A geographical dictionary representing the present and ancient names of all the counties, provinces, remarkable cities, universities, ports, towns, mountains, seas, streights, fountains, and rivers of the whole world : their distances, longitudes, and latitudes : with a short historical account of the same, and their present state : to which is added an index of the ancient and Latin names : very necesary for the right understanding of all modern histories, and especially the divers accounts of the present transactions of Europe / begun by Edmund Bohun ... ; continued, corrected, and enlarged with great additions throughout, and particularly with whatever in the geographical part of the voluminous, Morey and Le Clerks occurs observable, by Mr. Bernard ; together with all the market-towns, corporations, and rivers, in England, wanting in both the former editions.

P A. (Book p)

PAchacama, a famous, fertile, and pleasant Valley in the Kingdom of Peru, four Leagues from Li∣ma: where stood, in the times of the Yncas or Indian Emperors of Peru, a most magnificent Temple by them built to the honour of the Creator of the Ʋni∣verse, says Garcillasus; not of the Sun, as others misrepresent their Devotion. Its Ruines are yet ap∣parent. This Temple was immensely rich with the Treasures especially hidden in it, when Pizarro be∣came Master of the Country. It is said, himself drew thence above nine hundred thousand Duccates.

Pacamores, a People of Peru near the Confluence of the Maranio, and the River of Amazons.

Pacca, the Moorish Name of Beja, a City of Portugal.

Pactolus, a River of the Lesser Asia, which ari∣seth in Lydia from the Mountain Tmolus, and passeth by the City Sardis into the Hermus (now Sarabat); whence it is also by the Moderns called by the same

Name of Sarabat. The antient Poets often quote its golden Sands.

Padeborn, Paderborn, Paderborna, Padeburna, a City of Westphalia; which is a Bishop's See, under the Archbishop of Mentz, by the Institution of Charles the Great, who held a Diet or Parliament here in 777. In 799. Pope Leo III. took refuge in this City. In 999. it happened to be burnt. In 1002. the Empress Cunegonda was crowned at it. Of old an Imperial and Free City; but since exempt, and in the Hands of its own Bishop ever since 1604. It is seated near the Rise of the River Lippe; twelve Miles from Munster to the North-East, and ten from Cassel to the South-West: about two Miles from it lies the Castle of Newhaus, built by Theodore Furstemberg, Bishop of this Se••, in the year 1590, for the Residence of the Bishop. Long. 30. 30. Lat. 51. 45. § The Bishop∣rick of Paderborn, is a Tract in the Circle of West∣phalia; bounded on the North by the County of Lipp••, on the East by Munster, on the South by Hassia, and on the West by the Dukedom of West∣phalia. It is from North to South forty Miles. The principal Places in it are Paderborn, Brackel and Warburgh. Ferdinand Furstemberg, Bishop of this Diocese, has written a History of it.

Padoua, Patavium, a Ci••y of Italy, in the States of Venice; upon the Rivers Brenta, and Bachiglione; twenty four Miles from Venice to the West, eighteen from Vicenza, and forty eight from Ferrara to the North. All the ancient Writers agree this City was built by Antenor a Trojan, (particularly Virgil speak∣ing of Antenor says, Hic tamen ille urbem Patavi, sedesque locavit,) soon after the Ruin of Troy: They pretend to shew his Tomb here; upon which there is an Inscription in Gothick Letters, that cannot be equally old. In this City was brought into the World Livy, the great Roman Historian. About the year of Christ 452, it was ruined by Attila, King of the Huns; rebuilt by the Inhabitants of Ravenna. About an hundred years after the Lombards destroyed it, and Charles the Great refounded it. In 1140. it came into the Possession of the Carrarii. In 1221, Fre∣derick II. Emperor opened the University here. In 1403. John Galeatius, Duke of Milan, put an end to this Family; and three years after, the Venetians took it from him. In 1509 it was taken from them by Maximilian I. Emperor of Germany; but being soon after recovered, has ever since continued under that State. It is great and strong, but not very po∣pulous; and a Bishop's See, under the Archbishop of Aquileja. Long. 33. 58. Lat. 44. 54. The Country it stands in is so fruitful, as to give occasion to this Italian Proverb to prefer Padua before either Venice or Bologna, Bologna la grassa, Venetia la guasta, ma Padoa la passa. It is made a strong place by its Castles, Towers, Walls and Ditches. The Palaces and publick Buildings are noble; the Ʋniversity is particularly famous for the Faculty of Physick. It is the Capital of the Territory, called the Padouan; which comprehends Este, Arqua, Poluerara, Castel∣baldo, Montagnana, Mirano, &c. There are two Academies of the Ingenious established in it, under the Titles of gli Recoverati, and gli inflammati. It shews the ruines of a Roman Amphitheatre; And in the year 1350. a Synod was assembled in this City.

Padstow▪ a Market Town in the County of Corn∣wall, in the Hundred of Pider, with a Haven to the North Sea.

Pag••ts ••romley, a Market Town in Stafford∣shire, in the Hundred of Pirehill, upon the River Blithe.

Paglion, ••au••on, a small River which washeth the City of Nice in Piedmou••; then falls into the Mediterranean Sea.

alamos, a Sea-Port Town in Catalonia.

The Palatinate of Bavaria. See Bavaria.

The Palatinate of the Rhine, Palatinatus Rhe∣ni, Palatinatus Inferior, is a Province of Germany, in the Circle of the Rhine; called by the Germans, Nider Pfaltzische Landt; under the Electoral Prince, who has his Title from it. The Rhine divides it into two unequal parts; on the North it is bound∣ed by the Bishoprick of Ment••▪ and in part on the East; the rest of that side is inclosed by Gerawer; on the South it has the Lower A••satia; on the West the Bishoprick of Trier, and the Dukedom of Bipont. This Country is now divided into thirteen Bailywicks. The chief Towns of it are Heydelberg, Manheim, Franckenthall, Oppenheim, Kaisers-Lautern, and Creutznach. These Countries, or at least a part of them, have been enjoyed by the Palatinate Fami∣ly ever since 1195.

Palazzulo, Herbessus, a City of Sicily; twenty Miles from Syracuse to the West, and sixteen from Lentini to the South.

Palencia, Palantia, Pallantia, Palentia in Va∣cexis, a City of the Kingdom of Leon in Spain, with a Bishop's See heretofore under the Archbishop of To∣ledo, now of Burgos. Mela, Livy, Strabo, &c. of∣ten mention it. In 1388. a Council was celebrated here under Pope Clement VII. It has been in for∣mer times a strong and considerable Pl••ce: but in that part of its Character it is deficient now.

Palermo, Panormus, a City in the Valley of Ma∣zara, in the Island of Sicily; which is an Archbishop's See, and the present Metropolis of that Kingdom. It is great, populous, and rich; built by the Phoenici∣ans before the Greeks entered this Island. Under Ro∣ger Earl of Sicily it became the Capital of the Island. It is pleasantly seated on the North-West Shoar, at the mouth of the River Olestis, where it hath a Port: four Miles from Montreal to the North, and fourteen from Messina to the South-West. Baudrand saith, the French beat the Dutch and Spaniards, near this City, June 2. 1676.

Palestina, Palaestina, a small, but celebrated and noble Country in Asia; extended from North to South; between Syria to the North, the Desarts of Arabia to the East, the Stony Arabia to the South, and the Mediterranean Sea to the West. This was that spot of Ground allotted by God to his own Peo∣ple the Children of Israel; and divided at first into twelve Tribes. About the time of our Saviour's Birth it was divided into six Provinces. Now commonly called the Holy Land; and in the Hands of the Turks ever since the year 1517. See Jerusalem.

Palestrina, Praeneste, Polystephanos, a City of Latium in Italy, of great Antiquity; of a Colony made a Municipium by Augustus. It is in Campagna di Roma, under the Dominion of the Pope; twenty two Miles from Rome to the South-East. Of old it stood upon a high Hill, where the Castle is now: but also built down as far as the Plains. This ancient City was pulled down by Pope Boniface VIII. and re∣built in the Plain, upon the River Vetesis: it is a Bi∣shop's See, which belongs to one of the six Senior Cardinals; and a Dukedom born by the Family of Barberini. Suaresius, a French Man, has published a particular account of it. In the Roman times it had standing in it a Temple, dedicated to Fortune and much resorted to upon the account of Lots: Ma∣ny of the Ruins thereof are yet apparent.

Palicenus, a Fountain near the City Catania, in the Island of Sicily; where the Romans sacrificed to the Dii Palisci.

Palimban, a City in the Island of Sumatra, in the East-Indies.

Palmela, a Town near S••••uval in Portugal.

Palma la Pova, a strong and fortified City in Friuli in Italy; under the Dominion of the States of Venice; built by them in the Year 1593, in the Con∣fines of their Territories, and those of Austria; eleven Miles from the Shoars of the Venetian Gulph, and fifteen from Goritia to the North-West. Dr. Brown, who saw this place, saith; It is the largest Regular Fortification I have seen: having nine Bastions, bear∣ing the Names of so many noble Venetians. The Ditch is thirty paces broad, twelve deep; and is kept dry, in order to make the place the more healthful; but it may be filled upon occasion. It has three Gates, and about an hundred Cannon, always mounted; and there are many more upon occasion. In the Centre of the Town there is a Well, and over it is fixed a Standard. The Venetians believe this the strongest Fortification in the World. But the Doctor wish∣eth they may never know a Compleat Turkish Army before it, when they are in no good condition to re∣lieve it. Travels, pag. 84, 85.

Palma, or la Palma, one of the Canary Islands, in the Atlantick Ocean: twenty six Leagues in com∣pass. Conquered by the Spaniards in 1491, and now well inhabited. The principal Town of it is Santa Cruz de la Palma. There is a Volcanoe▪ Mountain in this Island, which in Nov. 1677. raged with a mighty vehemence, accompanied with Thunder, Earthquakes, and Rivers of Fire.

Palma, the same with Zadaon.

La Cividad di las Palmas, Palmarum Civitas, the principal City of the Island of Canaria; which has an Harbor on the Atlantick Ocean, and is placed on the East side of the Island. Sometime called Ca∣naria, but Palmas is its true Name; and it is under the Spaniards.

Palmyra, an ancient City of Syria, near the Arabia deserta: the Capital heretofore of the King∣dom and Country of the Palmyreni, and the See of an Archbishop. The Emperor Adrian augmented it, and called it Adrianople. Some now give it the name of Amegara; and others, Faid.

Palipoli, Celendris, a City of Cilicia, in the Lesser Asia; which is a bishops See, under the Arch∣bishop of Sele••cia; and has a tolerable Haven.

Palos de Moguer, Palus, a small Town in An∣daluzia; at the mouth of the River Odiel, (Luxia) or Tinto, (as Baudrand explains the Latin Name in another place;) upon the Bay of Cadiz; fifteen Leagues from Sevil to the West, and nine from the Mouth of the Guadiana to the East; in a declining State. From this Town Columbus set Sail in 1492, when he went to discover America.

Palotta, Paloda, a Town in the Lower Hungary, in the County of Alba Regalis, near the Confines of Austria; and about three Miles from Alba Regalis to the North: which was in the Hands of the Turks till 1687. And then taken by the Imperial Forces, after the Battel of Mohatz.

Palus Maeotis, a great Gulph, or Marsh, made by the Euxine Sea, betwixt Europe and Asia; hav∣ing the Crim Tartary on the West, Sarmatia Euro∣paea or Moscovia to the North, and Circassia to the North and East. About six hundred Miles in Circuit, and passable in some places by boats. Now called Limen, the Sea of Zabache, and the Sea of Tana. See Limen.

Pamiers, Pamiae, Apamiae, Epaunum, Fredela∣cum, a City in the County de Foix; which is a Bi∣shop's See, under the Archbishop of Tolouse by the Institution of Pope Boniface VIII. having been here∣tofore a part of the Diocese of Tolouse. It stands near the River Ariege; three Leagues from Foix to the North, and nine from Tolouse. A late Bishop of this Diocese has made it much taken notice of, by his op∣posing the present King of France in the Business of the Regalia. The Counts of Carcassone built it an Abbey in the eighth Century, which in 1296. Pope Boniface erected into the aforesaid Bishoprick. This See was at first a Suffragan to the Archiepiscopal Throne of Narbon, till Pope John XXII. made To∣louse an Archbishoprick, and then it became subject to Tolouse. Pope Benedict XII. was a Bishop of Pamiers.

Pampelune, or Pamplona, Pampelona, Pompelo, Pompelon, the Capital of the Kingdom of Navarr; supposed to be built by Pompey the Great, or rather perhaps rebuilt, and from him called Pompejopolis. It stands upon the River Arga; called by the Natives in their proper Tongue Iruna, that is, the Good Town; in a fruitful Valley, surrounded on all sides with aspiring Hills and Mountains: twenty French Leagues from Bayonne to the South, and forty from Saragosa to the North. Taken by Charlemaigne in 778. in his Passage into Spain. This was the Seat of the Kings of Navarr, till in the year 1512, it fell in∣to the Hands of the Spaniards. Philip II. built a Cittadel in it, to secure his Possession. It is also a Bishop's See, under the Archbishop of Burgos since the time of Pope Gregory XIII; having been here∣tofore under the Archbishop of Saragoza, by the In∣stitution of Pope John XXII. Some private Synods have been held here. Long. 19. 50. Lat. 43. 58.

Pamphylia, a Province of the ancient Asia Mi∣nor, now included in Caraman, and called Settalia: Its principal Cities were hereto••ore Perga, Aspendus, and Attalia. See Settalia.

Panama, a City and Sea-Port in South America, of great Fame and Resort; in the Province called Terra Firma; on the Shoars of the South Sea, sea∣ted in an unhealthful Air. It was built by Petrus Ario, in the year 1515. for the Reception of the Ef∣fects brought from Peru; as Nombre de Dios was on the opposite side of the Isthmus, for those brought from Spain. Soon after honoured with the Birth of a modern Saint, called Rose of Panama; whose San∣ctity was so conspicuous, that the Gnats and Flies in her Cell observed and reverenced it; as Father Oliva (the late General of the Jesuits) informs us in her Life. But alas! this Saint has not been able to pro∣tect the Town from another sort of Flies; for Janu∣ary 25. 1671. it was taken and plundered by the French: and in 1686. by Captain Lawrence a Buc∣caneer. The City, though small, and built of Wood only, is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Li∣ma; eighteen Leagues from the North-Sea. Long. 294. 30. Lat. 8. 30. § The Isthmus, or Streight of Panama, is a Neck of Land eighteen Leagues over from East to West; by which the Northern and Sou∣thern America are tacked together.

Panaro-Scultenna, a River of Italy; which a∣rising from the Apennine, in the Territory of Frig∣nana, in the Dukedom of Modena; and being cal∣led at first Scultenna, (after it has taken in the Dar∣dagna, and some others) takes the Name of Panaro▪ and dividing Modena from Bononia, twelve Miles above Ferrari, falls into the Po.

Panarucan, a City in the Isle of Java, in the East-Indies, by the Streights of Balambuan; thirty Miles from Passarvan to the East, and forty five from Balambuan to the North; on the East Side of the Island. It is the Capital of a small Kingdom there. Near it, stands a Sulphureous Mountain, which in 1586. destroyed above ten thousand persons in a Rup∣ture that hapned to it.

Pancalieri, Pancalerium, a small City in Pied∣mont, in Italy, upon the Po; nine Miles from Turin to the South.

Pandataria. See Sancta Maria.

Pand••sia, an ancient City in the Country of the Brutii, in the present Kingdom of Naples, in Italy. Taken by the Romans at the same time with Consen∣tia (Cosenza,) in Calabria, according to Livy: and more especially remarkable for the ruin of Alexander King of Epirus here, into which he was deceived by an Oracle. The Town Castel Franco is supposed to stand now near the remains of this City.

Paniza, a River in Bulgaria, which falls into the Euxine Sea; four German Miles North of Me∣sember, and about five from the Borders of Thrace. In Latin Panyasus.

Pannonia, a great Country in the ancient Divi∣sion of Europe: comprehended betwixt Illyricum, the Danube, and the Mountains Cethi. It was disposed into two parts, called Prima & secunda Consularis; or the Ʋpper and Lower Pannonia. The prima Con∣sularis, or Ʋpper Pannonia, lay Westward; con∣taining the modern Provinces of Stiria, Carniola, Carinthia, Croatia, VVindisch-Marck, and the grea∣test part of Austria. The other, to the East; where are now Bosnia, Sclavonia, and Hungary; as much as is enclosed betwixt the Danube, the Raab, and the Drave. There was also Pannonia Riparia, and Valeria. The first made a part of the present Sclavonia and Bosnia; the second, of Stiria. This Country first beheld the Roman Arms under Julius Caesar. After him, Tiberius rendered it Tributary; next the Goths, Hunns, and other Barbarians, possessed themselvs of it. Its most celebrated ancient Cities, were Sigesta or Siscia (now Sisseg;) Petavium (Pettaw,) Nau∣portus, (Labach;) Vindobona, (Vienna;) Sirmi∣um, (Sirmish;) Taurum, (VVeissenbourg;) &c. Its ancient Inhabitants were a Nation of the Celtick Gaules.

Panorm••, Panormus, a Sea-Port in Epirus.

Pantiro, the same with Heraclia.

Panuco, a City and Province of New Spain in America. The Province lies upon the Gulph of Me∣xico, towards New Biscay, within the Prefecture of Mexico. The City, its Capital, is otherwise called S. Estevan del puerto.

Paoking, or Pooking, a City in the Province of Huquam, in the Kingdom of China, at the foot of Mount Lungus.

Paola, a Town in the Kingdom of Naples, in the Hither Calabria; where S. Francis de Paola, the Founder of the Order of the Minimes, was born.

Paoning, Paoganum, a great City in the Pro∣vince of Suchem, in the Kingdom of China, upon the River Kialing.

Paoting, Paotinga, another great City in the Province of Suchem, in the Kingdom of China, upon the River Kialing.

Papa, a small, but very strong City of the Lower Hungury, upon the River Marchaltz; in the Coun∣ty of Vesprin; in the middle between Javarin to the North, and Vesprin to the South; scarce three Hungarian Miles from the Turkish Conquests. This Town in the year 1683. with Dotis, Vesprim, and ••••ewentz, yielded to Count Teckely: But after the raising the Siege of Vienna, they returned under the Obedience of the Emperour.

Papalopa••, a River in New Spain, in the Pro∣vince of Guaxaca; which is called also the River of Alvarad; and is the biggest in that Province. It ari∣seth from the Mountains of Zonoholiuchan; and re∣ceiving Quiyo••epec, Huitzilan, C••inantha, Quauhquet-Zpalt••pec, 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and Tey••ciyucan, falls into the North Sea.

Paphlagonia, an ancient Country or Province of the Lesser Asia, betwixt Galatia and the Euxine Sea, extended along the Coast; now called Flagania, Bolli, and Roni. Its principal Cities, in those days of Antiquity, were Sinope and Theuthrania.

Paphos, a celebrated ancient City in the Island of Cyprus, where Venus had a Temple in her honour. It became a Bishops See. in Christian times: but now ruined, under the Tarks; and called Bassa.

Papous, or la Tierra dos Papoas, as the Portu∣gueze call it; and Terre des Papous, as the French; is a Country in the Terra Australis; to the East of the Islands Ceram and Gilola in the East-Indies, near the Equinoctial Line; by some, made to be a part of New Guinee; by others, separated from it by a small Streight. The Princes of the neighbouring Islands have the Natives in Esteem for Courage and Fidelity.

Pappenheim, a Town in the Circle of Schwaben in Germany, upon the River Altmul; adorned with the Title of a Barony formerly, now an Earldom. It gave its Name and Title to the famous General Pappenheim, in the late German Wars.

Para, a City in the North part of Brasil, upon the River of Amazons; under the Dominion of the Por∣tuguese; forty Miles above the fall of that River. Long. 328. Lat. 01. 30. There belongs to this City a Province of the same Name, called Capitania de Para.

Paragoja, an Island of the East-Indies, called like∣wise Puloan and Calamianes; between Borneo to the South-West, and Manilla to the North East; an hundred Miles in length, twenty in breadth, and two hundred in circuit. It is one of the Philippine Islands, which was never conquered by the Europe∣ans. Not very fertile, or well peopled.

Paraguay, Paraguaia, a vast Country in the South America, the greatest part of which is subject to the Spaniards. Bounded on the East by Brasil; on the South by Magellanica; on the West by Peru, and the Kingdom of Chili. It is divided into seven Counties, which are sruitful in all things, with Mines and Sugars. Not many Spanish Colonies are settled in it; yet it has one Bishop at l' Assumption, and ano∣ther at Buenos Ayres. This Province takes its Name from the River Paraguay; which signifies the River of Feathers. It ariseth from the Lake of Xaraies; and go∣ing South receives the River of Plata and many others; and at last by a vast Mouth falls into the Sea of Magel∣lan. This is one of the greatest Rivers of America.

Paraiba, a strong City in Brasil, which has a large Haven, and gives name to a Province, called the Government or Capitania de Paraiba. Not above eight Miles from the North Sea, upon a River of the same name. It was long since inhabited by five hun∣dred Portuguese, besides Slaves and Negroes; and be∣ing unwalled, its best security was the Fort of S. Francis built by the French, and taken by the Portuguese, in 1585. In 1634. both the City and Fort were forced to submit to the Dutch Valour, who new named them Frederickstadt. But the Portu∣guese have at last recovered the Possession of it. These latter have sometimes called the City, Nostra Sennora das Nieves.

Parana, a River and Province of Paraguay. The Spaniards have about four Colonies in this Pro∣vince.

Paranaiba, Paranayba, a River and a Province on the Consines of Brasil. The River falls in that of the Amazons; on the South Side of which, the Pro∣vince lies.

Paray-le-Moineau, Pareium Moniacum, a Town in the Dukedom of Burgogne, in France; in the Territory of Charolois, upon the River Brebin∣che; two Leagues from the Loyre.

Pardiac, Pardiniacum, a County in Aquitain in France.

Parenzo, Parentum, Parentium, a small City in Histria, under the Venetians; which is a Bishops See, under the Patriarch of Aquileja. It stands seven Miles from Citta Nuoua, to the South; twenty eight from Gapo di Istria, and eighty from Venice to the East; upon a Peninsula, well sortified, having a con∣venient Haven: But not much inhabited, by reason of the unhealthfulness of the Air.

Paria, a Province in the Terra Firma, in South America; near the Shoars of the North Sea, and un∣der the Dominion of the Spaniards; between the River Orinoque to the East, and the Venetola to the West. This is a principal Member of New Anda∣lusia, from hence often called Paria. There are some few Colonies of Spaniards in it, and a Gulph of its Name.

Parimao, a Lake in South America, which which bounds the Country of Guiana on the South; under the Line. Some call it Roponouvini. It has not hitherto been fully discovered by the Euro∣peans.

Parinacocha, a Province of Peru, towards the Andes, under the Spaniards.

Pario, Parium, a City of the Lesser Asia, upon the Propontis; twenty Miles from Lampsaco to the East, and thirty from Cyzicus, now Spinga. It has a large Haven, and is a Bishops See under the Archbi∣shop of Spinga.

Paris, Leutetia, Luotetia, Lucetia, Leucotetia, Parisii, and Lutetia Parisiorum, the Capital City of the Kingdom of France; boasted by Baudrand, to be the greatest City of Europe; with a Nemine re∣clamante, no body denying it to be so. This was a celebrated City in the Times of the Roman Empire. Julian the Apostate (whilst he was Caesar only) re∣sided here in the Reign of Constantius: and adorned it with Baths and a Palace. But its greatest Rise was from the Franks: Clodoveus settling the Royal Throne in this City, about the year 458. Julius Cae∣sar is the first that mentions it; it was then very small; being wholly contained in an Island in the Seyne, not exceeding forty Acres, which had then a Wooden Bridge over the River. In this Isle the Cathedral Church now is, and the Palace of the first French Kings. From the times of Clodoveus the first Chri∣stian King, as long as that Race lasted, it grew migh∣tily, and became very considerable. But under the Caroline Line it was very little improved; those Princes not fixing here, or in any other place. In the year 585, it happened to be almost all burnt. In 845, 856, 886, and 890, the Normans, by Sieges and Incursions, did extremely endamage it. In 896, it was very hardly preserved out of the Hands of the Normans, as to the Island; what stood out of the Island was redeemed from Ruin by Money. The Posterity of Hugh Capet on the other side fixed here; and be∣stowed great Sums of Money in enlarging and adorn∣ing this City. Charles the Great, about the year 796, at the Request of Alcuinus, a Saxon, opened an Uni∣versity here; to whose further Grandeur King Lewis the Seventh, and Philip the August, contributed very much. The College of Sorbonne holds the first place therein. In the year 1034, it suffered another Fire; and in 1206, a terrible Inundation of the River Seine. In 1420, Henry V. of England, possessed himself of this City, by marrying Catharine the Daughter of Charles VI. of France. In the year 1422, Henry VI. (Son of this Victorious, but short lived Prince) was crowned King of France in Paris. And again in 1431. After this it remained in the Hands of the English till the year 1435. The Divisions of England under Henry VI. made way for the l••ss of France. The year 1572 brought great and unparallel'd Infamy and Calamity upon this potent City; 10000 Gentlemen being assassinated within her Walls who came thither upon the Publick Faith to the Celebration of a Marriage) in cold, Blood, and in a time of Peace. In 1588, the Inhabitants became almost as infamous by the Baracades against Henry III where∣by the Life of that Prince was indangered, and he driven out of his Royal Palace by a Seditious Subject, who made himself the Head of a Faction under the Pretence of Preserving the Religion of his Country. In 1589, Henry III. was stabbed by James Clement▪ a Dominican Fryar, under the Walls of Paris; just as he was upon the point of revenging the Insolence of the Baracades. The year 1590 was no less miserable: this City being by a Siege reduced by Henry IV. to so dreadful a Famine, as is scarce any where else to be read of. In the year 1610, the same Streets were stained with the Blood of Henry IV. slain by R••vil∣lac, another Enthusiastick Monk, on the same Pre∣tence that his Predecessor was. In the year 1649, they suffered the Calamities of another Siege; and were forced to comply with the Queen Mother of France by Famine. In the year 1622, at the request of King Lewis XIII. Pope Gregory XV. raised the Bishop of Paris to the Honour of an Archbishop, with three Suffragans under him; the Bishops of Chartres, Meaux, and Orleans. In 1674, the Diguity of a Dukedom and Peerdom was added to the Arch∣bishoprick by the present King Lewis XIV. This great City is seated on the Seyne; forty five Leagues from the British Sea. Long. 23. 20. Lat. 48. 38. Charles V. Emperor (others write Sigismond) used to say, he had seen in France, one Village, Poictiers; one City, Orleans; and one World, Paris. The City-Walls have eight Gates; those of the University, nine. The Houses are computed to about fifty thou∣sand: there is a great number of Hospitals, Ab∣beys, Monasteries, Ecclesiastical Seminaries, Churches, and Palaces; amongst which latter the Louvre obtain•• the Preeminence, begun by King Philip the August, in 1214; and since by times, gloriously enlarged and adorned by Charles V. Francis I. Henry II. Charles IX. Henry IV. Lewis XIII. and XIV. Many Councils have been celebrated here; whereof the eldest, and one of the most remarkable, is that about the year 362, against the Arrians, held by S. Hilary Bishop of Poictiers. The Territory about this City has the name of Parisis: reaching heretofore as far as to Pontoise one way, and to Claye towards la Brie ano∣ther. And our Author reports, that the Villages and Castles in the space of ten Leagues round, amount to the number of ten thousand.

Parita, a Town of New Spain, with an Har∣bour on the South Sea, in the Province of Veragna, which gives Name to the Bay on which it stands.

Parma, a River of Lombardy in Italy, which springeth out of the Appennine, in the Borders of the States of Genoua, towards Pontremali; and running North through the Dukedom of Parma, watereth the Capital City of it; and ten Miles lower falls into the Po.

Parma, a City and Colony of the Boii, as it is called by Strabo and Pliny; now a Bishops. See, under the Archbishop of Balogna; having been under the Archbishop of Ravenna. It stands upon a River of the same Name, in a fruitful and well watered Coun∣try; ten Miles from the Po to the South, thirty five from Modena to the East, and from Pidcenza to the West. A great, rich, populous City, adorned with a strong Castle, and a Noble Palace; in which the Duke of Parma resides. In the year 1599, there was an University opened here. The Emperor Frederick Barberousse besieged this City two years together without success. It is about three Miles in compass: Has an Academy of the Ingenious settled in it,

called Gli innominati; and in 1602, there was a Sy∣nod assembled here.

The Dukedom of Parma, Parmensis Ditio, Lo Stato del Duca di Parma, or il Parmegiano, is a part of Lombardy: bounded on the North and West by the Dukedom of Milan; on the East by that of Mo∣dena, and on the South by the States of Genoua. The Dukedom of Piacenza, the Val di Taro, and the Estates di Busseto are contained in the Estates of this Duke. The principal Cities in it are Parma, Borgo S. Donino, Fiorenzuola, Piaenza, and Briscello. This Dukedom was erected by Pope Paul III. (in in favour of Peter Lewis Farnese his Son, whom the Emperor Charles V. disturbed in the Possession thereof for some time,) in the year 1545. called be∣fore his Elevation Alexander Farnese.

Parnassus, a celebrated Mountain in Phocis in A∣chaia, (now Livadia;) consecrated to Apollo, and the Muses; near to Citheron and Helicon. It is now called by the Inhabitants Liacoura: about twelve English Miles from the Gulph of Lepanto to the North; between Leucadia to the East, and Delphi to the West; fifty Miles from Corinth to the North-West. § There ••has also been in Cappadocia, in Asia Minor, an Episcopal City of this Name.

Parnaw, Parnavia, a City in Livonia, subject to the Crown of Sweden, in the Province of Estho∣nia: seated at the Mouth of a River of the same Name, upon the Bay of Riga; fifty five Miles from Revel to the South, and from Riga to the North. The Maps place it twenty German Miles from each of them. It is little, but well fortified; has a Castle, and an Haven: It belonged at first to the Poles; but in the last Century was often taken, and retaken; till 1617, the Swedes finally possessed themselves of it, and have kept it ever since. Long. 46. 00. Lat. 57. 20. There belongs to it a small Territory, or Di∣strict, called by the Poles, Woiewodz two Par∣nawskie; which together with the Town, is now in the Hands of the Swedes.

Paropamisus, Paropanisus, and Paropanissadae, a Country and People of the ancient Persia, which lay betwixt Bactriana, Aria, India, and Arachosia. Ptolemy calls them by divers Names, and makes them an extremely savage People. Curtius adds, they had no Communication with other Nations; and that A∣lexander's Army suffered very much in their Country, which was cold and barren. It is placed by Moderns, in part in the Province of Candahar in Persia, and in part in that of Cabul in the East-Indies. § A Moun∣tain in this Country did anciently bear the same Name; which the Writers of Alexander's Life miscall Cau∣casus.

Paros, Paro, or Pario, one of the Islands, Cy∣clades, in the Aegean Sea; which hath been in all times of paricular Renown for its White Marble. The An∣cients give it the several Names of Demetrias, Pa∣ctya, Minoa, &c. It was heretofore in the Possession of the Venetians; and a Bishops See under the Arch∣bishop of Rhodes. But in 1470, the Turks became Masters of it.

Parret, a River in Somersetshire: the most con∣siderable next to the Avon in the whole County. Bridgewater, South-Petherton and Crokehorn stand upon it; and Longport near it.

Parshore, or Pershore, a great Thorough-fare Market Town in Worcestershire, upon the River A∣von, which it covers with a Bridge. The Capital of its Hundred. Enriched heretofore with an Abbey.

Parthenai, Partheniacum, a City in Poictou in France, upon the River Tove; in the middle be∣tween Tours to the North, and S. Maxence to the South: six Leagues from each.

Parthen, Alisus, a City of Pomerania, to∣wards the Shoars of the Baltick Sea: under the Do∣minion of the Swedes, near the River Bart: two Ger∣man Miles from the Borders of the Dukedom of Mag∣deburg to the East, and four from Gripswald.

Partherberg, the German Name of the Apennine Hills in Italy.

Parthia, a Kingdom of the Ancient Persia: e∣stablished about the year of Rome, 508; of the World, 3808; two hundred and fifty years before Christ; in the person of Arsaces, from whom all the succeding Kings were called Arsacides; and ended with the Death of Artabanus, King of Parthia, slain by Artaxerxes King of Persia, about two hun∣dred twenty seven years after Christ; when it had enjoyed a Duration of above four hundred years. It rendered it self sometime so puissant, as to dispute the Empire of the East with the Romans. Situated betwixt Hircania, Media, Aria, Carmania, and the Modern Province of Fars, i. e. Persia, properly so called. A Country not at all fruitful; yet nevertheless then inhabited by a fierce, warlike, indefatigable Peo∣ple; particularly famous for a Dexterity in shooting one way, (behind them,) as they fled another. Ptolemy reckons, in his time, in this Kingdom, twenty five Cities; whereof the Capital was Hecatompolis, which is understood to be the Modern Haspaam in the Province of Hierach, Arach, or Erak-Atzem in Persia; as that Province, together with Khoemus and a part of Corasan, are understood to comprehend now the ancient Parthia.

Le Partois, Pagus Pertensis, a Tract in the Province of Champagne in France; between Cham∣pagne to the West, and the Dukedom de Bar to the East; towards the River Marne. The principal Town of which is Vitri le Francois.

Pas, a Town and Bailywick in the Earldom of Artois, upon the River Authie; which gives Name to one of the ancientest and best Families there. It had heretofore a Castle and a Collegiate Church. The Bailywick is of a considerable Extent, adorned with the Title of a Barony, and united to the Crown of France by the Treaty of the Pirenees.

Pas de Calais, Fretum Britannicum, the Streight between Calais and Dover.

Passage, a Port Town in Biscay.

Passarvan, a City and Port on the East of the Island of Java in the East-Indies, betwixt the Cities Panarucan and Jortan, towards the Cape of Balam∣buam. Heretofore the Capital of a Kingdom of its Name there.

Passaw, Patavia, a City of the Lower Bavaria in Germany; which is a Bishops See, under the Arch∣bishop of Saltsburg; of old called Batava Castra. It stands at the Confluence of the Inn, and the Da∣nube; by which it is divided into three pa••ts, called Paslaw, Ilnstat, and Innstat. An Imperial and Free City; but under the Protection of its own Bishop, (whose Revenue is about forty thousand Crowns,) with the Territory about it: which lies between the Dukedom of Bavaria to the West, and the Ʋpper Austria to the East; having the strong Castles of O∣bernberg and Ebersberg standing in it. This City suffered very much by a Fire of late, in 1661, being mostly built of Wood▪ Over against it lies Oberhuis, the Residence of the Bishop. That which makes this City most regardable, is the Peace of Religion here Established by Ferdinand I. Emperor of Germany, in 1552: whereby the free Profession of Lutherainsm in Germany, upon equal Terms with the Roman Catholick Religion, was declared and confirmed.

Passava, a Fort in the Province of Laconia, in the Morea; upon the Cape Matapan, near the Banks of the Bay of Colochina: taken and demolished by

General Morosini in 1685, because of a narrow Pas∣sage hard by, where a handful of Men might make head against an Army.

Passo di Cane, Climax, a Mountain of Phoeni∣cia, twenty Miles from Tripoli to the South.

Pastrana, a Town in Old Castile, upon the River Taio; thirteen Miles from Madrid to the East, and eighteen from Toledo. Honored with the Title of a Dukedom.

Pata, a City and Kingdom upon the Borders of Zanguebar in Africa.

Les Patagons, Patagones, a People of Magel∣lanica, near the Shoars of the North Sea, towards Brasil. This County was first discovered by F. Ma∣gellane, and yet not much known.

Patane, Patana, a City and Kingdom in the Further Indies, under the King of Siam, and near the Kingdom of Malaca: in a healthful and fruitful Clime. The City stands upon the Bay of Siam.

Les Patans, a Mahometan People possessing the Mountains about the River Ganges, in the Empire of the Great Mogul. They heretofore dwelt toward the Kingdom of Bengale; whence making a Transplan∣tation of themselves into Delly, they became so pu∣issant there, as to render many Princes and Places tribu∣tary to them. But when the Tartars conquered India, about the year 1401, being no longer able to main∣tain their Power or Residence in the open Country, they took Refuge in the Mountains; fortifying, and abiding in, them ever since.

Patay en Beausse, Patavium, a Town in Beausse in France; seated five Leagues from Orleans to the North, towards Chartres; nine to the South. Near this Place the French (under the Command of John Duke of Alanzon) got a great Victory over the English, under Talbot; the Terror of the French Nation.

Patera, Patara, or Paterea, a City of Lycia, in the Lesser Asia; once called Arsinoe, as Strabo saith; it stands upon a Hill, at the Mouth of the Ri∣ver Xanthus, (now called Il Scamandro;) eighty Miles from Rhodes to the East: a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Myra: Famous in the person of S. Nicholas, who was both a Bishop and a Native here. Apollo had an Oracle in this City in the Times preceding Christianity; which observed to make its Responses the space of six Months in the year.

Pathmos, or Patmos, an Island in the Aegean Sea; of signal Fame for the Banishment of S. John the Evangelist, and his Writing the Book of the Apo∣calypse there. Now called variously by Writers Pal∣mosa and Petina.

Patras, Patrae, a City of the Morea, in the Du∣chy of Clarentia, of great Antiquity; called by the Turks Badra, and Balisbadra; that is, the Old Pa∣trae: as Leunclavius expounds their Name. The Ita∣lians used to call it Neopatria. It is an Archbishops See; and now in a flourishing Condition: Seated at the Entrance of the Gulph of Lepanto; about se∣ven hundred Paces from the Shoars of the Gulph of Patras to the East, and ninety from Corinth to the West. Chosen by Augustus for a Station for his Fleets, and on that account much honored by him. Under the latter Greek Emperors it had Dukes of its own; till the year 1408, when the last of them resigned it to the Venetians, not being able to defend it against the Turks. When it came first into the Hands of the Turks I do not find; but Mahomet III. received a great Defeat near this Place, in the year 1602. Doria the Christian Admiral took it from the Turks in 1533. They then soon after recovered it; but in the year 1687, it sell again into the Hands of the Venetians after the Battel of the Dardanells. In the times of ancient Paganism, this City was honored with the Oracles of Mercury and Vesta; and with divers Te••∣ples dedicated to Minerva, Cybele, Atys, Jupiter, and Diana, as appears by their •• Ruines. The Apostle S. Andrew preached and suffered his Martyrdom here. Its Cittadel stands upon a high Mount, so strong, that in 1450, it held out against Constantius Palaeologus, the Western Emperor, a year. They compute about four or five thousand Inhabitants in this City, Greeks, Turks, and Jews: whereof as the first possess the Cathedral, so the second before the late Conquest had six Mosques, and the other four Synagogues. Near a thousand Churches are said to be contained in the extent of the Archbishops Pro∣vince. And not only the Greeks of the Neighbouring Isles, but the English and French are accustomed to traffick to this Port.

S. Peters Patriomony Patrimonium, Sancti Petri, called by the Italians La Provincia del Pa∣trimonio; is a considerable part of the Ecclesiasti∣cal State in Italy; under the Papacy; which was a part of the Old Hetruria. Bounded on the North by Ombria, on the East by Sabina, on the West by the State of Siena, and on the South by the Tyrrhe∣nian Sea. The Capital of this Province is Viterbo; and the other Cities are Aquapendente, Civita Vec∣chia, Civita Castellana, Cornetto, Toscanella, and Orvieto.

Pattesi, Patsi, Timethus, a River on the North Side of Sicily.

Patti, Pactae, Pacta, a City on the North Shoar of Sicily, at the Fall of the River Pattesi, into the Tyrrhenian Sea; forty eight Miles••rom Messina to the West, eighty from Palermo to the North-East, and fifty from Catania to the North. This City was built by Roger, Earl of Sicily, after the Expulsion of the Moors; made a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Messina, by Pope Eugenius III. and now in a good Estate.

Pau, Epaunum, Palum, the Capital of the Province of Bearn, in Aquitain in France; seated upon the River Gave, (thence called le Gave de Pau;) four Leagues from Oleron to the East, nine from the Borders of Arragon to the North, and eighteen from Dax to the South-East. Henry IV. King of Navarr was born in the Castle belonging to this City, December 13. 1557. A Castle, of the Foundation of Henry d' Al∣bert, King of Navarre and Prince of Bearn; who in 1519 established also a Parliament here; which Lewis the Thirteenth, King of France, reestablished in 1621, together with the Roman Catholick Religion, that had been thence expelled by the Huguenots in the Civil Wars.

Pavia, Ticinum, a City in the Dukedom of Mi∣lan, in Italy, of great Antiquity; called in latter times Papia, Papia Flavia, and now Pavia. It stands up∣on the River Tesino, Tecinum; twenty Leagues from Milan to the South, fifty from Genoua, and thirty four from Piacenza to the West. Built by the Li∣gurians, and thought more Ancient than Milan: At∣tila ruined it, and Odoacer besieged Orestes in it. The Lombards took it, not without great difficulty, under Alboinus their first King, in the Year 569. Af∣ter this it became the Capital of the Kingdom of the Lombards; and continued such, till in the Year 773. Charles the Great took this City, and Desiderius their last King therein. Afterwards it became the Seat of the Kingdom of Italy; to which Otto I put an end in the Year 951. by the Expulsion of Berengarius and his Son. In 1004. it suffered very much by a fire. About the Year 1059, it had a sharp War with the Ci∣ty of Milan. In the Year 1361. here was an Uni∣versity opened by Charles IV. Emperor of Germany, under Galeatius Duke of Milan, under whom this City then was. Francis I▪ of France, in 1525. attempt∣ing

to take it, was defeated by the Spaniards, and himself taken Prisoner. In 1527. it was taken by the French under Lautrech; but soon after returned under the King of Spain, as Duke of Milan: and be∣ing again attempted by the French in 1655. they were the second time defeated by the Spaniards; it conti∣nues under Spain to this day. Next Milan, the best City in that Dukedom; a Principality, and a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Milan; but exempt from the Jurisdiction of that Metropolitan: It has one of the greatest and fairest Stone Bridges in Italy, and many pieces of Antiquity; the Castle amongst them; which was the Royal Palace of the Kings of Lombardy. The body of S. Austin is deposited in a Monastery of Religious here of the order of his name. There have been several Ecclesiastical Councils assembled at this City: Particularly that in 1076 held by the Partisans of the Emperor Henry IV. is remarkable, for its con∣demning Pope Gregory VII. who had excommunica∣ted them before at a Council in Rome. The Ter∣ritory belonging to it is called the Pavese.

Pavosan, Pavoasanum, a City in the Island of S. Thomas.

Pautzkerwick, the German name of the Bay of Dantzick.

La Paz, Pax, a City of Peru, between the Moun∣tains of Brasil to the East, and the Lake Titiaca to the West: which is a Bishops See, under the Archbi∣shop of Lima; situate upon the River Cavane.

Pazzi, Pachya, a City of Thrace, which is a Bi∣shops See, under the Archbishop of Heraclia.

The Peak in Derbyshire, lyes in the North-west parts of the County amongst the Mountains: And is a famous place as well for its Lead and Quarries, as for the three Caves, whose height, length and depth, with the just tides of water ebbing and flowing from them, and the strange irregularities of the Rocks within, appropriate to them the character of so many Wonders. To which must be added Buxton Wells; where out of the same Rock in the compass of eight or nine yards, arise nine several medicinal Springs, eight warm, the ninth very cold; which at the distance of three hundred foot re∣ceive another hot Spring from a Well, near the Ebul∣lition of another that is cold again.

Pedena, Petina, a small City in Histria in Italy; which is a Bishops See, under the Patriarch of Aqui∣leja: and the Head of a Territory of the same name, under the Dominion of the Emperor. Twenty two Miles from Pola to the North, and sixty from Lau∣bach to the South; near the Head of the River Arsa, which divides Italy from Illyricum.

Pedeo, Pedaeus, a River on the East of the Isle of Cyprus.

Pedir, Pedira, a City in the North of the Island of Sumatra, which has a Haven: under the King of Acem.

Peelandt, a Tract in Brabam.

Pegian, the Lesser Armenia.

Pegu, Peguum, one of the Principal Cities in the Further East-Indies, called by the Inhabitants Bayon; and by the Europeans Pegu. It has a Noble Palace be∣longing to the King of Pegu, which is fortified in the manner of a Castle and stands upon a River of the same name, which falls a little lower into the Bay of Bengala. Long. 126. 05. Lat. 19. 55.

The Kingdom of Pegu was once a most Potent Empire in the Further East-Indies, containing twen∣ty six Kingdoms in subordination to it: but now much diminished, having been often ruinated by the Kings of Arracam, Tungking and Siam. Nevertheless a fer∣tile Country, much visited by the Merchants of Eu∣rope. In the Year 1568. the King of Pegu knowing the King of Siam to have two white Elephants, desi∣red by his Embassadors to purchase one of them at any price required; but was refused. He therefore entereth in revenge into Siam with a powerful Army, and takes the Capital City; so that the King of Siam fearing to fall into the hands of his Enemy, poysoned himself: from which time the Kings of Siam have acknowledged the Soveraignty of the Kings of Pegu. This Kingdom belongs now to the King of Ava. The frontiers both of Siam and it suffer the greatest misery by the continual Wars betwixt the two Crowns: it lies between the Kingdom of Tungking to the East, and that of Arracam to the West.

Pein, Peina, a Town in Lunenburg; famous for a Fight between Albert Duke of Brandenburg, and Mauricius Duke of Saxony, July 9. 1553. Maurice got the Victory, but died within two days of the Wounds he received. Albert being driven out of Germany, died in 1557. in France, in the XXXV. year of his Age: having lived much longer than was consistent with his Inconstancy and Perfidy, saith Brie∣tius. This Town is seated upon the Weser.

Peiseda reca, Peisida, a River in the Asian Tar∣tary, East of the River Ob; whose Fountains are not known, as arising in desolate and unfrequented Coun∣tries: it falls into the Frozen Sea above Nova Zem∣bla.

Peking, Pechinum, the principal Province in the Kingdom of China. Bounded on the East by Leao∣tum, and Xantum; on the North by Tartary, and the great Wall; on the West by Xansi, and on the South by Honan. The principal City is,

Peking, Pechinum. A vast and populous City; which in 1404. became the Royal City of China, in∣stead of Nanquin. The Inhabitants are innumerable, though it has been often taken and plundered in the late Tartarian War. It is now recovering those los∣ses and ruins under the King of Tartary; who is be∣come the Master of it.

The Province of Peking contains eight Capital Cities; one hundred and thirty five lesser Cities; four hundred and eighteen thousand nine hundred eighty nine Families.

Petlecas, Aliacmon, Haliacmon, a River in Ma∣cedonia; which falls into the Bay of Thessalonica, over against Thessalonia to the South-West, thirty three English Miles. Called Platamona, Bistrisa, and Ali∣agmo from Aliagmon the name it bears in Clau∣dian.

Pelion. See Petras.

Pella, an ancient City of Palaestine, in Asia; some∣time dignified with a Bishops See under the Patri∣archs of Jerusalem, who for many years kept their Residence here. § A second in the Kingdom of Ma∣cedonia, made famous by the Births of Philip King of Macedon, and Alexander the Great his Son, thence surnamed Pellaeus. Some call it now Janizza, others Zuchria; It being hitherto extant, and noted for excellent Works in Marble. § The Ancients mention a third in Achaia.

Peloponnesus, the ancient name of the Morea, then divided into these eight parts; Achaia properly so called, Arcadia, Argos, Corinthus, Elis, Laconia, Messene, and Sicyonia. See Morea. The famous Peloponnesian War, which lasted from the Year of Rome 323 in the 87th Olympiad to the taking of Athens in the Year 350, rather chose to be named from the People of this Country, who maintain'd it against the Athenians, than from the Athenians their Ene∣mies.

Pelorus, Pelorias or Pelorum, the same with Ca∣po di Faro.

Pelusium. See Belvais.

Pelysz, Pelysia, a Town in the Lower Hungary, which is the Capital of a County of the same Name. It lies fifteen Miles from Vaccia to the South-West,

twenty six from Alba Regalis, and twenty from Bu∣da to the North-East.

Pembridge, a Market Town in Herefordshire in the Hundred of Stretford, upon the River Arrow.

Penbrokeshire, Penbrochium, one of the Shires in Wales. Bounded on the North by Cardigan, (se∣parated by the Rivers Tyuy, and Keach:) on the East by Caermarthenshire, on the South and West by the Irish Sea. From North to South it is twenty six Miles; from East to West twenty; in Circuit ninety five. This County affords Corn and Cattle in great plenty; and has a mild and pleasant Air.

Penbroke, the Town which gives Name to this Shire, is one direct Street; upon a long narrow Point of a Rock in Milford Haven; the Sea every Tide flow∣ing up to the Town-Walls. It has a Castle, though now ruined; and two Parish Churches within the Walls; and is a Corporation, represented in Parliament by one Burgess. The first Earl of Pembroke, was Gil∣bert de Clare, Created in 1138. In 1201. it came into the Family of Martial by Marriage: this Family enjoyed it six Descents; and by Females it continued till the Year 1390. After which it became very un∣steady, till Edward VI. in 1551. Created William Herbert Lord Steward, Earl of Pembroke; whose Posterity still enjoy that Honour in the seventh Des∣cent.

Pendennis, a strong Castle in Cornwal.

Pene, Suevus, one of the Branches of the Oder in Pomerania.

Peneus, a River in the Province of Thessalia, in Macedonia; which greatned with the Rivers Ion, Pat∣tisus, and Apidanus, passes betwixt the Mountains Os∣sa and Olympus to surrender it self into the Bay of Thessalonica, having first watered the pleasant Fields of Tempe. It is now called Salampria. The Fiction of the Metamorphosis of Daphne into a Laurel in this River, gives it a place in the Writings of the Poets.

Pengeab, the same with Lahor, a City in the East-Indies.

Pengick, Penica, a City in Misnia, upon the Ri∣ver Muldaw; between Altemburg to the West, and Chemnitz to the East, seven German Miles: and the same distance from Leipsick to the South.

Peniel, or Penuel, an antient City of the Holy Land, in the Tribe of Reuben, beyond the Brook of Jabbov, at the foot of Mount Libanus, near Tripo∣li, and upon the Frontiers of the Amorites. So cal∣led from Jacob's Vision of an Angel wrestling with him, according to his own Interpretation thereof, that he had seen God face to face, Gen. 32. 30. Gideon broke down the Tower, and slew the Men of this City, because they refused to give his Army Bread. Judg. 8. 8. 17. But Jeroboam rebuilt it.

Penk, a River in Staffordshire, near to which stands Penkridge; a Market Town in the Hundred of Cudleston of good Antiquity.

Penna, or Civita di Penna, Penna S. Joannis, Pinna in Vestinis, a City in Abruzzo, in the King∣dom of Naples: and a Bishop's See, over which there is no Archbishop who has any Jurisdiction. This is very frequent in Italy. In 1585. a Synod was assem∣bled here.

Penna-Fiel, Penna fidelis, a Town in Old Ca∣stile in Spain, near the Duero, six Leagues from Va∣ladolid. It had the honor to give the Title of Duke to Ferdinand the Just, King of Arragon, from the year 1395. to 1412, before his Ascension to the Crown: which Title afterwards was enjoyed by his Son John, who succeeding to the Crown also in 1458. changed this Dutchy into a simple Seigniory; which degradation of it, Philip II. King of Spain in part retrieved again, by making it a Marquisate.

Penon de Uelez, a Fortress of the King of Spain, upon the Coast of Barbary; between Tetuan to the North-West, and Alcudia to the North-East; sixty two English Miles from either; over against Malaga in Spain.

Penrise, a Market Town in the County of Gla∣morgan in Wales, in the Hundred of Swansey.

Penrith, a Market Town in the County of Cum∣berland, in Lethward Wapentake, betwixt the Ri∣vers Eamont on the South, and Lowther on the West: large, well built and peopled: The second Town of note in the County.

Penryn, a Market and Borough Town in the County of Cornwal, in the Hundred of Kerryer; which elects two Members of Parliament.

Pentapolis, a Region with five Cities standing in it: of which kind Antiquity delivers two especially, that were notified by this name. 1. The Plain of Sodom, Gomorrha, Adama, Seboim and Segor, in the Land of Canaan; being the five Cities consumed by Fire from Heaven, Gen. 19. 2. The Pentapolis Cyrenaica in Libya. See Cairoan.

Penzanse, a Market Town in the County of Cornwal, in the Hundred of Penwich.

Pera, Peraea, Cornu Byzantii, Chrysoceras, a Ci∣ty of Thrace, or rather a Suburb of Constantinople; from which it is parted only by a narrow Channel. By reason of the frequent and easie Passage between these two Places by Boats, it may well seem a part of that City. The Ambassadors of the Christian Prin∣ces, and the Latin Christians for the most part re∣side in it. The same with Galata, and there more at large described.

Le Perche, Comitatus Perticus, a County in France; between la Beausse to the East and South, Normandy to the North, and Leinaine to the West. About eighteen or twenty Leagues in length, and the same almost in breadth. The Rivers Eure, Loirs, Haisne, and Aure derive their Sources from it. Di∣vided into the Ʋpper and Lower Perche, of which the first makes properly the County; the other bears the name of Perche-Gouet, and contains the five an∣tient Baronies of Auton, Monmirail, Alluye, Bazoche, and Brou. The antient Inhabitants in Caesar are cal∣led Aulerci Diablintes. The Capital of it is Nogent le Retrou: besides Mortagne, Bellesme and Montmi∣rail, are considerable Places.

Pereaslaw, Pereaslavia, a Town in the Ʋkraine, in the Palatinate of Kiovia, beyond the Nieper: up∣on the River Truhicz (which two Miles lower falls into the Nieper) ten Miles from Kiovia to the North-East. A populous, strong, and fortified Town.

Pereczaz, Peregia, a small City in the Upper Hungary; which is the Capital of a County of the same name. Five Miles from the Tibiscus to the North, forty five from Cassovia to the East, and as many from Tokay. This Town and County has all along been in the hands of the Emperor, and never under the Turks.

Pergamo, Pergamus, a City of Mysia in the Lesser Asia, upon the River Caicus: now called Per∣gamo and Bargamo. At first a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Ephesus; but that City being ru∣ined by the Turks, it became the Metropolis; and is now it self almost ruined. This was the Royal City of the Attalick Kings; whose Estates were called the Kingdom of Pergamo. A Kingdom founded about the year of Rome 470; and after a duration of a hundred and fifty two years, ended in the Person of Attalus III. dying without Issue in the year of Rome 621, and instituting the Romans his Heirs. This was also the Country of Galen, the celebrated Physician. Thirty five Miles from Smyrna, sixty six from Sardus, and fifty five from Adramy••tium to the

South-West. One of the Seven Churches mentioned in the Apocalyps. The River divides it, being seated in a Plain, at the foot of a Mountain: in this City Parchment was first invented. Long. 55. 30. Lat. 41. 51. It shews the Ruines of the Palace of the At∣talick Kings, of a Theatre, and an Aquaduct: Peo∣pled by about three thousand Turks, and twelve or fifteen Families of Greeks, to whose use there re∣mains one Church in the room of the Cathedral en∣tirely ruined.

Pericop. See Precop.

Perigord, Petrocoriensis Provincia, a Province in Aquitain in France, of great extent; between Limosin and Quercy to the East, Angoumois to the North, Agenois to the South, and Saintonge to the West. The principal City is Perigueux, the rest are Sarlat and Bergerac. Some divide it into the Ʋpper Perigord, which is Mountainous; and the Lower, Woody. The one lying along the River Lille, the other towards the Dordogne and the Verzere. It affords many Medicinal Springs, with Mines of Steel and Iron.

Perigueux, Petrocorium. Petrigorium, Vesuna Petrocoriorum, the Capital of Perigord, is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Bourdeaux; seated up∣on the River Lille: twenty Leagues from Bourdeaux to the North-East, and ten from Angoulesme. An antient City, as appears by the Inscriptions, the Ru∣ines of a Temple of Venus, of an Amphitheatre, and other stately Works. Near to it King Pepin the Short obtained a signal Victory over Geofry Duke of Aquitain in 768.

Peristasi, Peristacium, a City of Thrace upon the Propontis; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Heraclia; sixteen Miles from Hexi∣mili to the North. In the latter Maps called Pe∣raste.

Permaweliky, Permia Magna, a City in the Pro∣vince of Permsky in Russia; between the Dwina to the West, and the Obb to the East; seated upon the River Kama.

Permessus, a River of Baeotia, in Greece; springing from the Mountain Helicon, and consecrated amongst the ancient Poets to Apollo and the Muses.

Permie, or Permsky, a Principality in the Em∣pire of Moscovia; very marshy and uncultivated; inhabited by a Salvage People with some few Christians, to whom about 1550. Duke John Basilo∣witz granted a Bishop, since changed into an Arch∣bishop residing at Wologda, and taking his Title from Perm or Prems, the capital City of Permsky.

Pernambuco, Pernambucum, a City in Brasil; which is the Capital of a Province of the same name, above sixty German Miles long, upon the North Sea; and a Bishops See. Seated upon the River Bi∣biribe, which makes a large Haven. Long. 346. 00. Lat. 9. 15. This was made a Bishops See in 1676, after it was recovered out of the Hands of the Hol∣landers: who in 1629. took it from the Portuguese. Otherwise called Olinde.

Pernaw. See Parnaw.

Peronne, Perona, a strong City upon the River Somme in Picardy, in the Territory of Sansterre: eight Leagues from Amiens to the East, seven from Cambray to the South, and twenty five from Paris to the North. Often attempted by the Spaniards without any Success. Charles the Simple, King of France, died here in 926. It is one of the Keys of France.

Perpignan, Perpignano, Perpinianum, Paperia∣num, a City which is the Capital of Rousillon, (a Pro∣vince of Spain, but Conquered by the French,) up∣on the River Tet, three Leagues from the Sea. It was built in 1068. by Isnard Count of Rousillon: and in 1642. taken by the French. In 1285. Charles the Bold, King of France, died in this Town. In 1604. the Bishop of Elna settled his See here. It stands not above three Miles from the Mediterranean Sea, and ten from Narbon to the South. Peter, King of Ar∣ragon, opened here an University. The Antipope Peter de la Luna, called Benedict XII. celebrated a Council at this City in 1408.

Persepolis, a noble City of the antient Kingdom of Persia: built upon the River Rhogomane, as Pto∣lomy calls it, in 91. deg. of Long. or the Araxes, as Strabo and Curtius. It had been the Capital of the Kingdom, adorned with a Palace of Cedar; till taken by Alexander the Great and at the Perswasion of Thais, the Alexandrian Courtesan, burnt in the year of the World 3624.

Persia, Persis, one of the most Ancient, Great, and Celebrated Kingdoms of Asia; called by the In∣habitants, Farsistan; and otherwise, the Empire of the Sophy. At this day it is bounded on the North by the Caspian Sea and Mauralnahalria, or Trans-Oxiana: on the East by India Propria, or the Em∣pire of the Great Mogul; on the South by the In∣dian Ocean, and the Persian Gulph; on the West by Arabia Deserta, the Turkish Empire, and Geor∣gia: so that it extends from the River Indus in the East, to the Tygris in the West: that is from 82. degrees of Longitude to 120, (which is thirty eight degrees); and from 23 to 43 degrees of Latitude. The Earth in so vast an extent being very dif∣ferent; but the Air pure and healthful throughout. This vast Kingdom is divided into these Provinces; Fars or Persia, (properly so called,) Kirman, Ma∣keran, Send, Chustusan, Sitsistan, Sablistan, Dilemon, Khoemus, Tabarestan, Gordian, Chorasan, Erack-At∣zem (or Jerack,) Agemy, Kylan (or Gilan,) Candahar, Schirvan, and Aderbeitzan. The Cities are Ardevil, Caspin, Cassian, Com, Erivan, Herat, Hispaham, Lar, Mexat, Schiras, Sitsistan, Schama∣chie, Sauster, and Tauris. It did anciently compre∣hend the Countries of Media, Hyrcania, Margiana, Assyria in part, Susiana, Parthia, Aria, Paropa∣nisus, Chaldaea, Caramania, Drangiana, Persia properly so called, Arachosia and Gedrosia: which were most of them powerful Kingdoms. This Peo∣ple were at first subject to the Assyrians and Medes. In the year of the World 3406. Cyrus vanquishing Astyages, King of the Medes, made Persia the Seat of the General Empire: which continued in this Na∣tion, till it was transferred to the Grecians by Ale∣xander the Great, in the year 3635. In the year of the World 3718. Arsaces, (the Founder of the Parthian Family) assumed the Royal Diadem; which in time expelled the Greeks, and obtained the King∣dom of Persia. This Family continued four hundred and seventy years: succeeded by Artaxerxes a Per∣sian: whose Line after twenty eight Descents ended in Hormisda, vanquished by Haumar the Saracen, in the year 634. It continued under the Saracen Caliphs till the year 1030. when Tangrolipix, a Turk, invaded this Kingdom. This lasted but three Reigns; Cas∣sanes the last of them in 1202. being slain; and Ha∣alon made King of Persia by Occata the Great Cham of Tartary. This Prince exterminated the whole Race of the Caliphs of Bagdat; and his Posterity reigned till 1337. When it also fell under the Tar∣tarian fury, to which it owed its Rise. In 1405. af∣ter almost an hundred years of Confusion, Mirza Charock IV. (Son of Tamerlane) ascended the Throne of Persia: whose Family lasted till the year 1472. Then Ʋsan Cassanes began another Line; which en∣ded in 1505. when Hysmael, (the Founder of the present Line of Persia) began his Reign. Solyman, the present King of Persia, is the Tenth of this Line,

and succeeded in 1666. The principal Commodity of this Country now is Silks; whereof it is reported to produce yearly twenty thousand Bales, at two hundred and sixteen pound weight a Bale. Arabick is the Learned Language there, as Persian (which hath a great mixture of Arabick) and the Turkish, the Vulgar. But the Persians, though Mahometans, dif∣fer as to Religion from the Turks so professedly, in explaining the Alcoran, and in their Saints, and Cere∣monies, that each, as they conquer, destroy the very Churches of one another.

The Persian Sea, or Gulph, Persicus Sinus; commonly called Mar de Elcatiff, or de Bassora; is a Branch of the Indian, or Ethiopick Ocean: be∣ginning at Cape Raz, (the most Eastern Cape of A∣rabia, in Long. 96. 45.) and running into the Land to 81. having Persia to the North and East; and A∣rabia and Persia to the South and West. In the most North-West Point, the Euphrates and Tigris fall into it with a vast Current. It receives also the Rivers of Arabia and Persia, which lie near it: but they are not of any consideration, being neither ma∣ny, nor great. Some others have counted the begin∣ning of this Gulph, at the Isle of Ormus and the Streight of Bassora; which will make it much shor∣ter, than the length I have given it.

Pertois, Pertensis Ager, a Tract in Champagne in France; between Champagne, (properly so cal∣led,) to the West, the Dukedom de Bar to the East, and the River Marne.

Perthe, Perthia, a County in Scotland; which has Angus to the North, Stratherne to the West, Fife to the South, and the German Ocean to the East: divided into two parts by the Fyrth of Tay. It is a small County; and takes it name from Perth, (or S. John's-Town) the Capital of it. One of the prin∣cipal Cities in the North of Scotland, upon the Tay; in which the Kings of Scotland have commonly been crowned. It lies thirty Miles from Edinburg to the North, and twelve from Dunkeld. This Town was totally ruined by an Inundation in 1029. and rebuilt by William King of Scotland, where it now stands. Long. 16. 8. Lat. 58. 00.

Peru, Peruvia, Perua, a large Country in South America; affording great plenty of Gold and Silver Mines; and at the Discovery of the New World, the most Potent Kingdom in South America. Its length from North to South is six hundred Spanish Leagues: its breadth in some places ninety, in others less. Bounded on the North by the Prefecture of Popian; on the South by the Kingdom of Chili; on the West by the Pacifick Ocean, (or South Sea;) and on the South it has undiscovered Countries. It is at this day divided into three Provinces; los Reyes, Quito, and los Characas; or, de la Plata. The old Capital was Cusko; the present is Lima. This Kingdom was dis∣covered by the Spaniards in 1529. under Francis Pi∣zarro, a Spaniard. Who finding two Brothers of the Royal Family, (Huascar and Atabalipa, betwixt whom their Father had parted the Kingdom) in disagreement, made use of their divisions to both their ruins: and taking Atabalipa (the last King of Peru,) Prisoner, (who before had surprized his Brother, de∣feated his Forces, put to death all the Princes of the Royal Family, and caused Huascar to be drowned in the River of Andamarca;) after he had extorted a vast Ransom in Wedges of Gold, the perfidious base born Villain hanged him May 1533. contrary to his faith given. What the Spaniards report of the Fertility, Wealth, and Government of this Kingdom, is scarce credible: yet all fell into the Power of Pizarro, an exposed Bastard, and a Hog-driver; who fled from Spain, because he had lost a Hog out of his Herd and durst not return home without it. He afterwards and his Partner in the Discovery, Almagro, quarrelling; they formed their Parties, and made War with one another for some years: at length Pizarro was kil∣led at Lima by Almagro's Party; Almagro came to be taken and executed by Gonzalo Pizarro, the others Brother: And Gonzalo Pizarro, warring against Pe∣dro de la Gasca Vice-Roy for the King of Spain, suffered the same fate to be taken and executed like a Criminal in Guaynanima. So both the Pizarro's and with Almagro lost their lives, the Govern∣ment of all that Country they had conquered for the King of Spain. The ancient Emperours of Peru were called by the Natives, Yncas. They began their Reign about the year 1125. four hundred years before the coming of the Spaniards hither. Garcilassus de la Vega has published a noble History of them. In divers parts and Provinces of their Empire, they had erected Palaces and Temples the richest in Gold and Silver as perhaps ever the Sun beheld. There being so prodigious a quantity of those Mettals here, that in less than fifty years, the King of Spain's fifth part out of only one of the Mines of Potosi, amounted to a∣bove a hundred and eleven Millions weight of pieces of thirteen Reales and a quarter weight a piece. It lies mostly betwixt the Equator and the Tropick of Capricorn.

Perugia, Perusia, by the French called Perouse, a City of Hetruria, (now in Ombria) in the States of the Church: a Bishops See, and an University: the Capital of a Tract of the same name; seated upon a Hill near the Tiber: forty Miles from Ʋrbino to the South, sixty one from Rome to the North-East, and thirty from Nocera to the West. This is one of the most ancient Cities of Hetruria. Made famous by the besieging of L. Antonius, (Brother of the Great Antonius) by Augustus, till he was forced to yield by Hunger; so that Perusina fames became a Proverbial Expression. Totila, a King of the Goths, besieged this City seven years before he took it. Narsetes retook and repaired it: The Lombards were the next Masters of it. Charles the Great gave it to the See of Rome. In the Wars betwixt the Guelphs and the Gibelines, it suffered very much: two or three small Synods have been assembled at it. It gives its name to the famous Lake, where Hannibal defeated the Romans under Flaminius, Consul, in the year of Rome 537. P. Paul III. built in it a Castle, which added to the natural strength of the Place; its pleasant Situation, magnificent and spruce Buildings, and the great plenty of all things, have made it one of the most considerable Cities in the Popes Dominions.

Pesaro, Pisaurum, a City and Roman Colony in Ʋmbria, of great Antiquity: now a part of the Duke∣dom of Ʋrbino, and a Bishops See under the Arch∣bishop of Ʋrbino: built near the Mouth of the River Foglia (Pisaurus) upon the Shoars of the Adriatick Sea; forty five Miles from Ancona to the West. A fine, great, and populous City; the Seat of the Popes Legat, and of old the Residence of the Dukes of Ʋrbino. Totila did heretofore ruine it, and Belli∣sarius repair it. There is now a Fortress standing for its security.

Pescara, Aternum, a City in the Hither Abruz∣zo, in the Kingdom of Naples; of old a Bishops See. Seated at the Mouth of a River of the same name; forty five Miles from Termoli to the North-West, and near an hundred from Ancona to the South. The River, upon which it stands, ariseth out of the Apen∣nine in the same Province; and watereth Aquila, Tocco, and Perugia; then falls into the Adriatick Sea.

Pescha, Argiruntum, a City of Liburnia in Dal∣matia; now a Village over against the Island of

Pago, in the Borders of Croatia; on the Shoars of the Adriatick Sea.

Peschiera, Piscaria, a small, but strong City in the States of Venice, in the Territory of Verona; upon the Lake di Garda, where the River Menzo flows out of it; fifteen Miles from Verona to the West, and twenty five from Brescia to the East.

Pescia, Arnine, a River of Hetruria; which has a great and a populous Town upon it of the same name; in the Territory of Pisa. Twelve Miles from Lucca to the East. The River falls a little lower into the River Arno.

Pessinus, an ancient City of Galatia, in the Les∣ser Asia; near the Mountain Ida, and on the Confines of Phrygia; where the Goddess Cybele had heretofore a famous Temple and Statue: which latter being by Attalus King of Pergamus presented to the Romans, in the year of Rome 649. they instituted the Mega∣lesian Games in the honour of the Goddess. It is now a small Town, in the Province of Chiangare, un∣der the Turks. Cybele was thence entituled Pessi∣nuntia.

Pest, Pestum, a great Town in the Ʋpper Hun∣gary, seated upon the Danube, over against the Lower Buda. It is a square Town in a pleasant Plain; and gives the beholder from Buda a very de∣lightful Prospect, by reason of its Walls, Towers, and Mosques. The Country about it is called the County of Pest, from this Town. Between it and Buda, there is a fine Bridge of Boats, almost a quarter of a League long, or half an English Mile. In 1541. Solyman the Magnificent took it without Resistance: and though the next year after, it was attempted by a Potent Army under the Marquess of Brandenburgh, a Breach made and a brave Assault given by Vitellius, an Italian; yet the Germans cowardly left the Siege. In the year 1602. whilst the Turks were busie in the Siege of Alba Regalis; the Germans took Pest and the Lower Buda: after which, many sharp Rencoun∣ters passed between the two Garrisons; especially when the River was frozen. In 1604. Jagenreuter (a base Coward) being intrusted with the Govern∣ment of it, without any force or so much as the appearance of an Enemy, upon a bare report the Turks were coming to besiege it, deserted the Town and fled. It continued in the hands of the Turks till 1684. when it was taken by the Duke of Lorrain, and kept all that Summer; but deserted, when he drew off from the Siege of Buda. In 1686. it was retaken; and by the acquisition of Buda, assured to the Imperialists.

Pesto, Pesti, Paestum, Posidonia, a City and Colo∣ny of Lucania; and a Bishops See in the Hither Principate, in the Kingdom of Naples; upon a Bay of the same Name, twenty two Miles from Salerno to the South, and three from Capaccio. This City in 930. was taken by the Saracens, and entirely ru∣ined. All its Inhabitants slain, or carried into Cap∣tivity: It never recovered this blow; but the Bishops See was thereupon removed to Capaccio.

Petacal, Patala, a City of the Hither Indies, at the Mouth of the River Indus; which is of great Antiquity.

Peterborough, Petroburgum, Petuaria, a City in the County of Northampton; seated on the River Aufon or Nen, over which it has a Bridge; in the Borders of Huntington, Cambridge, and Lincoln∣shires; five Miles from Crowland to the West. This place sprung up out of a Monastery here built, and dedicated to S. Peter by Penda the first Christian King of the Mercians, about 546. Wolpher his Successor finished it in 633. In 867. it was destroy∣ed by the Danes. In 960. Ethelwold, Bishop of Win∣chester, began to rebuild it with the assistance of King Edgar and Adulph the Chancellor. In the Reign of William the Conquerour, it was plundered by Herward a Saxon; but it recovered in after∣times. When Henry VIII. dissolved this House, there be∣longed to it a Revenue of one thousand nine hundred seventy and two Pounds the year. This Prince in 1541. founded a Bishoprick in this Monastery; and annexed to it a Dean and six Prebends: John Cham∣bers, the last Abbot, becoming the first Bishop; from whom, the present is the thirteenth. Charles I. of Blessed Memory, added another Honour to this place; when in 1627. he created John Lord Mordant, Baron of Turvy, Earl of Peterborough. In which Family that Honour now is. See the Antiquities of this Church, published by Dr. Patrick. Before it took the name of Peterburgh or Peterbo∣rough from the dedication of its Monastery to S. Pe∣ter, this Town was called Medanshede.

Peteril, Petriana, a River in Cumberland; which riseth five Miles from Keswick to the North-East; and by Penreth, and Hesket falls into the Eden above Carlisle.

Petersfield, a Market-Town in Hampshire, in the Hundred of Finchdean, priviledged with the Election of two Parliament-Men. The Lady Louisa de Querouaille Dutchess of Portsmouth, bears the Title of Baroness of Petersfield, by the Creation of King Charles II. 1673.

Petherton, North and South; two Market-Towns in Somersetshire, the Capitals of their Hun∣dred. The last is situated upon the Bank of the Ri∣ver Parret.

Petigliano, Petilianum, a fortified strong Town, in the Borders of the Ecclesiastical State, and the Dukedom of Florence: five Miles from Savona to the East, and thirty from Orbitello. This is the Ca∣pital of a Sovereign County or Earldom; belonging heretofore to the Family of Sforza, but lately pur∣chased by the Great Duke of Tuscany in whose Terri∣tories it lay.

Petra, or Petra Deserti, Cyriacopolis, Mons Regalis, a City of the Stony Arabia; which was of old the Capital of the Kingdom of Ammon, and called Rabbah. Taken by King David, in revenge of the Injuries offered to his Embassadours. In the times of Christianity, it became an Archbishops See under the Patriarch of Jerusalem: at this day called by the Arabians, Krach and Kelaggeber. Long. 66. 45. Lat. 30. 20.

Petras, Pelius, Pelion, a Mountain in Thessalia-Dicearchus Siculus, (one of the Scholars of Aristo∣tle) found this Mountain to be the highest in Thessa∣lia, by 1250 Paces, as Pliny saith.

Petrina, a strong Castle in Croatia; seated upon a River of the same name, which there falls into the Kulp; eight Miles from Zagarab, (or Agram) a Town of Sclavonia. This was once in the Hands of the Turks: but retaken by the Germans, and now in the Possession of the Emperor.

Petrikow, or Pietrikow, Paterkau, Peotrkow, and Petrilow, Petricovia, a Town in the Palatinate of Sirackie, in the Greater Poland; two German Miles from the River Pilcza, four from the Confines of the Lesser Poland, and twelve from Sirackz to the East. It is a neat populous Town, seated in a Mo∣rass: often honored with the Diets of Poland; but in 1640. almost entirely burnt down by a Fire. The Kings of Poland had formerly a Palace Royal near it; which also happened to be burnt. There have been, upon several Occasions, Councils of the Clergy celebrated here.

Petro-Waradin, Acuminium, Petro Varadinum, a Town in Sclavonia; called by the Inhabitants Petro War; by the Germans, Peter Wardein. It stands

upon the Danube; between the Save and the Drave; six Hungarian Miles from Belgrade to the North-West, and about twelve from Esseck to the South. This Place has been very famous during the present War. The Turks made it their common Passage in∣to the Upper Hungary, after Buda fell into the Hands of the Emperor; and to that end maintained a Bridge of Boats over the Danube. The Revolt and Mutiny against the Prime Visier, after the Battel of Mohatz, of the Turkish Army (whereby that General in 1687. was forced to fly for his life to Belgrade, and afterwards to Constantinople; upon which followed the Desertion of Esseck, Possega, and Walcowar) hap∣pened here. It has been since taken and abandoned by both sides. The Imperialists blew up its Fortifi∣cations in 1688. and the Turks afterwards quite burnt it down.

Petschen, the same with Quinque Ecclesiae.

Pettaw, Petavium, Petovia, a City and Roman Colony of Pannonia; mentioned by Tacitus and ma∣ny other ancient Historians; now called by the Ger∣mans, Pettaw; and made a part of Stiria; upon the Drave; in the Borders of Sclavonia, under the Do∣minion of the Archbishop of Saltzburgh; whereas it was once a Bishop's See, under the Archbishop of Lorch. It stands nine Miles from Cilley to the North, and as many from Gratz to the North-East, and Ca∣nisca to the West.

Petworth, a Market Town in the County of Sus∣sex, in Arundel Rape: pleasantly situated near two Parks, by the River Arun; and further remarkable for a noble Seat belonging formerly to the Earls of Northumberland, now by Marriage to the Duke of Somerset.

Petz, the same with Vienna.

Petzorcke, Petzora, a Province in the North of Moscovy, towards the Frozen Ocean. The principal Town and River is of the fame name. The River falls into the White Sea, by six great mouths; be∣tween Pustejezero, (a Town and Castle) and Ziem∣noipoias a Ridge of Mountains: which name signifies in the Russ Language, the Girdle of the World.

Pevensey, for shortness called vulgarly Pensey, is a Town in the County of Sussex, which denominates a Rape there. But deserving to be mentioned upon another and a higher account: for this was the very Harbour, where William the Conqueror landed from Normandy with his Fleet of 896 Sail.

Pezln, See Peneus, a River of Thessalia.

Pfaltz, the German name of the Palatinate of the Rhine.

Pfaltzbourg, Phalseburgum, a Town in Lorain, in the Borders of the Lower Alsatia; at the foot of Mount Vauge, by the River Zinzel. Which name signifies the Palatinate Castle; having heretofore been under the Palatinate Princes of Velden, of whom it was purchased by the Dukes of Lorain: it is now a Principality, very well fortified by the King of France, in whose hands it is. It stands seven Leagues from Strasburgh, and sixteen from Nancy.

Pfeullendorft, a Town in the Circle of Schwaben in Germany. in the Territory of Hegow, upon the Lake of Zell, betwixt Constance and Tubingen. It is an Imperial City.

Pfirt or Ferrette, one of the principal Cities in the Province of Suntgaw in Germany, under the King of France. Three Leagues from Mulhausen.

Pfortsheim, Phorcena, Phortzemum, a small Ci∣ty in the Marquisate of Baden; upon the River Entz, where it takes in the Nagold. Two Miles from Dur∣lach, seven from Heydelberg to the South, and six from Spire. This belongs now to the Family of Durlach; but was heretofore under the Duke of Wurtembergh.

Pharia. See Lesina.

••haris, an ancient City of Laconia, in the Pelo∣ponnesus: where there stood, in the times of the Heathens, an Oraculous Statue of Mercury, much consulted and admired, together with another of the Goddess Vesta.

Pharmacusa, a small Island of the Aegean Sea, to∣wards the Province of Ionia in Asia the Less: now called Fermaco. Julius Caesar here fell into the hands of Pyrates; and Attalus, a King of Perga∣mus, was killed.

Pharos, a small Island at the Entrance of the Port of Alexandria in Egypt; about a Mile distant from Alexandria, to which it is now connected by a long Bank. Alexander the Great, not succeeding in his Attempt to build a City here because of the streightness of the Place, thereupon founded Ale∣xandria upon the Continent over against it. But it became afterwards extraordinarily famous by the Light Tower erected upon it in the year of Rome 470. and the 124. Olymp. by Ptolemeus Philadelphus King of Egypt. A Tower of so prodigious a Mass and Structure, of the Contrivance of the great Ar∣chitect Sostratus Cnidius, as to be esteemed one of the Wonders of the World. Ptolemy bestowed eight hundred Talents in the building of it. Statius men∣tions it with the Elogium of

Lumina Noctivagae tollit Pharos aemula Lunae. It gave Light into the Sea a very great space: Was dedicated in an Inscription to the Gods, the Conser∣vators of Sailors; and all the like Light Towers since have been called Phari from it.

Pharsalus. See Farsa above. Only let it be add∣ed, that this City since Christianity was first a Bishop's See under the Archbishop of Larissa, and afterwards an Archbishop's under the Patriarch of Constanti∣nople.

Phaselis. See Fionda.

Phasis, a River of the Province of Mengrelia in Georgia; It ariseth from a part of the Mountain Caucasus; and passing by Cotatis, the Capital of the Kingdom of Imiretta, and the City Phasis in Men∣grelia (which is a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Trebisonda), it runs to discharge it self into the Black Sea; where its Mouth is above half a League in breadth, and sixty Fathom depth. Upon this River, Amurath III. his Fleet of Galleys, employed to make a Conquest of the North and East Coasts of the Black Sea, was surprized and defeated by the King of Imi∣retta. Towards the Mouth of it, stand divers agree∣able little Islands, covered with Wood. The princi∣pal of them had a Fortress built upon it by the Turks in 1578: which in 1640. the King of Imiretta, as∣sisted with the Princes of Mengrelia and Guriel, took and demolished; carrying away thence twenty five Pieces of Cannon to Cotatis. The antient Hi∣storians speak of a Temple dedicated to the Goddess Rhea, upon an Island of the Phasis: But we see no remains thereof at this day; as neither of the City Se∣baste, placed at the mouth of the Phasis; by the an∣tient Geographers. In the beginning of this Rivers course it is very impetuous: but having gained the Plain, it runs so smoothly and its Waters are so light, that they swim, its said, above the Euxine for some considerable Space. Now called Fachs and Fasso.

Phazzeth, Phasis, the Capital of Mengrelia; a City of great antiquity, mentioned by Pliny and Strabo. It stands upon the Euxine Sea; at the Mouth of a River of the same name; and was heretofore a Bishop's See, under the Archbishop of Trebesonde. Sir John Chardin (who entered this River, and took great pains to find this City) could not find the least remainder or token of the City: he saith the Channel of the River is at its fall into the Sea a Mile and half

broad; and sixty Fathom deep; called by the Turks, Fachs; by the Mengrelians, Rione; and that it ari∣seth out of Mount Caucasus. See Phasis.

Pheneum, an ancient City of Arcadia, in the Peloponnesus, at the foot of the Mountain Cyllene: which heretofore disputed the Preheminence with Te∣gea, the Capital of the Country. It stood near a Lake of the same name; the different Qualities where∣of in the Night and in the Day are thus described by Ovid, Metham. 15.

Est locus Arcadiae, Pheneum dixere priores, Ambiguis suspectus aquis: has nocte timeto; Nocte nocent potae, sine noxa luce bibuntur.

Phictiaid, Picti, the most ancient Inhabitants of Scotland; who lived in that Kingdom, when the Ro∣mans Conquered Britain: and by their Inroads up∣on the Britains, (after the Romans withdrew), oc∣casioned the calling in the Saxons. See Picti.

Phidari, Euenus, a River of Aetolia; which ri∣seth out of Mount Callidromus, and pursues its course Southward to the Ionian Sea; which it entereth not far from the Gulph of Corinth, or Lepanto.

Philadelphia. See Filadelphia, in Lydia. § The Antients mention a second in Cilicia, a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Seleucia; and a third in Coe∣lesyria, a Bishops See likewise under the Archb. of Bus∣sereth. But there have been Alterations in those Sees in following times. The latter Place, according to S. Je∣rom, should be the same with the Hebrew Rabath, or the modern Petra, in the Stony Arabia.

Civtad del Re Philippe, a Town built by the Spaniards in 1585. in South America, purposely to preclude the passage into the Streights of Magellan, from the English and Dutch. Since, ruined by the Indians; and the place called Porto Famine.

Philippeville, a Town in Hainault, of great strength: fortified by Mary Queen of Hungary, (Go∣verness of the Low Countries) in 1555, and so na∣med from Philip II. King of Spain: by the Pyre∣nean Treaty in 1660. granted to the French. It stands thirteen Miles from Brussels, seven from Namur, and ten from Mons.

The Philippine Islands, Philippinae, called also the Islands of Lusson and les Manilhes from the principal of them, are a knot of Islands belonging to Asia; which took this name from Philip II King of Spain; in whose times, (in 1549.) they were view∣ed, and carefully observed by Ruy Lupo a Spaniard. Some apprehend them to be the Barussae of Ptolemy. In 1564. Michael Lupo, another Spaniard, was sent to people and reduce them. They lie between Chi∣na to the North, and the Molucco Islands to the South; between thirteen and fourteen degr. of Nor∣thern Latitude. The exact number of them is not known; but they are supposed to be above ten thou∣sand: the greatest of them is Manilia, or Luconia. The Spaniards were once Masters of the greatest part of these Islands, and built some considerable Cities in them; but their Affairs growing less prosperous in Europe, and the Dutch East-India Company having ruined their Trade here, many of them have defected from the Spaniards; who have been forced to leave others; so that they do with some difficulty keep their possession in the Island of Manilia, the greatest and most Northern of them, the Seat of the Gover∣nour and a Bishop. These Islands were at first sub∣ject to the King of China; who abandoned them, about 1520. First discovered by Ferdinando Ma∣gellanes, who perished in one of them. The Air of them is very mild and temperate; the Soil is very fruitful, and produceth whatever is needful to the Life of Man. The Names of the principal of them are Mindano, Peragoja, Calamianes, Mindora, Tan∣daja, Cebu (in which Magellanes was slain,) Pinta∣dos, Parraja, Masbat, Sabunra, Matan, Luban, Capul, Abilyo, Banton, B••hol, la Verde, dos Negous, and San Juan.

Philippo. See Filippopoli.

Philippstadt, Philippopolis, a City in Sweden, in Vermelandia, a County of Gothland: built in the Fens. Twenty five Miles from the Lake of Wener, and the same distance from Carlstad to the South-East.

Philippopolis, an ancient City of Phaenicia in Sy∣ria: mentioned in the Ecclesiastical Histories of So∣crates and Sozomen, upon the occasion of a Statue erected there, in the Primitive Times, of our Saviour Jesus Christ; together with the Statue of the Wo∣man he cured of an inveterate Bloody Flux by the touch of his Garment, placed at his Foot: The same Historians relating, that an Herb of an unknown Spe∣cies, of so soveraign a Vertue as to heal all sorts of Dis∣eases, sprung up close by them: and when the Empe∣ror Julian the Apostate in the year 362. commanded them to be broken down, and a Statue of himself to be advanced in their rooms, a Fire from Heaven de∣stroyed Julian's Statue.

Philipsbourg, Philippoburgum, a strong Fort or Castle upon the Rhine; which before was called Ʋdenheim. First walled in 1343. by Gebhard Bishop of Spire. And afterwards took its present name from Philip Christopher de Soeteren, Bishop of Spire; who in 1615. refortified it for the defence of that Bi∣shoprick. George Count Palatine of the Rhine, a former Bishop of Spire, had built in this place, in 1513, a noble Castle, (or rather Palace;) which was much improved in 1570, by Marquardus ab Hatstein, another Bishop. Being thus improved and made very considerable, it was reduced by the Swedes in 1634. by Hunger. Surprized by the Spaniards by a Stratagem in 1635. Taken by force by the French in 1644. The French bestowed very much, during the time they were possessed of it, in adding to the Fortifications: but in the year 1676. the Duke of Lorrain retook it, though the French came up with a great Army to relieve it. By the Treaty of Nimeguen in the year 1679, it was consigned to the Bishop of Spire. The French began the present War with the Siege of it, and obliged it to surrender November 1. 1688. This Town stands three Ger∣man Miles from Heydelberg to the South, one from Spire to the North, and three from Durlach.

Philips-Norton, a Market Town in Somerset∣shire, in the Hundred of Wello, near the River Froume.

The Philistines, a part of the most antient Inha∣bitants of the Land of Canaan, disposed along the Sea Coast, towards the Borders of the Kingdom of Egypt; whose frequent Wars with, and Victories o∣ver the Israelites, their taking and remitting of the Ark, and all their valiant Actions at various times conquering and conquered, with Sampson, David, Saul, Ely, &c. are recorded in the History of the Old Testament.

Phocaea. See Fogie.

Phocis, an ancient City and Country of Greece, betwixt Baeotia and Aetolia. Honoured heretofore with the Cities Delphos, Anticyra, Cirrha; the Moun∣tain Parnassus, and the River Helicon, situated in this Country. In the Year of Rome 399. and the hundred and sixth Olymp. the Phocenses pillaging the Tem∣ple of Apollo at Delphos, and defeating the Locrenses their Neighbours in a Battel under Philomelus, drew upon themselves the Vengeance of Greece to such a measure, that a Holy War, to punish their Sacrilege, was presently commenced against them: which, tho the Athenians and Lacedaemonians became their Al∣lies,

ended with the total rasure of the City Phocis, in the Year of Rome 408. Olymp. 108.

Phortskeim. See Pfortsheim.

••hrygia, a Country of the Lesser Asia, divided in ancient times into Phrygia Magna or Major, and Phrygia Minor. Phrygia Major lay betwixt Bithy∣nia, Galatia, Pamphylia, Lydia, and Mysia. Its principal Cities were Synnada and Hierapolis. Some∣time called Pacatiana; Now, as it is under the Turks, Germian. The other was famous for the Rivers Xan∣thus and Simois, and the City Troy standing in it: the ancient Troas being in this Phrygia contained by the ge∣neral accounts. This Phrygia had the name also of Hellespontiaca, from its situation upon the Aegean Sea, towards the Hellespont.

Piacenza, Placentia, a City of Lombardy, of great Antiquity; called by the French Plaisance. It is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Bologna; and the Capital of a Dukedom of the same name, which ever since 1557. has been in the Hands of the Dukes of Parma. It is a neat, populous City; said to have twenty five thousand Citizens within its Walls, and to be five Miles in Circuit: full of fine Buildings; and blessed with an ingenuous Race of Men, fit either for Arts or War. One Mile from the Po, forty from Mi∣lan to the East, and thirty five from Parma to the North-East; in a pleasant place, surrounded with fruit∣ful fields, Meadows, and Pastures; having many Channels cut for the watering their Ground, and the bringing in Merchandizes. It has several Salt-Springs, Mines of Iron; plenty of Wine, Oil, Corn; and Fruits of all sorts: the best Cheese in the whole World is made here in great quantity. Nor does it want Woods and Forests for Hunting; so that all things considered, it is one of the pleasantest situated Cities in the World: and thought to have taken its name from thence. It was one of the first Colonies the Romans setled in Gallia Cisalpina against the Gauls. They fortified it so well, that though the Insubres and Boii out of dis∣content Revolted and joined with Hannibal, (who made the Siege of this place one of his first Attempts) yet he was not able to take it. Nor had Asdrubal who followed him any better success: so that Livy informs us, this was one of the twelve Colonies which in the second Punick War saved Rome. In the Year of Rome 553. Amilcar a third Punick General, took this City with the help of the Gauls; and in a great degree ruined it by Fire and Sword. Caelius, a Thus∣can General, not being able to defend it against the Siege of Cinna and Marius, rather than he would be taken, desired his friend Petronius to give him his sword in his heart; who did so, and afterwards exe∣cuted the same to himself. Spurina, a Commander under Vitellius, defended this City with great Gallan∣try against Cecina, (one of Otho's Generals;) who yet at last took and burnt it, Anno Christi 69. In 269. M. Aurelianus received a great overthrow from the Marcomanni near it. In 542. Totilas King of the Goths, took it by a Siege: which reduced them to the necessity of eating Mans Flesh. About 1335. it fell first into the Hands of the Viscounts of Milan. About 1447. they called in the Venetians, and endeavoured to shake off the Dominion of the Milanese: which had like to have ended in their Ruin; the City being taken and sacked, and a most cruel Slaughter made of the Inhabitants. It continued after this under the Dukes of Milan; till together with Milan, it fell into the Hands of Lewis XII. King of France, in 1499. Pope Julius in 1512, got the Possession of it. In 1545. Pope Paul III. Created Lewis (his Natural Son) Duke of this City: who was slain for his Cruelty and wickedness by some Gentlemen hereof; and the place put into the Hands of Charles V. in 1547. Philip II. his Son, ten years after this, granted it to the Duke of Parma; whose Posterity of the House of Farnese enjoy it now. This was the Country of Pope Gregory X. Pope Ʋrban II in 1094, or 95. celebrated a Council here, in which the divorced Em∣press, Wife to Henry III. presented her Complaints. There have been other small Councils held here. The Territory, il Piacentino or il ducato di Ptacenza, has some considerable Towns and Springs in it, with Mines of Iron and Brass.

La Piave, Anassus, Plavis, a River of the Mar∣quisate di Treviso in Italy; which springs out of the Carnick Alpes, in the Borders of Germany and Carinthia; near the Fountains of the Drave. And flowing Southward through this Marquisate, to water the Cities of Cadorino, Belluno, and Feltria, it takes in the Bceto, Calore, and the Cordevolio: then falls into the Adriatick Sea, thirteen Miles from Venice to the East.

Picardie, Picardia, a Province on the North of France, towards the Low Countries; between Cham∣pagne to the East; Hainault and Artois to the North; the British Sea, and Normandy to the West; and the Isle of France to the South. Heretofore much greater than now; part of it being now taken into the Isle of France (to wit, le Beauvoisis, le Noyonois, le Laonois and le Valois:) there remaining to it le Boulenois, le Ponthieu, le Sansterre, le Vermandois, la Tierache, and l' Amienois. But it has also had some additions made to it by the Conquests in Artois. The Capital of this Province is Amiens. The other good Towns are Abbeville, Boulogne, Calais, Doulens, S. Quin∣tin, la Fere, Guise, Ham, Monstrevil, Perone, and Roye. The Rivers watering it are the Somme, the Oyse, the Authie, the Canche, &c.

Piceni and Picentini, two distinct Tribes or Regi∣ons of the ancient People of Italy. The one, contained now in the modern Marcha Anconitana, in the Do∣minions of the Church: the other, the latter, in a part of the Hither Principate in the Kingdom of Naples. Both subjected under the Romans about the year of Rome 480.

Pichtland Fyrth, Fretum Picticum, the Streight between the North of Scotland and the Isles of Ork∣ney.

Picighitome, Piceleo, a strong Town in the Mi∣lanese in Italy, upon the River Adda, betwixt Cremo∣na and Lodi: where Francis I. King of France re∣mained a Prisoner, after his being taken by the Army of the Emperor Charles V. at the Battel of Pavia. Its Cittadel was heretofore built by one of the Dukes of Milan.

Pickering, a Market Town in the North Riding of Yorkshire. The Capital of its Hundred; upon a small River falling into the Derwent: Not far from the Sea.

Pico, or Pica, one of the Islands of the Atlan∣tick Ocean, which is one of the Azores; extending twelve Miles from East to West; under the Portu∣guese.

Picolmaio, a River of Paragua in South Ameri∣ca; which ariseth in Peru, near the City of La Plata; and falls into the River of the same name after a long Course, and the addition of many smaller Ri∣vers.

The Picts, Picti. It is not very certainly con∣cluded, whether this ancient Nation of Barbarians first came into the Isles of Orkney, then Scotland, out of Scythia or out of Denmark. But having by force established themselves in the Counties of Fife and Lo∣thaine, they grew in the descent of time by enter-mar∣riages and contracts with the Scots to make one People with them. And it is supposed, their name comes from their custom of painting their Bodies. See Phi∣ctiaid.

The Picts Wall, Vallum Hadriani, Murus Pi∣cticus, was the most ancient Boundary between Eng∣land and Scotland; begun by Hadrian the Emperour to separate the Picts (or Barbarous Northern Nations) from the Civilized Roman-Britains, in 123. It reach∣ed from Eden in Cumberland to Tine in Northum∣berland: first made only of Turf, supported by Stakes, and strengthened by Pallisadoes. Severus the Empe∣ror repaired it, and made it much stronger in 207. Be∣fore these times, there had been one made in the nar∣rowest part of Scotland; first by Agricola, and after by Lollius Ʋrbicus, under Antonius Pius; but these Countries being not thought worth the keeping, Se∣verus fixed the Bounds finally where Hadrian had at first se••led them; and erected this Wall of solid Stone, with Towers at the distance of a Mile from each other, from the Irish to the German Sea eighty Miles in length This Wall was repaired by Carausius, under Dioclesian the Emperor, about 286. Having been ru∣ined by the Picts in several places about 388, it was a∣gain repaired by the Britains, (after the defeat of the Picts) by the assistance of the Romans, about 404. In 406. it was beaten down by the Picts. Aetius (a Roman General) rebuilt it the last time of Brick, a∣bout 430. So left the British to defend it. The Scots ruined it again the next year: after which it was ne∣ver more regarded, but only as a Boundary between the two Nations by Consent. It ran on the North side of the Tine, and the Irthing, two considerable Rivers. The Tract appears at this day in many places in Cumberland, and Northumberland; so many hun∣dred years not having been able to deface intirely that great Roman Work.

Pidanemo, Apidanus, a River of Thessalia; it ariseth from Mount Gomphos; and watering Pharsalus and taking in the Enipeus, the Melax, and the Phoe∣nix, falls into the Peneus above Larissa with a very swist Current.

Piedmont, Piedmontium, Pedemontium, is a Pro∣vince of Italy, towards France and Switzerland; cal∣led by the French Piedmont; by the Spaniards Pia∣monte; by the Germans Das Pemund; by the Eng∣lish Piedmont; which signifies the foot of the Hills. It has the honour to be stiled a Principality: under the Duke of Savoy; having been of old called Gallia Sub∣alpina. Great, well watered, fruitful, and populous; extended between the Dukedoms of Milan and Mont∣ferrat to the East; the States of Genoua, and the County of Nizza to the South; the Dauphine and Savoy to the West; the Dukedom of Auostor, (Osta) and a small part of Milan to the North. It contains the Marquisate of Saluzzo, the County d' Asti, the Territories of Verellese, Biellese, Albesano, and Pied∣mont (properly so called,) together with a part of the Dukedom of Montferrat. The Capital of this Pro∣vince is Turin, Torino: the other Cities are Asti, Bi∣ela, Jurea, Fossano, Mondovi, Pignerol (under the French), Saluzzo, Susa (lately taken by the French) and Verelli. Under the Lombards this was called the Dukedom of Turin. The History of it belongs properly to Savoy; of which this is but a Province. The Taurini, Salassii, Segusiani, &c. were the ancient Inhabitants thereof in, and before the Roman times. Now the eldest Sons of the Dukes of Savoy are sty∣led Princes of Piedmont.

Pienza, Pientia, Corfinianum, a City of Hetru∣ria, now in the Territory of Siena: and a Bishops See (by the Institution of Pope Pius II. in 1462. who was born at it) under the Archbishop of Siena. It is little, but well Peopled; six Miles from Monte Pulciano to the West, ten from the Popes Domini∣ons, and twenty five from Siena to the North-East: under the Duke of Florence. Baudrand in another place states the distance thus; three from Monte Pulciano, and twenty two from Siena.

Piergo. See Polina.

Pieria and Pierius. By these names in ancient Histories we find mentioned, a River of the Pelopon∣nesus in Achaia. § A sountain in Elis in the same Country. § A Mountain of Thessalia in Macedonia, consecrated to the Muses by the Poets, who there∣fore give them the name of Pierides. § An entire Pro∣vince of the ancient Macedonia, towards the Sinus Thermaicus, and the Borders of Thessaly; the Inha∣bitants whereof were called Pieres. § As likewise a part of Syria, near Cilicia.

Pifar, Phiternus, Tifernus, the same with Bifer∣no, a River in the Kingdom of Naples; it ariseth out of the Apennine in the Province of Molise near Boia∣no; and flowing to the South-East, watereth Guar∣dia Alferes, and passeth by Larina: at last by Ter∣mini, (a City of the Capitanata) falls into the Adria∣tick Sea; between il Fortore and Trigno, two other Rivers of that Kingdom.

Pignerol, Pinarolo, Pinarolium, a City of Pied∣mont, upon an Hill; which has a strong Castle, upon the River Cluso; at the foot of the Alpes. Twelve Miles from Turin to the North-West, nineteen from Suse to the South, and ten from Saluzes. This City belonged to the Dukedom of Savoy; but was ravish∣ed from that Prince by Cardinal Richelieu in 1630: and by Lewis XIII, United March 31. 1631, to the Crown of France for ever, according to the Articles of the Treaty of Querasque betwixt him and Victor Amadaeus D. of Savoy. There are divers Churches and Religious Houses here: And the Castle is very strong both by art and nature.

Pilaca, Ajax, a River of Calabria, which falls into the Ionian Sea.

Pilau, Pilaua, a strong Fort or Castle in the Du∣cal Prussia; at the Mouth of the Bay of Koningsperg; three German Miles from that City to the West. Ta∣ken by the Swedes in 1626: but now under the Duke of Brandenburg; and has a very good Harbour be∣longing to it.

Pilsen, Pilsenum, a City of Bohemia, upon the River Mies; nine German Miles from Prague to the West, six from the Borders of the Ʋpper Palatinate, and eleven from Eger or Heb. This is a great and strong City: besieged unsuccessfully by the Hussars, but taken by the Count de Mansfeldt in 1118. The Mies below it receives a small River in that form, as makes this place seem to stand in a Peninsula.

Pilsno, Pilsna, a City of the Lesser Poland, in the Palatinate of Sandomir, near the Vistula: the Capital of a Territory of the same Name.

Pinco, Pincus, a River in the Isle of Candy, or Crete.

Pindus, a vast Mountain now called Mezzovo, a∣scribed by Strabo to Macedonia; by Ptolemy to Epi∣rus, (it passing between it and Macedonia;) by o∣thers to Thessalia. It stretcheth from East to West from the Acroceraunian Hills, (now called Capo della Chimera in Albania) to the Thermopylae, now Bocca di Lupo: in the midst of this Course it brancheth out to the South the Parnassus and Helicon; which has occasioned the confounding these three Names. The Enacho and Eas, (two Rivers) spring from this Mountain.

Pingiam, a great and rich City of the Province of Xansi, in China; said to be the Capital over thirty others in the same Province.

Pingive, a City in the Province of Queicheu, in China.

Pingleang, a City in the Province of Xensi, in China; upon the River Kiang, at the Foot of the Mountains.

Pinglo, a great City in the Province of Quamsi, in China, upon the River Li. The Capital over several other Cities.

Pinhel, Pinelum, a small, but strong City in the King∣dom of Portugal; in the Confines of the Kingdom of Leon, upon a River of the same Name: four Leagues from the Duero to the South, and six from Guarda.

Pi••sk, Pinscum, a Town in Lithuania, in the Palatinate of Brescia; upon a River of the same Name. Once a very considerable place, and now the Capital of a District called by its Name: but being taken by the Cossacks, they burnt and plundered it: by which Devastation it is reduced into a mean Con∣dition. It stands nineteen Miles from Brescici to the East.

Piomba, Helvinum, Matrinas, a River of A∣bruzzo; flowing between the Cities of Adria and Penna, (in the Further Abruzzo,) into the Adriatick Sea.

Piombino Piumbinum, a great and strong City in the Territory of Siena in Italy; on the Tyrrhenian Sea: under the Dominion of a Prince of its own, but has a Spanish Garrison for its Protection: It lies in the midst between Orbitello and Ligorne, fifty Miles from either, and from Siena. This City sprung out of the Ruins of Populonium, which stood not far from it.

Pir, Orontes.

Pirgi, Perga, once an Archbishops See, now a small Village in Pamphylia, in the Lesser Asia.

Pirn, a Town in the Province of Messen (Mis∣nia) in the Ʋpper Saxony, in Germany, upon the Elbe: three Leagues from the Borders of Bohemia, near Dresden. Remarkable for a Treaty concluded at it in 1635, betwixt the Elector of Saxony and the Emperor Ferdinand II. As also for the Protection given here in 1628, to the Refugee Protestants of Bohemia and Austria. In 1640, the Army of the King of Sweden took this Town.

Pisa, Pisae, a Town of Hetruria, of great An∣tiquity; built by the People of Peloponnesus, as Stra∣bo averrs: now an Archbishops See, upon the River Arno, which divides it, and is covered with three Bridges. Great, but not well peopled. It has an U∣niversity, which was opened here in 1349, and a strong Cittadel. Also once a potent Commonwealth; which recovered Sardinia out of the Hands of the Sa∣racens, mastered Carthage and Majorca, and gave great assistance to the Christians of the East: but be∣ing it self first overpowered by the Florentines, and restored to its former Liberty by Charles VIII. of France, it fell the second time under their Power; and together with Florence subjected to the House of Medices; under whom it now is. This City stands six Miles from the Mouth of the Arno to the East; and forty five from Florence, ten from Lucca to the South, fifteen from Ligorne. In a numerous and splendid Council here held in 1400, Alexander V. was chosen Pope, and the two Anti∣popes, Benedict XIII. and Greg. XII. declared to be Schismaticks and Hereticks, and as such deposed. It is famous for many other noble Councils. One in 1134, under Pope Innocent II. excommunicated the Antipope Anacletus. Another in 1511, acted against the person and Government of Pope Julius II. Whereun∣to add the Treaty in 1664, betwixt Pope Alexan∣der VII. and Lewis XIV. King of France, touching the Estates of Castro and Ronciglione, the Resti∣tution of Avignon and the County of Venaissin into the Hands of the Pope. The Archbishops See was set∣tled by Pope Ʋrban II. Anno Christi 1092. § Pisa is the Name also of an ancient City of Elis, in the Peloponnesus: near to which, the Olympick Games were celebrated in the Honour of Jupiter.

Pisano, or the Pisantine, Pisanus Tractus, is a part of Hetruria in Italy; between the States of Flo∣rence, and Siena to the East; the States of Lucca to the North, the Tyrrhenian Sea to the West, and Tus∣cany to the South. Once a Commonwealth, but now under the Duke of Florence. The Capital is Pisa. The other considerable places are Ligorn, and Vol∣terra.

Pisatello, Rubicon, a River of Romandiola in Italy; small, but of great Fame; having been the ancient Boundary between Gallia Cispadana and Ita∣ly; and on that account mentioned by many of the ancient Historians. The passing of it by Julius Cae∣sar was the first Act of Hostility against the Com∣monwealth of Rome. It is now called towards its Falls, il Pisatello; at its Rise, Rico; before it reach∣eth the Seas, il Fiumicello di Savignano. This River runs near Cesene and Savignano; and falls into the A∣driatick Sea, ten Miles from Rimini. In this place there was a Marble Inscription erected in 1546, to per∣petuate the memory thereof; yet some Learned Men have rather thought it to be Luso, (a River in the Territory of Rimini), than this which was the anci∣ent Rubicon.

Pistoia, Pistoria, a City in the State of Florence; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Flo∣rence; built upon the River Stella, at the Foot of the Apennine: now in a flourishing State. Twenty two Miles from Florence to the North-West. Pope Clement IX. was born in this City. The Italians speaking of it, call it, Pistoria la bene Strutta, The well built Pistoria. The Statues of Pope Leo X. and Clement VII. are erected in one of the principal Churches.

Pistres, or Pistes. This place is remarked in the Tomes of the Councils, for a Council assembled at it by Charles le Chauve, King of France, in 863, or 864; called Concilium ad Pistas. But the French Writers diversly situate it; some upon the Seine; some upon the Andele near Pont de l' Arche in Normandy, in the Diocese of Roiien.

Pistrina, Philistinae Fossae, one of the Mouths of the Po.

Pisuerga, Pisoraca, a River of Spain; which a∣riseth out of the Mountains of Old Castile; and run∣ning South, separates the Kingdom of Leon from that of Old Castile. It admits the Car••••on, (another of its Boundaries) and the Arlantion; and watering Duennas and Valladolid, falls into the Duero above Simaucas.

Pitane, an ancient City of Mysia, in the Lesser Asia, towards the Aegean Sea. A Second, in Troas. A third in Laconia, in the Morea: Whose Names had even perished with them, if not preserved by Pliny, Strabo, Ptolemy, &c. § A River of the Morea, and another in the Island of Corsica (the latter, now called Fiuminale d' Ordano,) did heretofore go by this Name also.

Placentia, Placencia, a City of the Kingdom of Leon, in the Province of Extremadura; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Compostella. Built in 1180, by Alphonsus VIII. King of Leon, out of the Ruins of Deobriga, (a City of the Vet∣tones in Lusitania:) and the place where it stands was called The Village of Ambrosio. It is seated in a very fertile Plain, called La Vera de Placentia, upon the River Xexte; twelve Miles from Coria to the East, twenty six from Salamanca to the South, and as many from Merida to the North: and was once honoured with the Title of a Dukedom. § There is another Placentia in Old Castile, amongst the Mountains: secured with a strong Castle, and ho∣noured with a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Toledo.

Plaisance. See Piacenza.

Plaisance en Armagnac, a Town of France, in the County expressed in its name, in Aquitain: a se∣cond in Rouergne, in Gascony: and a new Fortress in New France, in North America.

Plaitz, Celius. See Hensterberg.

Planizza, Inachus, a River on the East of the Morca: which falls into the Mediterranean Sea, near Napoli di Romania.

La Plata, Argenteus Fiuvius, a River of South America; called by the Spaniards, El rio de la Pla∣ta; by the Americans Paranaguazu; by the En∣glish and French, The River of Plate. Thought to be one of the greatest Rivers in the whole World. It ariseth in Paragua, above the Lake de Los Xa∣raies; and running a vast Course to the South, and separating Paragua from Chaco, (beneath the City de Buenos Ayres;) It entereth the Sea of Paraguay; by a Mouth of sixty English Miles in breadth, or forty Spanish Leagues. This River was first discovered in 1513, by John Diaz, a Portuguese.

La Plata, Argentea, a City in Peru, in the Go∣vernment of Characa, or los Charcas; built by the Spaniards in the Valley of Chuquisaca, upon the River Picolmaio; an Archbishops See, (by the Insti∣tution of Pope Paul V. having before been a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Lima;) and the Capi∣tal of the Province of Characa, otherwise called Pro∣vincia de Rio de la Plata by the Spaniards: one hun∣dred and sixty five Spanish Leagues from Cusco to the South, eighteen from Potosi, and one hundred and ten from the Pacifick Ocean. This is one of the richest, most populous, and best built Cities in Ame∣rica; and stands near the Silver Mines.

Platamona, Aliacmon, a River of Macedonia; which ariseth from the Cambuvian Hills; and run∣ning Eastward by Pidna (now Chitro, or Platan), falls into the Gulph of Salonica. It is called Pele∣cas by Sophianus; Platamona by Moletius; Bistrisa by Holstenius; in the latter Maps Aliagmo, and In∣jacovi.

Platano, Lycus, a River on the South of Sicily; which falls into the Sea eighteen Miles from Gergenti to the West.

Plataeae, an ancient City of Baeotia in Greece: fa∣mous for a Temple in those times, erected in the Ho∣nour of Jupiter Liberator. Near to it, the two Athe∣nian and Lacedaemonian Generals, Pausanias and Aristides, defeated Mardonius General of the Persians in the year of Rome 275, and the seventy fifth Olym∣piad. It was surprized by the Thebans, anno Romae 323: who for their Fact were massacred by the In∣habitants. In 381, the Thebans and the Lacedaemo∣nians together quite ruined it.

Platsee, Platzee. See Balaton.

Plaven, Plaun, Plava, a City of Voightland, a Province of the Ʋpper Saxony in Germany; or as o∣thers say, in Misnia; seated upon the River Eister; between Zwickaw to the South-East, and Curow or Curen to the North-West; four Miles from the Bor∣ders of Bohemia. Under the Duke of Saxony.

Plawe, Plava, a Town in the Dukedom of Mag∣deburg, upon a Lake of the same Name; near the Efflux of the River Elde; six German Miles from Gustrow, and ten from Havetberg to the North.

Pleseow, Plescoviensis Ducatus, the most We∣stern Province of Moscovy. Bounded by Ingria to the North, Lithuania to the South, Livonia to the West, and Novogard to the East. It is great, popu∣lous and fruitful: was a Sovereign Dukedom, till John Basilovitz conquered it in 1509. The principal City is Pleskow, Pleskovia; which stands upon the River Veliki; forty Miles from the Confines of Li∣vonia to the East, sixty from the Lake of Ilmen, and forty from Riga to the North-East. This City was betrayed into the Hands of the Russ by the Priests, in 1509, upon a Religious Pretence: who were se∣verely punished for their Treason, by that perfidious, bloody, cruel Tyrant. In 158••, it was besieged, and taken by Stephen, King of Poland. Again in 1615, by Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden; out of whose Hands the Russ were forced to redeem it, by the Payment of a vast Sum of Money. The Russ call it Pskouwa.

Plessis, a Seigniory in the Province of Poictou, in France: giving Name and Origine to an Honourable Family, which produced the late famous Minister of State in that Kingdom, the Cardinal of Richlieu.

Plymouth, Plymuthum, a Noble Sea-Port Town in the most Western part of Devonshire, on the South of England. It takes its Name from the River Plyme; between which and the Tainer (a much greater River, and the Western Boundary of Devonshire) this Town is seated; and has one of the largest, safest, and most convenient Havens in the World. It was anciently called Sutton; and (saith Mr. Cambden) of late times was a poor Fishermens Town; but within the compass of a few years be∣come equal to some of the best Cities in England. Fortified both to the Seaward, by a Fort built on St. Nicolas Isle; and to Landward, by two Forts upon the Haven, and a Castle on a Hill; besides which it has a Chain for the Security of the Haven in time of War. Henry IV. granted it a Mayor. From this Town Sir Francis Drake set Sail in 1577; when he went that Voyage in which he sailed round the Ter∣restrial Globe. Out of this Haven the English Fleet was Towed by Ropes (the Winds being contrary), when in 1588, Charles Lord Howard, Admiral of England, went to fight the Spanish invincible Ar∣mado, as they unwisely called it. Charles II. added to the Strength of this Place, by building a stately Cittadel on a Hill near it; and to its Honour, by creating Charles Fitz-Charles, (one of his Natural Sons) Baron of Dartmouth, Viscount Totnes, and Earl of Plymouth, July 9. 1675, who afterward died at Tangier.

Ploen, Plona, a small City in the Dukedom of Holstein, in the Province of Wagaren; between a double Lake of the same Name: six German Miles from Lubeck to the North. It has a splendid and noble Castle; which together with the City is under the Dominion of a Prince of the Family of Holstein.

Plotzko, Ploczko, or Plosco, Plocum, Ploscum, a small City in the Greater Poland; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Gnesna; the Capital of a Palatinate of the same Name, in the Dukedom of Mazomiekie, or Masovia; to which there belongs a Castle. It is seated upon the Vistula, fourteen Polish Miles from Warsaw to the West.

Pludents, a small Seigniory in Tyrol, belonging to the King of Spain.

Plusa, Aprusa, a small River in Romandiola, which springeth out of Mount Titam; and running Southward, falls into the Adriatick Sea near Rimin••. Also called L' Avesa.

Pluviers, Aviarium, a City in the Province of La Beause, upon the River l' Oeuf; ten Leagues from Orleans to the North, and as many from Mon∣targis to the East: it is a spruce City, and by the Writers of the middle Times called Pithuria.

Plurs, or Pleure, Plura, an Italian Prefecture, belonging to the Grisons; by the Gift of Maximi∣lian Sforza, Duke of Milan, in 1513. It takes its Name from the chief Town of the same Name; once seated at the Foot of the Alpes, near Chiavenne,

upon the River Maira; (the chief of sundry Villa∣ges, lying in the same bottom;) now nothing but a deep and bottomless Gulph. For on April 26. 1617. a huge Rock falling from the top of the Mountains, overwhelmed it; and killed in the twinkling of an Eye fifteen hundred people; left no sign or ruin of a Town there standing; but in the place thereof, a great Lake of about two Miles in length. Heylyn. There were eight Religious Houses in it; yet scarce one person of all the Town escaped alive. The day before this, a roaring noise was heard from the Mountain.

Po, Padus, Eridanus, the greatest River in Italy; which ariseth in Piedmont; and dividing Lombardy into two parts, falls into the Adriatick Sea by many Mouths. Called by the Italians, French, and En∣glish, Po; by the Germans, Paw. Its Head is in Mount Viso, (Vesulus), one of the Cottian Alpes; in the Borders of Dauphiné, in the Marquisate of Saluzzo, from a Spring called Visenda, in the midst of a Meadow; and running East by the Castle of Paisand, it hides it self in the Earth again. So di∣viding Piedmont at Villa Franca, it takes in the Chisone; and at Pancalieri, the Veraita and Ma∣cra; by the addition of which, it becomes capable of bearing a Boat. Then it waters Turin (the Capital of Savoy) where it takes in the Doria: so conti∣nuing his Course to the East by Chivas and Casal, he takes his leave of the Duke of Savoy's Dominions, and entereth Milan: leaving Pavia five, and Milan twenty Miles to the North, it passeth on the South of Piacenza, and the North of Cremona; leaving Par∣ma four Miles to the South, and Mantoua six to the North, he passeth to Fichervolo; where he divides his vastly improved Streams into two great Branches. The Northern watereth the State of Venice, and by five Mouths entereth the Gulph of Venice: the Sou∣thern passeth to Ferrara, and is there subdivided into three other Branches; the most Southern of which, runs within four Miles of Ravenna. This River re∣ceives about thirty Rivers in all from the Alpes, and the Apennine; and being by far the greatest River in Italy, is mightily magnified by the Latin Poets: who would have it no less than the Nile, and the Danube; call it the King of Rivers, and the grea∣test in the World. It must be confessed, that it is a noble Flood; and the only one which has sound a place in Heaven too, or hath the Glory to be made a Constellation. But (saith the Learned Dr. Brown, who saw it) there are many Rivers that exceed it in Greatness. The Names of the most considerable of its Branches, are, il Po grando, il Po di Ariano, il Po di Volana, and il Po di Argenta.

Poblet, a Monastery in Catalonia, where the Kings of Arragon were anciently buried.

Pocevera, Porcifera, a River in the States of Ge∣noua, which takes its rise from the Appennine; and by a Valley ten Miles long, makes it passage by Ge∣noua into the Ligustick Sea.

Pocklington, a Market Town in the East Riding of Yorkshire, and the Hundred of Harthill; upon a small River, falling into the Derwent.

Pocutie, Pocutia, a small Tract in the South part of the Kingdom of Poland, called by the Natives Poconk, or Pocouth. It is a part of the Territory of Halitz; between the River Tyra, (now the Nei∣ster,) and the Borders of Transylvania and Wala∣chia: the principal Town is Sniatim upon the Pruth: the rest, Colomey and Martinow.

Podgarim, Babylonia, a Province in Asia.

Podolia, Bodeni, Budini, Patzinacae Populi, a Province of the Kingdom of Poland; comprehended under the Red Russia, of which it is a part; and sub∣ject to a Palatine of its own. Bounded on the North by Volhinia, on the East by the Palatinate of Braslaw, on the South by Wallachia, and on the West by Russia (properly so called), or the Black Russia. This Country extends Eastward through vast uninhabited Countries, as far as the Euxine Sea. They divide it ordinarily into the Ʋpper Podolia to the West, and the Lower to the East. The people are Russians by their Original; conquered by the Poles, and in the year 1434. admitted to the same Privileges with the rest of Poland, by Ʋladislaus then King of Poland. It is fruitful to a wonder; yet more ac∣commodated to the life of Beasts, than Men. Could it enjoy a steady Peace, it should not need to envy the Fertility of Italy, or any other Country: but be∣ing a Frontier against the Turks and Tartars, and always exposed to their devouring Incursions, it is but meanly inhabited, and not much improved. In the year 1672. it was yielded to the Turks; a part of it has been retrieved since. The principal place is Cami∣nieck, in the Ʋpper Podolia; the rest are Tzudnow, Bratzlaw (in the Lower,) and Orczakow, which last is in the hands of the Tartars.

Poictiers, Pictavium, Augustoritum, Pictava, Pictavorum Ʋrbs, a City which is the Capital of the Province of Poictou in France; a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Bourdeaux, and a celebrated Univer∣sity founded by Charles VII. in 1431. It stands up∣on the River Clain, at its Confluence with another small River, which there makes a large Lake; four∣teen Leagues from the Loyre to the South, thirty from Saintes to the North, and thirty five from Bourges to the West. Famous for many Battels sought near it; especially that of the Black Prince, in the year 1356. In which, John King of France was taken Prisoner, together with many Lords, and two thousand Knights and Esquires. Fifty two Lords, one thousand seven hundred Knights and Gentlemen, were slain of the French. Three French Battalions, (the least of which exceeded the English) were in∣tirely routed, and in great part destroyed. In the Reign of Charles VII. King of France, whilest the Victorious English were Masters of the Capital of the Kingdom, the Parliament of Paris for some years sat here. The old Castle by the Gate of S. La∣zare is thought to have been the Work of the Ro∣mans; who built besides an Amphitheatre and other Edisices, yet apparent in their remains. This City contains twenty four Parishes, five Abbeys, and divers Monasteries. The Episcopal See became famous in the Primitive Times by the Person of S. Hilary. Divers Councils have been celebrated at it. In one An∣no 1075. Berengarius appeared; whilst the Doctrine of the Presence, in opposition to his, was received, recognized, and established. Another under Pope Paschal II. excommunicated Philip I. King of France. The Roman Catholicks took Poictiers from the Hu∣guenots, and plundered it in 1562. In 1569. the Huguenots under Admiral Coligny besieged it, but were forced to rise without success.

Poictou, Pictaviensis Provincia, is a large Pro∣vince in France; which was a part of Aquitain, whilest under the Romans; and called by the Ita∣lians, Poitu. Its greatest extent is from East to West: being bounded on the East by Touraine, and la Marche; on the North by Anjou, and Bretagne; on the West by the Bay of Aquitain, or the British Sea; and on the South by Saintonge and Angou∣lesme. This Province was pillaged in the fifth Cen∣tury by the Vandals, Huns and Germans. The Ro∣mans in the Reign of the Emperour Honorius, left it to the Wisigoths; whom Clovis the Grand ex∣pelled about the year 510. Then from the time of Charlemaigne, it was under Sovereign Counts of its own, till 1271: when upon a failure of the Line, it

was united to the Crown of France. These Counts had, for about nineteen several Successions, attained the Title of Dukes of Guyenne. Not to omit, the the Descent of the Provinces of Guyenne and Poictou, upon the Crown of England in 1152. by Eleanour, Wise to Henry II. Nor the attempt made in 1242. (though without success) by Richard Earl of Corn∣wall, Brother to King John, to reduce Poictou under the Obedience of England again, after the French pre∣tended K. John had forfeited his Rights by the Death of Arthur. The principal Towns next Poictiers, are Chastelleraud, Thouars, S. Maxient, Fountenay, Lou∣dun, Niort, Parthenay, and Richelieu.

Poissy, Pisciacum, a Town in the Isle of France, which has a Stone Bridge over the Seine; six Leagues above Paris to the East. S. Lewis King of France was born here in 1215. The heart of King Philip le Bel was interred in a Church here of his own foun∣dation. It has divers Religious Houses. And in the last Age was more especially famous, upon the ac∣count of a Conference of Religion betwixt the Ro∣man Catholicks and Huguenots from September 4. 1560. to November 25. held in the presence of Charles IX. King of France, and Catherine de Me∣dicis, the Queen Regent; assisted with the Princes of the Blood, a great number of Cardinals, Bishops, Counsellors, and Grandees of the Kingdom, and Lear∣ned Men of both Religions. Beza, as the Head of the Reformed, chiefly managing, and bending his ut∣most force, against the Doctrine of the Presence.

Pola, Polia, Julia Pietas, a City and Colony in Istria, mentioned by Strabo and Pliny; still called by the same Name: being one of the strongest Cities in Istria, and a Bishops See under the Patriarch of Aquileja. Seated on a Hill near the Shoars of the Adriatick Sea, upon which it has a large Haven: twenty eight Miles from Parenzo to the South, sixty from Trieste, and an hundred from Ancona to the North. Said to have been built by the Colchi. Now under the States of Venice; but small, and not much inhabited; it having not above seven or eight hundred Inhabitants. The Venetians send a Governour how∣ever to it, who takes the Title of a Count. It has a small Cittadel. In the time of the Roman Empire, this City, as a Free State, dedicated a Statue to Seve∣rus the Emperour: it has several other noble Re∣mains, which speak its Greatness and Antiquity; as Mr. Wheeler acquaints us in his Travels, pag. 5. Long. 37. 00. Lat. 45. 04.

Polan, Bollia, a River of Stiria.

Polana, Monalus, a River in the North of Sicily; written in Baudrand, Polina.

Poland, Polenia, is one of the principal King∣doms in Europe; called by the Natives Poloska; by the Germans, die Polen; by the French, Pologne; by the Spaniards and Italians, Polonia; by the En∣glish, Poland. A part of the old Salmatia Europaea; and has its Name from Pole, which signifies a Plain in the Sclavonian Tongue. Bounded on the North by the Baltick Sea, the Swedish Livonia, and Russia; by the last, and the Desarts of Tartary, on the East; on the South by the Ʋpper Hungary, Transylvania, and Walachia; on the West by Germany. This King∣dom is of a round Figure, two thousand six hundred Miles in compass. The Earth plain, but full of Woods; which do in some degree rectifie the Cold∣ness of the Air. They have no Wine; as for Bar∣ley and Pulse, they have more than they spend. The People are Industrious and Learned; good Souldi∣ers, proud and prodigal. The Christian Faith was first settled in Poland, under Miceslaus, in the year 963. by one Meinardus. The Reformation about 1535. crept into these Countries; but never general∣ly imbraced, nor persecuted. The Greek Church has some footing here too; but the most general, is the Roman Catholick. This vast Kingdom is divided in∣to thirty four Palatinates, most of which I shall men∣tion in their proper places. The principal Cities are Belzko, Braclaw, Braslaw, Briescie, Kaliss, Kami∣niec, Chelmo, Krakow, Elbing, Dantzick, Gnesna, Kiow, Lenzycze, Lwow, Lublin, Lucko, Malbork, Mscislawau, Minsko, Novogrod, Plocko, Pozan, Prze∣misl, Konigsberg, Sendomiers, Siracz, Thorn, Trocko, Warzawa, (commonly called Warsaw, the Capital of Poland), Wilna, Witebsko, and Wlodzimiers. The first Duke of this Kingdom was Lechus, who began his Reign in 694. His Posterity in eleven De∣scents continued till 800. when Priastus was the first elected Duke. In the year 1000. Boleslaus (Son of Mieceslaus) received the Title of King, from Otho III. Emperour of Germany. The present King is the forty sixth Prince, and the thirty second King of Poland; who has had the Honour to be the Preserver of Christendom by the Relief of Vienna, and many other brave Actions. Though this Prince has the Name of a King, and the first Dukes were in truth Kings without the Title; yet at present he is nothing less: being not allowed to make Peace or War, to impose Taxes, make Laws, alienate any of his Demeans; or in short, to do any thing of Impor∣tance, which concerns the Publick, without the con∣sent of the Diet. He does not only swear to do all this; but allows their Disobedience, in case he vio∣lates his Oath: which makes the Subjects the Princes Judges, and this Kingdom a meer Aristocracy; or knot of petty Kingdoms under one Head. Whence the Tartars and Muscovites have reaped great advan∣tages; and the King of Sweden once, with forty thousand men, reduced this Country to the last extre∣mity, which otherwise accounts two hundred thousand men a small Army to be sent into the Field by Poland. Socinianism hath been a prevailing Sect here: it oweth its denomination to the two Socinus's (Lae∣lius and Faustus,) Natives of this Kingdom: who in the last Century, amidst the distractions of people about Religion, revived the ancient assertions of A∣rius, Nestorius, &c. called Heresies, under their own Names. There is besides a general mixture of Ro∣man and Greek Catholicks, Jews, Calvinists, Lutherans, Anabaptists, &c.

Polaquie, Polachia, a small Province in the King∣dom of Poland; between Mazovia to the West, Li∣thuania and Polesia to the East. The principal Town of which, is Bielka.

Pole, Pola, a Province on the East of Moscovy, to∣wards the River Tanais; between Mordua, Rezania, and the Kingdom of Astracan; in which there is no City or Town of Note.

Polesie, Polesia, a Province of Poland, in the great Dukedom of Lithuania; extended from East to West between Red Russia, Volhinia, Mazovia, and the Pa∣latinate of Novogrod. The principal Town is Brescie; twenty five Miles from Lublin, and thirty from War∣saw to the East. This Province is extremely over∣run by Woods, and full of Bogs and Marshes.

Policastro, Policastrum, Polaeocastrum, a City in the Kingdom of Naples, in the Hither Principate; on the Shoars of the Tyrrhenian Sea; fifty five Miles from Salerno to the North-East. It is now almost desolate; yet a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Salerno; and gives Name to a Bay, formerly called Sinus Laus.

Polignano, Polinianum, Pulinianum, a small Ci∣ty in the Province of Bari, in the Kingdom of Na∣ples; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Bari.

Polina, Aous, one of the principal Rivers of Alba∣nia; it ariseth ten Miles above Apollonia, an ancient

City, (now called Pollina;) and falls into the Adri∣atick Sea. Others call it Piergo. Near this River, Philip King of Macedon received a great Overthrow from the Romans; on which account it is mentioned by divers Historians.

Polizzi, Politium, a great Town in Sicily; built upon an Hill; six Miles from Nicosia, and twenty from Palermo.

Pollina, or Periergo, Apollonia, a City of Mace∣donia, (now in Albania,) upon the Adriatick Sea. Heretofore a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Du∣razzo: but now a Metropolitan See it self. Seated thirty five Miles from Durazzo to the South; and in∣habited by a small number of Men, under the Domi∣nion of the Turks. In this place Octavianus, (after∣wards Augustus) was at his Studies; when Julius Cae∣sar, his Uncle, was Murthered in the Senate. Long. 45. 06. Lat. 40. 19.

••oloczko, or Polloczki, Poloczka, Polocia, Polo∣tium, a City of Lithuania, in the Kingdom of Po∣land; the Head of a Palatinate, which was once a Dukedom. It stands upon the Dwina, where it re∣ceives the Polotta; having upon each River a Castle: seventy five Polish Miles above Riga to the South-East, and fifty five from Vilna to the North-East. Taken by the Russ in 1563; retaken by Stephen King of Po∣land in 1579. Of later times it changed its Master a∣gain; but is now under the Poles.

Pologne. See Poland.

Pomeiok, an Indian Town and River in Virginia, upon the North Sea.

Pomerania, a Province of Germany, called by the Inhabitants, Pomeren; by the Poles, Pomerska. It lies in the Upper Circle of Saxony; bounded on the North by the Baltick Sea, on the East by Prussia, on the South by the Marquisate of Brandenburgh, and on the West by the Dukedom of Mecklenburgh. Ex∣tended upon the Baltick Sea from East to West two hundred English Miles. A plain and fruitful Coun∣try, yielding great plenty both of Corn and Grass, But∣ter and Cheese, &c. full of People of a vigorous Constitution. This Country in 1295, was given by Mestovius, the last of its Princes, to Primislaus King of Poland; who enjoyed all the Eastern part as far as Prussia, and the River Weyssel or Vistula. The rest continued under Princes of its own, till 1637: when Bugius (the last of them) dying without Heirs Males, this great Country, by the Treaty of Munster, was divided between the Swedes and the Duke of Bran∣denburgh. All that lay on the West of the Oder, and the Dukedom of Stetin, being left to the Swedes; together with Rugen, an Island in the Baltick Sea; and Dam and Golnow, two Towns beyond the Oder. The further or more Eastern Pomerania, and Prussia, was granted to the Duke of Brandenburgh. There is in this vast Country under the Swedes these Cities; Anclam, Gripswald, Stetin, Stralsund, and Wolgast: and under the Brandenburgh, are Camin, Colburgh, and Stratgard.

Klein Pommeren, Pomerania Parva, the Little Pomerania, or the Palatinate of Pomerania; is that part of Pomerania, which long since was given to the Crown of Poland; called by the Poles, Woiewodztwo Pomorskie, and for the most part included in Prussia. Bounded on the West by that part of Pomerania which is under the Duke of Brandenburgh; on the North by the Baltick Sea; the River Vistula to the East, by which it is separated from the rest of Prussia; and the greater Poland to the South. The principal City in it is Dantzick.

Pommerelle, or the Dukedom of Pommeren, is a part of the Eastern Pomerania, which is under the Duke of Brandenburgh. Bounded on the East by Cassubia, and the Marquisate of Brandenburgh; by the Baltick Sea on the North; the Oder on the West; and the Dukedom of Stetin on the South. The Great Towns in it are Stargart, Camin and Treptow.

Pompeiopolis, an ancient City of Cilicia, in Asia Mi∣nor; to which Pompey the Great imparted his name; as Trajan afterward also did, that of Trasanopolis. It has been honoured, since Christianity, with a Bishops See under the Archbishop of Seleucia. But now, become a miserable Town; called, according to some, Palesali. § There was a second in Paphlagonia, which receiv∣ed Pompey's name, after his defeat of Mithridates King of Pontus; having before been called Eupato∣ria. This latter became an Archbishops See under the Patriarch of Constantinople: Now wholly ruined.

Pons, a Town of France, in the Province of Sain∣tonge, upon the River Seugne, which falls in the Cha∣rante below Sainctes. It gives its name to a Neigh∣bouring Forest, and likewise to an honourable Fami∣ly of France. In Latin, apud Pontes.

Pont à Mouson, Mussipontum, Mussipons, a Town in Lorain, in the Dukedom of Bar, upon the Moselle; five Leagues from Nancy to the North, six from S. Michael, and five from Toul: it has been well fortified; but at present dismantled, and made an Uni∣versity; in which there is a Scotch College of the foun∣dation of Pope Gregory XIII. It gives the Title of a Marquess; hath two Abbeys and divers Churches.

Pont de l' Arche, Pons Arcus, Pons Arcuensis, a City in Normandy, in the Bishoprick of Roan; which has a strong Castle, and a Stone Bridge upon the Seine (which here receives the Eure and the Andele) built by Charles the Bald. It stands three Leagues above Roan to the South; and was the first Town, that sur∣rendred it self to Henry IV. after his advancement to the Crown of France.

Pont Andemer, or Ponteau-de-Mer, Pons Audo∣mari, a small City in Normandy, upon the River Ril∣le; two Leagues from its Mouth, and ten from Roan to the West: surprised by the Leaguers in 1592. but soon after returned to the King. In 1279, a Council was assembled here.

Pont Beauvoisin, Pons Bellovicinus, a Town in Dauphine, upon the River Guyer; here covered with a Bridge, which gives it this name; and separates the Province of Dauphine from Savoy.

Pont de Ce, Pontes Caesaris, a Town in the Duke∣dom of Anjou, upon the Loyre; over which it has a very long Bridge: and had once a very strong Castle. One League from Angiers to the South. At this Town the Troops of Lewis XIII. under Mareschal de Crequi defeated those of the Queen Mother (Ma∣ria de Medicis) in 1620.

Pont du Gard, Pons Vardonis, or Gardonis, three Bridges built one over the other, over the River Gardon, for the continuing an Aquaduct to Nismes. The lowest having six Arches, the second twelve, and the highest thirty four; a thing of great Antiquity. It stands in the middle between Avignon to the East, and Nismes to the West; four Leagues from the lat∣ter. The Learned Dr. Brown in his Travels, gives the Figure of this wonderful Work; and assures us, that the top of it is one hundred and eighty six Foot above the Water of the River.

Pont Eau de Mer, a Town in Normandy, the same with Pont Audemer.

Pont l' Eveque, Pons Episcopi, a Town in Nor∣mandy near Caen, upon the River Leson, three Leagues from Lisieux, and two from the Sea. It is noted for good Cheese.

Pont-Oise, Pontesium, Pontisara, Aesiae pons, and Pons ad Oesiam, a Town in the Isle of France; which has a Stone-Bridge over the River Oise; and an English Nunnery: six Leagues from Paris to the North-West towards Roan. Taken by the English

in the Year 1417, and recovered by the French in the Year 1442, after a Siege of six weeks. It was also taken and retaken in 1589. successively, by King Henry III. and the Duke of Mayenne. In 1561. in the beginning of the Reign of Charles IX. the Estates of the Kingdom were assembled here. It hath a Castle, with divers Churches and Monasteries; giving the ti∣tle of a Viscount. Situated in the Territory of Vexin Francois, at the Confluence of the Oyse and Seine.

Pont Orson, Pons Ʋrsonis, a Town in the Con∣fines of Normandy and Bretagne in France; upon the River Couesnon, which a little lower falls into the British Sea; between Auranches to the East, and Dole to the West; two Leagues from Mount S. Michael.

Pont S. Esprit, Pons Sancti Spiritus, a City of France in the Lower Languedoc: which has a Ca∣stle, and a Stone Bridge over the River Rhosne, of an extraordinary structure. Three Leagues from Viviers to the South, and seven from Avignon to the North.

Pont S. Maixance, Pons Sanctae Maxentiae, a Town in the Government of the Isle of France, in the Duchy of Valois; upon the Oyse, (here covered with a Bridge): three Leagues from Senlis.

Pont-Pool, a Market Town in Monmouthshire, betwixt the Hills; of chief note for Iron Mills.

Pontefract or Pomfret, a pleasant, neat, Borough and Market Town in the West Riding of Yorkshire, and the Hundred of Osgodcross: situated upon a stream, a little below the confluence of the Warfe and the Are. Formerly ennobled with a Castle Royal, mounted on an ascent, with Ditches and Bulwarks; which was in the long Rebellion demolished. K. Richard II. af∣ter his resignation of the Crown was murdered in that Castle. The Borough returns two Parliament Men.

Pontieu, or Ponthieu, Ponticum, Pontinia, a County in Picardy, which lies towards the Mouth of the Somme; between the Chanche, and the County of Bologne to the North; and the Somme to the South. The chief Towns in it are Abbeville, Monstrevil, Rue, Pont S. Remi, and Cleri. This County was confirm∣ed to the Crown of England, by Eleanor of Castile (Countess of Ponthieu, Daughter to Ferdinand III. King of Castile,) her Marrying to Edward I. King of England: Being afterwards enjoyed by K. Edward II. and III. and never finally re-united to the Crown of France, till the Reign of Charles VII. when the Eng∣lish quite lost their Dominions in that Kingdom.

Pontion, or Pont-Yon, Pontigo, an ancient Royal House, belonging to the Kings of France, in the Territory of Parthois in Champaigne; two Leagues from Vitri le Brûlé: where Charles the Bald as∣sembled a Council in 876. Some have mistaken it for Pont sur Jonne, three Leagues from Sens; and for Pontroy or Pongoin in la Perche, upon the Eure.

Ponte Mole, Milvius Pons, an ancient Bridge belonging to the City of Rome, over the Tiber. It lies two Miles above the City to the East. Near this Bridge Maxentius was defeated; and in his passage over the River drowned in the Year 312. By which Victory, Constantine the Great obtained the Empire of the World.

Pontus, an ancient Kingdom in the Lesser Asia, betwixt Bithynia and Paphlagonia; extended along the Pontus Euxinus or Black Sea: and famous here∣tofore in the Person of Mithridates the Great, its King; who upon the News of the revolt of his Son Pharnaces against him, killed himself in the Year of Rome 691. after a Reign of fifty seven years. Hera∣clea Ponti was its Capital City. The Romans redu∣ced this Kingdom into a Province.

Ponza, Pontia, an Island of the Mediterranean, upon the Coast of the Kingdom of Naples: known by the banishment of divers famous Romans to it.

Ponzone, a small Town in the Duchy of Mont∣ferrat in Italy. It suffered very much in the Wars; till the Peace at Quieras in 1631.

Pool, a Market and Borough Town, and Port, in Dorsetshire, in the Hundred of Cogdean: enclosed on all sides, except Northward, with an out let of the Sea, called Luckford Lake; and admitting an entrance into it by one Gate only. Henry VI. first granted it the pri∣vilege of a Haven, and leave to the Mayor to Wall it. In this Haven, the Sea ebbs and flows four times in twenty four hours. It elects two Parliament Men, and has the honor besides to be a County Corporate.

Potremoli, Pontremulium, a Town and Seigni∣ory in Italy, anciently called Apua; at the Foot of the Apennine, in the Eastern Borders of the States of Genoua; fifteen Miles from Genoua to the East, and eleven from Massa to the North. This Town and Seigniory in the Year 1650, was sold by the Spaniards to the Duke of Tuscany; under whom it now is: and has belonging to it a strong Castle.

Popayan, Popaiana, a great Province in South America, in the Terra Firma, towards the Mountains; which on the West is bounded by the South Sea, on the South by Peru, on the East by New Granada, and on the North by New Carthagena. Its greatest extent is from North to South. The Capital City of it is Po∣payan; seated near the rise of the River of S. Martha; one hundred and forty Miles from the South Sea to the East. It is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop de Sancta Fé d' Antiquera. The other Cities are Caramanta, Arma, Sancta Anna d' Anzerma, Car∣thagena, Cali, Amaguer, and Agreda. Under the Spaniards.

Popfingen, Popfinga, a small City in the Circle of Schwaben in Germany, in the Tract of Riess; up∣on the River Eger. One Mile from Norlingen to the West. An Imperial and Free City.

Porentru, Brundusia, a Town in Switzerland; called by the Inhabitants, Brontrut; by the French, Porentru. The Seat of the Bishop of Basil, and sub∣ject to him. It stands in the Borders of Suntgow, and the Higher Alsatia; upon the River Halle; three German Miles from Ferrette, (or Pfirt) to the West, and six from Basil. The Tract in which it stands is called Elsgaw.

Pormon, Thermodon, a River of Cappadocia, which falls into the Euxine Sea.

Poros, an Island in the Gulph of Corinth, (or d' Engina) between the Morea and Athens: eighteen Miles in compass, and very fruitful and populous. Now under the Venetians.

Portalegre, or Porto-Alegre, Portus Alacris, A∣maea, a City in Portugal in the Province of Alentejo, towards the Borders of Extremadura: which is a Bi∣shops See, under the Archbishop of Evora; fourteen Miles from that City, and twenty eight from Lisbon to the East: thirty three from the Atlantick Ocean, East. Well fortified, upon a River; and giving the Title of a Count.

Port-au-Prince, a Town upon the South Coast of the Isle of Cuba, in the West-Indies; with a Port, which drives a great Trade in Hides.

Port aux Prunes, a Country in the North of the Isle of Madagascar.

Il Portatore, Ʋfens, a River in Campagna di Roma, in the States of the Church; which ariseth at a place called Casenoue, two Miles from Sezze, (a Town in the same Province,) and falls into the Tyr∣rhenian Sea, near Terracina; sixty Miles from Na∣ples to the West.

Portland, Vindelis, a small Peninsula in Dorset∣shire; which shoots into the British Sea, about nine Miles from North to South. The principal place in it is called Portland Castle, built by Henry VIII. Oppo∣site

to which, towards Weymouth, on the Land side, stands Sandford Castle; and these two together com∣mand all Ships that pass into the road here. This Island belongs to the Church of Winchester, by the Gift of Edward the Confessor. It hath one Church, on the South East side near the Sea; affords Corn in good plenty, and excellent pasture for Sheep: but its Quarries of Stone, of late much used in Building, are its most remarkable Commodity. Charles I. in 1632, Created Richard Lord Weston of Neyland, Lord High Treasurer of England, Earl of Portland: which Title continued in the same Family for three successions in the Persons of Jeremy, Son to Richard; Charles, Son and Heir to Jeremy; and Thomas Weston, Uncle to Charles.

Porto, Puerto, ein Port, un Port, a Port, or Ha∣ven, is a part of the Sea, so inclosed and deep, that Ships may safely ride in it; Load and Unload; whe∣ther it be made by Art or Nature. All which vulgar Names in Italian, Spanish, German, French, and English, are derived from the Latin Word Portus, signifying the same thing.

Porto, Portus Augusti, Portus Romanus, an Epis∣copal City, which once stood at the Mouth of the Tiber, in the States of the Church; and had a conside∣rable Port to it, built by the Emperor Claudius; then repair'd by Trajan. But both that and the City, for the unwholsomeness of the Air, have been deserted and destroyed; tho giving a title to one of the six Senior Cardinals.

Porto, Port à Port, and Cividad de Puerto, Por∣tus Cale, is a great City, and a considerable Mart in the Kingdom of Portugal; at the Mouth of the Dou∣ro, on the North Side of that River: which is a Bi∣shops See, under the Archbishop of Braga; and has a large, safe, and convenient Haven upon the Western Ocean; within one League of which this City is built: eight from Braga to the South, and forty seven from Lisbon to the North. This City took its Name from Cale, a Village near it; and gave the Name of Portu∣gal to the Kingdom (before called Lusitania:) it being one of the first and most frequented Ports of that Kingdom. Long. 11 15. Lat. 41. 10.

Porto de Acaxutla, a great and celebrated Port, in New Spain in America; in the Province of Guati∣mala, upon the South Sea; near Sancta Trinidada.

Porto Belo, Portus Belus, a new City in South America, upon the Shoars of the North Sea: which has a celebrated Haven, secured by two strong Forts; eighteen Leagues from Panama to the North, in the Province of Terra Firma. This City was taken and plundered by the Buccaniers.

Port en Bessin, Portus Bajocensis, a Port in Nor∣mandy, on the British Sea; one League North of Bajeux.

Porto Betto, Portus Gazaeorum, Majuma. See Gazara.

Porto Bon, Achaeorum Portus, Portus Bonus, a Haven on the Euxine Sea, at the Mouth of the Nie∣per.

Porto di Coruna, Portus Brigantius, a large Port in Gallicia in Spain; ten Leagues from Com∣postella to the North.

Porto desire, a Port in Magellania; between the River of Plate, and the Terra de Fuogo in South Ame∣rica. It is otherwise called Baya de los Trabaios. The entrance into it is about half a League over: where stand two small Islands. It affords fresh Water.

Porto Ercole, or Hercole, Portus Herculis, a Sea-Port in the States of Siena; on the Tyrrhenian Sea; five Miles from Orbitello to the South, and twelve from Talamont to the same. In the Hands of the Spaniards: it has a Fort and a small Haven.

Porto di Gorio, Carbonaria, a Haven at the Mouth of the Po; which takes its Latin Name from a black Tower. It is the Southern Branch of the North Branch of that River: in the Dukedom of Fer∣rara, under the Dominion of the Pope: within six Miles of the Borders of the States of Venice to the South. And made by that Branch of the Po, which is called Il Po di Ariano, or the Right Hand Branch.

Porto di Gruaro, Portus Romatinus, a Town in Friuli; upon the River Lemene, (Romatinum) under the Venetians: two Miles from Concordia, a ruined City to the North. The Bishop of which re∣sides in this Town: forty Miles from Venice to the East, and twenty five from Aquileja.

Porto di Lione, Piraeus, the Port of Athens in A∣chaia, 5 Miles South of the City; joined to it by a dou∣ble Wall, built by Themistocles, in the year of Rome 276; which was ruined by the Victorious Lacedaemo∣nians, in the year of the World 3546, and of Rome 350, after the taking of Athens: being rebuilt, it was after∣wards ruined by Sylla. This Haven would then contain four hundred Ships; and was both as to Peace and War, one of the most frequented Ports in the World. In after-times it took the Name of Port Lione, from a huge Marble Statue of a Lion, of admirable work, placed at the bottom of the Bay in a sitting Posture, but erect upon his fore Feet, ten Foot in height. This Harbor would not hold above thirty or forty of the Ships of our Times, as Mr. Wheeler judged Nor is there any one House or Habitation in this Place, except a Warehouse for the receiving of Merchandise. The true Long. of it is 53. 00. Lat. 38. 05. as Mr. Ver∣non found it. This Port, and Athens it self submit∣ted to the Venetian General Morosim, Sept. 1687. Vid. Athens. It is also called Porto di Setines.

Porto Famine. See Civdad del Rè Philippe.

Porto Fino, Portus Delphini, a small Town and Port of Italy, about twenty Miles from Genoua to the East; towards the Gulph of Ripallo.

Porto Longone, Portus Longus, a large safe Ha∣ven in the Isle of Ilua, or Elve; under the Spaniards, ever since 1577. Fortified by them in 1606. Taken by the French in 1646. Retaken by the Spaniards in 1650. It stands over against Piombine, twelve Miles to the South; fifty four from Ligorne, thirty seven from the Isle of Corsica to the East. Before under the Princes of Piombino.

Porto Lovis, Lewis, or Blavet, Portus Ludovici, Blabia, a strong Town in Bretagne in France; at the Mouth of the River Blave: which has a large Ha∣ven. Twelve Leagues from Vannes to the West, and fifteen from Quimper to the East. This Town sprung up out of the ruins of Blavet, an old Town near it.

Port Lovis, a new built Town in the Lower Lan∣guedoc, on the Mediterranean Sea, near Mount de Sete. This Haven and Port was made by a vast Ar∣tificial Mount, raised out of the Sea with a mighty expence. It stands two Leagues from Frontignan to the South, and five from Agde to the East.

Porto Moriso, Portus Mauritius, a pleasant Town in the State of Genoua; upon the Mediter∣ranean Sea, well Peopled: it stands near Onelia, upon a Hill; in the midst between Savona to the East, and Nizza to the West, thirty six Miles from either: but it has now no Port, as Baudrand assures us on his own knowledge.

Il Porto di Paula, Portus Paulae, a Sea-Port in the State of the Church, in Campagna di Roma; near Mount Circello; into which the Lake of Sancta Maria vents it self. Able to contain two thousand Ships: it has every where the marks of a Roman Port, but being neglected fills up with Sand.

Porto de la Paz, Portus Pacis, a Port at the North end of the Island of Hispaniola; where there is of late a French Colony settled.

Porto di Primaro, a Town and Port in the Dutchy of Ferrara in Italy, where a branch of the Po, called Po di Primaro, delivers it self into the Gulph of Venice. It has a Tower for its defence.

Porto di san Pedro, a Port in South America, towards the Mouth of the Rio Grande, and East of the River Plata: upon the Sea of Paraguay.

Porto Ravaglioso, Portus Orestis, a Port in the Province of the further Calabria; in the Kingdom of Naples, upon the Tyrrhenian Sea: at the Mouth of the River Marro, near La Palma. Thirty Miles from Regio to the North, and twenty from Tropea to the South. It is of great Antiquity, but no great use.

Porto Ricco, or S. Jean de Porto Ricco, or Pu∣erto Rico, Portus Dives, a City in South America; seated at the North end of an Island of the same name in the North Sea; which is a Bishop's See, under the Archbishop of S. Dominico. Taken and plundered by the English in 1595. and by the Hollanders in 1615. The Island lies eight Leagues from Hispani∣ola to the East, at the entrance of the Gulph of Me∣xico, about a hundred thirty six Leagues from the Continent of America to the South: thirty or thirty five long from East to West, and twenty in breadth. First discovered by Chr. Columbus in 1493; who de∣dicated it to S. John Baptist; and called this Place Porto Ricco, because the greatest Galleons ride in its Port in Safety. The Spaniards began to plant their Colonies here in 1510. They have secured this Port with two strong Castles, beside two little Forts. The whole Island enjoys a temperate Air, a fruitful Soil for Sugar, Ginger, Cassia, and Cattel: but the antient Indian Natives have all been barbarously murdered by the Spaniards.

Porto Royal, Portus Regius, a Port of North America, in the Province of Tabasca; in the Con∣fines of Yucoatan, upon the Bay of Mexico: called by the Spaniards, El Puerto Real. § There is another Porto of the same name in the Kingdom of Andalu∣sia, over against the Isle of Cadis; which of old was called Portus Gaditanus.

Port Royal in New France, in North America, in the Province of Acadia, was taken by the English, and restored to the French by the Treaty of Breda in 1667. It stands at the bottom of the Bay of France, and has a safe and large Harbour.

Port Royal, a Port in Florida, near Virginia.

Port Royal, a celebrated Nunnery near Cheureuse in France, six Leagues from Paris.

Port Royal, a Port on the South of Jamaica, in the Hands of the English: by whom the Town was built. Which (before the late dreadful Earthquake 1692, ruined the greatest part of it), had in it above one thousand and five hundred Houses; and ex∣tended twelve Miles in length; extremely populous, it being the Scale of Trade in that Island. It is seated at the end of a long point of Land which makes the Harbor, and runs into the Main about twelve Miles; having the Sea on the South, and the Harbor on the North. The Harbor is about three Leagues broad; and in most places so deep, that a Ship of one thousand Tun may lay her sides to the Shoar of the Point; Lead and Unload at pleasure; and it affords good Anchorage all over. For the security of it there is built a very strong Castle, always well Garrisoned with Soldiers; and has sixty pieces of Cannon mounted. Yet this Town stands upon a loose Sand; which af∣fords neither Grass, Stone, fresh Water, Trees, nor any other thing that could encourage the building of a Town, besides the goodness and convenience of the Harbor.

Porto Sabione, Edron, a Port on the Gulph of Venice, near Chiosa, (Fossa Clodia) a City in that State; twenty five Miles from Venice.

Porto di Salo, Salorius, a Port in Catalonia; four Miles from Tarragona towards Barcinone.

Porto Santo, Cerne, one of the Azore Islands; discovered by the Portuguese in 1428, and by them called Ilha de Puerto Santo: Not far from the Ma∣dera; about eight Leagues in Circuit.

Porto Seguro, a City, Port, and Prefecture in Brasil in South America, upon the Sea Coast; un∣der the Portuguese. The Prefecture lyes be∣twixt that called los Isleos, and the other of Spiritu Santo.

Port Uendres, Portus Veneris, a large Port in the County of Russilion, upon the Mediterranean Sea: in the Borders of Catalonia. Seventeen Miles from Perpignan to the North-East. It has this name from a Temple dedicated to Venus, in the times of Paganism; which stood near it.

Porto Uenere, Portus Venerii, Portus Veneris, a Town in the States of Genoua; which has a Haven and a Castle, built by the Genouese in 1113: seated over against the Isle of Palmaria. Sixty Miles from Genoua, and three from the Gulph del Spezza to the East.

Porto Uiejo, a Town and Port in Peru in South America, upon the Pacifick Ocean; in the Province, and not far from the City, Quito.

Porto Zora, Pisidon, a City of Africa Propria, mentioned by Ptolemy; now called Zora by the Eu∣ropeans, and Zuarat by the Moors. It is a strong Place, which has a large Harbor belonging to it, in the Kingdom of Tunis; one hundred and twenty Miles from Tripoli to the West: taken and plundered by the Knights of Malta not long since.

Portsmouth, Portus Magnus, a Town in Hamp∣shire, in the Hundred of Ports down, of great Anti∣quity; called by Ptolemy 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the Great Ha∣ven; the Old Town then stood higher up. The New Town is built upon an Island, called Portsey; (which is about fourteen Miles in Circuit, and at a full Tide floats in Salt Water); by a Bridge on the North join∣ed to the Continent. The Town is fortified with a Timber Wall, covered with Earth: on the North-East, near the Gate, it has a Fort; and two Block-Houses at the entry of the Haven; built of hewen Stone, by Edward IV. and Henry VII. To which Qu. Elizabeth added other Works, and a Garrison to watch and de∣fend the Place. The latter Princes have built Store∣houses for all sorts of Naval Provisions, and Docks for the building of Ships. In Mr. Cambdens time it was more resorted to on the account of War, than Com∣merce; and had little other Trade than what arose from the boiling of Salt. But since, its Trade is much encreased. It is grown populous; a good Nur∣sery for Sea-men; and a Corporation, represented by two Burgesses in the Lower House of Parliament. Giv∣ing also the Title of Dutchess to the Lady, Louisa de Querouaille Created by K. Charles II. 1673. Baroness of Petersfield, Countess of Farnham, and Dutchess of Portsmouth.

Portugal, Lusitania, Portugallia, a Kingdom on the West of Spain: bounded on the West by the At∣lantick Ocean, on the South by Algarve, (which is annexed to this Kingdom); on the East by Andalusia, Extremadura and Leon; and on the North by Galli∣cia. It lies on the Sea Coast from North to South four hundred Miles; not above one hundred where broad∣est, and eighty in the narrower places; eight hundred and seventy nine in Compass. Divided into five Pro∣vinces, to wit, Entre Douero è Minho, Tra los Mon∣tes, Beira, Estremadura, and Alentejo or Entre Tejo è Guadiana; whereunto was added Algarve, under

Alphonsus III. with the Title of a Kingdom. The principal Rivers are those four expressed in the Names of the Provinces, Douero, Minho, Tajo and Guadi∣ana, which furnish the Kingdom with very convenient Ports. It was anciently called Lusitania, from the the Lusitani its first Inhabitants; and took the pre∣sent Name about the fifth Century, from Poriocale, a celebrated Mart. The Air is generally healthful; the Earth Hilly and Barren, especially as to Corn, which is much of it imported from France. But it yields Wine, Fruits, Fish, Game, Salt, Horses, and Mines. And is so very populous about Spain, espe∣cially towards the Sea, that they reckon more than four hundred Cities, or great privileged Towns; three Archbishopricks, ten Bishopricks, and above four thousand Parishes. This Kingdom is said to be foun∣ded by one Henry Earl of Lorain about 1099. For this Prince having shewn much Gallantry in the Wars against the Moors, was by Alphonsus VI. King of Ca∣stile, rewarded with the Marriage of Teresia (a Natu∣ral Daughter of his,) and a part of this Kingdom, with the Title of an Earl. The Son of this Henry, (Alphonsus I.) having in 1139. in the Battel of O∣brique defeated five Moorish Kings, assumed the Title of King. This Prince assembled the Estates of his King∣dom at Lamego, in the Province of Beira: who there pas∣sed a Law called the Law or Statute of Lamego, for the exclusion of Strangers from the Crown, which remains in full force to this day. His Posterity enjoyed this King∣dom; and very much inlarged it by Victories against the Moors at home, and by the Discovery of several unknown Countries abroad, for seventeen Descents. Amongst which, John I. styled the Father of his Country, succeeded in 1385. tho only the Natural Son of Peter I. the King, save one, immediately preceding his ascension. But Sebastian a young Prince (who suc∣ceeded King John III. in 1557.) perishing in a Battel in Africa, in 1580. and Henry dying soon after, (who was a Church-man, very old when he came to the Crown;) Philip II. King of Spain obtained this Kingdom by force, and a pretended Title in 1584. After whom Philip III. and IV. successively enjoyed it. But in 1640. John Duke of Braganza, who had a better Title, encouraged by the unsupportableness of the Spanish Government to the Portugueze, by an universal Revolt of the people in all parts, ejected the Spaniards and assumed the Kingdom: succeeded in it by two of his Sons; the youngest of which, Peter, is now King of Portugal, and the second of his Name.

Porzevera, a River of Italy, which falls into the Sea by Genoua.

Posega, or Possega, the Capital City of Sclavonia, upon the River Oriawa; eight Miles from the Save to the North, thirty from Gradisca to the East; it consists of about ten thousand Houses. They are mean and small, after the manner of the Buildings in this Country. It is seated in a very fruitful Earth, which produceth Fruits of all sorts, of a more than ordinary size; and gives its name to a County lying betwixt the Save and the Drave. This Town fell into the Hands of the Turks, under Solyman the Magnificent, about 1544. together with Walpo and Quinque Ecclesiae: and continued so till 1687. when the Turkish Army after the Battel of Mohats revol∣ting from, and mutinying against the Prime Visier their General; the Garrison which was laid in this City to defend it, (of a sudden, no Enemy being near them) deserted, and carried many of the Inha∣bitants with them, and slew others. Whereupon Ge∣neral Dunewalt, (who had then crossed the Drave to besiege Zygeth,) returned and took Possession of it, without force, or any opposition: and immedi∣ately took care to secure it, by raising new Works and Forts. Four hundred Villages depend upon this City.

Posnan, Posnam, or Posen, Posnania, a City in the Greater Poland; the Capital of a Palatinate, cal∣led by the same Name; built upon the River War∣ta, amongst the Hills; seven Miles from Gnesna to the West, twenty from Franck fort upon the Oder to the East, and as many from Wratislaw to the North: it is little, yet a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Gnesna; and has an excellent and well built Castle. The Palatinate of Poznanskie, is bounded on the West by the Marquisate of Brandenburg; on the North by the Further Pomerania; on the East by the Palatinate of Kaliski; & on the South by Misnia.

Poson. See Presburg.

Potenza, Potentia, a City of Italy, ascribed by Ptolemy to Lucania; now seated in the Basilicate, in the Kingdom of Naples; at the foot of the A∣pennine: fifteen Miles from Acerenza to the North-West, and eighteen from Venosa (Venusia) to the South. This is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Acerenza; and now in a tolerable good condition.

Pothereus, a River of the Island of Crete, menti∣oned by ancient Writers, as passing by the City Gor∣tis, or Gortyna, there.

Potosi, Potosium, a great City in South America, in the Kingdom of Peru; on the South part of that Country; in a Province called Los Charcas: seated at the foot of a Mountain of the same Name, and divided in two by a Rivulet from a Lake that stands about a quarter of a League off. Eighteen Spanish Leagues from La Plata to the East, eighty from the Pacifick Ocean to the East, one hundred and sixty from Cusco to the South. Mostly regarded on the account of rich Mines of Silver here discovered in 1544. by the Spaniards; who built this City, and call it an Imperial one: which is since become one of the greatest, richest, and most populous Cities in A∣merica: adorned with divers Magnificent Churches and Monasteries; and inhabited by above twenty thousand people, Spaniards, Strangers, Indians, Mou∣lates, &c. almost every one appearing in Gold and Silver.

Potton, a Market Town in Bedfordshire, in the Hundred of Bigleswade, bordering upon Cambridgesh.

Pouges, a Village in the Province of Nivernois in France, betwixt Nevers and la Charitè; much frequented upon the account of two Medicinal Springs at it, which have long been in great esteem for the curing of the Dropsie.

Pouligny, or Poligny, Polichnium, a Castle in the Franche Comté, which was heretofore a place of great strength. It stands seven Leagues from Dole to the South.

Poulton, a Market Town in Lancashire, in the Hundred of Amounderness, upon the River Irwell.

Powhatan, or James River, the principal River in Virginia, dividing that Country by the middle. It denominates an Indian Kingdom there, in which Captain Smith in his Voyages made large Discoveries. The Capital Town of it was Pomeiok.

Powis, or Powisland, a Sovereign Principality, in the former times, in Wales; whereof Mathraval in the County of Montgomery was the Capital.

Pozzuoli, or Pozzuolo, Puteoli, Dicaearchia, a City of Italy, in the Province of Campania; built by the Samians; and called Flavia by Vespasian; now in the Terra di Lavoro, (a Province of the Kingdom of Naples) and a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Naples: It stands upon an Hill, by the Shoars of the Tyrrhenian Sea; upon which it has a large and safe Haven, and a Bay of the same name; eight Miles from Naples to the West. There are within the bounds of this City, thirty five natural Baths: which have their different sorts of warm Water, wonderously useful for the Cure of several Diseases. This City was the place, to which the Roman Emperours retrea∣ed (for the most part) for their divertisement and

pleasure: at this day a great, populous, fine City: in which the Spaniards have built a Cittadel. There are very many Roman Antiquitios, and natural Rarities in it, not easily to be found elsewhere: Some Remains particularly of Caligula's Bridge, of three thousand nine hundred Paces, over the Gulph, reaching from Pozzuoli to Bajae; which he proudly passed and re∣passed in triumph. Mr. Sandys in his Travels has largely described others of these.

Prague, by the Inhabitants called Prag, Praga, Casurgi••, Marobudum, Bubiemum, the Capital City of the Kingdom of Bohemia; an Archbishopric, kin∣stituted by Pope Clement VI. and the Royal City; or rather three Cities within one Wall; which toge∣ther make it undoubtedly the greatest City in Ger∣many. It stands upon the River Muldau, (called by the Inhabitants Vetaue) a large rapid River, cove∣red by a Stone Bridge of sixteen great Arches, seven∣teen hundred foot long, and thirty five broad. This City is divided into three parts; the Old, the New, and the Little City. The Old lies on the East of the Muldau; very populous, full of Buildings; and in this the University was founded by the Emperor Charles IV. about the year 1370. 2. The New is very large; se∣parated from the former by a large Ditch or Trench. 3. The Klein Seitten, or Lesser Prague, for plea∣santness, beauty of Buildings, and fair Palaces, far ex∣ceeds the other two: this lies on the West of the Muldau: in this is the Royal Palace, the Cathedral Church (dedicated to S. Veit) built by S. Wenceslaus Duke of Bohemia, in 923. The Circuit of the City is very great: there are many Hills and void spaces in it; yet it is more populous than Florence, and the Streets larger. Dr. Brown in his Travels, has given an exact account of it. It seems to be a Place of great Antiquity; and to be the Marobudum of Ptolemy. John King of Bohemia took it from Henry Duke of Carinthia, in 1311. The Inhabitants imprisoned Winceslaus their King in 1392. George Podiebrach, the Revenger of the Perfidy of the Coun∣cil of Constance, took it in 1441. The University was opened here by Charles IV. Emperour of Ger∣many, in 1370. which has had above forty thousand Students at once in it; especially in the time of John Hus, about 1409. (whose Doctrines were condemned in a Council, assembled by the Archbishop of Prague here in 1405. according to the German Writers.) But it is most famous for the Defeat of the Protestant Forces near its Walls, Novemb. 8. 1620. by Maxi∣milian Duke of Bavaria; which was after severely re∣venged in the Swedish Wars. And in this City May 26. 1635. a Peace was made between the Emperour and his Protestant Subjects. It lies fifteen German Miles from Budweiss to the North, eighteen from Dresden, and thirty eight from Vienna to the North-East. A Fire endammaged it June 21. 1689. to the value (as they computed it) of two Millions. Long. 36. 38. Lat. 50. 06.

Pragoca, Lithoproscopus, a Mountain of Phoeni∣cia; between Tripoli and Botryn.

Prasobo, Haemus, a Mountain in Thrace.

Prato, a small Town in the Province of Toscana in Italy, upon the River Bisentio: betwixt Florence and Pistoia.

Precop, Pericop, Procopias, Procopiana, Taurica Chersonesus, Tartaria Precopensis, Taphrae, a City, and strong Fort in the enterance of the Neck of Crim Tartary: from whence that Peninsula is sometimes called Precopska: and the Tartarian Inhabitants, the Precopensian Tartars. After the Muscovites ob∣tained that great Victory over the Tartars in 1689. (wherein they slew thirty thousand of them, with one of the Han's Sons, upon the place); the Tartars retiring into the Crim, abandoned Pericop to the Conquerours; which is a most important Pass.

Premislaw, Premislia, a great and strong City in the Province of Russia, properly so called, in Po∣land: which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Lemburgh: standing upon the River San, towards the Borders of Hungary.

Presburg, Posonium, Pisonium, Flexum, the Ca∣pital City of that part of Hungary, which remained to the Emperour before his late Conquests; called by the Hungarians Poson; by the Germans Presburg; by the Poles Prespurg. It is seated upon the Da∣nube; eight German Miles from Vienna to the East, and as many from Newheusel and Comora to the North-West; seventy from Raab. The Capital of a County of the same name; between Austria, Mo∣ravia, and the Danube. It has a considerable Castle, built of White Stone, on the top of an Hill, (a state∣ly and beautiful Pile) to preserve it from the Inroads of the Turks. After Gran fell into the Hands of the Turks, the Archbishops See was removed hither: the Assemblies of the States of Hungary, have been of late ever held in this City. After Newheusel in 1662. fell into the Hands of the Turks, it was fortisied: be∣ing then a Frontier. Prince Joseph Archduke of Austria (the present Emperour's eldest Son) was crown'd King of Hungary here, Decemb. 9. 1687. That Clause in the one and thirtieth Article of King An∣drew's Decrees in 1222 (consented to by Ferdinand I.) which makes it lawful for the Subjects to rise up in Arms against their Prince, in the case of his acting con∣trary to Law, being particularly excluded out of the Coronation-Oath by the Consent of the States of that Kingdom: And the Crown thence forward to descend by Inheritance. A Council was celebrated here in 1309. which Pope Clement V. confirmed.

Prerustine, a Valley in Piedmont; famous for a defeat of the Savoyards, in 1663. by the Prote∣stants of that Valley, in the defence of their Lives; contrary to the Faith given assaulted by sixteen thou∣sand Horse and Foot; which they forced to a Re∣treat, with the loss of one thousand of the Assailants.

Prescot, a Market Town in Lancashire, in the Hundred of Darby.

Presteign, a Market Town in the County of Rad∣nor in Wales, in the Hundred of Radnor.

Prester Johns Kingdom, the same with Abyssinia in the Ʋpper Aethiopia: But the Origine of this ap∣pellation of it, is not so easily determined: As whether coming from one Johannes Presbyter, a Nestorian, who in 1145. usurped the Crown of Tartary, and might leave his Successors his name. Or, from Pre∣tiosus Johannes, which is the Latin Interpretation of the Title, Belul-Gian, that the Abyssines give their King. Or, from Preste Cham in the Persian Lan∣guage, signifying a Christian Emperour, &c. For we find no agreement either in Travellers, or the Lear∣ned Etymologists, about it. And some moreover attri∣bute this Kingdom not to Aethiopia, but Tartary.

Preston, a handsome, large, and populous Bo∣rough in Lancashire, in the Hundred of Amounder∣ness: represented in the Lower House of Parliament by two Burgesses; and honoured with the Court of Chancery, and the Offices of Justice for Lancaster, as a County Palatine. It is seated upon the River Rible, having a fair Stone Bridge over the same.

Preveza, Nicopolis, a City of Epirus; called by Ptolemy and others, Cassiopesa. It is seated at the Mouth of the Gulph of Larta, or Prevesa; near the Shoars of the Ionian Sea; between the Islands of Corfu, and Sancta Maura: a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Lepanto. This City took the name of Nicopolis in the time of Augustus Caesar; being built and so called by that Prince, in memory of his Victory obtained at Actium, near it, over Antonius

and Cleopatra, in a Sea Fight. In 1539. the Pope's and King of Spain's Galleys endeavoured to surprize it from the Turks, but failed in the attempt. In 1684. Morosini took it, upon a surrender, for the Venetians. Long. 46. 20. Lat. 39. 25.

Principato Citra, Principatus Citerior; the Hither Principate; a Province in the Kingdom of Naples: bounded on the North by the Further Prin∣cipate, and part of Terra di Lavoro; on the West and South by the Tyrrhenian Sea; and on the East by the Principate. It is seventy Miles in length from the South-East to the North West. The Capital of it is Salerno; the other Cities are Amalfi, Nocera, Mar∣sico, Nuovo, and Sarno. A part of the Country of the ancient Picentini, and Lucania, lies contained in this Principate.

Principato Oltra, Principatus Ʋlterior; the Further Principate; is a Province of the Kingdom of Naples. Bounded on the East and North by the Ca∣pitinate; the Terra di Lavoro to the West, and the Hither Principate to the South. Benevento is the Capital of it: it has besides Conza, Avellino, Ariano, and Cedogna; in ancient times the greatest part of this Province belonged to the Church. See Benevento.

Il principato di Val di Taro, a Valley and small Province of Lombardy in Italy, under the Duke of Parma: through which the River of its own name, Taro, takes its course to the Po. The Towns Campiano and Borgo di Val di Taro stand in this Principate.

Pristina, a large City in Bulgaria, situated in the midway between Nissa and Ʋscopia. Taken by the Imperialists in the year 1689.

Prochita, or Procida, an Island three Miles in compass, on the Coast of Terra di Lavoro; near the Bay of Naples: which has a fine Castle, and a Monastery.

Propontis, the Sea betwixt Asia Minor and Thrace: now called the Sea of Marmora. See Marmora.

La Provence, Provincia, one of the Southern Provinces of France. The first part of France which the Romans conquered, and reduced into the form of a Roman Province; from whence it has its Name, (Provincia Romana.) In those times it was boun∣ded on the East by the Maritim Alpes; on the South by the Mediterranean Sea; on the West by the Rhosne; and on the North by the Vocontii, Catu∣riges, and Ebroduntii, three Gallick Tribes or Nati∣ons: within which bounds it contained all these other Tribes; the Cavares, the Salii, Desviates, Albici, Mimeni, and Oxybii. It is now much less than it was then: but still one of the greatest Provinces in France: bounded on the North by the Dauphine; on the East by the Alpes, and the County of Nizza; on the West by Languedoc, cut off by the Rhosne; and on the South by the Mediterranean Sea. From East to West, from the Rhosne to the Var, forty four Leagues: from North to South thirty two: in Circuit one hundred fifty eight; as Honorate de Bouche has shewn in a very exact Description of it, lately pub∣lished. The Capital of this Province is Aix; the other Cities are Antibe, Arles, Avignon, Carpentras, Digne, Dragugnan, Frejus, Grasse, Marseille, Orange, Sisteron, Tarascon, Toulon, Voison. The Rivers Rhosne, Var, Durance, Verdon, Argens, &c. water it. This Province was conquered by the Romans, before Ju∣lius Caesar entered France, upon the complaint of the Marsilians against the Salians. M. Fulvius Flaccus was sent with an Army against them in the year of Rome 627. one hundred twenty three years before the Birth of our Saviour: and the War was ended by Fabius Maximus in 632. It continued under the Romans till the year of Christ 411. when it was gran∣ted to Atholphus (King of the Goths) with Placidia a Sister of the Emperour Honorius, by that Prince. Theodorick expelled this Nation in 462. and brought it under the Ostrogoths, or Goths of Italy: from whom it passed to Theodobert King of Metz, a Frank, about 549. by the Grant of the Emperour Justi∣nian. From these it passed to Rodolph Duke of Bur∣gundy: and in 876. Hugh de Arles obtained this Pro∣vince of Boson King of Burgundy, by the Title of Earl of Provence. It continued under Earls with the changes of Families, till 1481. when Charles Earl of Maine (the last Earl of Provence) gave it to Lewis XI. King of France, his Cousin German; from which time it has been united to the Crown of France. There were in this Province three other small States, not subject de Jure to the Crown of France: as Avignon under the Pope; Nizza under the Duke of Savoy; and Orange under the Prince of Orange.

Provins, Provinum, a Town, sometime the Ca∣pital, of la Brie in France, upon the River Vousie; whence the Province-Roses take their denomination. It has been understood by some, to be the Agendi∣cum of the Ancients.

Prusa, See Bursa. Besides which, two other an∣cient Episcopal Cities in Bithynia, in the Lesser Asia, have their Names remembred by Strabo, Pliny, and Ptolemy. Said to be now called Cheris and Barech.

Prussia, Borussia, Pruthenia, a great and fruitful Province of the Kingdom of Poland: (which is a Dukedom) called by the Inhabitants Prouss; by the Poles Prussy; by the Germans Preussen, and by the Italians Prussia. Bounded on the North by the Baltick Sea; on the West by Pomerania; on the South by Poland and Mazovia; & on the East by Lithuania & Samogitia. This Province was at first under Sovereign Dukes of its own; after that, under the Knights of the Teu∣tonick Order, who in 1228. began a long and bloody War towards the Conquest of it: in 1454. the We∣stern part was lost from that Order, being subdued by the Poles: In 1500. the Grand Master of the Or∣der triumphed over the Moscovites, that had fallen upon Prussia and Lithuania. In 1525. the Eastern part submitted to the Crown of Poland too. Albert Marquess of Brandenburg (the thirty fourth, and last Master of that Order) doing Homage, and ob∣taining from that Crown the Eastern part, with the Title of Duke of Prussia. It stands now divided in∣to two parts, called the Regal and the Ducal Prussia: in the first are Dantzick, Marienburg, Elbing and Thorn: in the second are Koningsberg, and Memel. The Regal Prussia, (Dantzick excepted) was yiel∣ded by a Treaty in 1655. to the Crown of Sweden. The Ducal is under the Duke of Brandenburgh, who farmes the Amber-Fishery along the Coast of the Baltick Sea, in this Province, at eighteen or twenty thousand Crowns a year.

Pruth, Porata, Hierasius, a River of Moldavia; which arising in Red Russia, entereth Walachia; and watereth Jaczy, (the Capital of that Province;) and at last falleth into the Danube.

Pruym, or Prume, Prumia, a Castle, Town, and Monastery in Germany, of the Order of S. Benedict, in the Forest of Ardenne; built by Pepin King of France, in the year 760. It stands upon a River of the same Name; which falls into the Saar, be∣twixt the Electorate of Trier and the Dutchy of Luxemburgh: seven Leagues to the North from Trier, and six from Limburg to the South. Lotharius the Emperour, Son of Lewis the Debonnaire, resigning the Imperial Dignity, died a Monk in this Monastery, in 855. In 1576. the Territory belonging to the Abbey (which till then had been subject to the ••∣bot of this House only) fell under the Elect of Trier; whose Successors are ever since the pectual Administrators of this Jurisdiction, (confirm there∣in

by the Diet at Ratisbone in 1654.) which extends to some Villages about this Monastery.

Przemysl, Premislia, a City of the Kingdom of Poland, upon the River san, in Red Russia; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Lemburg, and sixteen Polish Miles from Sandomir to the South, and eighteen from Lemburg to the West. It stands upon an Hill, well peopled, and in a flourishing state.

Psylli, an ancient people of Libya in Africa: de∣scribed by Suetonius, Herodotus, Gellius, &c. to have had a particular art at expelling and mortifying of Poisons; whence Augustus Caesar, desiring to pre∣serve Cleopatra for a Triumph, caused these Psylli to suck the Poison out of her: But too late.

Ptolemais. See Aca.

Ptolemais Cyrenaica, one of the five Cities of the ancient Pentapolis in the Kingdom of Egypt; which was a Bishops See, of great note heretofore in the Person of Synesius, its Bishop; who in 411. as∣sembled a Council at it for the excommunication of Andronicus, Prefect of the Country. The modern Name of it is Tolometa.

Ptolemais Ferarum, See Suachen. § The An∣cients mention another Ptolemais, in the Thebais, in Egypt; near the Nile.

Puerto. See Porto.

Pugan, Puganum, a City in the Province of Queycheu in the Kingdom of China.

Puglia. See Terra di Bari, Apulia, and Capitanata.

Pulhely, a Market Town in Caernarvanshire in Wales, in the Hundred of Gyslegion.

Le Puy, Podium, Anicium, Avicium, Vellavae, Vellaunorum Ʋrbs, a great and populous City in the County of Velay in Languedoc, upon the River Loyr; which is a Bishops See, under the Archbishop of Bour∣ges; but exempt from his Jurisdiction; and the Bi∣shop is Earl of Velay. It is the Capital of the Coun∣ty in which it stands; adorned with many Parishes and Religious Houses: twenty two Leagues from Lyon to the North-West, twenty from Clermont to the North, and eighteen from Vienne. In 1130. the Bishops of Aquitain assembled in Council here; con∣demned Anacletus, an Anti-Pope, in favour of the Election of Pope Innocent II.

Puy-en Anjou, Podium Andegavense, a Town in Anjou in the Borders of Poictou; three Leagues from Salmur to the South, and eight from Poictiers to the North-East; near the River Thoue.

Puy Lawrens, Puteum Laurentii, a small Town in Languedoc, which has been dignified with the Title of a Dukedom; two Leagues from Chartres to the West, and three from Lavaur.

Puyg de Cerden, Jugum Carretanorum, a Town in Spain, in the County of Cerdaigna; upon the Ri∣ver Segre, in the Pyrenean Hills, in the Borders of France; fourteen Leagues from Perpignan, and six from Ʋrgel, a City of Catalonia. This Town is the Capital of the County in which it stands; and was lately in the hands of the French; but by the Treaty of Nimeguen, restored to the Spaniards. The French call it Puycerda.

Puzzuolo, Puteoli, See Pozzuoli.

Py, a small River in the Bishoprick of Reims in France, which falls into the Suippe; and with it into the Aisne at Neufchastel.

Pylus. The Ancients mention several Towns and Mountains of this Name. The most eminent of them, now extant, is Navarino in the Morea. See Navarino.

The Pyramides of Egypt. These, as it were, ••••ortal Buildings, accounted amongst 7 the Won∣der of the World, stand the distance of about ten Mile••om Cairo in Egypt. Pliny says, three hun∣dred seventy thousand men were employed upon the largest of them, twenty years: whose height amoun∣ted to five hundred and twenty foot, the breadth six hundred eighty two square; ascended (being the only open one) by two hundred and eighteen steps, of about three foot deep. Within, Caverns for the reposal of dead Bodies; a Hall, a Chamber, and an empty Tomb made of a single Stone of the like∣ness of Porphyry. Without, before it, as before two others of the chiefest, appear the Rests of certain square Edifices like Temples: and hard by, a vast Pile, representing the Face and Breast of a Woman, twenty six foot high; which Pliny calls Sphynx, because there was then a contrivance to utter Oracles from it. The ancient Egyptians believed, that Pharaoh and Amasis, Kings of Egypt, lay entombed in these Pyra∣mides. The Bases of them, as far as to the sixteenth step upwards, to the North, by time, have been cove∣red with Sand.

The Pyrenean Hills, Mons Pyrenaeus, one of the greatest Chains of Mountains in Europe: called by the Spaniards, les Montes Pyreneos; by the French, les Monts Pyrenées; by the Italians, li Monti Pirenei. They lie between France to the North, and Spain to the South; extending from East to West eighty Spa∣nish Leagues; that is, from Port Vendres (in Rousil∣lon, on the Mediterranean Sea), to S. Sebastian on the Bay of Biscay: in various places called by diffe∣rent Names.

Pyraeus. See Porto di Lione.