Badenach. (m) 1.161 Badenach is all full of Hills and Mountains, which sends forth Rivers into both Seas.

(n) 1.162 Abyr borders upon Badenach, it declines gently towards the Deucaledonian Sea; a Country (for a Scotish one) very much abound∣ing with all Land and Sea-Commodities: As it is fruitful in Corn and Pasture, so it is also very pleasant by reason of its shadowy Groves, and the delightful Fountains, Brooks and Rivulets, which glide along through it. As for the Multitude of Fish, hardly any County in Scotland can compare therewith: For, besides the plenty of Fresh-water Fish, which so many Rivers do afford, the Sea also contri∣butes its Dole of Salt-water ones; piercing, in a long Chanel, through the level part of the Country, and there being somewhat curbed and pent in by the higher boundary of the Land, for some space, at length it diffuses and spreads it self abroad again, representing the form of a Meer, or rather Loch. Hence 'tis called Abyr; i. e. in our Country Language, A Road for Ships: They give also the same Name to the Country thereabouts; those that affect to speak after the English mode call both, i. e. That Bay of the Sea, and the Country too, Loch-Abyr, but mistakingly and without ground. These three Counties (o) 1.163 Abyr, Badenach and Marr, do take up all the bredth of Scotland between the two Seas, the Deucaledonian and the German.

On the North, next to Marr, stands (p) 1.164 Buchan, divided from it by the River Don; it stretcheth out it self farthest of any County in Scotland, into the German Sea: 'Tis Rich in Pasture, and in a good breed of Sheep; and is able to maintain it self with all Con∣veniencies for the support of Life. The Rivers in it abound with Salmon; and yet (which is strange) there is one of its Rivers, cal∣led (q) 1.165 Ratra, that hath not a Salmon in it. On the Shore of Ratra,

there is a strange kind of (r) 1.166 Cave, the Nature whereof I can∣not pass over in silence. The Water therein drops down from a natural Vault or Arch, and is turned into Pyramids of Stone, inso∣much that if Men did not cleanse it ever and anon, the whole space, to the very Roof, would be quickly petrified and filled up. The Stone thus concreted is of a middle Nature, between Stone and Ice; for it is friable, and never arrives at the hardness and solidity of Marble. When I was at (s) 1.167 Tholouse, about the Year of our Lord 1544. I was informed by creditable Persons, that there was a Cave in the Neighbouring Pyrenaean Hills, altogether like This in Scotland.

Beyond Buchan to the North, lie two small Counties, (t) 1.168 Boin and (u) 1.169 A••••y, which reach to the River Spey, that separates them from Mur∣ray. As for the River (w) 1.170 Spey, That hath its rise in the ridge of Hills in Badenach, of which I have made mention before; and not far from the Fountain thereof, is a (x) 1.171 Loch, which sends forth a River called * 1.172 Lochtee, which roles it self into the West-Sea. At the Mouth thereof (as they say) there was once a Noble Town, called (z) 1.173 Inner-Locht••e, borrowing its Name from the Loch afore∣said. The Truth is, if you consider the Nature of the Neighbouring Soil, and the conveniency of Transporting and Carriadge by Sea, it is a place very fit for a Mart-Town: And our Ancient Kings, temp∣ted and invited by those conveniencies, made their abode there for some Ages, in the Castle of (a) 1.174 Evonia, which some do falsely per∣suade themselves to be (b) 1.175 Dunstafnage; For the Rubbish and Ruins of that Castle are yet to be seen in Lorn. There are some small Counties, lying betwixt Buchan and the West-Sea, but having scarce any thing remarkable in them, I shall not waste time to describe them.

Beyond the Spey, even unto the River Ness, there follows (c) 1.176 Murray, heretofore (as 'tis thought) called Varar. Between those two Ri∣vers, (the Spey and the Ness) the German Ocean doth (as it were) drive the Land backward to the West, and so, with a vast Bay, doth abridge the largeness thereof. This whole Country (for the higness of it) abounds with Corn and Pasturage; but as for Plea∣santness, and the profit arising from Fruit-bearing Trees, it bears a∣way the Bell from all the other Countries in Scotland. It hath two Eminent Towns in it, Elgin and Inverness: (d) 1.177 Elgin stands on the River L••ssie, and as yet retains its Ancient Name. (e) 1.178 Innerness is situate by the River Ness, which issues out of (f) 1.179 Loch-Ness, a Loch 24 Miles long; the Water thereof is almost always warm, and all the year long 'tis never so Cold as to Freeze; yea, in the sharpest Winter that is, if Flakes of Ice are conveyed into it, they will quick∣ly be thawed by the warmth of its Waters.

Beyond Loch-Ness towards the West, there are only (g) 1.180 eight Miles of Continent, interjacent▪ so small a Portion of Ground hin∣ders the Conjunction of the two Seas, and consequently the making of the rest of Scotland an Island; for all that space of Land, which lies betwixt that narrow Neck and the Deucaledonian Sea, is cut off from the rest by several Bays of the Sea, breaking into it.

That part of the Country, which lies beyond Loch-N••s••, and those narrow Streights, or Neck of Land, before-mentioned, is wont to be divided into four Provinces or Shires, viz. Ross, Strath-Navern, Sutherland, and Caithness; [(h) 1.181 Navern, or, as commonly call∣ed, Strath-Navern, taking its Name from the River Navern] Be∣yond the Mouth of Ness, where it disembogues it self into the German Sea, lies (i) 1.182 Ross, which runs out into the Sea with ve∣ry high Promontories, as the Name it self shews, for Ross, in the Scotish Dialect, signifies a Promontory. This Province hath more of Length, than Bredth, in it, for it reaches from the Ger∣man, quite home to the Caledonian, Sea: Where it is Mountai∣nous, 'tis barren and untilled; but the Plains thereof scarce yield to any part of Scotland for Fruitfulness. It hath also many pleasant Valleys in it, which are Watered with Rivers, full of Fish, together with several Lochs, well-stored with Fish. But the greatest of them all is Loch-Loubrun. From the Deucaledonian Sea, the Shore grows somewhat narrower, and turns back towards the North-East: From the opposite Shore, the German Sea, making its way between the Clefts of high Rocks, within Land, expands it self into a spacious Bay, which affords a safe Harbour, and Road, for Ships, against all Storms; for the Passage into it is not dangerous, and when you are once entred, even the greatest Ships, that are, may be secure from all Injury of Wind and Weather.

At the farthest point of Ross, towards the North, lies * 1.183 Na∣vern, so called from the River * 1.184 Navern, which the Vulgar, fol∣lowing the Propriety of their Country Speech, call * 1.185 Strath-Na∣vern. Ross bounds it on the South; The Deucaledonian Sea washeth it, West and North; And on the East it reaches to Caithness.

(m) 1.186 Sutherland is so interjected between the three last mentioned Provinces, that it borders on them All, and, in some Quarter or other, touches them all: For on the West of it lies Strath-Navern; On the South and East, Ross; And on the North, Caithness. The Inhabitants thereof, according to the Nature of the Soil, are more given to Pasturage than Tillage. I know no remarkable thing in it, save only that it hath some (n) 1.187 Mountains of White Marble, (a rare Miracle, in so cold a Country) which yet are of little or no use to the Inhabitants, because That luxuriant Humour, which affects Curiosity, hath not yet reached to this Place.

(o) 1.188 Caithness is the last Province of Scotland, towards the North, in which Coast Strath-Navern also meets It. These Two Coun∣ties do contract the Bredth of Scotland into a narrow Front. In that Front, there are Three high Promontories: The highest of them all is in Strath-Navern, which Ptolomy calls (p) 1.189 Orca, or Tarvedrum, now (p) 1.190 Farrow-Head; The other Two are in Caithness, but not so high as the former; i. e. Vervedrum, now called (q) 1.191 Hoia, i. e. Strathy-Head; and Betubium, (Dunsbey-Head) falsly called by Hector Boetius, Dume; some call it Duncans-Bei, from which word, some Letters being substracted, the word Duns-Bei seems to be derived. At the Foot of the Hill there is a small Bay, which little Vessels, com∣ing

from the Orcades, use as an Haven or Port. For a Bay of the Sea is there called Bei. And this Creek, or Bay, being called by the Neighboring Inhabitants the Bei of Duncan, or Donach; from both those words conjoyned, the Country Language hath formed * 1.192 Dunis-Bei.

In this Tract, Ptolomy places the (r) 1.193 Cornavii, (or Caithness-men) some Footsteps of which Name do yet remain, for they commonly call the Castle of the Earls of Caithness, (s) 1.194 Gernico; for those whom Ptolomy, and other Foreiners call Cornavii, the Britains call Kernici. And seeing he places the Cornavii, not in this Tract only, but even in a far distant part of the Island, viz. Cornwal in England▪ they who retain the old British Speech, do yet call the same persons, Ker∣nici: And, perhaps, 'tis no absurd conjecture, to imagine, that the Cornovalli are so called for (t) 1.195 Kernicovalli, (i. e.) the Kernic-Gauls, yea, in the very midst of the Island, some footsteps, thô obscure ones, of the Name seem to have remained. For Bede writes, that the beginning of the Wall of Severus was not far distant from the Mo∣nastery of (a) 1.196 Kebercurnig; whereas there is now no sign of a Mo∣nastery in those parts; but there remains not far from thence, the halfe-ruined Castle of the Duglasses, called (b) 1.197 Abrecorn: Whether both of those words, or only one of them, be corrupted from Kerni∣cus, I leave to the Reader to judge.

It remains now, that I speak somthing concerning the Islands of Scotland, (which Part of the British History is involved with abun∣dance of mistakes.) But omitting the Ancients, who have deliver∣ed nothing certain on this Subject, I shall only insist on what the Writers of our times have, more truly and plainly, acquainted us with. Of all the Islands, which do, as it were, begirt Scotland, they make three (c) 1.198 Classes or Ranks, The Western, the Orcades, and the Zealandish, or Shetland, Islands.

Those are called the (d) 1.199 Western Isles, which lve between Scot∣land and Ireland, on the West of Scotland, in the Deucaledonian Sea, and do reach almost to the Isles of Orkney, or Orcades. They, who have written of the British Affairs, either now, or in the Age before us, call them Hebrides, a new Name, of which there are no Foot∣steps, or any Original, in Ancient Writers. For, in that Tract of the Sea, some Authors place the Aebudae, or Aemodae, but with such inconstancy amongst themselves, that they scarce ever agree in their Number, Situation, or Names. Strabo (to begin with the most Ancient) may be the better excused, because he followed uncertain Report, That part of the World being not fully discovered, in his time. (e) 1.200 Mela reckons the Aemodae to be Seaven, Martianus Capella makes the Acmodae to be as many; Ptolomy and Solinus count the Aebudae, Five; Pliny numbers the Acmodae to be Seaven; and the Aebudae Thirty. I, for my part, think it fit to retain the Names most used by the Ancients, and therefore I call all the Western Isles (f) 1.201 Aebudae; and I purpose to describe the Site, Nature, and Commo∣dities of every one of them, as out of Later, so out of Surer, Authors.

In performing this Task, I will principally follow (g) 1.202 Donald Monro, a Pious and Diligent Person, who himself Travelled over all those Islands, and viewed them Ocularly. They lye dispersed in the Deucaledonian Sea, being above Three hundred and odd, in num∣ber.

The Kings of Scotland were Masters of them, time out of mind, until Donald, the Brother of Malcolm the Third, yielded up the possession of them to the Kings of Norway; that, by his Aid, he might forcibly seize upon the Crown of Scotland, to which he had no Right. The Danes and Norwegians enjoyed them about One hun∣dred and sixty years, until, being overcome in a great Battel, they were outed of them by (h) 1.203 Alexander the Third, King of Scotland. These Islanders, either confiding in their strength, or else egg'd on and induced by Sedition, have some time endeavoured to vindicate their Liberty, and to set up Kings of their own; For of late, Iohn of the Family of the Donalds, as well as others before him, usurped the Name of King. (i) 1.204 In their Diet, Habit, and the whole Admini∣stration of their Domestick Affairs, they use the Ancient Parsimony. Hunting and Fishing afford them Food. They boil their Flesh in Wa∣ter poured either into the Paunch, or into the Skin, of the Beasts, they kill; and in Hunting they sometime eat raw Flesh, when the Blood is squeezed out. The Broth of boiled Flesh-meat is their Drink. They sometimes drink Whey very greedily in their Feasts, after it hath been kept, in proper Vessels, for some years. That kind of Drink they call (k) 1.205 Blandium: But for the most part of them, they drink Water. They make their Bread of Oats and Bar∣ley, (for they have no other Grain growing in those parts,) which is not unpleasant to the Taste; and, by frequent use, they are very expert at making and moulding of it. In the Morning they eat a little of it, and so go a Hunting; or, if they have any other work to do, they are content with that light Breakfast, and Fast till the Evening. They use party-coloured Garments, and especially strip'd Plads. Of all Colours they love the Purple and the Blew, most. Their Ancestors wear Party-coloured Plads, variously striped, which custom some of them do still retain. But, now-a-days, ma∣ny of them wear their Apparel of a dark brown colour, almost like Heath, that so, lying in the Heath-bushes, they might not, in the day-time, be discovered by their Cloaths. Being rather loosly happ'd, than closely covered, with this sort of Blanketing, they en∣dure the fiercest weather, even in the open Air, and sometime they sleep in them, thô cover'd all over with Snow. In their Houses, they also lye on the Ground, only they lay under them Fern or Heath, which they place with their roots downward, and their brush up∣wards, so prettily, that their Beds are almost as soft as a Featherbed, but far more wholsom. For * 1.206 Heath being endued with a Natu∣ral power of exiccation, doth exhaust superfluous Humors, and re∣stores vigor to the Nerves, after it hath freed them from such noxi∣ous Guests; so that they, who lye down in the Evening weary and faint, in the Morning rise up nimble and spritely. They are all of them very regardless of their Bed-Ticks and Coverlets; yea, they affect an uncouth slovinglyness therein; for, if any occasion, or ne∣cessity, cause them to Travel into other parts; when they go to Bed, they throw the Bed and Blankets of their Hosts on the ground, and wrap themselves up in their own Garments, so betaking themselves to their Rest; the Reason they give, is, lest such barbarous effe∣minateness (for so they call it) should taint and corrupt their Na∣tive

and inbred hardiness. In War, they cover their Bodies with Iron Helmets and a Coat of Mail, made of Iron Rings, reaching al∣most down to their Anckles. Their Weapons are Bows and Arrows, for the most part hooked, the Iron barbs standing out on both sides, which cannot be drawn out of the Body, they pierce, unless the O∣rifice of the wound be made very wide: Some of them Fight with broad Swords, and Poleaxes. Instead of a Trumpet, they use a Bag-Pipe. They are much given to Musick, but on Instruments, of a pe∣culiar kind, called Clarsbachs; of which, some have Strings made of Brass-Wire; others, of Guts, which they strike either with their long Nails or with a Quill. Their only ambition is, to deck their Fiddles with very much Silver and Jewels. The meaner sort, instead of Jewels, use Chrystal. They sing Songs, not unelegant, containing commonly the Elogies of Valiant Men; and their Bards ordinarily handle no other Argument. Their Language is some what like the old Gawlish.

These Islands of Scotland, which use the Antient Tongue; and are called the Western or Aebudae Isles are thus usually reckoned. The first of them is (l) 1.207 Ma••a, by some falsly called Mona, but by the anci∣ent Eubonia; Paulus Orosius calls it Mevania, or rather Menavia; for in the old Language, 'tis called Manim. The last Age call'd the Town in it (m) 1.208 Sodora, in which the Bishop of the Islands had his See. It is a Province almost equally distant from Ireland, from Gallo∣way in Scotland, and from Cumberland in England: It is Twenty four Miles long and Eight broad.

The next Isle arising in the Firth of Clyde is (n) 1.209 Alsa, or Ailze, an high and precipitous Rock, excepting only one plain passage into it. It is uninhabited almost all the year, but only at certain Seasons, a great number of Skiffs and Busses flock thither to Fish for Cod and Whi∣ting. It abounds with Conies and Sea-Fowl, but especially with (o) 1.210 Soland-Geese. It is almost equally distant from Carrick on the South-East; from Ireland, on the South-West; and from Cantyre on the North-West: The Isle (p) 1.211 of Arran is situate Twenty four Miles from Ailze, inclining towards the North, it is Twenty four Miles long and Sixteen broad; 'tis full of high Craggy Mountains, so that only the Sea-Coasts thereof are inhabited; where it is lowest, the Sea breaks into it, and makes a great Bay, the entrance whereof is shut in by the Island Molas, i. e. (q) 1.212 Lamlach or Lamlash. So that by reason of the height of the Mountains, which break the force of the Wind, it is, within, a very safe Harbour for Shipping; and there is such plentiful Fishing in those Waters, which are perpetually Calm, that if the Inhabitants catch more than what will serve them for one day, they throw them again into the Sea, as into a safe Trunk or a Fish-pond, to be thence taken out at their pleasure.

Not far from Arr••n lies a small Island called Flada (r) 1.213 or Fladda, which is full of Rabbets. (s) 1.214 Boot Isle, being Eight Mile long and Four broad, is situate more inwardly in the Firth of Clyde, and is Eight Miles distant from Arran, aforesaid, on the North-East. On the North-West, 'tis distant from Argyle about half a Mile; on the East, from Cuningham, Six Miles. 'Tis all in a manner Low-Land, and so, very convenient for Corn and Pasturage. It hath but one

Town in it, bearing the Name of the Island; and in it an old Castle Named (t) 1.215 Rothsey. It hath also another Castle at the Bay, called in the Country Language, Cames, or (u) 1.216 Keames Castle. On the South-West thereof, is the low Island (w) 1.217 Mernoch, for the bigness thereof fruitful enough, and well Cultivated, it is a Mile long and half a Mile broad. More inward in the Firth of Clyde, are the two (x) 1.218 Cumbras, the greater and the lesser, at a small distance one from another; the greater abounding with Corn; the lesser with Fallow-Deer.

From the Promontory of Cantyre, a little more than a Mile, lies Avona, now (y) 1.219 Sanda, called Portuosa, i. e. fit for a Port, it got that Name from being a Road for Ships; for when the Danes posses∣sed those Islands, their Fleets directed their Course thither for Shel∣ter. From the same Promontory to the South-West, over against the Irish shoar stands (z) 1.220 Rahglin; as also Four Miles from Cantyre, is a small Island called (a) 1.221 Cara; and not far there from (b) 1.222 Gaga, Six Miles long, and a Mile and a half broad.

The Island of (c) 1.223 Iura is distant Twelve Miles from Gaga, be∣ing in length Twenty four Miles: It's Maritime parts are inhabited well enough; but, being Woody inwardly, it abounds with several Sorts of Deer. Some think it was anciently called Dera, which in the Gothish Language signifies a Stag. Two Miles distant from Iura, lies (d) 1.224 Scarba, in length from East to West four Miles, in breadth, one; 'tis Inhabited but in few places. The Tide is so vio∣lent between It and Iura, that there is no passage neither with Sails nor Oars, but at certain Seasons only.

After This, there are many Islands of (e) 1.225 less note, spread up and down, as B••llach or Genisteria, Gewrasdil, Lunga, both the Fiola's or Findlass's; also the three Garvillans, distinguished by their respective (f) 1.226 Sirnames; then Culbrenin, Dunconnel, Luparia, Belhac, Whoker, Gavin, Luing, Seil, and Suin, these Three last named are fruitful enough in Corn and Cattle, and are under the Jurisdiction of the Earls of Argyle. The next to these is Slata, or (g) 1.227 Sleach, so called, because out of a Rock therein, Tyles, named Slats, are cut and ex∣tracted. Then follow Naosg, Easdale, Schanni, and the Isle called (h) 1.228 Tyan, from an Herb, which is prejudicial to Fruits, not unlike Guild or Loose-strife, but that 'tis of a more dilute Colour; then Vridich and the Rye Island. Then Dow, i. e. the black Island; and the Island Eglish, or of the Church and Triarach; after these follow the Islands, Ard or High, Ishol, Green, Heath, as also Tree, Goat, Coney-Isles, and that which is called the Island of the Otiost and Eris-bach; as also (i) 1.229 Lismore, in which, heretofore, there was the Bishop of Argyle's See; it is eight Miles in length, two in bredth, in it there are found Metals, besides the Commodities common to other Isles. Then succeed Ovilia, and Siuna, Ilan na Port, and Geirach, as also Falda, the Isle of Cloich, Gramry; the Islands More, Ardiescara, Mu∣sadil, and Bernera heretofore called the Holy Sanctuary, the Noble Yew-Isle, Molochasgar and Drinacha, which is all covered over with Thorns, Elder, and the Ruins of great Houses, then another Isle Dri∣n••ch, which is full of Wood; also Ramsay and K••rrera.

The greatest Island of the Western ones, next to Iura, is (k) 1.230 Yla, which is Twenty four Miles long, and Sixteen broad; it is extended from South to North; and is very fruitful in Cattel, Corn, Deer, and Lead, there is a River of fresh Water in it, called (l) 1.231 Avon∣laggan, as also a Bay of Salt Water, in which are sundry Islands; besides, it hath a Lough of fresh Water, in which there is an Island called (m) 1.232 Finlagan, which heretofore was the chief of all the Islands, in which the Prince of the Islanders, assuming the Name of King, was wont to dwell. Neer to that but lesser, is the Island called * 1.233 Ilan na-Covihaslop, called also the Island of Council, for there was a Court in it, wherein Fourteen of the cheif Men did daily sit for the Administration of Justice, and Determining matters of Con∣troversie, whose great Equity and Moderation procured Peace, both Foreign and Domestick; and as a concomitant of Peace, the affluence of all things. (n) 1.234 Between Ila and Iura there is seated a small Island called Rock Isle, taking its Name from an heap of Stones therein; moreover on the South side of Ila, lie these Islands, Chourna, Maal∣mori, Osrim, Bridi, Corshera, the Island Ishol, Immersi, Bethick, Texa, Gearach, Naosg, Rinard, Cana, Tarskeir, Achnar, the Isle More, the Island resembling the Figure of a Man, the Island Iean, and Stacha∣badda; at the West corner of Yla stands Oversa, there also the Sea is very raging, not passable for Ships but at certain Hours. The Island Channard, and toward the North-West are situate Vsabrast, and Ta∣nast, Naomph, and the Island Banni; Eight Miles from Yla, more toward the North, lies Oversa, next to it Porcaria, and half a Mile from Oversa, lies Collonsa.

Beyond Collonsa to the North lies Mull, (o) 1.235 twelve Miles distant from Yla. This Island is Twenty four Miles in length, and as many in breadth; 'tis Craggy, yet not wholly devoid of Corn. It hath ma∣ny Woods in it, and great Herds of Deer, and a Port safe enough for Ships; over against Icolumkill it hath two large Rivers full of Salmon, besides other lesser Rivers, not without Fish; it hath also two Loughs, in each of which are several Islands, and Castles in them all. The Sea, breaking into it in divers places, makes four Bays, all abounding with Herrings. On the South-West is seated (p) 1.236 Calaman, or the Island of Doves; on the North-East stands (q) 1.237 Erra, both these Islands are Commodious for Cattle, Corn, and Fishing.

The Island of (r) 1.238 Icolumkill is distant from them two Miles; it is Two Miles long, and above a Mile broad, fruitful in all things, which that Climate can produce, and famed for as many ancient Mo∣numents, as could be well expected in such a Country; but it was made yet more famous by the severe Discipline and Holiness of St. Columbus. It was beautified with two Monasteries, one of Monks the other of Nuns; with one (s) 1.239 Curia, or (as they call it,) a Pa∣rish Church, and with many Chapels, some of them built by the Magnificence of the Kings of Scotland; and others by the Petty Kings of the Islands; in the old Monastery of * 1.240 St. Columbus, the Bishops of the Islanders placed their See; their ancient Mansion House, which was before in the Isle of Man, being taken by the English. There remains as yet, among the ancient Ruins, a Church-yard or Burying place, common to all the Noble Families which dwelt in the Western

Islands. (t) 1.241 There are three Tombs in it more eminent than the rest, at a small distance one from another, having little Shrines looking to∣ward the East, built over them. In the West part of each of them there is a Stone with an Inscription, declaring whose Tombs they are, the middlemost of them hath this Inscription; The Tombs of the Kings of Scotland, for it is reported that Forty four of the Scotish Kings were there buried: In the Right-Hand one, there is this Ti∣tle Carved, The Tombs of the Kings of Ireland, for Four Kings of Ireland are said to be interred there; that on the Left side is inscribed, The Tombs of the Kings of Norway, for Report says, That Eight Kings of that Nation were inhum'd there. In the rest of the Coeme∣tery, the Eminent Families of the Islands have each their Tombs a∣part. There are Six Islands adjacent to it, small indeed, yet not un∣fruitful, which have been given by ancient Kings, and by the Prin∣ces of the Islanders, to the Nunnery of St. Columb.

The Island (u) 1.242 Soa, though it hath convenient Pasturage for Sheep, yet its greatest Revenue is from the Sitting and Hatching of Sea-Fowl, and especially from their Eggs. The next to that, is (w) 1.243 Nuns-Island. Then Rudana; after that Reringa, after which follows (x) 1.244 Skanny▪ distant half a Mile from Mull; it hath one Parish in it, but the Parishioners live mostly in Mull: The Shore abounds with Coneys. A Mile from Skanny, stands Eorsa. All these are un∣der the Jurisdiction of the Monks of St. Columbus his Monastery.

Two Miles from (y) 1.245 Eorsa, stands (z) 1.246 Vlva, which is five Miles long, and, for its bigness, fruitful in Corn and Pasturage. It hath an Haven very commodious for Galleys, Long-Boats, or Berlins. On its South-side lies (a) 1.247 Colvansa, the Soyl thereof is fruitful, and it hath a Wood of Hasel in it. Almost three hundred paces from it, is situate (b) 1.248 Gomedra, two Miles long, and a Mile broad, running out from South to North. Four Miles from Gomedra, on the South, stands (c) 1.249 Stafa, both of these two last-named Isles having many good Havens in them. Four Miles from hence, toward the North-West, are the two (d) 1.250 Carniburghs, the greater and the lesser, so Fortified round about with the Precipices of Rocks, and a most ra∣pid Current, besides; that, their Natural Strength being assisted by Art, they are impregnable. A Mile from these, is an Island whose Soil is almost all black, as being concreted out of old rotten Wood and Moss mixt together. They dry the Turff of it for Fewel, and therefore 'tis called (e) 1.251 Turff-Island, for so they there call that sort of Earth, which the English call Moss. Then succeeds (f) 1.252 Lunga, two Miles in length, and Baca half less than It. (g) 1.253

From thence towards the West, about Six Miles distance,(h) 1.254 stands Tirriss, in length Eight Miles, in bredth Three, of all these Islands, most abounding with all things necessary to maintain Life; for in it is plenty of Cattle and Corn, they also get much by Fishing and the breed of Sea-Fowl. There is in it a Lake or Lough of fresh Water, and an old Castle, as also an Haven, not unsafe for Galleys and Long-Boats. Two Miles from hence stands (i) 1.255 Gunn Isle, and at an equal distance from Gun, (k) 1.256 Coll, Twelve Miles long, two broad, a very fruitful Isle. Not far from thence is (l) 1.257 Calfa, which is almost all covered with Wood. After that, two (m) 1.258 Islands follow, (m) 1.259 Sir∣nam'd

Green, the greater and the lesser. And as many lie, of the same (n) 1.260 Sirnames, over against the Promontory of Mull. From it, at no great distance there lye two Islands, Sirnamed Glassae, i. e. Sky blew; then * 1.261 Ardan Rider, i. e. the high Island of the Horseman: Next Luparia, or the Island of Wolves; after this, is the (o) 1.262 Island More; from the Island Coll, toward the South, there is extended from East to West, (p) 1.263 Rum, Sixteen Miles long, Six broad, and be∣cause it is inhabited but in few places, the Sea-Fowl do almost every where lay their Eggs up and down in the Fields; so that in the Spring one may take up as many of them, as he pleaseth. In the high Rocks of Rum, the Soland Geese, spoken of before, are taken in great abundance. Four Miles from thence to the South-East is the Island * 1.264 Naich, or of Horses, and half a Mile from thence is * 1.265 Muick▪ for its bigness, abounding with all necessaries. Falcons build their Nests therein; and it hath also a Port convenient enough for Shipping. Not far from it are Cana, and Egg Isle, small, yet fruitful, Islands; the later abounding with Soland Geese.

Then there is (q) 1.266 Soavretil, fitter for Hunting than any other Commodities of Life. Thence from North to South is extended * 1.267 Sky, the greatest of all the Islands about Scotland, as being in length Forty Two Miles; in bredth sometimes Eight, sometimes Twelve; in many places it is full of Mountains, which abound with Woods, and those Woods are full of Pastures. The Campagne is also fruit∣ful of Corn and Cattle; and, besides other Cattle, there are in it a great Breed of Mares. It hath five great Rivers in it, all very full of Salmon; besides many lesser ones, not void of Salmon, neither. The Sea penetrating on every side into the Land, makes many Bays of Salt-Water therein; of which Three are most eminent, besides Thirteen others, all full of Herrings. It hath also a Lough of Fresh-Water in it, and five Castles. This Island, in the old Scotch Dialect, was called * 1.268 Skianacha, i. e. Winged, because the Promontories, be∣tween which the Sea made its Influx, did stretch out themselves, as so many Wings; but use hath obtained, that 'tis now called Sky, i. e. a Wing.

About Sky there lie scattered some smaller Islands, as * 1.269 Oransa, full of Corn, and Cattle; and * 1.270 Na gunner, having plenty of Woods, and Conies; as also (w) 1.271 Paba, infamous for Robberies, where Thieves, lurking in the Woods, do way-lay Travellers as they pass. Then comes * 1.272 Scalpa, situated Eight Miles from it to the North-West, besides other Commodities, it hath great Herds of Deer in its Woods. Between the Mouth of Lech-Carron and Raarsa, lies * 1.273 Crou∣ling, a Port safe for Ships. And from * 1.274 Scalpa, two Miles toward the North, lies * 1.275 Raarsa, seven Miles long, and two broad, it hath Woods of Beech-Trees in it, and many Deer in them. Half a Mile from it, is * 1.276 Rona, which is quite covered over with Woods, and Heath. It hath a Port in its inmost Bay, noted for Pyracy, as being very commodious to surprize Sea-Passengers. And in the Mouth of the Bay, (which, from its shallowness, is called * 1.277 Gerloch) there is an Island of the same Name. From Rona, six Miles towards the North, lies * 1.278 Fladda. Two Miles from Fladda, is * 1.279 Tr••nta, and

on the South side of Sky, * 1.280 Oransa: A Mile from thence lie little (c) 1.281 Buia, then great (c) 1.282 Buia; and after them Five small Islands of no note; after them follows * 1.283 Ishol, fruitful in Corn; and neer it is Ovia, then Askerma, and Linadel; and Eighty Miles from Sky to the North-West lie, Linga, Gigamena, Bernera, Megala, Paba, Flada, Scarpa Vervecum, i. e. of Weathers, Sandrera, and (d) 1.284 Watersa, which, besides other great conveniences, hath a Haven capable of holding many, and those very great, Ships; whither at certain sea∣sons of the year, a great company of Fisher-men flock together, from the Countries round about. These Nine last Islands are under the Government of the Bishop of the Islands. Two Miles distant from Watersa, lies (e) 1.285 Barra, Seven Miles in length, extending it self from the South-West, to the North-East, not unfruitful in Corn, but most noted for Cod and Whiting Fishing: A Bay of the Sea makes an influx into it, at a narrow Mouth; but within, it is broader and also round. It hath one Island in it, and therein a strong Fort or Castle. In the North part of Barra, there ariseth an Hill full of Grass from top to bottom; on the top of it * 1.286 riseth a Spring of fresh Water▪ which flowing down in a Rivulet, carries with it into the neighbouring Sea, some small Animals, as yet shapeless; which, in some sort, though obscurely, do represent those Shell-fish we com∣monly call (f) 1.287 Cockles. This part of the shore, to which the Bor∣derers retire, they call the Great Sands; because, when the Sea Ebbs, the Sand is uncovered for a Mile and more; there they dig up great Shell-fish, and the People there about believe it to be as a Seminary of those shapeless Fish, which the forenamed drill carries down from its Fountain, and that they are either produced there, or, at least, grow bigger in the Sea.

Between Barra and Vyist, lie these * 1.288 small Islands following, Or∣bansa, Ovia or Eoy, Hakerset, Garulinga, Flada, Buiia the greater, and Buiia the less, Haia, Heldisay, Gega, Linga, Fara, Fuda, Heath Island. From these, towards the North, lies (g) 1.289 Vyist, Thirty Miles long, and Six broad. The Tide flowing into this Island in two pla∣ces, represents the appearance of Three Islands, but when it Ebbs, it again coalesces into One: In it are many Lakes of fresh Water, the biggest of which is Three Miles long. The Sea, wearing away the Land, hath made it self a passage into this Lough; neither can it be excluded by the Inhabitants, no not by a Jitty or Bank of Sixty Foot high, but that it insinuates it self between the Stones, not well compacted together, and there often leaves some small Sea-Fish behind. There is a (h) 1.290 Fish taken in it, in other respects like a Salmon, save that his Belly is white, and his Back black, and he is without Scales like to Salmon. Moreover, there are in it abundance of Loughs of fresh Water. It hath Caves in it covered with Heath, which are lurking places for Robbers. There are Five Parish-Churches in it for the performance of Holy Duties.

Eight Miles from thence, towards the East, lies * 1.291 Helscher Vetula∣rum, so called, as I suppose, because it belongs to the Nuns of the Island of Icolumkill. A little further towards the North, appears (i) 1.292 Havelschyer, to which at certain seasons of the year, many Sea-Calves, [or Seals] do resort, and are there taken. About Sixty

Miles beyond that, to the North-West, stands * 1.293 Hirta, very fruit∣ful in Corn, Cattle, and especially in Sheep, which are here fatter than in any other of the Islands. The Inhabitants are ignorant of all Arts, and especially of Religion. After the Summer solstice, the Lord of the Island sends thither his Proctor or Steward, to gather up his Rent or Tribute, and, with him, he sends a Priest to Baptize all the Children, which were born the year before; but if the Priest come not, then every Man (k) 1.294 baptizeth his own Children; they pay to their Lord a certain number of Sea-Calves and of Muttons, dried in the Sun, and also of Sea-Fowl. The whole Island doth not exceed a Mile in length, and it is almost of equal bredth, neither can any part of it be seen from any neighbouring Island, besides Three Mountains which are on the Shore, and these cannot be discerned neither, but from the highest places of other Islands. In those Mountains there are (l) 1.295 Sheep exceeding beautiful, but by reason of the Violence and Rapidness of the Sea-Current, and Tide, they can scarce become at, by any Body.

But to return to Vyist; on the North Promontory thereof, there is situate the Isle (m) 1.296 Valay, a Mile broad and two Mile long. Be∣tween that Promontory and the Isle Harrick, these Islands are inter∣jacent,* 1.297 small indeed, but not unfruitful, viz. Soa, Stromoy, Pabaia, Bernera, Erisay, Keligera, Saga the less, Saga the greater, Hermo∣dra, Scarvay, Gria, Linga, Gillan, Hea, Hoia, Ferelaia, Soa the lesser, Soa the greater, Isa, Senna the less, Senna the great, Tarransa, Slegana, T••ema, and, above Harick, Scarpa; and due West, there are Seven Islands, at Fifty Miles distance above Lewis, which some call (n) 1.298 Flavanae, others the Sacred, or Sanctuary, Islands, they a∣rise up into Grassy Mountains, but are void of all human Culture; neither are there in them any four-footed Beasts, but only wild Sheep, which the Hunters catch, but eat them not when they have done. For they esteem the Fat more palatable than the Flesh; for the Flesh is so unpleasant, that no Man will eat it, unless enforced by extre∣mity of Hunger.

Furthermore, almost in the same Tract, nearer to the North, lie * 1.299 Garvellan, i. e. the Craggy Island, Lamba, Flada, and Kellasa, the two Berneraes, the great and the small, Kirta, Buiia the little, Buiia the great, Vexa, Pabaia, and Sigrama the great, or Cunicularia so called from its plenty of Conies, Sigrama the less, and the (o) 1.300 Island of Pygmies; in this last there is a Chapel, where the bordering Peo∣ple do believe, that Pygmies were heretofore buried; for many Stran∣gers, digging deep into the Earth, have found, and yet do find, little and round Heads, and the small Bones of other parts of human Bodies, nothing derogating from the ancient Reports concerning Pygmies.

* 1.301In that Shore of the Island Lewis, which looks toward the South-East, Two Bays of the Sea do break into the Land, one of which they call the South, the other the North, Lough; both of them do yield abundance of Fish, to those which take pains to catch them, and that during the whole year. From the same shore of Lewis, more to the South, stands Fable Isle, then Adams Isle, then the Isle of Lambs, as also, Huilin, Viccoil, Havera, Laxa, Erin, the Isle of ••columkill, Toray, I••••ert, Scalpa, Flad••, and Shevy. At the East

side of this Island there is a subterraneous (p) 1.302 passage, Arched at Top, longer than a Man can shoot an Arrow into: Under which Vault, small Ships use to shelter themselves, making to it, by Sails or Oars, to a∣void the Violence of the Tide, which rages at the Neighbouring Pro∣montory, with a huge Noise, to the extreme Terrour and Danger of the Mariners. More to the East, lies an Island which they call * 1.303 Schan Castle, a place naturally fortified, abounding with Corn and Fish, and also affording sufficient Provision to the Inhabitants by Eggs of Sea-Fowl, which there make their Nests.

At the Shore, where (q) 1.304 Loch-Brien, or Broom, opens to the Land, lies the Isle * 1.305 En, which is almost all covered with Woods, and good for nothing but to harbour Thieves in, to rob Passengers. More to the North is the Island * 1.306 Gruinorta, being also full of Woods possessed by Robbers and Pyrates. And looking towards the same Coast, is an Island, named the Island of (r) 1.307 Cleirach, which, beside Pasturage, abounds with the Eggs of Sea-Fowl. Next to that, is Afulla, and then * 1.308 Harary, the Greater; then Harary, the Less; and, nigh it, the Island of Horses, or Na••stich; and near that again, the Isle Merta••ka. These Eight Islands are situate before the Mouth of the Bay, which is vul∣garly called Lough-Broom, or Brian. At some distance from these Islands, which lie before Lough-Broom, Harrick and Lewis run to∣ward the North; They are Sixty Miles in length,(s) 1.309 and Sixteen in bredth: These make but one Island, for they are not distin∣guished by the Arms of the Sea, that slow into it, but by the Meers of the Land, and the Possessions of their several Lairds: But that part, which is exposed to the South, is wont to be called Harray. In it there was a Monastery called * 1.310 Roadilla, built by Maccloyd, of Harray. The Soil is fruitful of Corn, but it yields its increase rather by digging, than plowing: The Pastures in it are very fit for Sheep, especially one very high Mountain, which is green with Grass, even to the very Top. Donald Monro, a Learned and Pious Man, relates, That, when he was there, (t) 1.311 he saw Sheep (for that kind of Cattle) very old, wandring up and down without any certain Owner: And the Number of them is increased from hence, that neither Fox, Wolf, or Serpent, was ever seen there; though betwixt This part and Lewis, great Woods are interjacent, which breed many Stags, but low ones, and not big-bodied at all. In this part of the Island, is a River very full of Salmon. In the North part lies * 1.312 Lewis, inhabited enough towards the Shore. It hath four Pa∣rish-Churches in it, one Fort, seven great Rivers, and twelve lesser ones, all of them, according to their bigness, full of Salmons; in many places the Sea penetrates into the Land, and there diffuses it self into Bays, all abounding with plenty of Herrings. There is also great plenty of Sheep, which wander freely amongst the Thickets, and Heath-Bushes: The Inhabitants drive them into a narrow place, like a Sheep-fold, and there, every Year, they sheer them, after the ancient custom. The Champion part of the Country abounds with Heath-Bushes, in which the Earth is black at top, occasioned by Moss, and the Coalition of Rotten Wood, gathered together for many A∣ges, even a Foot thick. This upper Crust, being cut into long and slender Turffs, and dryed in the Sun, serves for Firing, in stead of

Wood: The next Year after, the naked Ground, being Dunged with Sea-Weed, is sown with Barley. In this Island there is commonly so great a quantity of (u) 1.313 Whales taken, that sometimes (as the old Inhabitants relate) Twenty seven, some very great, some smaller, fall to the share of the Priests for their Tithes. There is also a great Cave in this Island, in which, when the Tide is out, the Water is yet two Fathom deep; but when the Tide is in, 'tis above four Fathom. There Multitudes of People, of both Sexes, and of all Ages, sitting on the Rocks, with Hooks and Lines, do promiscuously catch all sorts of Fish, in great abundance.

There is a small Island, about Sixty Miles from Lewis, to the North-East, of a low and plain Soil, and well inhabited, its Name is * 1.314 Rona, the Inhabitants thereof are rude Persons, void almost of all Religion. The Laird of it assigns a certain number of Families to Inhabit and Till it, and he allows them a sufficiency of great and small Cattle, whereby they may live well, and pay their Tribute, too; that which is above their own provision, they send every year to Lewis, to their Land-lord, who lives there; they commonly pay him, in the Name of a Tribute or Rent, a great quantity of Barly-Meal, sewed up in the Skins of Sheep, (for that kind of Grain grows plentifully amongst them,) Muttons and Sea-Fowl dried in the Sun, as much as remains, as a Surplusage of their yearly Provision; and if the multitude of Heads doth abound, they send also the Supernumerary Persons to their Land-lords. So that these, in my Judgment, are the only Persons in the whole World, who want nothing, but have all things to Satiety. And besides, being ignorant of Luxury and Co∣vetousness, they enjoy that Innocency and Tranquillity of Mind, which others take great pains to obtain, from the Precepts and Insti∣tutions of Wise Men. And this they have from their Ignorance of Vices, neither doth any thing seem to be wanting to their great Happiness, but that they do not understand the excellency of their Condition. There is in this Island, a Chapel, dedicated to St. Ro∣nanus,(w) 1.315 wherein (as old Men say,) there is a Spade always left, where∣with if any one Dye, there is alway a place marked out, and pre∣pared for his Grave; moreover in this Island, besides other Fishery, many Whales are also taken.

Sixteen Mile from thence, towards the West, lies the Island (x) 1.316 Suilkyr; a Mile long, which brings forth no Grass, no not so much as Heath, only it hath black Rocks, some of which are covered with black Moss. Sea-Fowl do commodiously lay their Eggs, and hatch them there. Before the young are fledg'd enough to fly away, the neighbour Islanders sail thither from Lewis, and they allow them∣selves Eight days time, more or less, to cull or gather them up, un∣till they load their * 1.317 Skiffs with their Flesh dried in the Sun, and also with their Feathers. In this Island also, there is a rare kind of Bird unknown in other parts, called (y) 1.318 Colca, it is little less than a Goose, she comes every year thither, and there Hatches and Feeds her young, till they can shift for themselves. About that time, her Feathers fall off of their own accord, and so leaves her Naked, then she betakes her self to the Sea again, and is never seen more, till the next Spring. This also is singular in them, that their Feathers have

no Qu••lls, or Stalks, but do cover their Bodies with a gentle Down, wherein there is no Hardness at all.

Next follow the * 1.319 Orcades, lying scattered in the North of Scotland, partly in the Deucaledonian, and partly in the German Seas. Con∣cerning the Name of them, Writers, both Ancient and Modern, do well enough agree; but the reason of the Name, no Man (that I know) hath explained. Neither doth it appear, who first possessed them: All say, that they were of a German Original, but from what Nation of Germany, they say not: If we may form a conjecture from their Speech, both heretofore and now, they use the (z) 1.320 Gottish Lan∣guage. Some think, they were Picts, induced by this Argument, that the Sea, dividing them from Caithness, is called the Pentland * 1.321 Sea, or Firth. They judge also, that the Picts themselves were of the Race of the Saxons, grounding their Opinion chiefly on the Verses of Claudian, in his seventh Panegyrick, which run thus:

— Maduerunt Saxone fuso Orcades, incaluit Pictorum sanguine Thule, Scotorum Tumulos flevit glacialis Ierne.

Englished thus:

The Orcades were moist with Saxon's Gore; The Blood of Picts, there spilt, warm'd Thule's Shore; For Tombs of Scots Icy Iern wept sore.

But their error may easily be refuted, partly out of Bede the An∣glo-Saxon, who, affirming, that the Britains sang the (a) 1.322 Praises of God in five several Languages, reckons the Pictish to be one; but if the Picts had then spoke the Saxon Language, he would not have distinguished it from the Saxon; (which then the English used, without corruption;) And partly also, out of those very Verses of Claudian, where he expresly declares; That the Picts were a diffe∣rent People from the Saxons; For, he says, that the Orcades were the Country of the Saxons; and Thule, of the Picts; but whatsoe∣ver their Original were, in this our Age, they use a Language dif∣ferent both from Scotch and English, but very near the Gothish. In their daily conversation, the common People do as yet retain much of their Ancient Parsimony, and therefore they are very sound in mind, and healthy in Body. (b) 1.323 Few of them dye of Diseases, but almost all of them, of old Age; and their Ignorance of Delights and Pleasures contributes more to the maintaining of their health, than the Skill and Diligence of Physitians doth, to others. The same Parsimony makes much, both for the elegancy of their Beauties, and the talness of their Stature. They have but a small increase of Corn, except only of Oats, and Barly. Out of which they extract both Bread and Drink too. Of Animals, which Herd together, they have Sheep, Kine, and divers Goats, so that they have abun∣dance of Milk, Butter, and Cheese among them; They have also an innumerable company of Sea-Fowl, of which, and of Fishes, their Diet doth, for the most part, consist. There is * 1.324 no venemous Crea∣ture

there, no, nor any one Deformed to look upon. They have little Horses, in shew contemptible, but strong enough, for all uses, even beyond belief. They have never a Tree growing, no, nor Shrub, neither, besides Heath; which happens, not so much for the fault of the Soil, or Air, as of the Laziness of the Inhabitants, as doth easily appear by the roots of Trees, which, in many Places, are there digged out of the Earth. As oft as Foreigners import any Wine thither, they drink it greedily, even to excess. They have an An∣cient Cup, or Goblet among them, which, to (procure the greater Authority to their Carousings) they say, did belong to * 1.325 St. Magnus, who first instructed them in the Principles of the Christian Religion. It so far exceeds the bigness of other Drinking-bowls, that it may seem to have been a relick of the Feast of the Lapithae. They try an Experiment upon their * 1.326 Bishops, at their first coming to them, therewith; He that can drink up a whole One, at one Draught, (which seldom happens) they count him a very Nonsuch of a Man; and do look upon it as an happy Omen and Presage, that the Crop of the following Years will be superabundant. From which pra∣ctice of theirs, a Man may easily conjecture, that their Parsimony which I spake of, proceeds not so much from Reason and Choice, as from Penury and Want; and the same necessity which produced it at first, did perpetuate, and transmit, it to their posterity; Till, the Neighbor-Nations being corrupted by prevailing Luxury, their Ancient Discipline was, by degrees, weakned and impaired, and They also gave up themselves to charming Pleasures and Delights; and being thus inclined to Luxury, they were hurried on thereto, by their commerce with Pyrates, who, not daring to land on the Con∣tinent, because it was full of Inhabitants, took in fresh Water at these Islands, and there, either chang'd their Wine, and other Mer∣thandize, for the Provisions of the Country; or else, sold them to the Islanders, at a low price; And, the Islanders, being few in num∣ber; and unarmed too, and dispersed also in the tempestuous Sea, that they could not convene to assist one another, being conscious of their own weakness, either did receive, or, at least, did not reject Security, brought home to their doors, especially, it being mixed with Gain and Pleasure, to boot, which are the usual Companions thereof. But this pollution of Manners did infect the Great ones mostly, and the Priests. Among the Vulgar, many footsteps of their former Moderation do yet remain. * 1.327 The Sea is there very raging and tem∣pestuous, which is caused, not only by the violence of Winds, and the position of the Heavenly Constellations; But also by the meet∣ings of contrary Tides, raised up, and flowing in from the West Ocean, and making such a conflict between the Streights of the Land, that the Surges, occasioned thereby, sometime meeting, op∣posite one to another, and being all impetuously whirled together, cannot be passed, neither by Oars nor Sails; If any Mariners dare come too near, one of these Three mischiefs befals them. They are either driven back, with a forcible violence, into the Sea; or else, by the rapidness of the foaming Waves, they are dashed upon Shelves and Rocks; Or, lastly, are swallowed up by the rolling Vortices of the insucking Waters. There are only two Seasons, wherein these

Streights are passable; either, when, upon the Falling back of the Tides, the conflict of Waters ceasing, the Sea is thereby calmed; or, else when it comes in a full Chanel, to the height of its increase at Spring-Tides, That force languishing, on both sides, which raised and made the Waters Tempestuous and Stormy; The Ocean, as it were, founding a Retreat to its Storms, and thereupon, the Mountainous Sur∣ges thereof do retire (that I may so speak) into their own proper Caverns and Recesses.

* 1.328 Moreover, Authors do not agree concerning the number of the Orcades; Pliny reckons them to be Forty; others, about Thirty; But Orosius comes nearest the Truth, he makes them Thirty Three, of which, Thirteen are inhabited; the rest, not; but left to feed Cattle. For many of them are low, and so narrow in compass, that if they should be Tilled, they would scarce maintain above one person or two. Some of them shew like bare Rocks, or else, such as are covered but with squalid Moss.

The biggest Isle of the Orcades, is call'd by many of the Ancients * 1.329 Pomona; At this day they call it the Main Land, because it exceeds the rest so much in bigness; for it is Thirty mile long; It is well inhabited, for it hath in it Twelve Parish Churches, and one Town, besides; which, the Danes, who were long Masters of the Orcades, called Cracoviaca; we Scotchmen, call it, by a corrupt name, * 1.330 * 1.331 Kirkwall. In this Town there are two Castles of a reasonable bigness, standing near together, one belonging to the King, the other to the Bishop. And between them is a Church magnificent enough, for those places; Between the Church, and the Castles, there are frequent Buildings on both sides, which the Inhabitants call Two Cities, one the Kings, the other the Bishops. The whole Isle runs out into Promontories, between which the Bays of the Sea making an influx, do afford safe Anchoring for Ships, and here and there, a good Port. In Six several Places of this Island, there are Metals * 1.332 i. e. White and Black Lead, so good, that there are not better in all Britain. This Island is about Twenty four Mile distant from Caith∣ness. The Pictish Sea, called * 1.333 Pentland Firth, running between them; of whose Nature we have spoken before.

In that narrow Sea, there are many scattered Islands, of which * 1.334 Strom-oy, not unfruitful for the bigness of it, is distant from Caithness but a Mile, but they do not reckon that amongst the Orcades, because of its propinquity to the British shore; and also because the Earls of Caithness have always been Lords of it. Sayling from hence towards the North, we meet with * 1.335 South Ranalds, or Ranals-Oy, the first of the Orcades, which is Sixteen Mile from Dungsby-head, Skiffs and small Ships pass over in Two Hours from it, to this Island, the Tide being with them, though there be no Wind, such is the Violence of this Current. This Island is Four Miles in length, and it hath a convenient Port, Sirnamed St. Margarets hope. From it, a little towards the East, are two small Islands, uninhabited, and left for Cattle to Pasture in. They call them in their Country Speech, (a) 1.336 the Holmes, that is, Grassy Plains situate by Waters. To the North, is the Island Burra, and two Holmes between That and Mainland. From

* 1.337 Burra toward the West, there lie Three Islands in order, Scuna, Flata, and Fara; and beyond them, Hoia, and Valis or Waes-Isle, which some make Two, others but One Island, because about both the Equi∣nocts (at which times, the Sea doth most Tempestuously foam and rage) the Tide falling back, and the Lands being bared, they cohere and are joyned together by a narrow neck of Land, and so make One Island; but upon the return of the Tide, and the renewed inter••a∣cency of the Sea, they again represent the form of Two. In this Island are the highest Mountains of all the Orcades. (b) 1.338 Hoia and Waes Isle are extended Ten Miles in length, and from Ranalsa, they are distant Eight Miles; from Duncansby or Dungisby, in Caithness, above Twenty Mile. On the North is the Island * 1.339 Granisa, situate in a very narrow Arm of the Sea. For Hoia is distant from the near∣est Promontory, which is That of Pomona, or Mainland only two Mile. These are the Islands situate in the very Streights, between Mainland and Caithness. The West side of Mainland looks to the open Sea, no Islands or Rocks appearing therein: From its East Pro∣montory it a little runs out into the Sea; (c) 1.340 Coupins-Oy, almost co∣vers it on the North. Nearer the shore is * 1.341 Siapins-Oy, something inclining to the East, situate over against Kirk-wall, two Miles di∣stant. it self being Six Mile long. On the West part of Mainland, lies (d) 1.342 Rows-Oy, Six Miles in length. From thence toward the East stands * 1.343 Eglisa, or Eglis-Oy, where Fame reports, that St. Mag∣nus was buried. From hence to the Southward, lie (e) 1.344 Wyer-Oy, and Gress-Oy, and not far from thence Wester-Oy, which is Eighty Miles distant from Schetland. Papa, and Stronza, are also Eighty Miles distant from Schetland. Almost in the middle of the passage be∣tween them, lies * 1.345 Fara, or Fair Isle, which is conspicuous and visible both from the Orcades, and from Schetland too; for it ariseth into Three very high Promontories, begirt with lofty Rocks, every way inaccessible, save that toward the North East, it being a little lower, affords an Harbour safe enough for small Ships. The Inha∣bitants thereof are very Poor; for the Fishermen, which Sail that way every year, coming to Fish from England, Holland, and other Countries near the Sea, do plunder and carry away, what they please.

The next after It, is the greatest Island of (f) 1.346 the Schetlandish, and therefore the Inhabitants call it the Continent or Mainland, it is Sixty Miles in length, and in some places Sixteen in bredth, it spreads it self into many small Promontories: Two of them I shall Name, the one long, but narrow, running to the North; the other broad∣er running to the South-East. The Maritime parts of it are, for the most part, inhabited; but to the inward parts no Animal comes but Fowl. Some few years since, the Inhabitants endeavoured to form Plantations, further then their Ancestors had done, but the success did not answer. Their wealth is from the Sea, for it lies conveni∣ent for Fishing on every side.

Ten Mile further toward the North, is the Isle Zeal, (g) 1.347 or Yell, above Twenty Mile long, and Eight broad; so uncouth a place, that no Creature can live therein, unless he be born there. A Merchant of Breme is reported to dwell in this Island, who doth import all

sorts of Foreign Wares (which the Inhabitants have need of) in great abundance. Between this Island and Mainland, lie these small Islands, L••nga, Orna, Bigga, * 1.348 Sancterry. About Nine Mile beyond it, to the North, stands Vuist, extended above Twenty Mile in length, and Six in bredth. 'Tis of a plain and level Soil, otherwise 'tis not unsightly to the Eye,(h) 1.349 but that it is surrounded with a very raging Sea. Between it and Yell, Via, Vra, Linga, are interjected. Beyond it toward the West, are the two Skerrys and Burra; on the East is Balta, Honnega, Fotlara, or Pheodor-oy, Seven Mile long, di∣stant Seven Mile from Vuist, and Eight from Yell, 'tis over against the Streights which divide Vuist from Yell. Then many Petty Islands lie on the East-side of the Mainland, as Mecla, the Three Eastern Skirrys, Chualsa, or * 1.350 Whals-Oy, Nostvada, Brasa, and Musa; the West side is begirt with the Western Skirrys, Rotti, Papa the less, Vemendru, Papa the greater, Vallu, Trons Isle, Burra, Hara the greater, Hara the less, and amongst them almost as many Hol∣mes, or Plain Islands, for Pasturage only are interspersed.

The (i) 1.351 Schetlanders live after the same manner, as the Islanders of the Orcades do, save that as to their Houshold Provision, they are a little more hardy. Their Apparel is after the German Fashion, which according to their Abilities is not uncomely. Their incomes arise from a sort of Cloth, which they make very thick, and sell to the Norwegians, as also from Oyle, expressed out of the inwards of Fishes; from Butter, and from Fishing: They Fish in small Vessels of two Oars, which they buy of the Norwegians. Part of the Fish which they catch, they Salt, and part they dry in the Wind. Out of those being sold, they raise up a Sum of Money to pay their Tri∣bute, and to provide Houses, wherein they may dwell, and Houshold Stuff, so that a great part of their livelihood arises from thence. They who study neatness in their Houshold Utensils, have some Sil∣ver Vessels also. They use Measures, Numbers and Weights, after the German Fashion. Their Language is also German,* 1.352 or almost the ancient Gothish. They know not what 'tis to be Drunk, only every Month they invite one another, and on those days they are (k) 1.353 in∣nocently Merry and Jocund, without those Brawls and other Vices, which are occasioned by Drunkenness, for they persuade themselves that this custom contributes much for the maintaining of Mutual Friendship. The firmness of their Health appeared in one Nam'd * 1.354 Lawrence in our Age, who, after he was an Hundred years old, Married a Wife. And when he was an Hundred and Forty, he used to Fish with his Skiff even in a very rough and Raging Sea, he died but lately, not by the force of any grievous Disease, but only by the Infirmities and Languishment of old Age.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Authors design.
• * 1.2

  More Islands than one an∣ciently called Britanny.

  The situation of Britanny. Albion and Ire∣land two of the biggest of them.
• * 1.3

  Albion.
• * 1.4

  Its length and breadth.
• * 1.5

  It was ac∣counted Tri∣angular by the Romans.
• * 1.6

  The Air.
• * 1.7

  The Soil.
• * 1.8

  The Food of some of its Inhabitants, in old time.
• * 1.9

  Its ancient Names, Three, (according to some) Pruda∣nia, Pryta∣neia, and Bri∣tannia.
• * 1.10

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 or L••••yd, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉, Two W••i∣te••s 〈◊〉〈◊〉 British Antiqui••ie••, in Hen. 8. and Queen Eliz. Reigns.
• * 1.11

  Prudania. Lud or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Authority dis∣all••wed of, and why.
• * 1.12

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.13

  〈…〉〈…〉 Words.
• * 1.14

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.15

  Lucretius 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Aristotle 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Name o•• Britain.
• * 1.16

  Prope••••••••••.
• * 1.17

  〈1 paragraph〉〈1 paragraph〉
• * 1.18

  E••iot's Autho∣rity disallow'd.
• * 1.19

  Prytaneia.
• * 1.20

  Stephanus.
• * 1.21

  Martian and Ptolomy.
• * 1.22

  Bards com∣mitted no∣thing to Writing.
• (a) 1.23

  Ancient words cannot always be ob∣served, and Why?
• (b) 1.24

  'tis hard to find the Origin of old Words.
• (c) 1.25

  Which was unknown to the Ancients, but later In∣quiries have found it out.
• (d) 1.26

  i. e. The Language of the Highlan∣ders.
• (e) 1.27

  The Letter W. hard to be pronounced, but by those that Germa∣nize.
• * 1.28

  Pliny.
• * 1.29

  M••rini, M••∣rem••r••••a, Ar∣m••rici.
• * 1.30

  Oxonia and Roffa, for Ox∣onfordia and Raufchestria; i. e. O••f••rd and Rochester.
• (f) 1.31

  The Word Britannia hath divers Acceptations.
• * 1.32

  The Walls of Adrian and Severus.
• * 1.33

  Bede.
• * 1.34

  Claudian.
• * 1.35

  William of Malmsbury and Geoffry of Monmouth.
• * 1.36

  Britannus and Britto.
• * 1.37

  B••itton, first 〈◊〉〈◊〉 by Mar∣ti••l.
• * 1.38

  Slop-Breeche••, or Galagas∣kin••.
• * 1.39

  Bishop of Tour••.
• * 1.40

  Brittons in France.
• * 1.41

  Auson. Epigr. 109. &c.
• (g) 1.42

  This Epi∣gram was made by the Poet against one Si••vius, Sirnamed Bo∣nus, or Little-Britain in France, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 whom he had a 〈◊〉〈◊〉 (and, it seems, against the whole Nati∣on of the Bri∣tains for his sake.) He takes an occasion to 〈◊〉〈◊〉 him from the Ambiguity of his Sirname Bonus▪ which signifies also good in Latin, and (by the Figure Anti∣phrasis) evil, as here some∣times it is ta∣ken. This Author makes it a D••deca∣stich, whereas later Interpre∣ters have divi∣ded it into Six Distich••, (but all of one Sub∣ject) ••ccord∣ing to the Poets mind, expressed in the First of them. They are not here quoted for the Sarcasms conteined therein, (and there∣fore are not over-curiously Translated,) but only to shew, that, in this Poets time, (who lived under Gratian the Emperor, about Anno Christi 390. Britto and Britannus were Terms Synonymus.
• (h) 1.43

  The Prin∣ted Books read Britto & ho∣mo, which is scarce sense; and therefore Vinecus hath amended it, Britto bono; and so I have Englished this last Distich.
• (i) 1.44

  A People of Gallia-Bel∣gica, lying be∣twixt the Ri∣ver Lye and the S••••me, in West-Flanders, (as some write,) not far from Bollogne, Ypre, and St. Omers. Their chief Ci∣ty was called Teroven, now but a small Village.
• (k) 1.45

  Inhabitants of Artois.
• (l) 1.46

  Inhabitants about Bollogne, or betwixt Bol∣logne and Ca∣lais.
• (m) 1.47

  More, in old Celtick, is the Sea.
• (n) 1.48

  Inhabitants of Essex, as Lud; or ra∣ther of Suff••lk, Norfolk, Cam∣bridge, and Huntington, as Camden and Leland.
• (o) 1.49

  Calais, a•• some; but Witsand, ••by the Plandri∣ans called Isten, and Esse••,) a Port betwixt Calais and Bollogn••, in which some Footsteps of the word Iconi do appear, as others.
• (p) 1.50

  Near the Sea.
• (r) 1.51

  People of Dowar, as some, of Brabant and Bosleduc, as others; and of Namur, as divers say.
• (s) 1.52

  People of Little-Britain in France, to the West of Norman∣dy.
• (t) 1.53

  Dwellers near the Sea.
• (q) 1.54

  The Dead Sea.
• (u) 1.55

  Gascoigne, or Guienne, of which Bourde∣aux is the chief City.
• (w) 1.56

  Albion, o•• Albium, the Ancient Name of this Isl••nd.
• (x) 1.57

  Albion, the Fabulous Son of Neptune,
• (y) 1.58

  As also B••r∣gion.
• (z) 1.59

  Liguria was anciently a Country ly∣ing betwixt the Po in Italy, and the Rhos•••• in France.
• (a) 1.60

  A Peop••e living in the Skirts of the Alps.
• (b) 1.61

  Album signifies High, as well as White.
• (c) 1.62

  Albinga, under the C••∣••••eses.
• (d) 1.63

  Ventimig∣lid, belonging also to the Re∣publick of Genoua.
• (e) 1.64

  A People made up of Gauls and Illy∣rians, whose Possessions reached down to the Adria∣tick Sea, near Istria.
• (f) 1.65

  Til••••r.
• (g) 1.66

  Elbe.
• (h) 1.67

  Cohan.
• (i) 1.68

  Berg, in the German Lan∣guage signifies High.
• (k) 1.69

  Bergo∣mates, a People of Bergamo in Italy, now under the Ve∣netian.
• (l) 1.70

  Britain, why called Albion.
• (m) 1.71

  The Name Albion is still retained in part of Scotland.
• (n) 1.72

  The Situa∣tion of the se∣veral Counties ••n Albion, des∣cribed by Eng∣lish Writers.
• (o) 1.73

  Hector Boe∣tius blamed.
• (p) 1.74

  England, how divided.
• (q) 1.75

  Now only into two, viz. North and South-Wales; for Pembroke-Shi••e, with part of its ad∣jacent Coun∣ties, hereto∣fore called West-Wal••s, is now counted part of South-Wales.
• (r) 1.76

  The Situ∣ation of Scot∣land, and the several Coun∣ties thereof.
• (s) 1.77

  Merch.
• (t) 1.78

  Tiviotdale▪ or Tividale.
• (u) 1.79

  Lyddisdail.
• (x) 1.80

  Eusedail.
• (y) 1.81

  Eskdail.
• (z) 1.82

  Annandale.
• (a) 1.83

  Forth, or the Scotish Sea.
• (b) 1.84

  Lauderdale and Twedale.
• (c) 1.85

  Liddisdale, Nithisdale, and Clidesdale.
• (d) 1.86

  Lothian, whence so cal∣led.
• (e) 1.87

  Edinburgh in Lothian.
• (f) 1.88

  Clidsdale divided.
• * 1.89

  Kyle.
• * 1.90

  Galloway.
• * 1.91

  Abundance of Eels taken.
• * 1.92

  Mul of Gallo∣way.
• * 1.93

  Now Glen∣luce.
• * 1.94

  Rinns. of Galloway. Nonantum.
• * 1.95

  Carrick.
• * 1.96

  Kyle.
• * 1.97

  Air.
• * 1.98

  Cuningham.
• * 1.99

  Renfrew.
• * 1.100

  White Carth. and Black Carth. Clydsdale.
• * 1.101

  Sterling.
• * 1.102

  Carron-water.
• * 1.103

  Duni pacis, Emblems of Pe••••e.
• * 1.104

  A strange Edifice.
• * 1.105

  Guidi.
• * 1.106

  Adrian's Wall built before Severus's.
• * 1.107

  Maldon not in Scotland, but in Essex.
• * 1.108

  Iulius Agrico∣la.
• * 1.109

  Adrian's Wall, where?
• * 1.110

  Severus's Wall, now Grames Dike, where?
• * 1.111

  Abernethy, once the Royal Se••t of the Picts, then St. Andrews.
• * 1.112

  Lennox.
• * 1.113

  Menteath.
• * 1.114

  Loch-Lomund.
• * 1.115

  Pollacks, an unusual Fish.
• * 1.116

  Mount Gram∣pius. Loch-Ger. Loch-Long.
• * 1.117

  Cowel. Argyle. Knapdale.
• * 1.118

  Loch-Finn.
• * 1.119

  Loch-Awe.
• * 1.120

  Cantyre.
• * 1.121

  A Narrow Neck of Land joyns Cantyre to Knapdale. Birlings a small sort of Se••-Vessels.
• * 1.122

  Lorn or Laern.
• (a) 1.123

  Granze∣ben, or the Grampian-Hills, run from Aberdeen in the North, to Dunbarton in the West.
• (b) 1.124

  Braid-Al∣bin.
• (c) 1.125

  Drum-Al∣bin.
• (e) 1.126

  Loch-Earn.
• (f) 1.127

  Strath-Earn.
• (g) 1.128

  Strat, wha••.
• (h) 1.129

  Menteath.
• (i) 1.130

  Ocel-Hills.
• (k) 1.131

  Clacman, Culross, and Kinross, Stew∣arties.
• (k) 1.132

  Clacman, Culross, and Kinross, Stew∣arties.
• (k) 1.133

  Clacman, Culross, and Kinross, Stew∣arties.
• (l) 1.134

  Fife.
• (m) 1.135

  It ariseth out of Loch-Leven, and falls into the Forth at the Town of Leven.
• (n) 1.136

  Or Creal, on the East point of Fife.
• (o) 1.137

  St. Andrews heretofore cal∣led Fanum Re∣guli, an Uni∣versity.
• (p) 1.138

  Cowper, the Shire-Town of Fife
• (q) 1.139

  Abernethy, anciently the Royal Seat of of the Picts.
• (r) 1.140

  Tay, the greatest River in Scotland.
• (s) 1.141

  Loch-Tay Twenty four Miles long.
• (t) 1.142

  Athol.
• (u) 1.143

  Blare of Athol.
• (w) 1.144

  Caledonia, i. e. Dunkel, or Dunkelden, Why so cal∣led?
• (x) 1.145

  Ammianus Marcellinus divides the Picts into Ca∣ledons and Vec∣turions.
• (y) 1.146

  Perth on the South of Tay, called St. Iohnston's, from St. Iohn the Evange∣list, its Patron.
• (z) 1.147

  Gowry-land is the far∣thest East-point of Perth∣shire; the Plain thereof is called the Carss of Gowry, and the Hilly part the Brae of Gowry.
• (a) 1.148

  Angus, called also Aeneia, Horestia, and Forestia.
• (b) 1.149

  Wherein there was an Abby near the Water Ila.
• (c) 1.150

  The Gift of God.
• (d) 1.151

  Dundee called Taodunum, and why?
• (e) 1.152

  It stands near the Sea, on a little Brook in An∣gus, called Br••th••ck.
• (f) 1.153

  Redhead, or Reedhead.
• (g) 1.154

  Called the Sheriffdom of Mearns, lying betwixt Dye and North-Esk.
• (h) 1.155

  Or Dee.
• (i) 1.156

  It ariseth in Strathdon, the Hilly part of Mar••, and falls into the Ger∣man Sea, at old Aberdene.
• (k) 1.157

  Aberdene, standing on the Don; and Aberdee, standing on the Dee, or Dye, now both called Old and New Aberdene.
• (k) 1.158

  Aberdene, standing on the Don; and Aberdee, standing on the Dee, or Dye, now both called Old and New Aberdene.
• (k) 1.159

  Aberdene, standing on the Don; and Aberdee, standing on the Dee, or Dye, now both called Old and New Aberdene.
• * 1.160

  Marr, hath the German Ocean on the East; Dee, on the South; Badenach, on the West; and Bam••••shire, on the North.
• (m) 1.161

  Or Bade∣n••ck, a conti∣nued Ridge of Hills.
• (n) 1.162

  Called Loch-Abyr, from a little Loch lying in the midst of a shaking Bog, over against Enver-Loc••ie, or, as some call it, Inner-lochie.
• (o) 1.163

  The three Counties of Loch-Abyr, Badenach, and Marr, com∣prehend the Bredth of Scot∣land betwixt both Seas.
• (p) 1.164

  Buchan abounds with Salmon.
• (q) 1.165

  The Water of Ratra, in Buchan, hath no Salmon in it.
• (r) 1.166

  An unusual Cave, turning Water into Stone.
• (s) 1.167

  The like Cave at Tho∣louse in Lan∣guedoc••:
• (t) 1.168

  South of Bamss on the Sea-Coast.
• (u) 1.169

  E••••y, lying on the South of the Spey.
• (w) 1.170

  Or Spey, it watereth Bade∣nach and S••r••th-Spey, and falls into the German Ocean near G••rm••ch.
• (x) 1.171

  Loch-L••uch.
• * 1.172

  Lochty, or rather Lo••chty.
• (z) 1.173

  Or, En∣v••r-Lochty, standing on the West-side of the Mouth of the River Lochty, in Loch-Abyr.
• (a) 1.174

  A Castle on an high Rock in Lorn, of old the Habi∣tation of the Scotch Kings.
• (b) 1.175

  Evonia is not Dunstaf∣nage.
• (c) 1.176

  Mu••r••y-Land, some call it M••••∣r••eff land, from More, the Sea, and Rie••••, ••ent
• (d) 1.177

  A Chief Town in Mur∣r••y, within four Miles of the Sea.
• (e) 1.178

  O•• Enver∣ness, on the South-side of the Ness, where it falls into Murray Firth.
• (f) 1.179

  It is a nar∣row and deep Loch, arising near the West-Sea, in Glen∣dulphin; the Water thereof never freezeth, perhaps because encompassed with high Rocks and Mountains, which keep off the severity of the cold Air.
• (g) 1.180

  Where Scotland is narrowest; i. e. but 8 Miles broad between Loch and Loch, or Sea and Sea.
• (h) 1.181

  〈…〉〈…〉 by the mist••ke of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉; for the whole of it is menti∣oned by and by, in its pro∣p••r pl••ce.
• (i) 1.182

  R••••s is a Shire that ex∣tends it self, cross ways▪ from the Eas••, to the Wes••, Sea, which no County in Scot∣land doth, be∣sides.
• * 1.183

  Navern, or 〈…〉〈…〉.
• * 1.184

  It a••ise 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sutherland, and running s••rait North, frameth Loch-Navern, and falls into the Deucaledonian Sea at Inver-Na••a, or Inn••••-Navern, as some call it, West of Verve∣drum, or Stra∣th••-Ho••d.
• * 1.185

  It a••ise 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Sutherland, and running s••rait North, frameth Loch-Navern, and falls into the Deucaledonian Sea at Inver-Na••a, or Inn••••-Navern, as some call it, West of Verve∣drum, or Stra∣th••-Ho••d.
• (m) 1.186

  A Name given it by the P••cts, as some think: It hath Assin-Shire al∣so to the West of it.
• (n) 1.187

  Mountains of White Mar∣ble in Suther∣land.
• (o) 1.188

  Caithness, the most Nor∣thern Shire in Scotland.
• (p) 1.189

  Farrow-Head, is the farthest North-West point of Scotland, lying in the small E∣dar-da-cheules.
• (p) 1.190

  Farrow-Head, is the farthest North-West point of Scotland, lying in the small E∣dar-da-cheules.
• (q) 1.191

  Because Strathy-Head is, by some, rec∣koned to be in Strath-Na∣vern, not in Caithness, therefore they make Hoia to be the Hill of Hoy in Caithness, which hath a Fountain at Top, and, at its Bottom, bub∣bles forth a River, that runs to the Town of Wick in Caithness, the usual Port for Ships to and from the Orcades.
• * 1.192

  or Dungisby.
• (r) 1.193

  The Cor∣navii in Caith∣ness in Scot∣land, and in Cornwal in England, too.
• (s) 1.194

  Now Castle Sinclare.
• (t) 1.195

  Kernico∣valli, Who?
• (a) 1.196

  Kebercur∣nig.
• (b) 1.197

  Abrecorn, or Abercorn.
• (c) 1.198

  The Islands of Scotland divided into three ranks, with their se∣veral Names. viz.

  • 1st. Western,
  • 2. Orcades, or Orkny,
  • 3 Schetland, Isles.
• (d) 1.199

  Western-Isles, called Hebrides, Aemodae, and Aebudae.
• (e) 1.200

  These Number ac∣cording to Mela, Capella, Ptolomy, Soli∣nus, and Pliny.
• (f) 1.201

  The Name Aebudae, most approved by this Author.
• (g) 1.202

  Donald Monro, some∣time Dean of Murray, Tra∣velled over the Islands of Scotland, and described them.
• (h) 1.203

  Alexander the 3d. King of Scotland, drove the Danes and Normans out of these Islands, after they had pos∣sest them a∣bout 160 years.
• (i) 1.204

  The Dispo∣sition, Cu∣stoms, &c. of their Inha∣bitants.
• (k) 1.205

  Blandi∣um, an old Drink made of Whey, cla••••fi∣ed with Herbs.
• * 1.206

  Heath, it•• Nature.
• (l) 1.207

  Isle of Man called Mana, Eu∣bonia, Meva∣nia, Manim.
• (m) 1.208

  Sodora in Man, once the Bishop of the Island•• See.
• (n) 1.209

  Ailze,
• (o) 1.210

  abounds with Soland G••ese.
• (p) 1.211

  Or, Arran.
• (q) 1.212

  Lamlach.
• (r) 1.213

  Flada.
• (s) 1.214

  Boot Isle.
• (t) 1.215

  Rothsey Ca∣stle.
• (u) 1.216

  Keames Castle.
• (w) 1.217

  Mernoch.
• (x) 1.218

  Cumbras, Two.
• (y) 1.219

  Sanda.
• (z) 1.220

  Rahglin near Ireland.
• (a) 1.221

  Cara.
• (b) 1.222

  Gaga.
• (c) 1.223

  Iura, a large Island, former∣ly called Dera, and why?
• (d) 1.224

  Scarba.
• (e) 1.225

  Many lesser Island••, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 their Name••.
• (f) 1.226

  Garvillan Vsk••a, Garvil∣lan More, and Garvillan ••eg.
• (g) 1.227

  Sleach.
• (h) 1.228

  Tyan.
• (i) 1.229

  Once the Bishop of Argyle's 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• (k) 1.230

  Yla, a large Island.
• (l) 1.231

  Avonlaggan.
• (m) 1.232

  Finlagan, once the Seat of the Prince of the Islands.
• * 1.233

  Ilan na-Co∣vihaslop, called also the Island of Council, and why?
• (n) 1.234

  Many small Islands be∣tween Ila, and Iura, with their Names.
• (o) 1.235

  Mull a, large Island.
• (p) 1.236

  Calaman.
• (q) 1.237

  Erra.
• (r) 1.238

  Icolumkill.
• (s) 1.239

  Curia, a Parish Church.
• * 1.240

  Columbus, his Monastery.
• (t) 1.241

  Three Tombs or C••∣meterys for the Kings of Three several Nations.
• (u) 1.242

  Soa.
• (w) 1.243

  Nuns Island.
• (x) 1.244

  Skanny.
• (y) 1.245

  Eorsa.
• (z) 1.246

  Vlva.
• (a) 1.247

  Colvansa.
• (b) 1.248

  Gomedra.
• (c) 1.249

  Stafa.
• (d) 1.250

  Carni∣burghs, Two.
• (e) 1.251

  Black, or Turff Island.
• (f) 1.252

  Lunga.
• (g) 1.253

  Baca.
• (h) 1.254

  Terriss.
• (i) 1.255

  Gun Isle▪
• (k) 1.256

  Coll.
• (l) 1.257

  Calfa.
• (m) 1.258

  Charn More, and Charn Beg.
• (m) 1.259

  Charn More, and Charn Beg.
• (n) 1.260

  Glass More and Glass Beg.
• * 1.261

  Ardan Rider.
• (o) 1.262

  Island More.
• (p) 1.263

  Rum.
• * 1.264

  Naich.
• * 1.265

  Muick, full of Falcons, &c.
• (q) 1.266

  Soavreti••l.
• * 1.267

  Sky, the biggest Isle a∣bout Scotland.
• * 1.268

  Skianacha, the old name for Sky. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• * 1.269

  Oransa.
• * 1.270

  Na gunner.
• (w) 1.271

  Paba.
• * 1.272

  Scalpa.
• * 1.273

  Crouling.
• * 1.274

  Scalpa
• * 1.275

  Raarsa.
• * 1.276

  Rona.
• * 1.277

  Gerloch.
• * 1.278

  Fladda.
• * 1.279

  Tr••nta.
• * 1.280

  Oransa.
• (c) 1.281

  V••••a More▪
• (c) 1.282

  and V••••a B••g.
• * 1.283

  Several small Islands.
• (d) 1.284

  Watersa.
• (e) 1.285

  Barra.
• * 1.286

  A strange Spring, carry∣ing down shapeless Fish into the Sea.
• (f) 1.287

  Cockles, or Periwinkles.
• * 1.288

  Divers small Islands.
• (g) 1.289

  Vyist a great Island.
• (h) 1.290

  A strange sort of Fish.
• * 1.291

  Helscher Ve∣tularum.
• (i) 1.292

  Havelschy∣er.
• * 1.293

  Hirta.
• (k) 1.294

  A Custom of Baptizing once a Year.
• (l) 1.295

  Large fair Sheep in Hirta.
• (m) 1.296

  Valay.
• * 1.297

  Soa and seve∣ral smal Islands.
• (n) 1.298

  Flavanae, in which are wild Sheep.
• * 1.299

  Garvillan, and other little Islands.
• (o) 1.300

  Island of Pygmees.
• * 1.301

  Lewis, &c.
• (p) 1.302

  A Vault able to shelter Ships in a Storm.
• * 1.303

  Schan-Castle.
• (q) 1.304

  Loch-Brien or Broom.
• * 1.305

  En.
• * 1.306

  Gruinorta, or 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• (r) 1.307

  Cleirach or 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Isle.
• * 1.308

  Harary, &c.
• (s) 1.309

  Harray, or Harrick, and Lewis are but one Island, of which Harray is the South part.
• * 1.310

  Roadilla Mo∣nastery.
• (t) 1.311

  Wild Sheep in Harray b••t no Foxes no•• Wolves.
• * 1.312

  Lewis is the North part of the Island.
• (u) 1.313

  Whales ta∣ken in abun∣dance about the Island Lewis.
• * 1.314

  Rona, with the Condition of its Inhabi∣tants.
• (w) 1.315

  Ronanus, his strange Spade.
• (x) 1.316

  Suilkyr.
• * 1.317

  Or Berlins.
• (y) 1.318

  A rare Bird, called Colca.
• * 1.319

  The Orcades.
• (z) 1.320

  Goths, a People o•• Sar∣ma••••a Euro∣paea, thence transplanted into Germany near the River Oder in Sil••sia.
• * 1.321

  Or Picts and Sea.
• (a) 1.322

  The Bri∣tains praised God in Five Tongues.
• (b) 1.323

  The Inha∣bitants of the Orcades, Parsimonious and long liv'd.
• * 1.324

  No vene∣mous Creat∣ture in the Orcades, nor any Tree.
• * 1.325

  Magnus his Bouncing Cup, or Was∣sail Bowl.
• * 1.326

  A strange Test for a Bishop.
• * 1.327

  The Sea very Tempestuous about the Or∣c••des, and the reason, why?
• * 1.328

  Authors do not agree, con∣cerning the number of the Orcades.
• * 1.329

  Pomona, or the Mainland, the greatest Island of the Orcades.
• * 1.330

  Danes long Masters of the Orcades.
• * 1.331

  Kirkwall the chiefe••t Town in Mainland.
• * 1.332

  White and black Lead in Mainland.
• * 1.333

  Pentland Firth divides Mainland from Caith∣ness.
• * 1.334

  Stromoy.
• * 1.335

  South Ra∣nalds-Oy, the first Isle of the Orcades.
• (a) 1.336

  Holme, what?
• * 1.337

  Bura, &c.
• (b) 1.338

  Hoia, and Waes-Isle.
• * 1.339

  Granisa.
• (c) 1.340

  Coupins-Oy.
• * 1.341

  Siapins-Oy.
• (d) 1.342

  Rows-Oy.
• * 1.343

  Eglis-Oy, or Eglisa, where St. Magnus was buried.
• (e) 1.344

  Wyer-Oy, Gress-Oy, and Wester-Oy, &c. Fair Isle in the mid way between the Orcades, and Schetland.
• * 1.345

  Many out∣landish Fisher∣men resort to Fair Isle.
• (f) 1.346

  Schetland Isles, the great∣est of them called Main∣land, as well as the greatest of the Orcades.
• (g) 1.347

  Yell.
• * 1.348

  The Names of some ••••all Sc••etland 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• (h) 1.349

  Vuist, or Vust Isle.
• * 1.350

  Divers other small Islands.
• (i) 1.351

  The Schet∣landers man∣ner of Life and Trade.
• * 1.352

  Their Lan∣guage.
• (k) 1.353

  Their In∣nocent Mirth, and Longaevi∣ty.
• * 1.354

  One Law∣rence, a Schet∣lander, Marri∣ed at an Hun∣dred years of Age, and lived above an Hun∣dred and Forty.