The compleat gardeners practice, directing the exact way of gardening in three parts : the garden of pleasure, physical garden, kitchin garden : how they are to be ordered for their best situation and improvement, with variety of artificial knots for the by Stephen Blake, gardener.

THE GARDNERS PRACTICE in Preparation for a Garden of Pleasure. (Book pleasure garden)

First for the Situation.

IF a Man would have a Garden situated accor∣ding to his desire, it would be so, that it might be shelving or declining on the South-East Sun; so that the Sun at its first rising may re∣flect upon the Garden, for the vanishing of va∣pours, dispelling of mists, and quallifying of cold air and frosts, which oftentimes perish Herbs and Flow∣ers in their first gemination, and nipping of fruits at the first knitting, which causeth them to fall at an untimely birth; or if you please, before they come to perfection.

The air is farther to be observed for Plants that are at their full growth. Being planted in a bad air, though the soyl be never so rich, yet the Herbs are never so vertuous, the Flow∣ers never so beautifull, the fruit of the fruit-trees is never so sound, as those that are planted in a clear air. Yet seeing that all men cannot obtain this, though they have never so earnest a desire, therefore let the Inhabiter learn how to di∣spence with his own habitation, so that he may make the best improvement that may be upon all advantages, for the ma∣king of his Garden fruitfull. And let the Purchaser learn, that in purchasing, the choice of air is the chiefest thing to be looked after: for if the soyl be bad, it may be improved with labour and soyl, and made rich: or if it should be so barren, that it could not be made rich under two or three years time, by any art in digging and dunging of it; yet a man may re∣move thir barren earth and bring good mould in its stead; or otherwise it may be laid a top of the other: so a man may have a Garden fruitfull, if the air be good, with industry and charge. But if the air be bad, all the cost, care and skill that

may be used, cannot change it, or remove it for a good; Therefore the air is the chiefest to be looked upon for health, pleasure and wealth.

Secondly, What means is best to be used for the situation of Gardens of pleasure, according to every mans respective place, which is the modelizing and contriving of it.

The modelizing of a Garden, is to compose it of the big∣ness according to the cost intended for it, in the making of it up, and for the keeping of it afterwards. This rightly un∣derstood, the second thing in modelizing, is to raise it by a direct square, from that part of the house where it is appoint∣ed to be; for if it be not took by a true square, there will be a confusion in all the work that is to be done in that ground∣plat, intended for a Garden: besides that it will never an∣swer the face of the house, but all things will seem to stand a∣skew, when there is any prospect took of it from a window, or a Balcony of the said house.

The ready way to prevent these mistakes is thus: having appointed the place and the quantity of ground, according to the former directions; then lay a line upon one side thereof, as I told you, by a direct square from the foundation of the house; then look how many yards you will have your Gar∣den in length, so many yards measure out by the line side, beginning at the house: and when you are come to the end of the account of your measure, there stick down a stake; so done lay another line across at that said stake, which must be one corner of your Garden, in that corner place the square, so that one part of it agree with the first line; then cause the se∣cond line to come exactly straight by the eye of the other part of the square: this observed, measure out so many yards as you would have the Garden in breadth; and if it be to be laid at a full square, then measure just as many as before: this done you are come where the next corner must be, there stick down a stake in all respects as you did at the first corner; then take up your first line, and lay it across as you did be∣fore, making of it agree with the square. Do thus till you come to that place where you begun, leaving a stake at every corner, which will stand at a just square, which is the first and chiefest part of modelizing of a Garden of pleasure.

Secondly, Lay two lines from each corner cross-wayes to the next corner opposite to it, and where these lines cross, there is the center of the Garden-plat, and in that place set another stake; let this stake and the rest be drove in stifly, so that they may not be easily pulled up; and also let these stakes be as straight, and as long, and stand as upright as it may be possible; for if the Garden-plat be unlevell, you will have an occasion to raise your lines by these stakes, as I shall shew you afterward in the levelling of a Garden.

Thirdly, A form for a Garden-plat thus laid out, what remains but that I make some queries, what kind of earth it is, and what air and shelter it hath, and what work may be intended to be amplified in this space of ground: but I will first speak of the improvement; so that in the future ages the Garden may be fruitfull, and then of draft-work.

The improveing of a thing is to bring it from barrenness to fruitfulness; for barrenness is a disease, and improvement is a cure; therefore I must know the disease, before I can give di∣rections for the cure. To be brief, if I know what earth it is, and what place and manner it lyeth in, reason telleth me the cause of barrenness, and experience teacheth me the cure. viz. If it be a cold wet and clayey ground, then contrive it with high walks, which in the making of them will make motes: but if the Garden should be large and spacious, and springs lye in the middle, then dig trenches where the walks of the Garden are intended, and lay in those trenches stones and wheat-straw; it is no matter whether it be in any order yea or no; it will convey the small springs and issues out of the earth, better than those gutters which are laid by a Mason with lime and sand. Yet further observe, that stones thus laid in the ground, if they have not a vent for that water which it receiveth, they are of no use: therefore lay them so, that they may be somewhat falling from the center of the Garden, to those motes afore-named, or to any other respective place.

The second cure which is more available for stubborn and barren earth is this: levell it about Michaelmas or Candlemas, when opportunity shall best serve: the next Midsummer fol∣lowing or thereabout dig the quarters at a spit depth, casting

off the stones and roots out of it, breaking the clods; which will be then as dry as dust. Now consider what good this will do; and if you please I will name some of those benefits to you. First, The Sun by reason of the looseness of the earth, killeth all the weeds that are displanted there, and it breaketh the heart of the stubbornness of the earth. Second∣ly, The rain mollifieth it, and maketh it to shiver; where∣as before if it were digged in the wet time, it bindeth it and maketh it the stronger. Thirdly, The reason of this loos∣ness is, the air hath recourse and influence into it, whereby it purgeth it, and maketh it fruitfull: for let me premise a word or two; earth and water are that whereof bodies are made; but air is that which giveth life and vertue to all things that are sensible and insensible. I cannot stay here, but must insist upon that promise which I made, touching the level∣ling of a Garden.

I am come now to the levelling of a Garden, either by de∣scents, or a true levell-fall, and that which is better than ei∣ther is a true water level: the last of these shall be the first I will speak of before I give you the directions. If you please to look back into the second Page, there you shall find that I spoke of modelizing, and I also gave directions for it; that is, to leave the stakes standing at the corners and the centers thereof. This observed, here followeth the level∣ling of it.

First of all find out the highest corner thereof by your eye; then go to that place with a water-levell, and they are placed like a levelled Canon, against that corner cross-wayes oppo∣site against you, which is generally the lowest part of a piece of ground: your levell thus placed, fill it with water, so that it may stand at both ends alike; then lay your eye to the uppermost part of the levell, as if you were shooting at a mark; take your sight exactly on the furthermost stake, and mark the place well: do so likewise of that in the center; then strain a line from that place where your levell lyeth, to that place where you fixt your eye upon the lowermost stake; then consider how many yards, foot or handfuls that is from the ground, just half so many set another line below that; again strain it as far towards the upper corner at that height,

as the ground will give you leave, which if the ground be of a true fall, before it will be just at the center: be it more or be it less, take your gage from the uppermost line; then fasten it, and stick some pegs down as may be just as high as the line; so done, you may take away both lines, and do so cross-wayes again, leaving pegs in like manner. Now un∣derstand, that earth which riseth above the pegs being brought down, will make good what is wanting there, and abate what is too much in the other: so the Garden-plat will be levell, without bringing of any to it, or carrying any from it. I think this experiment would sometimes have sa∣ved many a Noblemans purse, and a Gardners credit.

Next for laying a Garden by a true fall: that is done with great ease, if you know how to levell it, or did observe what directions I gave you for it. You may remember what was said for setting of lines, to make the Garden of a levell; then it is no more but to set the line at the lowermost stake, a foot or a yard, more or less under the levell-mark, according as you would have your Garden fall; and this bringeth it exact∣ly to pass, if you observe to lay cross lines, as was said of the levell-work, for casting the ground by.

Next for laying Gardens in the ascents, it must be done in the selfsame manner, one quarter after another levelled, as I prescribed for a whole Garden, according as the ground will rise, either one yard or two yards, more or less, with half pa∣ces, or steps to walk up out of one part of the Garden into the other. I have more and greater things in hand for the ad∣vancement of Garden-plats, either for pleasure, physicall or profitable, viz.

• How to levell ground to make it fruitfull.
• How to divide ground into quarters for knots.
• The expert way of laying of Grass-work.
• The manner of setting of hard quick-set and Poll-work.
• The ready way to make borders and beds according to the new art.
• The way of purifying of earth, for to receive curious plants.
• The best way for laying of walks, either with Grass, gravell or Taris-morter.
• ...

• The way of making high walks and mounts.
• How to make bowling Allyes with great ease and little cost.
• Rules for cutting of a wilderness and maze-work.
• Also one hundred proper drafts, as were never so drawn by any, with rules and directions how they may be amplified in the ground, with an information and a farewell on them in verse.
• The advancement of a physicall Garden by improving the earth.
• Preparations for Indian plants.
• Contrivance for a physick-Garden for profit and pleasure.
• Means for the saving of plants from hurtfull worms.
• Errors discovered in the practice of digging.
• The means of improving a Kitchin-Garden.
• The ready way to cleanse and destroy weeds.
• Seasons for digging for improvement.

All these experiments I shall not fail to bring forth, if God permit me life.

But what remaineth at the present, but that you modelize and contrive your Garden-plats, by these few directions which I gave you, or others, which you may better like of; and also to beautifie them with such knots as follow hereafter of my invention, or those that may be invented by your self, which probably may please your fancy better than mine.

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1 This Figure represents Lines how they ought to be layde before you begin to drawe a large Knott but especially that following, And allso note that these Lines are not to be stirred till the Knott be finisht, and so by the use of these Lines and two lines more you may draw any Knott. This figure is sup∣posed to contayne. 18: yards square & allowing. 21: Inches to each footpath.

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2

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3

a Scale by one foote Measure

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4

This is a Scale of 20 Foote

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5 Heere I have made the true Lovers Knott
To ty it in Mariage was never my Lott.

This Scale will serve for 3: other Knots folowing. a Scale of 32: Foote

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6 Running Drafts

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7

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8 Cross Diamonds in the paper I doe frame
And in the ground I can draw the same.

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9

This Scale by 9: Inch Measure

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10

This Scale is 18: Foote

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11

a Scale by Foote Measure

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12

by the foote Measure

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13 Four severall Quarters fit for to be drawne with herbe or box for to set Flowers there in.

These workes neede no Scale being so plaine

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14 Heere is other foure fit for the same purpos as the last

This by 19: Inches page weere. This by twentie.

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15 This Knot may be drawne with foure Lines onely as it is heere

This Scale by prescribed. one foote

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16

It is by twenty two a Scale Inches Measure

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17

This Scale by 10: Inch Measure

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18

a Scale of 28 foote

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19

a Scale of 30 foote

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20 a Scale by the foote etc: Also a forme how to lay your Lines.

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21 This is a good patern for a Wilderness as well as for a Quarter of Herbes.

a Scale of 24 foote

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22 a Labyrinth

This scale by two foote and two Inches

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23 a forme how to lay Lines for the folowing worke.

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24 The Flower of Deluse Ovall. Heere I have in the paper the Ovalls so round put And in the Ground the same I can Cut.

a Scale of 40 foote

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25

a Scale by the two foote Measure

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26 The halfe Moones.

Every black and white in this Scale is two foote and two Inches vpon y^e worke Grass worke.

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23 a forme how to lay Lines for the folowing worke.

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24 The Flower of Deluse Ovall. Heere I have in the paper the Ovalls so round put And in the Ground the same I can Cut.

a Scale of 40 foote

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25

a Scale by the two foote Measure

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26 The halfe Moones.

Every black and white in this Scale is two foote and two Inches vpon y^e worke Grass worke.

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27 The Figure of a whole Garden.

This y^e a foote and half.

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28 a plaine Ovall for Flowers.

by: 15: Inches Grass worke

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29 This is the Triangle Ovall.

a Scale by two foote.

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30 a plaine Wilderness.

a Scale of Yards.

THE GARDNERS PRACTICE in the Garden of Pleasure: in the knowledge of propagating, preserving and maintaining of Flowers, and curious Trees therein contained.

First of Flowers.

Amorantus: or Christerious Purantus.

THere are divers names and divers colours of them, but one in nature. Their names are thus; Amorantus purple, Amorantus scarlet, Amorantus cleery; many more that I'le not stand to speak of. Now I'le give you a de∣scription of them; Amorantus is like the Prin∣ces feather in shape; it flowreth in the Spring, and it is sown in the same, and seedeth the same year, and dyeth presently after: the seed is of a purple colour; this is for no use but only for the beauty and preheminency of the Flower, and therefore we nurse it in Gardens in England, and hold it in great estima∣tion. It is supposed that the seed of this Flower came first from the Indies, and they call it there Ʋtter: it is the Flower of which they make the scarlet-dye; the Heathens with the juyce of this Flower will make their skins look as if they were imbrued in blood. Now I shall speak some∣thing to the propagating of it.

First, The season for sowing of it is in the beginning of March, on this manner; we make a hot bed with horse-dung, as we do for Purslin; then we sow a quantity of this seed upon that bed, setting glasses over it, covering the bed with Mats: this done, it cometh up the sixth day, so soon as it is come up, you must give it a little air in the middle of the day, co∣vering of it again at night; water it moderately as you see occasion: this carefully done, it will grow to be half a foot

high by May; then you may transplant it from these hot beds into borders or pots, or other places wherein you take most delight, sheltring of it for the first week, till it be well rooted again: this done, it will come to flower by the latter end of May. There is little or no experiment to be used about this plant, because it dyeth yearly; therefore it is only propagated in its own nature as aforesaid; so I leave the or∣dering of it to your care, and proceed to the next.

Anstartion indecom.

It is known by no other name, and it is a Flower that is raised every year. If you will have it every year, I describe it to you thus; it hath a seed something like a pepper-corn; this seed when it is sown, it cometh up something like the honey-suckle, and flowreth in June, and it is a Flower of great rarity amongst the Gentry and Gardeners of this Land. Now followeth the ordering of it.

The season fit for it is in March, in the encrease of the Moon; the place for it is to make a hot bed, covering of it pretty thick with mould; let this bed lyeten dayes, covering of it with a little straw to keep in the heat, and at the third dayes end take off your straw, and set some bended sticks over the bed; then prick in your seeds at a handfull distance; then cast a Mat on the top of your sticks; this done you shall see your seed to come up the fifth day, as I told you before. Now take notice that you must give these plants some air once a day, if the weather be warm: this done, you may trans∣plant them in the middle of May into the out-borders of your Garden of pleasure, there setting of them at half a foot di∣stance, and one chase in a border: this done, it will flower, and the flower will keep fresh long on the stalk; it seldome beareth seed in England without great care and industry. I should speak much more of it, but that it is of a tickle nature, as to the alteration of it in germination, which I have been in∣formed by others, and being not well acquainted with it, I shall cease to give any arguments to the contrary, and leave those experiments with you which are set down.

Angulshenelus.

It was never called by any other name: I'am not very well acquainted with this Flower, and therefore I shall not affirm any thing of experience; but take this description, as I received it from a friend: he saith this Herb or Flower, whe∣ther you please to call it, hath such a property that there is none like it, viz. saith he, when this Flower hath its seed full ripe in its self, then if you go to it and touch it with your hand, presently the Cod that the seed lyeth in breaketh, whatever he be that toucheth it: from the nature of this Flower, viz. saith he, I have gone to one that hath been counted for a Maid, and I have desired her to touch the Cod * 1.1 wherein lay the seed of this Flower; what if I should, saith she, why then, saith he, if you have lost your Maiden-head, then this Cod will break at your touching of it; she cannot believe that, but boldly toucheth it, then it breaketh, and she is convinced of her fault and confesseth, thinking the seed were sensible of her fact; by this saith the Author I have found out my desire, as to the knowing whether a woman hath lost her Maiden-head or not: this I thought worthy of the reciting. Now I will give you a description of it.

It is much like your purple-valaren in shape, but in colour * 1.2 of a whitish green, the Flower being of a blewish colour: it never groweth above a foot high, and it flowreth in Au∣gust, and hath a hundred seeds in a Cod, and it is much like Rose-campion seed.

It is raised of the seed in the Moneth April, in the same * 1.3 manner and place as you do your Clove-gilliflowers, as you may see hereafter, and at the Moneths end it will be fit to be transplanted into the borders amongst orher Flowers, or you may let it stand in the same beds if you please: this done, it will grow up and flower as aforesaid, and when the winter cometh the top-branches dye, and at the top of the root re∣maineth a small spring being well shelterd, but be as carefull as you will, the third year dyeth both root and branch, saith the same Author.

Batchelors Buttons.

Descrip. It is a Flower that runneth on the ground like Water cresses, with stalks like Pease, with a thick round furrey leaf like Balm, but only it hath a bright green colour; the Flower is a round double Flower of the colour of a white and red speckled Cornation, but something less; this Flower seldome leaveth any seed behind, the branches of it dye when winter cometh, and springeth again in the spring.

Now for the propagating of it; if you have it not already in your Garden, then you must procure slips of it, not that it hath slips from the branches which may be set to grow, but they must be such slips as have both root and branch, and such are easie to be had where they are growing, for they spread mightily in the ground; now having got such slips as I told you of, prepare a border, either a border round a quar∣ter of herbs, or an out-border of your Garden, as I told you in the former part of this Book, then set your line at the uppermost part of the border, then your slips a hands breadth asunder only one chase in a border, for they encrease ex∣ceedingly, this must be done in March or August, those that were set in August will flower early, but those that are set in the Spring will not flower till July or August, those that are set in August will flower in May, June and July; now ob∣serve, that as soon as they have done flowering you must cut off the top-branches with a pair of Garden-shears, then it will spring presently after; and take notice, this Flower never groweth out of a Garden being once planted, though the old stock dyeth yet it sendeth forth young shoots in its stead, which causeth them to spread mightily; and therefore if you will keep them in uniform manner, you must transplant them once in two or three years, as I directed you before.

Bee-Flower.

It is so called because it beareth a Flower in shape like a Bee; whether I may properly call it a Flower or the seed I'le not dispute, but such a like thing in shape and colour; it put∣teth

forth at the time of seeding, therefore I call it a Bee-Flower: I shall cease to give you any further description of it, because I think it not worth the labour.

If you have a desire to raise them, if you can procure the seed, it is easily done by sowing of them in good mould in the Spring time, with other Flowers in borders or beds, setting a mark where you sow them, you shall see them come up with a sharp leaf, and in June or July they bring forth seed, and dye the same year: I have spoken with some which have been mightily taken with this Flower.

Balm of Christ.

Or if you please the hand of Christ; the Romans in former time were wont when they found any excellent Herb or Flower, to dedicate it to their Saints, and call it by their names, so I conceive that the name of this Flower was derived from some Romish Author because it hath this title, and in∣deed it is a great rarity to see a Flower representing the figure of a hand, as this doth when it is in the fulness of its perfecti∣on: it will be needless to describe it any further.

Now for the propagating, if you can procure the seed of it at the beginning of April, then sow it, but with a great deal of care and curiosity, viz. First find out the warmest place in your Garden, and there make a bed of Barley-straw and Bran, then cover it with fine mould three inches thick, then prick in your seeds half an inch deep, then shelter this bed a nights with a Mat, you shall have your seeds to come up the tenth day; you shall find that making of beds with Barley-straw and Bran to be the excellentest way of raising of Flow∣ers that ever was invented, for why your beds that are made with horse-dung forceth gemination too soon, and does not continue that height which the plant was forced up, for which cause the plant decayeth, and those that are made only of earth they are too cold for outlandish plants; if you will take my counsell and sowe it after this manner before descri∣bed, transplant it in May into a box of earth, and you shall have the balm of Christ to flourish in July, which is a great rarity to the beholders of this Nation: there are few experi∣ments more to be used than have been described; it will dye

when winters cold breath comes, therefore remember every year to raise it as I told you.

Bears-Ears.

By some called Rickaluses, by others French Cowslips, and purple Cowslips; it hath a leaf like your None so pretty, * 1.4 very thick and jagged, and keeps green all the year, they ne∣ver rise above a handfull high, only the stalk, the Flower on that stalk is much like the double Cowslip, and the Flower is not much unlike in number of leaves and in shape, but in colour they differ; the colours are these, the pink colour, the scarlet, the morey colour, and the purple, these natu∣rally flower all at one time, and that is in March and April: these are Flowers of great estimation, and a great many of cu∣riosities are used about them, in the propagating of them from seed and slip.

Now I will give you my own experience which I found true by my practice; Rickaluses are encreased by seed and slip: first of the seed, if you can get the seed of the best co∣lours, then sowe it in a box in March or the beginning of April in speciall good mould, you must be carefull to water the seed well for the first summer, the second summer it will flower about that time as I told you before, you may let these re∣main in the box, so they stand not too thick where they will grow continually, you may take slips from them to tran∣splant into other places: take notice that the putting of them inboxes is not because they will not endure the cold winter, but to have them early.

There are ordinary means for raising of them by seed and slip, the seed you may raise in beds with other Flowers, the slip is to be set in August and March in this manner; having gotten your slips prune them handsomely, and setting of them at a distance atop of a border, or by a borders side, wa∣tering of them for the first ten moneths if the season should be dry, by that time they will be rooted and come to perfection, but they flower not that year.

Bell-Flowers.

There is a white and a blew, they differ not much one

from the other in nature, therefore the directions of one will serve for both: first I'le give you a description; they spring up with branches like Safforn-Crocus in the beginning of Janu∣ary, if the weather be not too much unseasonable, and flow∣er in the latter end of March, the Flower is in shape like a Bell, it hath only five leaves, presently after it is flowering the stalk withereth and beareth no seed, but the root remains in the ground alwayes and springeth every year, they are a Flower numbred amongst those that have Bullous roots.

The preserving of them in their nature is thus; at any time after they are flowering you may transplant the root in∣to new places, or set them again in the old; or if you have them not, then you may send for the root to some other place where they may be had, the place proper to set them in is in your intervails of herball or out-borders of Grass-work in this manner; make holes in your ground with a di∣ber half a foot asunder, put in each hole a root, be sure you make not your holes too deep, for then it will keep back the Flower from coming early, it lying so low and so cold, otherwise you may get them early by putting of them in box∣es and housing of them: lastly take notice that you must re∣plant them every two year, or else the roots will grow thick and the Flower will be small.

Crows-foot.

There are single and double, there are distinct colours, as * 1.5 white, red and purple, the double sort beareth a Flower something like the double stock-Gilliflower in bigness, set with many leaves like the inner part of the Emrose, it spread∣eth with many stalks of two foot high, with many dark green leaves, and shaped like the Vine leaves with a weak stalk, it flowereth in July and August, and beareth its seed a little after.

The chiefest way of propagating this is of the slip, in the Moneths March or August, the slip is taken partly from the root, for the branch dyeth every year, and the slip of such branches will not take root. I shall not need to describe every particular in planting of them, the places fit for them is in the borders next the walks in your Garden at a foot di∣stance,

for they spread very much: you must save the seed of this Flower, or take of some of the slips and set, for he'le stay with you but two years, then he dyeth; you may raise it of the seed also even as you do any other ordinary Flower, and therefore I'le not stand to treat of it.

Crokus.

Of these there are two sorts, the striped Crokus and the Safforn Crokus, these are both winter Flowers, for they * 1.6 flower at the beginning of February even to the latter end of March, they are a very pretty Flower, and they are so well known I need not stand to describe them, only I'le tell you what properties they have; and though it be said that all Herbs and Flowers bear seed, this I could never find to bear any, for flower, stalk and branches soon vanish after their first appearing, nothing remaineth but the root, and this root ought to be took up presently after he is flowered, which is in April, and when you have taken them up, reserve the suckers by themselves and the bearers by themselves, you may keep them in a box with a little earth a Moneth or two if you please, and plant them at your leisure.

The manner and place of planting of them: the properest place to plant them is in borders where Tulips are planted, between every Tulip-root you shall set a Crokus-root, at what time the Crokus hath done flowering a little after the Tulips will begin; we usually take up Crokus as well as Tu∣lips every other year, because they should not lye too deep in the earth, for they'le run downwards and encrease with so many suckers that they'le be hindered of their large growth; and by having too many suckers about them, and by lying so deep in the cold earth, they'le be hindered of their early flow∣ering, for these reasons we transplant them every year, or every other year: from the Qualon-Crokus you may save Safforn.

Lastly, Some may enquire for experiment of moloration in the nature of the plant, in ingemination there can be none, for it is out of mans element, because they are not produced of seed, but encrease of themselves by the root in the earth: now if any man should desire to alter the colour of this Flow∣er,

I think it a vanity, for no man can devise more rarity of colours than nature doth bestow in flowers; but for pro∣moting of the nature of this or any other which springeth of a bullous-root, take these observations: First, fill some boxes of the finest mould that may be had, and as dry as may be, then put it into boxes, then set these boxes in some gar∣ret, or room, or other, where it may have the Sunne and Wind, but no rain come at it, have so much patience as to let it stand for a twelve moneth, then get Sheeps-bloud, the juyce of a Laren, Camomile, Mallows and Lapeons tails, mix these juices and Sheeps-bloud together, then water this dry earth with this substance, then take your Bullous-roots, as crotus Tulips, crown Imperials, Lillies, Snow-drops and the like, then plant them in these boxes at the times and sea∣sons as I have directed you formerly, and anoint the roots with this substance at their planting, water them continually with the same, let them have no rain, or any kind of water else, but only this; besure they have Sunne, Wind and Air enough, for otherwise your flowers will corrupt; this done, your flowers will spring out of an exceeding large growth, and produce them very early, and I can positively say, that it will make them differ from what they were formerly. So much for that.

Crains-Bill.

It is a flower of a Bullous-root about the bigness of the top * 1.7 of a mans thumb, long and flat, on one side rising with branches like great rushes spreading every way, with a stalk rising in the middle, whereon groweth the flower with a few small long leaves, hanging down of his head; it is a flower of the Spring, being once planted in a ground, there it remains: it will not be worth my labour to describe every particular of it; to be short, the time of planting of them is in April or August, the place in some out-border in a physical or a kitchin-garden, and there if they be but kept clean from hurtfull weeds, they will flower yearly and increase, so you may plant more ground with the suckers, or pleasure your friend with them.

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Cullenbines.

There is a speckled Cullenbine and the purple Cullenbine, * 1.8 the white and the blew: and many other mixt colours, which I shall not stand to name. The branches of Cullenbines die every year, and the root springeth again; the leaves are for good use for pot-herbs; and for physical uses, as you may see in Herbals; the seed of this flower doth ripen the lat∣ter end of July, and if you let it shed of it self, it will spring up again, if the earth be cleansed from weeds; so where they are once, soon the falling of the seed keepeth the Garden re∣plenisht with them, yet the old stock dieth standing four or five years: the time for sowing of these is chiefly in August, so that they may flower timely; the place ought to be in some borders, next a privy walk; be sure you let them not stand too thick, for then they will grow small and single; let them be cleansed from weeds. Thus much may serve for the ordinary sort of Cullenbines.

Now there is a more tenderer sort, which we call the thrice double converted Cullenbine; these are not much un∣like the former, but only they are much larger, and much exceeding the other in orient colour; these flower at the same time the other do, they seldom bear seed, but if you can procure either seed or slip, you shall order them, as fol∣loweth:

Prepare some fine boxes of earth, and therein sow your seed, or set your slip, having a diligent care over them after∣ward: by watering of the slip, and transplanting of the seed∣lings, sheltering of them from the frost and snow, you shall have them to flower early in the Spring: I cannot stand to set down every particular; there may be many means used to set forward the nature of them, but no way to alter the form, setting forward of the nature is but a watery substance, which I shall not speak of here, but refer it to that place where I treat concerning Cornation Gilli-flowers.

Crown-Imperial.

Crown-Imperial, or Imperial-Crown, counted the wor∣thiest of Spring-flowers, for it flowreth at the beginning of

April; now understand that there are two or three sorts, as the great Imperial, the Italian Imperial: they differ not so much, but if you know one you may know the other.

Imperials at the first coming up are so like Lillies that they * 1.9 have been took for Lillies by some; they rise to three foot high, and at the very top shouteth out six flowers, hanging directly downward, above them rises sharp leaves, eight in number, sharp and small, and a handfull long, standing di∣rectly upright, which resembleth an Imperial-Crown: this flower keepeth fresh three weeks off the stalk; in the middle of the flower standeth six blewish pearls; the stalk of this flower perisheth every year after it hath born its seed, which is about the middle of June, the root remaineth in the ground, which is as big as a mans fist, yellow and round, it stinketh mightily: I need not give you any farther de∣scription.

The propagating of them is either by seed or slip: First, The seed that is raised as are Tulips (of which I treat hereaf∣ter) in the same time and place setting of the slip, is present∣ly after his flowering, then if you have them not, you may procure them, and set them in your borders with your Tu∣lips, betwixt every Tulip an Imperial root, so by that time your Imperials have done flowering, your Tulips will be∣gin, so you shall have your borders to flourish all the Spring.

And not to be troublesome to you, the Imperial-roots must be removed every year, and the suckers took from the old mother, and planted in a bed by themselves at a handfull distance, and the next year you may replant them into the borders amongst your bearers, they flower the second year.

Lastly, To produce any thing by Art from this flower con∣trary to Nature, if it may be done upon any, it may be done upon this; for you may take the root out of the ground for a moneths space, and in that time you may water it, or anoint it with such contrary colours as you desire most to have the flower of, then this root is forc'd to participate this watery substance of contrary colours into its nature; and some think that this must force the root to bring forth a flow∣er

like those colours, like that substance that it was watered with, but I am not of that judgement; yet some alteration may be, but not according to mans expectation; for sow a Turnip in a sandy ground, which is that which his nature re∣quires, and sow it in the rankest ground that is, and it is a Turnip still: so Imperial roots being set in these substances, it will be an Imperial still; and therefore they are but con∣ceits, and not experiments, which I can affirm for truth; yet some alterations will be, and many times contrary to what a man doth expect, every seed will spring up to be the like of his mother, yet some difference may be in shape and forme, as one Physiognomy of a brother may differ from another, and that is not as man pleaseth. Let this suffice.

Cornflag.

This is a flower which springeth of a bullous-root, rising with many leaves two foot high in the shape of a sword, in * 1.10 the middle of those rise in the branch with shorter leaves, one in the same forme as the other; this beareth a flower resem∣bling the Flowerdeluce in shape, a matter of six leaves, and every leaf is of three fingers breadth, purple at the top, and blew towards the bottome; this flower is in his prime in May, and the seed is ripe in June, then dieth the branch, the root remaineth in the ground, and springeth yearly.

The ordering of them I shall set down in few words: First, If you have them not, you shall procure the seed in the moneth of August, then you shall sow it in this manner; Prepare a border of good mould under some wall, where it may be sheltered from the cold Winter, your bed being finely raked, cast your seed on it of such a thickness, as reason shall best direct you, then riddle a quantity of fine mould, and cast upon these seeds, so that they may be covered half an inch deep; this done, you shall see your seed spring up a mat∣ter of three weeks after with a single blade, shelter these all the Winter there, and in the latter end of March replant them into the out-borders of your garden of pleasure at a foot di∣stance, one range in a border, the second year they will

flower: the fourth year you shall replant them again, for otherwise they will grow so thick that it will spoil their flow∣ering: and for planting of them, take slips which are took from the root in the moneth of March, and set them one chase in a border, as I told you of seedlings. Thus much for our Eng∣lish Corn-flag.

There is also the Indean Corn-flag, which is of a more state∣lier growth, a curiouser colour, and tenderer in nature, but it flowereth at the same times, and is sown and planted at the same seasons as the former, only with a great deal more care, for the seed, root or branch will not endure the cold Winter, therefore we sow it in boxes, transplant it into others, and by putting these boxes into houses in the Winter, giving of them air in seasonable dayes, we raise and preserve this Italian Corn-flag: now concerning any experiment of alteration, I never could find any man of such an ambitious desire as to do any such thing, but for the setting forward of the nature of it, water it with such a water wherein hath been Sheeps-dung and Pigeons-dung: So I cease and proceed to the wor∣thiest of flowers, which is

Cornation Gilliflowers.

Of Gilliflowers there are divers kinds, as the Cornation-Gilliflower, * 1.11 the Clove-gilliflower, the Wall-Gilliflower; these I shall referre to another place, and speak here only of the Cornation-Gilliflower, which for beauty and delicious smels, and excellent properties deserves letters of gold. I wonder that Solomon did not write of this Flower, when he compared his Spouse to the Lilly of the valley: but whether there were any of these flowers in those dayes, or in those places we will not enquire, but proceed to the flower it self. To give a de∣scription of it were vanity, being so generally known by eve∣ry one, yet few know the nature of it; therefore I shall only speak of the titles of them, and proceed to the ordering of them.

They are only tituled and distinguished by their colours, * 1.12 chiefly thus; the Crystaline, the Granado, the fair maid of Kent, the Fools-coat, the Dover, the Bandeleer, the mixt Clove, the painted Lady, the old Mans Head, the London-white

the Emperors-robes, the Patern of Nature, the Scar∣let, the Wine-colour, the Widdow, the Peach-colour, the Purple: these and all these are intermixt, which doth make so many mixt colours that I will not stand to name, but will proceed to sowing, planting and replanting. First, Of these I'll begin with sowing, and therein are matters of conse∣quence; first, it is the way to have plenty and store of these flowers; Secondly, it is the chiefest art in the practice indou∣bling and redoubling of them.

For sowing of them you ought to consider what ground is * 1.13 fit for them; it must be a well tempered ground, by no means too rank, and in a convenient place, where it may be warm∣ed by the reflection of the Sun: the place appointed, dig it and cleanse it from stones, then lay it out into small beds of two foot and a half in breadth, then rake them finely, take a quantity of seed and sow it of a thickness, as you think best, then get a little fine mould and riddle through a riddle, cover these seeds with it a matter of three quarters of an inch thick; these seeds will come up the sixteenth day with two spindles like grasse. Now I have shown you the manner of sowing of them; now you must consider the times and the seasons for them.

The season fit for it is the first full Moon in April, and the * 1.14 first full Moon in May, and likewise in August, the same man∣ner as I told you.

Now observe those that are sown in April ought to be wa∣tered in the dry weather, and in the first full Moon of August they ought to be replanted to a better earth in some border by a wall-side where they may be sheltered from the cold the Winter following.

The planting of them is done thus; when your border is digged and evenly raked, then go to your place where your seedlings grew, then take them up with a setting stick, which is the fittest instrument for that purpose; so done, prune them, which is to cut off all the superfluous grosse top blades, slip∣ping off some of the under blades, then go to your place, as before mentioned; and by a direct line set the one from the other six inches distance, and so let them stand while the next March, covering of them from frost and snow a nights then

in March you may remove them into knots or pots, or any other proper place where you shall have a desire, or shall stand for the beauty of your Garden; these plants being set in a better mould than before, and diligently watered, will come to flower by the next July following. Thus much of the seed∣lings sown in August.

Now for those that are sown in the Spring, being ordered in like manner as the other, preserved with the same care, will come to flower the second Summer.

Next for the setting of the slips, the time for it is in April, * 1.15 May, June and August, the Moon being three dayes before the full; in this manner, we go to such stocks, and slip off such slips as we can conveniently; these slips we clip off the tops praise with a knife, and under we slip quite off, then slit∣ting the lower most part of the slip that we put in the ground; this done, set them in a convenient place, as I told you of the seedlings, at a hand-breadth asunder, the next Spring or fall following transplant them into borders, three chase in a border at a foot difference. Thus farre of the ordina∣ry means for ordering of the common sort of Cornation-Gilliflowers.

Now followeth extraordinary means for the propagating of the rarest sort of these flowers, with some answers to such vain opinions, as some men affirm to be true by words, but never proved to be true by actions.

First, For altering the colour by incisions; it hath been * 1.16 given out by some that Aris, and Bisse, and Verdigrease; these and such like may be dissolved betwixt the bark and the body of the Cornation, and that these mixt colours will cause a mixture in the flower. To this I answer, That this will never cause the effect, upon several trials that I have made; for any thing dissolved betwixt the bark and wood of a tree, causeth that part of the bark to die, which is of a stronger nature than any flower whatsoever: I could shew you many more of these arguments, but I will only propound this one Question to you: Do you think that you can any way give sullenance either to man or beast, any way but at the mouth, so that it may be concoctedin the man, and dissolved into the several parts of a man? Nothing can be applied to any

part of man to cause it to grow as aforesaid: in like case it is with flowers, for the root is the place where sustenance must be had for the maintaining of the branch, then if any altera∣tion may be made, it must be a watery substance applied to the root, and not to the branch, but it is not Aris nor Bis that the plant will participate of, but it must be the corruption of itself, or the corruption of some other: Now I will instance to you, what I have done, viz. I took Camomil, Valaren, Flag-roots, Solendine-leaves, these beaten together into a salve, and applied to the roots of the flowers when they are planted or removed, and watering of them with the same, hath propagated the flower in bigness, so that it hath made it as big again as any of the ordinary natural flowers, but I could never find that I could alter the form of them; some∣times the colour of them will alter that are thus ordered, but the alteration or mixtures of colours is a law in nature more than experiment in art.

Secondly, There have been certain wayes given for graft∣ing and inoculating of these flowers.

But I wonder whether they mean the root or the branch; if inoculating in the branch there is no bud, and to inoculate without a bud that is impossible to me: now we'll enquire about their grafting, what manner of grafting they did mean, whether it be clift-grafting, or whip grafting, or grafting be∣twixt the bark and the wood? If they meant any of these, or all these; if clift-grafting, I could never get any such thing as a science, for that purpose, and for any of the rest I think it more strange.

But what grafting may be done is by addition, grafting, * 1.17 and addition grafting is done thus; take two young plants of four moneths growth, take a part of the bark of the root of each of them alike, then join them artificially together, then bind them with a little soft flax, and anoint it with the juice of Valeran, which is of a healing nature, then commit them to the ground, those will incorporate into one body, which will bring forth a very large flower if they be both of one kind; if of two several kinds, then there will be two several kinds of one stock, which is rare; but some have told me this will make a mixt colour, but I could not give any credit to their

words, as to believe them, for why, each of them keeps their own nature: For example, the least bud of an Apri∣cock inoculated upon a plum-stock, keepeth his own nature, and bringeth forth an Apricock, then of necessity we must needs think, that if this keep his nature where there was no substance, that the Gilliflower grafted (as before spoken of) where there was body and substance, must needs bring forth flowers according to their kinds. I can keep you a long time upon these like things, but so much for this point.

Now for altering the sent of these flowers, there be divers * 1.18 things they say will cause this effect, which I think altogether needlesse, because it hath a passing smell of it self; therefore if you have any desire to make use of what Authors have said for altering of the sent of flowers, make trial upon such as have little or no sent, as Fowerdeluces, Scarlet-beans, Em∣rose or Tulips, because they are flowers that Ladies love to have so nigh their noses, which have little or no sent, and it would be a rare art to cause them to have a sent, as Authors say; and it is a great wonder, that if they could alter the sent of them, that they do not produce some of those flowers; now if you will make use of this experiment, I can tell you what will follow, you shall lose your labour; and I give you my reason; the sweetest and lushiousest meat turns into the foulest and stinkingst excrement; so it is with these infusions and molerations which man doth imagine may infuse a sweetnesse to any flower; for the flower doth not draw the substance as it is, but converts it into its own nature and in∣tercisial form that it hath.

Here followeth some directions for the preservation of your choisest * 1.19 Gilliflowers.

• 1. Observe that they have good mould.
• 2. That they have pots.
• 3. That they have cradles.
• 4. That they be not kanker-eaten.
• 5. That they be not bound too hard in the mould.
• 6. You must observe you let not too many flowers grow upon a stalk.
• 7. That they be housed in the Winter.
• 8. That you get layers.

1. For the first of these, you must understand that every thing bringeth forth fruit according to its mother; the mo∣ther here is the earth, therefore if poor earth then poor flowers.

2. For the second, Pots are necessary for the keeping of hurt∣full worms from the roots, and sheltering of them from the storms in the cold weather, and from too much moisture and too much drithe, for too much wet doth keep the plant cold, and too much drithe doth famish the plant: now these pots do preserve them from both, and if they are made of a stately fashion they do beautifie the Garden. And lastly, you may have your flowers at such times in the year by removing of them from place to place, as cannot be effected by those that grow out of Pots.

3. Thirdly, Cradles are necessary; you must understand to keep the wind from breaking and beating of them to and fro, and keeping of them in uniform manner; these cradles are made of white rods, six standing, and two woven round about, and the lower end sharp to put into the earth, and these keep the flowers up.

4. Fourthly, If flowers be kanker-eaten it will destroy them, for it is a worm that eateth the root; this you shall discern by the branches, when they look of a dead colour, then search the root, when you have found this kanker, take tarr and the yelk of an egg, and mans ordure, and apply this to the kanker-eaten, and that will cure it.

5. Fifthly, If your flowers stand too long unremoved, or the ground stirred about them, and fresh mould put to them, the ground will be bound stiff about the root, which must be remedied by opening the earth about them, and put∣ting in of fresh mould; this must be done early in the Spring, or otherwise you will hinder it more than far∣ther it.

6. Sixthly, If you let too many flowers grow upon a stock, they will be very small, and in danger to kill the stock; there∣fore you must when you see there is like to be great store of flowers, cut the most of them away, for the preservation of the stock, and the enlarging of your flower, and for the pre∣serving of seed; for if you would have good seed, you must

not suffer above five or six Flowers to be upon a stock, these must be of the top Flowers, at the first flowering, the seed will come to perfection by the latter end of August, and when you see the seed black in the cod, then cut off the branch and hang it up in the house till it be thorow dry, then you may rub it out, this seed you must sow in your own Garden for two years, and afterwards you must change it, or else your Flowers will degenerate and grow single.

7. Seventhly, Housing of the Plants is necessary for preserv∣ing of them from frost and snow which would kill them; and for getting of them to flower early, observe that you are to give them sun and air on such dayes as it is to be had, and to set them forth in rainy dayes, for rain water is much better than conduit for them, but if rain-water may not be had, water them with standing water, and be sure that they have it often, for all vegetable creatures do partake more of the ele∣ment water more than the element earth; to prove this, take any plant and burn it, look how much ashes so much earth, and all the rest which vapour'd away was a watery substance which vapoured up out of the earth, then watering often is needfull.

8. Eighthly, To get Laires is very needfull, and it is done thus; you may buy small pots for the purpose, which are like a tunnell, with a hole at the bottom to let out the water if there should be too much, it hath a slit of one side, these pots we fill full of earth, and set it by Cornation-Gilliflowers side, and bring one of the choicest slips that we can see in at the slit, so that the top of it shall be above the top of the small Laire-pot, and the lower part of it is in the pot and in the earth, so this putteth forth root, this must be done in Au∣gust, and next March you shall cut off the slip that is so root∣ed and plant it in another pot, that Laire-pot which the slip came out of will serve for the like use again.

Further queries and observations there are concerning pro∣ducing * 1.20 of these Flowers contrary to nature and seasons:

1. The first dispute is, whether Cornation seed bringeth forth a single Pink, I answer some do and the most do not, for those that comes single were of the under-seed, therefore if there were diligence and care in the saving the seed, (as I

told you before) there would be very few single Pinks, but those that are by diligence replanted may be made double, but if you will not bestow the pains, you may plant them in some border or bank-side, there to remain for strowing Flow∣ers: another curiosity is to have Cornations almost while Christmas, and it is very probable this might be done if you will take these directions.

2. In June and July till the latter end of August, cut away all such buds or branches that you see are like to bring forth a Flower, and afterward let such as will spring forth alone, and by Michaelmas these will be budded forth, this must be done by your pot-Flowers, because they must be carried in, in the cold nights they must be set into a room, and set abroad again adayes, by this means you shall have the buds open, and keep this Flower even while Christmas.

3. Other things I have been told that would cause this effect, & that was by enclosing the Flower in soft wax at the time they begin to open, & so let them stand enclosed while Christmas, or any time of the winter that you have a desire to have a Cor∣nation-Gilliflower, then (saith he) take off your wax in a sun-shine day, and the sun will open the Flower, and by this means you may have them at any time; you may believe this if you please, but it were good for you to find it true by experience, for my part I think it cannot be so, for the stalk withereth before that time of the year, and if the stalk be dead the Flower cannot be alive, and that is a sufficient reason.

4. Many other vain things I have been told concerning alte∣rations, which are very uncertain truths which I shall not bestow the pains to set down, but shall proceed with laudable and creditable and profitable things for him that is employed therein: I do not intend to please any man in writing of this Treatise, unless he will be pleased with the bare truth and no more: so I'le speak a word or two of the continuance of this Flower.

If it may be carefully looked to it may continue five or six * 1.21 year, or otherwise not half so long.

Some men are of opinion when they see this beautifull Flower, as to think it is of an art of their own or others, but

they are mistaken, all the art of man is to find out the art of nature it self, for if any thing be not used in its own nature * 1.22 and season it will come to no effect, therefore what I have discovered of the nature of this or any other Flower (as far as my capacity can truly understand) I give it to all men; yet I know (Reader) that it may be contrary to your judg∣ment, for so many men as there are so many minds, but the truth that I have here set down, I shall dispute it face to face with as many as have an objection against it.

One thing more I give you and then I have done: if you * 1.23 shall have any of these Flowers stolen, and if you would be revenged on the party, or would put a jest or a jeer, you shall accomplish your desire thus; take an Elecompane root dry and beaten to powder, then sprinkle it upon your Gilli-flowers, or put it into the midst, then give your Flowers to the party that you desire to be revenged of, let it be a he or she they will delight in smelling to it, then they will draw this powder into their nostrils which will make them fall a sneezing, and a great trouble to the eyes, and by your leave will make the tears run down their thighs: other things there are which may be bought at the Apothecaries, which I will not give you the receit of, for fear it should come to a malici∣ous mans hands, then the effect would be evil.

Clove-Gilliflowers.

These differ little from the former in nature, to give a de∣scription of them it were needless, I'le only speak a word of the propagating of them: they are sown of the seed and plant∣ed of the slip as the former, but for the most part they grow single without much pains and care, therefore I think it best to set them of the slip if they may be had, if not you must take the pains to sow them as aforesaid, and out of a great * 1.24 quantity of seed it is very probable you will have but a few double ones, for the seed is of so great a rate that they com∣monly mix it with others that came of single Pinks, or else of the under-seed: if you set them of the slip, the best time is the first full Moon of August, so that they may take root by the Spring, (all things observed as I told you of the ordinary sort of Cornation-Gilliflowers) you may remove them in

March again at the full of the Moon; take notice that the Moon is of great force, for we find in the Scripture, that the * 1.25 Moon is appointed for times and seasons, and I observed it by this more than any other, for those slips that were set just at the full Moon were so great that they brake in the hores or the husk, and these are as bad as those that are too small, there∣fore set them three or four dayes before the full Moon: it will take up a great deal of time to set down every particular, but he that knoweth how to order Cornation-Gilliflowers may order these; I shall speak something to the worth of this Flower, but my pen is not worthy to subscribe it, for all * 1.26 other Flowers are inferiour to them, because they are pre∣served, conserved, and also pleasant syrups for the palate of man. Many other things of them there are which the Apo∣thecary well knows.

Cowslips.

Double Cowslips are fit to be planted in a Garden of plea∣sure for the use of their Flowers in sallets, for the bedecking * 1.27 of the Garden, because they flower early when other Flow∣ers are scarce, being once planted there they continue al∣wayes; they never bear seed, therefore they must be planted.

The time of planting of them is either in the Spring or the Fall, the place is in the edge of the upper part of your borders, * 1.28 having prepared your ground then slip your plants into as many slips as you can, cutting off the top leaves within three inches of the root, and strain your line and prick them in three inches one from another where they will grow very well, if you water them, this must be while they are well rooted, and afterward they need no care but weeding, now remember to clip off the dead leaves and stocks after your Cowslips have done flowering, then the leaves will spring green and fresh again which is very pleasant to behold.

Daysies.

There are three or four kinds, as the wild Daysie, the French Daysie, and the Garden double Daysie; the Garden * 1.29 Daysie it is I intend to treat of, of these there are two or three

sorts of colours, but one in nature; the colours are these, the white, the red, the purple and the speckled: This flower ne∣ver beareth any seed; the time of flowering is in May and June, a fine ornament to a Garden, and the flowers are used in Nosegayes: The branches of this flower dieth every year, and the root sendeth up young again; so where they are once planted they alwayes continue.

The place, time and manner of planting of them, is as * 1.30 I told you of the Couslips, onely the choisest sorts be set in knots or beds, so I need not trouble my self nor you to give any farther reason for the ordering of them.

Daffodillies.

These are very well known to them that know any thing; * 1.31 there are many sorts, and for little use, and I might describe them as Mr. Purchas hath done, and truly I think it a needless curiosity, I will only describe to you their names; there is the wild Daffodilly, and the Garden Daffodilly, the French Daffodilly, and the Italian Daffodilly; all these but the wild are cultevated in Gardens, because they flower early in the Spring, and are commonly used in flower-pots; it's a flower seldom beareth seed; presently after it is flowering, the stalk di∣eth, and the leaves remain green.

They are propagated by slips taken from the old root; the time for it is in April presently after they are flowered; the place for the ordinary sort is in some borders by a privy walk, where you may plant them half afoot asunder, and no deeper, and that they may be just covered.

The Italian, and the French, and great double sorts are planted in the intervals of Herb-knots, or in the out-borders of Grasse-knots, in manner as I told you of the former; some make a curiosity to plant the great double sorts in boxes, be∣cause they would house them in the Winter, to the end that they would have them flower early in the Spring; you may, if you please, take up this root, and keep it in the house in a little sand a quarter of a year, and plant it again, and it will grow, in which space you may see if there be any alterations, in sent, colour or form, as some have said.

Dragons-Claw.

It first riseth up with dark-green leaves like black Elivert, and afterwards they grow more smaller and jagged; with these leaves riseth a stalk of the substance of a Mallow-stalk, and this stalk shouteth forth many branches; and on these branches there are many flowers of a blewish colour, in the shape and bigness of a womans thimble; the time of their flowering is in the moneth of May, June and July; for the top branches being broken off, the sides send forth more, which causeth it to continue so long a flowering; the seed is ripe in August, the stalk dieth presently after the root spring∣eth, the next year after, and having yeelded its seed three years the root and branch dieth: the general use that it is for, is for the beautifying the Garden, and for flower-pots.

This flower is propagated of the seed only; the time for it is the beginning of April; the place fit for it is in a piece of * 1.32 ground which we reserve only for a Nursery, only for raising of flowers in, there you may sow it with others, or by them∣selves in the end of a bed, having committed them to the earth, you shall see them spring up in a fortnights time with two small green leaves; being carefully watered they will be big enough to be removed, for they will spread mightily, so they will not have room enough to grow in the bed where they are sown, therefore transplant them into beds or borders in your Garden of pleasure, and in August they will come to flower, and the next year they will flower by the latter end of May.

There is another season in sowing of them, and that is in the latter end of August; but the plants that were sown at this * 1.33 season must be carefully looked after, and sheltered from the frost and snow, they will come to flower in the Spring sea∣sonably, and die at the third years end (as I told you before) therefore save that seed and sow it again; there is nothing more of curiosity belongeth to this flower, so let these short and plain directions serve.

Emrose.

Considering that flowers are more for beauty than for ver∣tue;

this flower challengeth the title of praise: First, for its early flowering; for in warm places some begin to flower presently after Christmas, and then others begin; so some are continually flowering while June; others by art and na∣ture flower twice a year, as in March and September. Now to give you a description of them, they are of a set colour sel∣dom or never speckled, the ordinary colour is red, blew and purple; the Emroses held most in estimation are, the scar∣let, the London white and the black; these colours being of large kinds, I have known a root of each sold for ten shillings; others have told me they have known them sold for three pound a root.

Of these flowers there are double and single; the root is * 1.34 like a Ginger-race in shape and bignesse; this flower beareth a weak seed something like sweet Madeling-seed, and that will seldome grow; and I suppose that Emrose-seed never grew, though it be commonly sold for that purpose; yet I have found by experience that it will not grow; and as many Gardeners as ever I had conference with, did ever affirm such a thing to be true: therefore if you will have Emrose, you must set them of the root, and I will be brief and willing to show you where and how.

The fittest season for setting of them is in June, the Moon being at the full; but if opportunity doth not then serve, you * 1.35 may plant them any time betwixt that and the latter end of August, but (as I said before) it is best to remove them in June, for then there will be the stalks above ground, and some flowers, and afterwards there will be none; so that in the taking of them up you may cut them with a spade, but that's not all, you'll never find all your roots, unless you will sift the earth, and that is a great deal of trouble.

The fittest place in planting of these roots is in beds amongst * 1.36 your Cloves, or else at the edge of your borders where you plant Tulips, and sometimes in beds by themselves, for the common sort make a little trail of an inch deep, then break the roots into a many small peeces, and lay them into this trail at a hands breadth distance, the least peece will grow and flower the next year following.

Here followeth experiments worthy of observation, Em∣rose-roots * 1.37

must be removed once in two years, because they do so increase and multiply, so that you shall have twenty or thirty roots about one old bearer, these being so thick, and growing barren, will cause them to bear very poorly, which is a very sufficient reason that they must be removed every year, or every other year at least.

Secondly, Whether there might be any alteration in the colour by any skill or care that may be used. Many men have * 1.38 said this may be done, and they have given some blind reasons for it, which I shall wave, and tell you how you may propa∣gate the natural growth, viz. Take Tulip-roots, Lettice, Sheeps-dung, Strong-waters, mix these together into a salve and apply it to the root, and so commit the root to the earth, and it will cause this root to send forth a large flower, and more speedilier than those that are not so ordered: those roots ought to be planted in a box for to have them come time∣ly, not but that any Emrose-roots will endure any wea∣ther.

Lastly, To produce Emrose at all times in the year, is ea∣sily done, if the Winter be not too violent: First take no∣tice * 1.39 that you may take up Emrose-roots at any time, and keep them in your house, though for a year, then set them again, and they will grow. Having this advantage, if you have a desire to have them in Harvest, you must plant them in the later end of May, and they will flower at that time; and to have them flower later, plant them at the later end of July. Now observe that there is such a Law and Nature, that any Herb being deprived of its natural season, yet it will bud forth its flower afterwards having liberty, alwayes provided it be sheltered from the cold: so it is plain, that a man may put such flowers as have bullous roots, you may put them for∣ward or backward by keeping of them in season or out of sea∣son out of the earth.

African.

By some called the African-Marigold, all that can be spo∣ken * 1.40 of this flower is, that it serveth for beautifying of a Gar∣den, for they flower towards the later end of Summer, when most flowers are nigh done; another thing, they have not been long in England, it came to use first out of

Africa, and you know that things that are new are rare in estimation.

It rises first like young ashes in shape and colour, afterwards * 1.41 spreadeth it self into many branches, and before it flowereth it riseth to be a yard high, the flowers are in shape like the dou∣ble Marigold, but three times as big, and of a yellow colour; if you smell to it, it will put you in mind of honey: the seeds are small and black, something like Oats; this seed is ripe about September, the branch and root dieth presently after.

It is propagated by sowing of it in hot beds, as you may see of * 1.42 Amorantus in this Book; this must be done in the beginning of March, so that they may be ready to transplant into borders at the beginning of May, so that you may have them to flower timely.

The second and the ordinary way of raising of them is in * 1.43 the middle of April; it is done thus, when you have prepared a bed fit for that purpose, then sow them, you must get other earth and cover them with, for if you should rake them you cannot cover the seeds, they being so long they will not fall in, then cover them, as I directed you three quarters of an inch thick; this done, if the weather be seasonable, you shall see your seed come up the eighth day, and when they have stood in this bed five weeks you may replant them into borders, two rowes in a border, each plant nine inches asunder, there let them remain, they'll come to flower in August, or in Septem∣ber. A little after the seed cometh to perfection, and the plant dieth, you may pull it up and hang it in the roof of the house while it is dry, and this will cause the seed to ripen, then you may rub it out, and sow this seed for two years, and the third year you must change it, or else your flowers will degenerate and grow single.

Everlasting-Pea.

It cometh up with many branches out of one root; these * 1.44 branches run out to four-foot length much like the veines of Cucumbers, on the stalks are narrow small leaves set on close to the stalk without any stem, and at the top of every branch runneth spindles which will take hold of any thing that they are nigh, they spring up at the first of April, and flower in the

later end of May; the flower is mixt with a blew and purple colout of the bignesse of the Snap-Dragon flower; the seed of it is like a small gray pea.

The time of planting of it is in the beginning of April; the place fit for it is in some border next a wall, where you may * 1.45 prick them down athalf afoot distance, they'll spring up in a fortnights time, and after they are of a pretty height, you must support them with small sticks; they seldome flower the first year, but the second year, and so onward, so they'll con∣tinue alwies with you: Hence it is they call it Everlasting-Pea. The branch dieth every Winter and springeth again, as was said. I shall not trouble you with any more directions for the propagating of it, it being of such a hardy nature that it is al∣together needlesse.

Everlasting-life.

It is so called by reason of its long continuance on the stalk, and being gathered, it will keep fresh two moneths in the house: I'll give you a short description of it; it springeth up about the beginning of May, and by August it flowereth; it rises up with a stalk two-foot high; there is but one flower of a stalk, and that putteth out like the Fennel-flower, with many small leaves like the inner part of a Marigold; this flower is white, it seldome or never leaveth seed behind it, the branch dieth yearly, and the root remaineth in the ground, which is like the root of the Spare-mint.

If you will have this Flower in your Garden, you must pro∣cure the root in the Spring-time, then provide a bed by it self, * 1.46 dresse it in order, as you do for any other flower, then plant three chace of these slips in a bed, the bed being two foot and a half in breadth, water them well at the first planting, plant nothing else amongst them, for they increase and spread mightily; this done, you shall have them to flower that Summer, and continue with you alwayes they being cleansed from weeds.

Flower-deluce.

I cannot describe them more than they have been by others, * 1.47 as to the preheminence of them; the King of France's Arms is a witnesse, and our English Quoin is a testimony that this

flower is and was in great estimation: Farther consider, that no inferiour person dares put this flower in his Coat of Armes, though he may put it in his Gardens: waving this Discourse, I will shew you the ordering of them.

This Flower leaveth a tender seed, therefore if you have * 1.48 a desire to sow them of the seed, you must have a special care in the ordering of it; the time is in the later end of April, in a natural fertile earth, the Moon being in the increase; this being done (in manner as I told you of Cornation Gilliflow∣er-seed) the twentieth day it will come up with one blade, which groweth very slowly, therefore it must be diligently weeded, and the first Winter it must be covered from the cold, the second year they'll get strength, and shift very well for themselves, the third year they flower: but you must take notice, that they must be rep anted every year about that time that they were sown.

I have discoursed with many Gardeners, and one amongst * 1.49 the rest told me, that he could have them to flower in any moneth in the Summer time: I demanded of him how? He told me it was by housing of the root in boxes of earth in the Winter time, giving of them the benefit of the Sunne, when opportunity did serve, and by watering of them now and then with warm water, and this will cause them to spring forth presently, and flower by the later end of April (saith he.) Now reason told me that it could not be so soon, yet it may cause it to flower a moneth before its natural season, as any man of natural reason may understand.

Now to have the flower late, you must nip off the springs as fast as they begin to spindle to flower till the middle of June, and then forbear; this will cause them to flower about about Michalmas.

The next thing is, to know the right manner of planting * 1.50 and replanting of them for the increase of their number, and the perfecting of their nature.

First, The time for planting and replanting of them is in the * 1.51 later end of July, or the beginning of August, presently after they are flowering: the place fit for it, for the preheminence of your Garden, is in the intervals of your Herb-work, or in the trails of Grasse-work.

The manner is as followeth; when you have taken up * 1.52 your roots, slip the small suckers from the old bearers, and set them in a border by themselves at a hand breadth distance, there let them stand while that time twelve moneth, then re∣plant them into those places where you do your old bearers: some of them will flower the first year, others not till the second after their planting.

The manner of planting the great bearers, is to make * 1.53 holes at a foot distance in those respective places as I told you, putting of them no deeper in the earth than they may be just covered.

Now we will enquire of colours, and colouring of this Flower; the natural colour is the blew; the colours held * 1.54 most in estimation is the white and blew, the yellow and white, the blew and purple; there is another colour that I have been told of, that is the red and white.

Experiments of force of nature may be as easily acted on this Flower, as any other whatsoever. The first experiment * 1.55 is, you may take them out of the earth, and keep them in a room in sand two moneths, in which space you may steep them in morical substances, whereby you may make some infusions and alterations, and crosse the nature and the seasons of the plant, whereby you may bring about pretty fancies.

Other experiments may be made by grafting of them, * 1.56 which is subtil, viz. take the root of this, and the Foxes-glove, cut a part on the side of each of these roots off with a sharp knife of each part alike, letting the strings of the bottom of the root alone, then join them together, and tie them with a little soft flax, and so plant them in a box of earth, these two roots will unite into one body, and the effect will be pretty, for there will be two several Flowers in one body.

Lastly, This Flower is a great ornament to a Garden, and for beautifying of rooms, being placed in Flower-pots, and an excellent shape it hath, which my artlesse pen cannot de∣scribe in writing, but in draught work, my Pen, Rule and Compasse hath walked a station, and set it forth in its own shape and fashion, and so I leave this worthy Flower to your care.

The Flower of the Sunne.

It is well known to those that have it, and so is any other Flower; therefore I shall give a short description of it, to sa∣tisfie those that are not acquainted with it. This Flower, when it is at its full growth, is at the height of a man, onely with one stalk, and that is as big at the nether end of a mans hand-rist; upon the stalk are many leaves something like Mallow-leaves, in colour and in bigness, but they are not di∣vided: this one plant beareth but one Flower, and that is at the very top of all, and is of a great bigness, so that some of them are thirty inches about, and of a black and yellow colour, bending it self down, and inclining after the Sunne; it flowereth in August.

The season fit for sowing of them is in April, on this man∣ner: Prepare a border, then prick in these seeds with your finger at half afoot asunder; they come up suddenly after their setting, they ought to be replanted after they are half afoot high into a rich earth, where they may have good store of rotten dung under them, to the end they may grow large; you must water them often, for it is a plant requireth much moisture, so it will grow up and flower, and bring forth seed which you may save and sow again: the root and branch of this Flower dieth every year.

French Marigolds.

These are something like the African Marigold, that is to * 1.57 say, as like as any two several kinds may be like one another, howsoever yet they are not so neer alike, but there is a differ∣ence in every part: for seeing the one, and not seeing the other, it puts you in mind of the other, this is at such time till they come to flower, then there is a great deal of difference in the colours of the Flowers, for this is more delightfull than the other, for it is intermixt with purple and yellow like your double Wall-flowers; this flowereth in July, being sown in natural earth, being produced from hot beds they flow∣er sooner.

Concerning the raising of them, I shall not need to trou∣ble my self to set it down how, or where, but see the di∣rections

for Africans, as you raise them, so you mayraise these.

I shall only give you a few observations; if you low them * 1.58 in natural earth, you need not replant them, those that are sown in hot beds must be replanted; you nor I need not trou∣ble our selves with any more curiosity than hath been spoken, for they continue not long with us, they die that year; so I hope out of your own capacity, and what hath been spo∣ken may sufficiently serve for the propagating of this Flower.

French Pinks.

French Pinks, otherwise called French-Daises, by others None so pritty; and seeing the names are so obscure, I will give you a description of this Flower; it never riseth not above half afoot high, but lieth on the ground with some stalks about afoot long, these stalks are reddish about the big∣nesse of a Peas-vine, of a hard substance, with many thick leaves set in order upon them, thick and jagged, a whitish green colour about the bignesse of a ten shilling-piece, round also, at the top of the braches rise little spindles of a handfull long of a red colour; on these branches grow many small Flowers no bigger than a single peny, five leaves in number white and red speckled: their time of flowering is from the latter end of May, even to the later end of July, they never bear any seed, therefore take the propagating of them with slips, as followeth.

The fit time for it is in the later end of August, or the be∣ginning of March, for they cannot endure any drithe, there∣fore * 1.59 set them in these seasons, and now I will give you my directions how it ought to be done: having gotten slips, then prepare a border which is round an Herb knot, and if you have none, prepare a border next the wall, having drest this border by a direct line, and made the sides of it firme, then set your line against the side of the border, two inches below the top, then prick in your slips by your line at two or three inches distance, so that nothing appear but the tops of them; if you do this in August, they will flower the next Spring following timely; those

that be set in the Spring will not cast their Flower so soon.

Lastly, Remember that you cut the leaves and dead branches off after they have done flowering, then they will spring again fresh; where they are once planted they alwaies continue and spread mightily, so that they will run out upon your walls; to prevent this, and keep them in uniforme order, strain a line at the bottome of your border, and cut them off with a spade by that line; those slips you may set again, or pleasure your friends with them, which you please.

Foxes-glove.

It is a Flower that springeth up with a blade like the Corn-flag, * 1.60 through which shouteth up a stalk which beareth many Flowers set in order one above another, and of a reddish co∣lour, and in the shape of a drinking bowl.

This Flower is richest on the branch in July, it continueth fresh long on the stalk, it beareth a seed which is ripe in the lat∣ter end of August.

The propagating of this Flower is either by seed or root; First, of the seed, and that you shall sow in the be∣ginning of April, the Moon being in the increase, in beds of natural earth, in manner as I told you of the seed of the Flower-deluce; the plants sprung of this seed grow∣eth very slowly, so that it will be two or three years be∣fore it come to flower; in which space you must replant it once or twice at the Spring or fall, and have it weeded carefully, and after it is come to perfection they are very hardy.

Next I give you directions for setting of them of the root; thus having roots of your own, or procuring of them from some other place, slip all the young roots off the old, set the old by themselves, and the young by themselves, in the inter∣vals of your knots, or in borders where your fancy most leadeth you.

Lastly, I advise you to cut off the dead branches when they have done flowering close by the earth, and remove them once ntwo years.

Globe-flower.

It is known by no other name that ever I did hear of, yet there are two sorts, that is, single and double, they are of * 1.61 one nature; to give you better knowledge of them, this plant groweth up to two foot high, with many branches of one stalk, spreading with green leaves, in shape like the Ivy-leaf, but lesser, rough and jagged; this plant beareth many Flow∣ers, which are yellow, round, and of the bignesse of a Wall∣nut; it flowereth in the latter end of April; the branches die every Winter, and springeth again early; having stood four year root and branch dieth: This Flower is propagated by seed or slip; the slip is it which is taken from the side of the old mother, which is taken from part of the root, and part of the branch; this is to be done at the later end of March; the place for planting of it, is where you plant your pot-flowers, I hope I need not stand to insist upon every par∣ticular that appertaineth to this Flower. Having given you the knowledge of ordering of more choiser Flowers, I think your own discretion may guide you how to order this. So to be short, you may buy the seed and sow it in the Spring with other Flowers, and it will come forward without any great care or curiosity.

Green Cowslips.

So called, because part of the Flower is green, for there are leaves that are mixed amongst the Flowers, which maketh them appear to be green; they flower early in the Spring, and never beareth any seed.

This Flower is set only of the slip in the Spring, or in Au∣gust; the place fit for it is upon the edge of borders, you shall do it thus; slip them into as many pieces as you can, then prune them with your knife, which is to cut off all the leaves within an inch of the root, then set them down by a line one by one upon the edge of your border, water them while they are rooted, then afterward they need no care but clean∣sing of the weeds from them, thus you shall have them al∣wayes after.

Holihock.

Or Mallows, there are many kinds and full of many ver∣tues, but first I will describe which they are, and then I'le treat of them in particular.

First, For worthiness and beauty that are placed in Gardens of pleasure, is the white, and red, and double Holihock; next the red, white, yellow, and blew, double Holihock; forasmuch as they are called Mallows, I take them to be two or three distinct kinds, for there is the Kings-Mallow, * 1.62 March Mallow, and French-Mallow, these bear single Flowers, and so will the Holihock without good industry; but that is not all, they differ in vertue; as the Kings-Mallow, the French-Mallow, these are for physicall uses, and the Ho∣lihocks are very wholsome for the body, and a very pleasant Flower they bear: I shall not treat of every sort in this place, because they fit not the Garden of pleasure, I shall reserve the French-Mallow, March-Mallow, or Kings Mallow, to the Treatise of the physicall Garden.

Holihocks I have described, what they are in order to their places and names, I think it is needless to write any far∣ther description of them they are so generally known: I now proceed to the propagating of them.

First, To have them early from the seed, you shall sow * 1.63 them in hot beds in the middle of March, the seed is of a quick spirit and cometh up the sixth day, these plants must be covered or else you will lose your labour; by May day you shall replant these seedlings into borders next the walls, set them at the innermost part at a yard distance, set them nigh the wall, because they spread much: another reason is, you may nail the body of it to the wall to keep the wind from breaking of them, these will flower by the latter end of the summer.

A second and ordinary way of sowing of them is in the * 1.64 middle of April, in beds of ordinary earth, where you may let them remain till the next August, then replant them as you did the former.

The third best way is, to sow them in the middle of Au∣gust, * 1.65 so by the coming on in winter they will have four or

five leaves; be sure you shelter these plants in the frost and snow, and the seedlings will flower as soon as the old stan∣dards, which is in July and August, the seed is ripe about Michaelmas, which you may save and sow again.

Herbit.

If I am mistaken in the name I will give you a description whereby you shall know it; it hath many jagged thick leaves rising half a foot from the ground, in the midst of it riseth a stalk like the stem of a Cowflip, though something bigger and higher, it is bare without leaves, the Flowers have many small leaves in the middle with five greater set round it, this Flower is the bigness of a double Primrose white and red speckled, the time of flowering is in May, it seldome bring∣eth seed to perfection, the nethermost leaves keep green all the year.

This plant is set of the slip in the Spring of the year, I sup∣pose it is needless to stand telling of you how in every particu∣lar; the place fit for it is in a quarter laid out into beds for Flowers (as before,) this being so planted it will endure any weather till the fourth year, and then it dieth naturally, therefore take off some of the slips from the branch and root, and set them, which will renew their nature and keep the Garden flourishing.

Humble-plant.

I suppose the name of it was derived from the nature of it, * 1.66 for the nature of it is thus; when it is in its perfection, if a man or a woman go to it and touch it with their hand this plant will bow to them, therefore an humble plant.

It's a plant that riseth never above a span in heighth with a * 1.67 broad head, only a single stalk with small sharp whiteish green leaves set thereunto about the top, the foot of the stalk is without leaves, it putteth forth a blossome before it yeeldeth its seed, which I cannot fitly call a Flower: the seed is in shape and colour like the Spanish-Broom seed, though not half so big, and a smooth glistering seed.

In the propagating of this plant there must be a great deal * 1.68 of care and diligence; this plant is only raised of the seed;

observe the time and season for it, that is in the beginning of April, the Moon being ten daies old, or in the encrease, at least the season being temperate for the time of the year, then order this seed as followeth.

First, Get a small quantity of horse-dung, lay this in a bed * 1.69 of two foot square and a foot high, lay upon your dung some barley straw and some bran, which may make it rise to a hands breadth higher, then get a quantity of Pigeons dung and lay atop of that an inch in thickness, then sift some fre∣ckled mould and lay atop of all about two inches in thickness, then prick a small stick through the middle of your bed, so that it may reach to the bottome and stand an inch above the too of the bed; the use of this stick is to let up the steme of the heat below, when you see the plant shall want it: now these things observed, cover the bed with some litter for four and twenty hours both top and sides, and when the time is ex∣pired, then take the litter off from the top of it, and prick in the seeds in such a circumference as a million glass may cover them; I suppose no body will be willing to buy any more seeds than may be planted therein, for they are usually sold at twelve pence a seed.

Now for the further care of the plant, be sure that your bed * 1.70 be not too hot, for if it be it will spend the spirit of the seed be∣fore it hath taken root, and then it will fade immediately: to prevent the bed for being too hot, you shall make a hole with a stick of one side, or both, to let out the steme; these things observed, the plant will come up moderately the sixth day, and afterward you must give it a little air, by raising of the glass up on one side, for without air your plant will ne∣ver come to any colour or perfection; if the plant stand at a stay by reason of the coldness of the bed, then stir the stick of the middle of the glass to let up the steme and the heat which is at the bottome to the plants, with this care I have raised them up in five weeks time, fit to be transplanted into boxes of freckell earth, and then I left them, they left not me.

For the further preservation of them, I have been satisfied * 1.71 by my brother Gardeners and by my own reason, they may be preserved in boxes all the summer, and in the winter housed in the same, so they will continue two years before they die.

Hearts-Ease.

Or Wall Flowers, by others yellow Gilliflowers, I cannot stand to dispute why this Flower hath severall names.

The nature of this plant requireth to have a dry and a rich soyl; for fear you should mistake, there are two kinds some∣times * 1.72 called by one name, the one is single and coveteth to grow upon walls, the other is double and desireth such earth as I told you of.

This Flower yeeldeth a pleasant smell, and keepeth green its leaves all the year, and flowereth the most part thereof; * 1.73 this plant is in shape and substance like the stock-Gilliflower, the Flower is yellow intermixt with purple, this plant being planted in earth that it liketh it continueth five or six years, the double Wall-flower seldome beareth seed to perfection, therefore I shall not trouble my self to set down directions for the ordering of the seed, yet it is generally sold and sown, but seldome or never hits.

This plant may be set of the slip, at any time of the year save the middle of the winter and the middle of the summer, * 1.74 the place fit for them is in the borders of high walks: having prepared such a place, then dress your slips, which is to slip off all your under-sprouts and leaves, then twist the nether end which you intend to put in the earth, and thrust them in with a dove-tail setting stick, about eight inches asunder by a line, two rows in a border; if this be done in the beginning of September, most of them slips will flower in the Spring quarter, those slips that be set in the Spring, if they be well watered at the first planting they'l come to flower in Au∣tumn.

For preservation and doubleing of them, first I advise you * 1.75 to cut most of the under branches away, this will help to en∣large the rest of the Flowers and preserve the plant: secondly they would be moulded up with fresh mould, by these means many times such as are single are turned double.

The other kind of Wall-flowers are single with five leaves * 1.76 only, they love to grow upon walls and are seldome set of the slip because walls are not a convenient place for it; they

are sown of the seed thus, take a quantity of seed and cast it upon an old wall or pavement where you have a desire it shall grow, this seed will spring forth without any more care and come to flower and bear seed, which seed will fall and grow up of it self, so where they be once sown they alwayes conti∣nue, the time for sowing of them is when you please, for if you sow them in the winter, they will spring in the summer, so it is no matter when. So much for Wall-flowers, it may be some may think it too much.

Jerusalem-Cowslips.

The least hair hath a shadow, and every shadow hath a substance, and this small Flower hath a property which ma∣keth it to be cultivated in Gardens, though it be but small, yet it is pretty.

It hath many spindle leaves like soft rushes, in the midst is * 1.77 a stalk of a handfull high, very small, with a Flower atop of it of five leaves, usually of a blew colour, in the shape of a Cowslip, the root of it is a Bullous-root with many knots, which increase in the earth, for the Flower never bringeth seed to perfection.

The time, place and manner of planting of them, is as I told of Crocuses, where they are once planted they alwaies continue.

Indian-wheat.

Indian-wheat or Christmas-flower; it is known of a broad * 1.78 blade like a flager-leaf, these leaves spring out of the earth, on the stalk are a matter of four smaller leaves, of one root springeth but one stalk, and that stalk never beareth but one Flower rising to two-foot and a half high; the Flower is like the Dragon when it first begins to open in the husks, under the Flower grow seeds in colour and shape like a reddish seed, only flatter of one side; the time this plant flowereth is presently after Christmas, if it be housed from the cold; the seed never cometh to perfection in England, but in the Indies from whence it had its name.

This plant is propagated by sowing of it upon hot beds in Marck, these beds are only to be covered with mats, the seed

is of a quick nature and cometh up suddenly after it is sown; the plants coming thus of seed are to be transplanted into box∣es (as I told you) and after it hath yeelded its Flower it dieth.

Catterpillars.

Is a plant men fancie to have in a Garden, because it bear∣eth a seed so much like a Catterpillar, that at a distance one * 1.79 may take the seed for it; the branches of this plant lieth on the ground like Clovergrass with many knots and small green leaves, it beareth a Flower like the Broom-flower.

This plant though it be little worth yet it hath a peevish * 1.80 nature, for one must sow the seed many times before they will grow if it be not ordered carefully, the surest way to get them, is to prick in some of these seeds on your hot beds with choice seed, and at the replanting water them well at the first, and afterward they will grow very well and yeeld their seed in August, presently after root and branch pe∣risheth.

Lillies.

I write Lillies because they be of the plurall number, for there are many kinds of the wild sort; the water-Lillie, the * 1.81 Lillie of the vale; the garden-Lillies are these, the white, the red, the yellow, or cur-Lillie; the worthiest of all both for pleasure and antiquity, for use and vertue is the white Lillie.

Although that all these are generally known by the sight, yet the nature and the properties are not so well known, there∣fore I shall describe them to you; this Lillie beareth a seed in four quarters, being but a small seed, and small in quanti∣ty, and if you sow it, it will be long before it come to perfe∣ction; and seeing the root is so common, I think it needlesse to bestow the pains to shew you the difficulty of the raising of them from the seed.

In planting of them, take notice that the root seems to be * 1.82 set with leaves like a Hartichoke, and brittle, therefore you must be carefull in the taking of them up, and planting of them again, for fear of breaking of them; the place fit for

the planting of them is under some stone or brick wall which incloseth your Garden on the Sunnie part thereof, for of all Flowers this delighteth most in heat and drithe: When you have provided your ground in such a fit place, the manner of planting of them is thus, lay a line upon your border in the midst thereof, so that you may plant but one row in a border, then the way is to make a trench with your planting hoe a matter of four inches deep, then set your great Lilly-roots, such as bore Lillies the last year in this drill, a matter of six inches difference one from another, the suckers are best plant∣ed by themselves at four inches distance in another place, those you may set with a Diber; the time for this is in August, for that is presently after they have done flowering: some will plant them in February and March, but they will prosper no∣thing so well as those that were planted as aforesaid, it may be a reason, because they spring in February, and the removing of them in the Spring will hinder their growth.

Some would have Lillies to be coloured by art, and they * 1.83 have set down directions for it, and that is, you shall take them up out of the ground about Michalmas, and hang them up in the smoke for the space of a moneth, and then steep them in Claret-wine two daies and two nights, then commit them to the earth again, and this they say will alter the colour: Gravos Marcombe is the Author of this.

I answer to the first of these, for the keeping of the root * 1.84 so long in the smoke, I have not the faith to believe that ever they will grow when they are committed to the earth, for sure in that time they will be dried up so, that they will have no more moisture than a dried chip; for if you be pleased to take notice of this root, there is no substance in it, as in others, no sooner is it out of the earth, but pre∣sently it withereth and falleth asunder: I thought good to give you these reasons, that you might not lose your labour about what Authors have said concerning the alteration of Lillies.

But if you have any desire to make any incisions by apply∣ing of liquors, do it seasonably at the removing of the root, * 1.85 for it is so loose a root that the liquor will go into every part, but I think it a needlesse curiosity, for thereis no Lillet o com∣pare

with the white Lillie, nor no Lillie that there is any like∣nesse of altering of the colour but it, and why should you al∣ter the best to make it the worst?

Red Lillies, and yellow Lillies, or cur Lillies, these differ * 1.86 not from the white, but that they are of a contrary colour and growth, not to half the stature; they differ not in nature, as the one is propagated, so is the other.

The last observation of Lillies: all sorts of Lillies being * 1.87 once planted, there they continue, yet if they be not removed every year, or every other year at the least, and the suckers taken away and set in another place, they will grow small and wild.

To conclude, Lillies were held in great estimation in Solo∣mons daies, when he commended his Spouse to the Lilly of the valley: You may consider that it was the Flower that he took most delight in, or at least the admirablest Flower that was in those daies; but as the world hath grown in years, so doth it still grow in knowledge more every day than other; for I am perswaded, that the most part of the Flowers cultivated * 1.88 in a Garden, do grow naturally in some part or other after the similitude which we have them in, though not in that perfection that they are brought to with diligence, care and industry.

Larks-heel.

Larks-heel or Larks-spur; it is a plant so well known I need not give a description of them, therefore take the nature of * 1.89 them as followeth: they are a plant that are propagated only of the seed, it is a plant that dieth every year, and springeth no more, therefore they must be sown yearly, if you will have them every year.

The time of sowing of the seed is in April, the place fit for * 1.90 them is in a bed by themselves in your quarter of Flowers, for they spread a great deal of ground, and will not let any thing grow nigh them; if the plants grow too thick, you'll do well to pull some of them up, and plant them again, or throw them away, whether you please, for the rest will prosper much the better: In August these plants usually flower, and after the flower fadeth, there springeth a cod, wherein are eight or ten

seeds, small, round, coal black and rough: of Larks-heel there are three sorts of colours, though but one in nature, those are the perfect white, blew and purple, very pritty Flowers they are all.

London-pride.

It's a plant that dieth every year, and when it is at its full * 1.91 growth, the plant is a foot and an half high, with a stalk like the sweet William, but it is strong, it supporteth it self; at the top of every stalk spring many small branches of an equal height,, atop of every branch is a Flower of a pritty Pink, speckled colour, the Flower is five leaves in num∣ber, at the outer part of every leaf of the Flower grow∣eth a prickle: This Flower flourisheth most in the latter end of July.

For the propagating of them I will be short with you, the * 1.92 time is in the latter end of April, the place is in the quarter which you reserve for Flowers, in that manner as I have shown you of other small seeds of Flowers, in which bed you may let them stand till they flower, soon after they have yeeld∣ed their seed the whole plant perisheth.

Lupins.

Many sorts there are, viz. the blew, the yellow, the white, the purple, and the great Lupin; these and all these differ as * 1.93 well in shape as in colour; they differ also in growth, every sort of seed hath a difference in greatnesse, and in colour also, to puzzle my self and trouble the Reader with the description of each is altogether needlesse, I shall give you some observa∣tions, how all sorts of Lupins may be raised of the seed, and not stand to name in particular how each is to be raised, for one direction will serve for them all.

The time of planting of all sorts of Lupins, is in the mid∣dle of April, and so till May; the place is in beds or borders, * 1.94 according as your fancy is, or the quantity of your seed; if you have a great quantity, then you may plant them in trails, in beds or borders, in manner as they plant Peas; these are for the blew and yellow (which are the ordinary sorts) but the greater sorts require more room.

Lastly, Observe that any sort of Lupins committed to the * 1.95 earth in their season, will spring up without any further care, so they need nothing but weeding; in the latter end of July all sorts of Lupins come to flower, which are very beautifull in a Garden; after the shading of the Flower springeth cods in the shape of a Bean-cod, bigger or lesser according to their kinds; the cods are rough like a Peach; the seed will come to perfe∣ction in the latter end of August, and may be set again in the same Garden where it grew for many years, and it will not degenerate.

Ladies-Thistle.

It hath only one stalk upon a root, with long leaves, and as * 1.96 broad as a mans hand; these leaves are prickley, and of the colour of a Cardus-leaf; the plant never groweth to above two foot high, and in August it flowereth; the flower is of the colour of the great wild thistle-flower, but greater and without prickles; the seed is long and rough, of a gray colour.

This plant is set of the seed in the later end of March, the place is in a border; when you intend to have them flower, each seed being set half afoot asunder, and half an inch deep, it cometh up suddenly, and flowereth the same year, and the time as aforesaid: the branch when Winter cometh dieth, and springeth again in March, the third Winter after it soon dieth root and branch.

Lowe in idle.

Lowe in idle, or two faces under a hood, is a Flower that * 1.97 is much like Violets in all respects, but only it flowereth at such times at Violets does not, that is in June and July; this Flower beareth a seed, of which it may be raised, if slips might not be had.

The time for setting of them in the slip, or sowing of them in the seed, is in March; the place is either in the side bor∣ders * 1.98 of high walks, or on the edge of low borders, in man∣ner as I told you of Cowslips; if you sow them of the seed, then you shall make drils by a line with a stick half an inch deep, each drill at a foot asunder, if it be on the side border

of your high walks; if on your low borders, one is suffici∣ent in these drils, thinly cast your seed, then cover it, and it will grow up, and cover the whole border sud∣denly, where it will alwayes remain, for it renewes its nature by the branches taking root as they lie on the ground.

Ladies-liveries.

This is not a Flower, yet many people fancy to have it in the Garden of pleasure, because it hath such a pretty property * 1.99 with it, for it shouteth up with many blades like spire-grasse, of an inch in breadth, each blade is striped red, white, yel∣low and green; some call it Truelowe-grasse, it hath a root like such grasse, though it runne not so farre; this root if you set in any part of your Garden, there it will grow and continue alwayes.

This plant I thought fit to set down for brevities sake, because I would not exempt any.

Ladies-smocks.

Otherwise called Blew-caps and White-caps. It is a plant that the nethermost leaves keep green all the year, those leaves * 1.100 are green and jagged, of the length of a mans finger, set on close to the ground; in the midst of these leaves riseth a stalk with a few smaller leaves on it, and on the top of the stalk are four or five Flowers, white, or blew, according to their kind: This Flower is single, with five leaves, in shape and bignesse like a Dogg-rose; the time they chiefly flow∣er in, is in April and May, it seldom bringeth seed to per∣fection.

This plant is set of the slip, at any time of the Spring or * 1.101 the fall, in the edge of borders for the keeping of them up, and for the beautifying of the Garden; if you set them in the fall, it is much better than in the Spring; for those that are set in the Spring in dry weather, usually cometh presently af∣ter, then your borders will be so dry, without watering, will cause the slips to die; those that are set at Michaelmas will be well rooted by that time the Summer cometh, and so flower in their season; these slips being thus planted continue always,

nothing dieth but the stalk whereon is the Flower, which you shall cut off after the Flower fadeth for the keeping of your border handsome.

Marmadle deparve.

Or otherwise called the Worlds wonder, and I think it no wonder that it should be so called, for it hath a quality natu∣rally as no other Flower hath, and that is this, it beareth a Flower of one colour as it may be to day, and on the mor∣row * 1.102 after of another, and sometimes two or three colours at once; the colours are chiefly these; first red, white, pur∣ple, peach, yellow, and cinamon, these are distinct colours; there are mixt also, as the white, and the red, the purple, and the yellow, and so of the rest; the shape of this Flower is much like a heart, with the smallest end upward, no big∣ger than an Acron, this Flower is of no continuance, for it continues not long upon the stock not touched, and being pulled off it withereth presently, so that it is of no use but for the ornament of the Garden.

There is two kinds of these plants, that is, the single and the double, the single dieth yearly, the double will continue two years, if it be shelter'd from the frost and snow in the winter.

This plant is in growth like unto the stock Gilliflower, * 1.103 it riseth not so high, it spreadeth close to the ground, with sharp-pointed leaves, with a stock of the bigness of a mans thumb, each Flower bringeth a seed and no more, which is in shape and colour like the Pepper-corn, but something greater.

The fit time for sowing of it is in the Moneth of March, the Moon being in the encrease, these seeds are tender and * 1.104 very dear, for I never bought them for less than two pence a feed, therefore they ought to be raised with great diligence, and thus it must be ordered; it must be sown in a hot bed, but you need not make it purposely, for about that time we fow Colliflowers, Cowcumbers, and Musmillions, and in some part of one of these beds you may prick down your seeds, three fingers asunder, so done cover them with a glass, the sixth day they will come up with two round thick

leaves, the next leaves that shoot forth will be long and sharp-pointed, when this plant hath six leaves, they ought to be transplanted into a border or pots of good mould, so done about the beginning of August they will come to flower (in manner as aforesaid.)

There are other wayes of sowing of them, that is in beds of * 1.105 freckled mould in the latter end of April, for if they should be sowed before they would not grow, those that are thus sown toward May day, may be let stand in the same bed and it will be Michaelmas before they come to flower, the year being so far spent they will not come to perfection, therefore I think it best to take the pains to sow them in hot beds (as was said) so I'le leave these directions to your charity, and rest to speak any more here of the Worlds wonder.

Muscabious.

Be not Flowers of distinct natures and properties, but di∣stinguished in colours, as the purple, white, red, and da∣mask-colour Flowers.

Scabious is a plant that groweth to great stature as it is in number of branches, though they be but small they spread and grow to three foot high, with some leaves growing jag∣ged, and others smooth, of a dark green colour, standing from the branches upon stems, every plant yeeldeth abun∣dance of Flowers, in shape and bigness like the great double Emrose; this Flower smelleth like honey; the time of their flowering is from June till Michaelmas and after, the seed of this plant groweth atop of all, standing in order naked being enclosed in nothing, these seeds when they are ripe have many beards whereby it entangleth one in another, it is a hollow loose seed and the lightest of all others.

These plants are propagated from the seed, the time for it is in April or August, for indeed August is the best, for then it sheddeth its seed; and it is to be noted, that at such time as plants shed their seed, is the naturall time of sowing, if they be such plants as keep green all the year.

Then in August prepare a bed of earth in a quarter which * 1.106 you reserve for Flowers, so done mingle with your seed some earth, or otherwise it will not untangle, so that you will

sow it too thick or too thin; so done get some other earth and cover your seeds half an inch thick; these things ob∣served, and your seed new and good, it will come up in three weeks space like Gruncel; let it alwaies grow on this bed, and next summer following it flowereth, then if you rail in this bed with little sticks, it will keep the wind from breaking the Flowers, keeping the plants in uniform order: when the seed is ripe upon the stalk, then cut the stalks off within a hands breadth of the ground, the plant will spring again, so you shall preserve seed and plant, thus you may do for three years, the fourth root and branch dieth.

Monks-hood.

Or old mans head: it riseth up like the branches of Cara∣waies, with small stalks never above two foot high, every plant yeeldeth many Flowers, which are set with many small whiteish grey leaves, the Flower is of the bigness of the ordi∣nary Cornations, with a few green prickles growing among the Flowers.

This plant is sowed of the seed only in the latter end of April, usually after this manner; we dig a border by a walk side, when this border is digged and raked, then lay a line in the middle of the border, and by the line make a drill, then cast the seed thinly into that drill, for it is very small, then cover it; this done it needeth no more care, it cometh up well, and by the mid-August after it flowereth, and dieth as soon as it yeeldeth its seed.

Marble-flower.

It is a plant of a small stature, and the stalks are of a soft * 1.107 substance and of a whiteish green colour, the leaves are of the same colour in shape like the wild poppy-leaves; this plant beareth many Flowers which have no more than four leaves apiece, and of a perfect white colour, the time of flowering is in July, the seed is ripe presently after, then dieth the plant.

This plant is raised only of the seed in the Spring time: I shall not stand to set down every particular concerning the ordering of it, but so as you raise Monks-hood so you may

raise this, you may have that at one end of the border, and this at the other.

Nurssusuly.

They are a kind of Daffodillies; the difference is, these flow∣er after the Daffodilly, and is of a milk white colour, something smaller, growing upon longer stalks.

These are planted of the root, as I told you of the Daffo∣dillies; the place is chiefly upon borders of high walks, be∣cause they are of a hardy nature, and nothing else might so well grow there as they, because of the drithe you may set them in any place else, and they will grow and flower yearly, neither weeds, nor grasse, nor any thing that groweth nigh them will kill them; some will plant them in their Orchards round their fruit-trees.

Oxslips.

The double sort are planted in Gardens, because they flower early in the Spring, and for using of the Flowers in Salets, and for strewing Flowers.

Oxslips are set of the slip onely in the Spring or fall; the place fit for it is on bank-sides; where they are once set they alwayes continue.

Oak of Paris.

It resembleth a young Oak plant, the leaves being much smaller, body and branches also are of a short substance: the * 1.108 plant spreadeth at the top, whereon are many pretty Flowers; they flourish chiefly in August, the seed groweth in great cods eight square, wherein is brown seed as small as Parsley-seed; after this seed is ripe the plant dieth.

This plant is propagated of the seed only in the beginning of May; the place fit for it is in a bed, in a quarter amongst other Flowers, but sow no other seed amongst them, for they are a tender plant, so that another will kill them: this observed, sow them as I have directed you to sow Musca∣bions; this done they will grow up (if the seed be good) ac∣cording to the description.

Pionys.

Of these Flowers there are two or three sorts; first the male Poiony, next the Rose-Poiony, the small Rose-Poiony, or the Poiony-Rose; the colours are all these, it is naturally red, there are searlet colours (supposed to be made so by art) the male Piony never beareth seed to perfection, but the rest do, which you may raise Pionies of: the way here I shall not stand to treat of, because it is so nigh the nature of Tulip-seed, and must be ordered alike, and it will be so long before it come to flower; I will save the pains to set it down here, but refer you where it treateth of Tulip seed, and so give you a short direction for the ordering of the root.

The fittest time for planting of Piony roots is in July, pre∣sently * 1.109 after their flowering, yet you may do it in March, or September; the place and manner is thus: First, the place is in the out-borders of your Garden, the ground being good, where you must set them a yard distance, no deeper than the root may be covered: Now if you have but small store of roots, and would willingly have great store of Pionies, you may cut every great root into half a score pieces, and set them in like manner, and they will grow, but they will not flower till the second year; those that are set whole will flower the next Spring following.

The old Piony-roots should have the suckers took from them once a year, in so doing you need not remove the old root, but make the Flowers much the larger.

The male Piony is planted at the same times and seasons in a box, because it is of a more tenderer nature; and for the causing of them to flower early; some have told me they have had them flower at the beginning of April, but I'll not affirm what I hear by relation for fear I should not make it good by my action.

Primrose-tree.

If you know it not by that name, I will give you this de∣scription; when this plant first springeth it hath many broad, long leaves lying on the ground, whitish green in colour, jagged on the sides, full of veins; afterward riseth the stalk,

being bore without leaves, at the lowermost part, and at the top a few small one; this stalk riseth to four-foot high, and it resembleth the Daisie very much; this plant beareth its flow∣er in June, it beareth a seed that seldome will grow by mans industry, but I have known it grow naturally of it self; some∣times the branches of this plant die in the Winter and spring again; this plant hath certain young springs come from the * 1.110 side of the old mother, which may be taken off, and set in good earth, and they will grow; thus you must do if you have them of your own, if you would have them to multi∣ply; and if you have them not, you must procure them of the slip, if you will have them. The place fit to plant them in, is in a bed with other Flowers, where they will prosper with∣out any more trouble; I shall not trouble my self to write any more of them.

Princes-feathers.

Otherwise called, My Love lieth a bleeding; yet foras∣much * 1.111 as they are called by two several names, they are partly of two kinds, but both in one shape, though they differ in co∣lour; that which is called the Princes-feather hath green leaves with red and white speckled Flowers, bendingof it self down, and many of them put together in a mans hat at a di∣stance, you would take it for a feather: That which is called, My Love lieth a bleeding, hath red branches, red leaves and red Flowers, hanging its head down: There is a difference in the seed also, that of the Princes-feather is white, that of My Love lieth a bleeding red, both as small or smaller than Mu∣stard-seed, glistering like a Marble-stone; the nature of them are alike, therefore the ordering of them I will set down alike.

The time for raising of these curious Flowers is from the * 1.112 later end of April till the middle of May, in manner as fol∣loweth; prepare a border, or a bed being finely raked, take the seed and mix them with a little earth in a dish or bole, for these seeds are so small that you cannot sow them otherwise, but that they will be unevenly sowed; this observed, com∣mit them to the earth with an even hand, according to the quantity of your seed, then riddle a little fine earth, and cast

uodn the seed a matter of half an inch thick, if the season prove dry, afterward you shall water it in the evenings and mornings sometimes; this done, you shall see this seed to spring up like Bloudwort about the twelfth day. When these plants come to have five leaves, you may remove some of * 1.113 them, or all of them into another bed or border, and set them by a line each plant half a foot distance: they would be water∣ed at their first planting, for then the time of the year is com∣monly dry; these plants will hang their heads the first three dayes, while such time as the root is well fixed in the earth, then the plant riseth and flourisheth bravely, and needeth no more labour but only weeding: In the later end of July they begin to flower; and if you note, this Flower hath a quality as no other hath, and that is this; it appeareth at the first in the same shape and colour as it is in the fallnesse of its perfecti∣on, and that will be five weeks after: this Flower keepeth long fresh in a Garden, and being gathered it fadeth quickly, therefore they are little used in Flower pots: this plant after the seed is ripe dieth suddenly.

Lastly, To have them sooner than ordinary, you may raise them upon hot beds, as I told you of Amorantus.

This Flower hath a property of colouring as none hath, of it self it coloureth red, writing upon paper, it serveth as well as the best Ink in the world; it coloureth Cloath, or any thing that the juice of it toucheth.

I have shewed a pritty experiment with this Flower; I took * 1.114 the juice of it, and went to the white Lilly, and gave it strokes with it, presently the Lilly appeared white and red striped; all that saw this Lilly thought it grew so naturally, which in∣deed is strange to behold. Many rarer things may be done with the juice of this Flower, if a man be studious there∣about.

Poppies.

Blew, white, black, red, double and single, wild and Garden Poppies there are: I shall only speak here of the blew * 1.115 and white. Double Poppies I shall not need to give any description of them, because they are so well known: nor shall I need to make any distinction of the directions for

the propagating of them, they being of alike nature.

Both these sorts are raised of the seed only; the time for it * 1.116 is in the beginning of March; the place for it is in a bed in a quarter which is reserved for Flowers onely, in manner as I shewed you concerning the Princes-feather: if your seed be good, in a short time it will come up: and observe, if your plants should be thick, then pull some of them up, and set them in another place, or cast them away; by the later end of July following your plants will flower according to their kinds. The white Poppie is for general uses, and for distil∣ling, as the Physicians Herbals will shew you. The red is also good for the cure of many maladies.

The second season of sowing of Poppies is in the later end of * 1.117 August, or the beginning of September, in place and manner as aforesaid. These plants will come to flower in the later end of May following.

Lastly, Where Poppies are once, they likely alwayes con∣tinue, though the plant dieth every other year, yet the seed that it sheddeth springeth up again naturally.

Pinks.

Two sorts there are, viz. the matted Pink, and the grasse Pink. I need not trouble my self to write any more of them they are so well known; I will only acquaint you the easiest and the best way of propagating them by seed and slip, which may be most for pleasure.

First, For sowing of them of the seed; the time which is * 1.118 seasonable for it is in the middle of April, the place in some high border side, or a high wall side, provided that there be but earth drest conveniently and finely: if the bank-side be ten foot high, then make as many drils at a direct line, and at an equal distance one from another; in those drils sow your seed with an equal hand, then cover it and fix the face of your bank smooth again.

Now understand that these seeds will come up in ranks, which will be very pleasant to the beholders; these plants must be well weeded the first Summer, the second Summer they will spread so that they will cover the bank themselves, so that no weed can possibly grow there, then these Pinks will

flower, which will cause such a beautious sight as hath nor been seen in England, unlesse it were the like. Besides this, they will alwayes continue there, and need no labour, but cutting off the dead stalks after they have done flow∣ering.

The time for the setting of the slips is in the beginning of September, the place is in the edge of borders, round grasse-work, * 1.119 or herb-work, a single chace in every border, set at three inches distance: so done they'll come to flower the later end of the next May following.

Purple-Primrose.

These are Flowers that differ not from the white Primrose in shape and growth, but only in bearing purple Flowers; and that which is more rare, they flower twice a year, in March, and in September: These Flowers are set only of the slip, at two several seasons, and those are presently after their flow∣ering.

The place fit for it is in borders, at the uppermost part * 1.120 thereof, directly at a hands breadth asunder; if this be done in the Spring time, the slips must be well watered till they have taken root; if in the fall, you have no more care or trouble with them but to keep them weeded, to cut off their dead leaves and stalkes after their flowering, for the re∣newing of their nature, and to cause them to look the plea∣santer.

Pawmers.

So called because the seed is the figure of a Pawmer, and * 1.121 upon this account men hold such a thing a great rarity, and though of little use, yet they will bestow the pains to propa∣gate it as followeth.

About May-day this plant is only to be raised of the seed in * 1.122 this manner; prepare a place in a border under a wall, or some other warm place, there prick in your seeds with your finger, at a hands breadth asunder, (I suppose you will not set many of them, because they are no more usefull) and so by July they will come to flower, and a moneth after the seed is ripe, and the plant dieth.

Queens-Gilliflower.

Some call it the white Gilliflower, whether it hath any more names I cannot tell; yet I know it is usuall to give di∣vers names to one and the same plant.

It hath many leaves growing and spreading close to the * 1.123 ground, something long, sharp-pointed, of a dark green co∣lour, being hard, rough, rugged, and grayish underneath, of little or no sent, but of a fine pleasant sharp tast: above these rise a stalk two foot in heighth, and at the tops of the stalks and branches stand many tufts of small white Flowers which smell sweet, and in their places, being fallen, come cods wherein is a brown flat seed, and at one time you shall have Flower and seed ripe upon the stalk: the root is some∣what black and woodish with divers great strings, the top branches die every year, but the root and the under leaves perish not, but abide many years, the sides (partly from the root) send forth many young slips every year.

By this description I hope you understand the nature of this * 1.124 plant; I shall not need to stand to treat of every particular in reference to its ordering: to be short, get of the slips of this plant either in Spring or fall, and set them in a convenient bed or border of good earth, &c.

The Flowers of this plant are good in nosegaies or to be placed in Flower-pots, the leaves are a good pot-herb and serve for many physicall uses.

Rose-campions.

Be these, the white, the red, the purple, they differ not in form but in the colour, let one description serve for all: Rose-campions have white hoary leaves and soft, sharp at each end; the stalks are of the same colour, weak and small as a Hop-vine, not well able to support themselves: from one root springeth many of them which spread mightily: in June and July this plant hath its Flower richest in the branch, these Flowers are made of five leaves, the seed lieth in bags which are round and of the bigness of a mans fore-finger, and when this seed is full ripe it will rattle in the husks; the seed is as small as Gunpowder and of a dark brown colour;

on this plant will be ripe seed and a rich Flower at once: this plant riseth to three foot high, the second year the whole plant dieth naturally.

This plant is propagated only of its seed, and in short I will * 1.125 show you the way, viz. prepare a bed or one end of a bed in the quarter which is appointed for Flowers, so done sow your seed, then cover it thinly with a little ridled earth, let this be done in the beginning of April or the latter end of Au∣gust: now observe, that those that are sown in August, if the winter following be hard they must be covered with a lit∣tle straw, and the Spring following when your plants are grown up, make a frame of rods round your bed to support the plants, for they are altogether weak of themselves, so oft as the seed falleth it groweth naturally.

Rose-Rubee.

Or Sattin flower: it rises with a stalk of a foot high, bare * 1.126 at the bottome, towards the top are many leaves like the smooth Charlock leaves or wild Turnop leaves, and on the tops of the stalks are many small Flowers, composed of five leaves betwixt a blush and a scarlet colour.

The naturall time for the sowing of the seed of this plant is in the latter end of August, in a bed by it self as was said of Rose-campion seed: so done, by the next March these plants flower in manner as was described: after the Flower is gone there appeareth a bag wherein is composed many small seeds, after these are ripe the plant fadeth and springeth no more.

Rocket-flower.

It's needless to give you any description of them because they are so well known and so little worth, yet shall I not wholly exempt this plant, by reason it is one that helps to make up the inventory of kiltevated Flowers, the leaves when they are young serve well insallets.

This plant is raised of the seed only, the season for sowing * 1.127 of it is in mid-April, in a bed as I told you of Rose campion seed, in the same manner and with the same care, by the middle of June it will come to flower, and a little after the

seed is ripe (which is as small as any seed whatsoever and of a whiteish red colour and glistering) the plant fadeth and springeth no more.

Stock-Gilliflowers.

This Flower hath the preheminency of a Garden for ority of colour, delicious smell, and for continuance of flowering, for they flower almost all the year: and again they cast such a pleasant sight afar off or nigh, and are such a pleasant orna∣ment, as cannot be better expressed than they express them∣selves, for some of them are of a crimson and a purple die, others of a scarlet, and some have intermixt colours, as white and red, purple and blew, so overspreading the bush with a passing beauty, some double, and some single: but the chief∣est of my work shall be to show the ordering of the double stock.

First, I must make some queries, what is meant by a dou∣ble * 1.128 stock, whether the double and single are two distinct kinds or no? I answer, they are, and they are not, for the double is made by art of nature, the single comes naturally: now you must understand there is two sorts of nature, the one voluntary, the other of industry, for naturally every creature liveth, but by nature and industry every creature cometh to the fulness of perfection, and so man by nature and * 1.129 industry cometh to the fulness of wisdome, whereas naturally he is a fool.

Well then I hope you confess it is truth (and this fits my discourse) that we must use industry in the propagation of Gilliflowers, wherein there is some art in doubling and re∣doubling of them.

The first thing needfull to know in this art is, the distinct * 1.130 times and seasons for the sowing of them: true it is you may sow them betwixt March and August, and they will grow very well so that the earth be fixt for the seed, but yet they will prove single if you do not take the right times and seasons for them: the right season is the first new Moon in April, when it is about fifteen dayes old, and in May also observing the Moon, these are the fit seasons: now I will show you what earth the seeds require, that is a dry, loose, and some∣thing

stony, but by no means barren: the fittest place for it is in a border by some wall, where they may have the refle∣ction of the sun, and a shelter from the storm: such a conve∣nient place prepared, sow your seeds as you think fit accor∣ding to the quantity of it, then cover it with a little fine mould as thin as you can possible, forget not to water it if the season be dry: all this done you shall see your plants come up the eighteenth or the twentieth day: let these plants be weed∣ed, and so stand while that day two moneths that they were sown, then remove them into a richer earth of the same na∣ture: but one thing you must observe, such plants as have crumpled heads, them reserve by themselves, for those will be double if you will order them as followeth: in the next September following remove them again at the full Moon, and that will keep them back from flowering untill the next Spring: be sure these plants be sheltered from the frost and snow the winter following, for we found by experience, that the last winter killed all the Stock-Gilliflowers, both old and young, unless it were such as were sheltered.

Thirdly, Replant these plants the first full Moon in March following, and be sure that they be transplanted into a better earth which is as rich as it may be possible, to that place where you have a desire they shall be, and the most of these will be double, if in their farther growth, before they come to flower, you guild off some of the leaves, and cut off some of the branches that would deprive the Flower of its sap.

Fourthly, There are subtle wayes of grafting of them, the effect of it is to have two severall colours of one stock, it is done in manner as I told you of the Cornation-Gilliflowers, so of these, and with a great deal more ease you may obtain your desire.

Fifthly, The ordinary sowing for ordinary and single Flowers is at any time you please, for they usually grow best to be single Flowers when they have least care took of them.

Sixthly, Means for setting of slips of double stocks that they may not degenerate but be double and large, still the time for it is the first full Moon in May, the Flower is ricked

in the branch, then slip off as many slips of the under leaves as you can conveniently, then plant them in such earth, and in such a place as you replanted the seedlings in: Let these slips be often watered with such water wherein have been steeped Sheeps-dung; these plants thus planted, and those raised of the seed, will continue three or four years before they de∣cay, and then they must be supplied with younger in the room.

Seventhly, To plant seedlings for pleasure, and that is up∣on the border of a high walk (where there is no hedge) set by a direct line, each plant seven inches one from another, and so to grow up in a frame made with small sticks, and to be kept clipt with a pair of sheers on each side, and on the top where a plant riseth higher than ordinary, so that they may stand like a hedge, and a pleasant hedge indeed: but if such a convenient place is not to be had, then you may plant them in uniform order insome out-border.

Lastly, Some may surmise, or be ready to conjecture, be∣cause I have not set down rules for inoculation and transform∣ing of shape, and altering of sent and colour, nor any obje∣ctions to the contrary, that I do not understand whether any such thing may be done yea or no. To this I answer, That * 1.131 these intercisions or supplies, are but conceits took up upon trust, and never made good by practice, and therefore I shall not dispense with the time to answer them in particular, and swell up my Book about such uncertain, vain and needlesse curiosities which are unpractical, and that which is more, they were never affected, so I wave the Discourse.

Snap-Dragons.

They are not distinct kinds, but distinct colours, viz. the white, the red and the peach colour, so I will give a descripti∣on which shall serve for all. This plant spreadeth at the mid∣dle with many branches, the bottom of the stalk is bare with∣out branch or leaf, the top of the plant riseth by degrees above the rest, whereon are many small leaves, green and sharp pointed, of the same colour of the stalk, on every branch are many Flowers knit double, in the shape of a Peas blos∣some: the time of flowering is chiefly in July, the seed is ripe

soon after, which lieth in bags, it is very small and of a brown colour: after the seed is ripe, the uppermost branches die, the lowermost spring again two year after its first flowering, then root and branch dieth.

This plant is propagated of the seed only; the time is in March or August, but it is best in August; it is done as follow∣eth: Prepare a bed or a border, and there sow the seed, in manner as I told you of others, so done it will come up in a fortnights space, it need not be removed; all the care is to shel∣ter it the Winter following from the frost and snow; the Sum∣mer following these plants will flower, and continue with you according to the description.

Sweet Williams.

It is a plant that springeth every year, when it is at its full growth, it lieth one half of the ground, the other rising up; * 1.132 the whole branches being nigh three foot in length, with ma∣ny knots or joints, where springeth many small leaves set close on to the stalk, betwixt the stalk and the leaves springeth tufts whereon are many small Flowers, four leaves in number of a Pink colour, rising all of a height, that at a distance you would take it for one united Flower: this plant continueth flowering both June and July, it seldom or never beareth seed to perfection.

Now this plant is set of the slip in March or September; the * 1.133 slips must be such as have part of the root and of the branch, and that is easie to be had where they grow, for the root spreadeth in the ground mightily. The place for planting of them is in banks or border sides: I shall not need to stand to declare every particular of it, but as you set the Bachelors-buttons, so set these: where they are once planted they al∣wayes continue, they need no more trouble, but after their flowering cut off the old vines, and they will spring anew again.

Scarlet Beans.

Various are the wayes which I could enter upon the descri∣ption, and the ordering of this plant or Flower, which I shall omit: The description is thus: This plant riseth in all re∣spects

like the Kidney or French Bean; the Flower is of a scar∣let colour, which continueth long on the stalk, and after it fadeth springeth cods, wherein are likely five Beans, some∣thing bigger than the Kidney-bean, in the same shape, and of an intermixt purple and red colour; these Beans or seeds are set in the middle of April, and so till May-day, if opportunity do not then serve, or the weather contrary to the season.

The place fit for it is in out-borders of Gardens of pleasure, where they may runne up against the trees, or supported with sticks against the wall; this done, by the later end of July they will come to flower, and yeeld their seed ripe in the middle of September, and then dieth the plant.

Lastly, This plant yeeldeth a great increase of seed, which * 1.134 you may plant again, and it will prosper very well without any changing for three years: These Beans are very good for to eat, insomuch that they are prized before the Kidney-bean.

If you have a great quantity of the seed, and would plant * 1.135 them for food, you may do it in a Kitchen-garden, the ground being hot and sandy, well dunged; plant them in rowes of two foot and an half distance, and when they are grown up, if they be stuck with small sticks, they will be much the better, yet they will bring a good increase without.

Snails.

They are so called, because the seed is twisted much like it in shape and bignesse, and of the colour of a dry Tobacco∣leaf: This seed is ordinary to be bought at most seed∣mens; and if you set it in the Spring time, it will grow and bring forth its seed the same year, and after that the plant dieth.

Snow-drops.

They rise with many spirish blades, thick and of a soft sub∣stance, * 1.136 set close to the ground, bending with their tops down to the ground again, through which rise many small stalks of half a foot in length, upon which groweth Flowers of the

bignesse and shape of an Acorn, five leaves in number, of a milk white colour bending downward: The time of this Flow∣er is in the beginning of April, the roots are bullous-roots, which you may transplant after their flowering.

The place that they are commonly planted in is upon bor∣ders in intervales, with Crokus, and other Flowers with bul∣lous-roots. Let this short direction serve, for I think it is as much as is needfull, it being a Flower of such a hardy nature.

Start up and kisse me.

Or otherwise called Wag-wantons. This is a plant that riseth to half a foot in height, with many small brown leaves, * 1.137 with a few branches spreading from the stalk, whereon grow∣eth Flowers of a sky colour, being but a small Flower spread∣ing of it self full abroad; in the middle standeth three or four knots alwayes wagging, of the colour of the flower; the time this flowereth is in April, and after the Flower is gone, are round husks wherein is seed much like Violet seed.

This plant is sown of the seed, or set of the slip in March, in manner as you do Violets, and such like. I cannot stand to dispense any more time about it, but must go to that of more consequence, which is

Tulips.

I am come now to that Flower which Authors have left a large description of to posterity, and also vain disputes, how Tulips are made by art into those several colours that they are in. To give an answer to those things I shall omit the pains, and not raise my discourse out of other mens words: so I'll set down what I have found by experience, and what the nature of them is.

First, In nature: Here is a wonderfull work, and many rare and excellent things to be observed from this work in na∣ture: First, consider how beautifull it is, and of what a har∣dy nature it is of; other Flowers that are beautifull are of a tender nature, it is not so with this, considering what a state∣ly form it hath: but this I shall wave; I will speak how Tulips are tituled.

Tulips are distinguished and called in the oraty of the co∣lour each Tulip hath; that which is held most in estimation * 1.138 is the Scarlet, the Princes-robes, and the Fools-coat, the Chimney-sweeper, and the black and yellow, especially if they have the shape of the Crown Tulip. The ordinary sort of Tulips are these, the Wind colour, the London-white, the yellow, the purple, the peach colour, the Maiden-blush, the red, the white, the Cinamon, the Widow-Tulip. Ordina∣ry mixt colours are these, the Lords-livery, the Priests-ve∣stures, the red and white, the yellow and red, the orange and damask, the purple and red, and many more, which I cannot stand to name. All these colours, or any other, doth sometimes alter their colour by nature as well as by industry of themselves; and forasmuch as the colour of Tulips do differ one from another, is of an apt nature, and not of a forced na∣ture; and seeing that they are apt to alter of themselves, I will endeavour to shew you how you shall find the nature of this Flower.

First, If you have Tulips already in your Garden, when they are flowering, take notice of what colour they are, then stick a small stick by each particular Flower, and write upon the stick what colour each Flower is; now by the setting down of this stick, you shall know what colour they were when the Flower is faded, and nothing remaineth but the root in the earth: Let these sticks or marks stand till such time as you re∣move them; the time of removing them is presently after they have done flowering, and that is about the beginning of June: in the removing of them, all the art and know∣ledge consists, either for the enlarging of them, or to have them flower at contrary seasons, or to alter the colour.

First, For altering the colour: Having set the marks to know what colour they were, take up your roots, and lay * 1.139 each colour by themselves, so done prepare your ground to set them in; if you set them in the same place where they were taken up, some fresh mould must be gotten and well ridled, so lay it upon the border where you have a desire to set them.

But happily you may set them in a wrong place for orna∣ment,

therefore I will give some directions for the place; if the Garden be crosse-work, then it is proper to set them in a border round it; if Herb-work, then Tulips must be set in a quarter cast out into beds, in such a manner as is in the draft-work of this Book.

Secondly, These Tulip-roots thus taken up, you must se∣prrate the young suckers from the old bearers, and plant them * 1.140 in a bed by themselves, at a hands breadth one from another, the old bearers must be planted at eight inches difference either in bed or border, no deeper than that there be half an inch of earth above the root, for if you do, they lie cold in the ground, and cannot get the benefit of the Sun and air to cause them to spring timely.

Thirdly, Concerning the altering of colour, having taken * 1.141 notice of what colour they were before, set the red Tulips by themselves, and the white Tulips by themselves after these di∣rections; take a quantity of wild or Garden-herbs, and Sheeps-dung, and Pigeons-dung, beat these Herbs and the dung to∣gether, so done put some of this into the holes where you set your Tulip-roots, anoint the roots with the same, and set them into the holes, and put in more atop of them, cover∣ing of them with earth; this done, upon several trials it hath altered the colour, some after one manner, and some after another, but still the red and the white carrieth the great∣est sway.

Again, I have been told, and I have conceited it to be true, that is in the planting of a red Tulip, to alter the colour, I should take a white Tulip-root, Lettice-leaves, Solendine leaves, Camomile, and the white Thistle and Peas-flower, and beat all these together, and so I did, and committed them to the earth, as I did the former, and I did imagine that the root would partake of those several coloured juices, and con∣vert it into its own nature, which should cause so many orites of colours as was mixt in the juices, but I found by experi∣ence that it was nothing so, for I found no more alteration in those than I did in the former, which was only the enriching of the earth with the strength of the substance of the Herbs and dung; so Flowers do not convert any colours as they are, but into its own colour and intercisial form as every one hath.

Some think that there is several juices in the earth which is the cause of it, as is said, that if Garlick be set by Gilliflow∣ers, that they will be the sweeter, because that they think that the Garlick doth draw away the strongest juice; this is as un∣creditable as the stories of Robinhood; for sure if Flowers draw juice, so does the Crab-tree, I mean drawing or receiving of * 1.142 it, as it is; then mark, an Apple grafted upon a Crab-tree must needs turn a Crab, for it receiveth its juice from the Crab-stock; and as they say the Crab-stock draweth sower juice, and if it be so, from whence should the Apple receive its sweet juice? Why then it is plain, that the Apple graft converts the sower juice of the Crab-stock into its own na∣ture, and becometh of a pleasant taste, and so it is with all plants else: so it is not Garlick by Roses can make them the sweeter, nor contrary colours applied to Tulips that will alter the colour, and seeing there are divers colours it is an art of nature, and those things which I direct you to apply to them in the former page, is that which doth agree with their nature, for it inlargeth the Flower, and altereth the colour as soon as any thing whatsoever applied unto them.

Fourthly, There is certain wayes of grafting of them to * 1.143 have two Flowers spring from one root, and that is done thus; Take two Tulip-roots of two several colours, one as big as the other, and cut off a part from the side of each, proportio∣nably alike, so that you cut not the strings at the bottom, then joyn them together, and bind them with a little flax, and set them in the earth, and the next year, according to what they are grafted, they will bring forth Flowers of two several kinds, seeming to spring from one root; some are so simple to think that they will be mixt colours; but that is answer∣ed where I treat of Flower-deluce-roots, and prove to the contrary.

Fifthly, To have Tulips of the seed, is to sow it in the later * 1.144 end of August in a fine fertile earth, for it is a very tender feed, though when it is come to perfection the plant is the hardiest of all others. The plants that come of seed will be very small the first year, and beareth no Flower while the fourth year; and seeing Mr. Purchas and others have took up their time to study curiosities about ordering this seed; and that this Flower

is grown so common that the roots may be had almost any where, I shall not insist any more upon ordering this seed.

Sixthly, Tulips must be removed every year, or every * 1.145 other year; the time fit for it is in the later end of June, in manner as aforesaid; the reason is, if they be not removed, they grow too deep in the ground, and the ground groweth stiff about them, and they send forth suckers from the old bear∣ers; these things hinder the timely bearing, and maketh the Flower the less.

Seventhly, Concerning sent. In the former Treatise of Gilliflowers I had an occasion to speak of the alteration of the * 1.146 sent of Flowers, and if it could be done on this, as I know it is impossible, it would make this Flower exceed all Flowers, for here is nothing wanting in this Flower that nature did be∣stow in any other, except sent; and what may be done in altering the sent, Authors say it is thus: Take two or three Cloves, as much Mace, and a stick of Oinamon, two grains of Musk, and a little Amber-grease, these beaten together, adde unto it a few drops of Damask-rose-water, then take a fine Camebrick rag, and spread this upon it; lay this to a Tulip-root, then commit it to the earth; this done, water them now and then with Damask rose-water, and some other sweet drugs this cost with diligence performed, say they, the Tulip that springeth from that root will be as sweet as any Flower whatsoever. This you may believe if you please; but I can assure you that you will lose your labour and cost: My reason is, as I said before, plants do not contract any substance, as it is either sweet or sowr, black or white, but into its own sent, colour and for me that God and Nature gave it.

Lastly, Some things may be done in crossing of the nature * 1.147 of this Flower, by keeping of the root out of the earth to put it backward for flowering at contrary seasons, for you may keep it out of the earth a quarter of a year and set it again, and it will grow and flower; thus you may keep them back from flowering one Summer, and the next Summer they will flower the timelier, and the Flowers will be much the larger. I cannot insist upon every particular, but I hope I have shewed you the principal things of concernment, and I

have answered some of the groundlesse opinions that men have took up upon trust concerning the ordering of this Flower.

The Sensitive plant.

A strange nature this plant hath, and that is, if a man touch it with his hand, it will crumble it self up together; hence the name of it is derived, or called the Sensitive plant.

It riseth to a span high, with weak stalks, but tough with * 1.148 small brownish leaves, with a few tufts at the top of the bran∣ches, where groweth small Flowers, and it beareth a small seed presently after.

This plant is raised on a hot bed of the seed under a glass: In the beginning of April, and at May transplant it into a box of fertile earth, where it will remain two years, if it be housed in the Winter, and carefully looked after.

Thrift.

It is matted close to the ground like matted grasse, with spi∣ry * 1.149 blades like matted Pinks; it spreadeth mightily upon the ground, and it beareth a Flower in May, which is double, and of a whitish Pink colour: This Flower standeth upon a naked stalk of an handfull long, and after the Flower fadeth and bear∣eth no seed.

This Flower is set of the slip only, for the keeping up of borders, and for the distinguishing of knots; these slips may be set at any time of the Spring or fall, and where they are set they alwayes continue.

Turkey-caps.

They spring up like red Lillies to two-foot high, and after∣ward brancheth out into five or six branches, on each branch groweth a Flower which is red, and in the form of a cap, standing with the tops exactly downward; the time of its flowering is in July, and after the Flower fadeth, it lea∣veth the seed behind it, which seldome cometh to perfe∣ction.

This Flower is set of the root only; the time for it is pre∣sently

after its flowering, or at its first springing in March, in the same places and manner as was told you of Lillies, after the stalk dieth the root springeth again yearly, the roots would be removed every year, or every other year, or else the Flow∣ers will be but small.

Violets.

Both double and single are sown and planted in Gardens for several uses as well as for pleasure.

In August and the beginning of March they set up the slip in borders or banks, and in April you may sow them of the seed in drils, as was shown of Pinks, where they will alwayes remain. I need not trouble my self to write any more of them.

Wall-gilliflowers.

I am now come to the last Flower in my Treatise, it need∣eth no description; it is only propagated of the seed, by sow∣ing of it amongst rubbish, or upon wals, at any time of the year you please; for it is a seed of that hardinesse, that it ma∣keth no difference betwixt the Winter and the Summer, but will flourish in both equal, and beareth its Flowers all the year; therefore I advise you to sow it upon some wall or stony bank: Now after this seed is once sown and hath taken root, it will naturally of it self overspread much ground, and will hardly ever after be rooted out. This beareth its seed much like to the Stock-gilliflower, but that it is much smaller, and the light∣est of all seeds; and as it scattereth it cometh up naturally of it self; and seeing it requireth no more labour, I will not in∣sist any more upon it.

So endeth the Treatise of Flowers.

THE GARDEN of PLEASURE as it treateth of CURIOUS TREES.

Here followeth short Descriptions and Directions for the raising and maintaining of such curious Trees as are placed in Gardens of Pleasure now in England, either for their Fruits, Flowers or Pleasure.

Apricock.

AN Apricock is a tree that is placed against a wall for the gaining of fruit from them; for if they be set abroad for standards they will never bring fruit to perfection; neither will those against the wals some years, if they be not preserved with mats, and that is done thus; Drive some Tenter-hooks at the uppermost part of the wall, and upon those hooks with a pole hang your-mats in the Evening, and in the Morning take them off with the same, and these mats will preserve the fruit from frosts, winds and blasts, which oftentimes perisheth fruit at the first knitting: thus you may preserve any other wall fruit.

Apricocks are propagated by inoculation and circumci∣sing; the experiments I refer to the Treatise of Fruit-trees.

Almonds.

There be two sorts, the sweet and the sowr; the sweet sort are planted against wals, as the Apricocks are, and propagated as the other are in all respects.

Bay.

Bay-trees are planted sometimes against pillars, or on each side of doors of Gardens of Pleasure, but chiefly in fore-Courts at a yard difference, to the end that they shall spread the wall, and not grow too big, for then they would not be nailed to the wall, but would endanger to throw it down, and stand very unseemly.

These trees are raised of seed or slip: First of the seed; the time for it is in the middle of April, in a good earth; and if the seed be new and sound, it will come up suddenly, and by the third year it will be four foot high: The setting of the slips is in this manner; in September go to a Bay tree, and cut off all the strait shoots that are joyning to the body, and set them slope-waies in good earth, and they will take root most of them at that time twelve moneth, they may be took up and set in those places where they shall remain.

Box.

With Box, knots and borders are set, but now it is almost out of fashion, for the roots of it drieth and improverisheth the earth, so that nothing can grow nigh it, so it is chiefly now used for setting of hedges upon the edge of high walks, where it shall annoy nothing but cast a pleasant sight alwayes: this is set of the slip in September, and the least slip of it will grow, though it be but slowly.

Ciprus.

There is two kinds, that is the great Cipruss and the dwarf-Cipruss: the great kind will grow to twelve foot high; the dwarf-Cipruss seldome grows to above four or five foot high; they are both planted for pleasure thus: The great kind is planted at ten foot distance, more or lesse in grasle-knots, ac∣cording to the space of the Garden, usually at the corners thereof, and for to keep them in a pleasant form, you shall set a stake by them, which is strait, to the end that the plant may grow up by it, and be bound to it with wier, and clipping off of the loose branches with a pair of sheers, and keeping of it so clipt that they grow no bigger than a mans

body, and cutting of them all off at an equal height, which is usually at nine foot high, and when they are at their full growth they will be kept in this form with twice or thrice clip∣ping in the year.

The dwarf-Cipruss is usually planted by pole-hedges, two foot and an half distance, so that when they are grown up they might be a hedge themselves, cut at three foot and a half high: The place that they are thus planted, is round the quarters of a Garden, and it is the newest work that is growing, witness his Majesties new Garden at St. Jameses.

These plants are raised of the seed in April, sown in ex∣ceeding good earth, and sometimes in hot beds: The plants thus come of seed ought to be transplanted into other beds, and set at half a foot distance, sheltered the first Winter, and the third transplanted for pleasure as afore∣said.

Fig-tree.

Fig-trees are planted against the house, because they run up to such an height that no wall will be high enough for them.

These are set of the slip which springeth from the root of the old Fig-tree, as usually all Fig-trees put forth, unless such as be set in pavements, where the stones hinder them from coming up.

Figs of India.

Figs of India, or Indian-figs: it is such a strange kind of plant that I cannot call it an Herb, Flower, nor Tree.

It groweth on the ground like an heap of Cucumbers laid * 1.150 up together without either branch or leaf, or any thing like it; at the bottom it hath a root which is white, and of a soft substance, and those kind of parts which I cannot give a name for, which I told you are like Cucumbers, take root, whereby it increaseth; and for me to give you any farther ac∣count of them, I shall go beyond my knowledge, but these are to be seen in the Earl of Meaths Garden in Ireland.

Filleroy.

There are many sorts of them, but all are of one nature and held in great estimation.

They are trees that grow to three foot high, spreading with branches to the very bottome, and in the beginning of * 1.151 March this plant putteth forth so many Flowers that it cover∣eth it self, these Flowers are made of four leaves and of a red∣dish colour, and after the Flowers shed there springeth leaves which are of a swarthy green colour and as broad as a shilling, afterward appeareth a green berry, and in August it turneth red as a Cherry, and something bigger than a great Pea, by Michaelmas it is full ripe, then it is coal black and loseth the outer husk, the seed is in the middle, which is black also and smooth as glass.

The propagating of this plant is chiefly of the seed in this manner, in the beginning of April make hot beds of a foot high, laying of two inches of earth on it, then cast the seed upon that, then lay another inch of earth upon that, let both be ridled well; make a shelter over the bed with sticks and mats, and in short time the seeds will come up and there they must stand till the fall, and then transplant it into ordinary beds, but they must be sheltered the winter following or else the cold will endanger to kill them: many curiosities more there are used about them which I will not treat of, a wise man knows one thing by another.

Gesamits.

Of these there are two sorts, the white, and the yellow, the yellow is little set by because it hath no sent, yet it flow∣ereth early even at the beginning of May, the white Gesamit flowereth not while June, this tree beareth a Flower, in sent, colour and shape, like the white stock-Gilliflower, both these kinds are set of the slip in Autumn, in a moist rich soyl, so they will take root by the Spring: the place they are several∣ly transplanted to after they have taken root, is against walls or bowers, so that they be nailed or tied up, for they cannot stand of themselves: these directions are sufficient, there is no curiosity belongeth to these plants.

Holyander.

It is a tree that keepeth green all the year, it groweth to * 1.152 four foot high, with five or six branches rising together even from the very root, on these branches stand leaves in order one against another much like the Laurell leaves, and atop of every branch springeth a Flower like the white Lillie.

These plants are not raised in England but are brought in boxes of earth out of Italy, so I shall cease to give any directi∣ons for the propagating of the tree: this tree is to be seen in the Lord of Brobston's Garden, where you may be satisfied whether I have given you a right information of it yea or no.

Horn-Fig-trees.

It is a tree hath few branches scattering one from another * 1.153 with here and there a leaf, the bark of the body is of a brown colour, the whole tree groweth to be a little higher than a man, atop of every branch putteth forth a kind of a fruit like a Key ball, and at the first it hath a kind of a red husk on it, which maketh it appear at a distance like a Flower, and when that sheddeth the fruit is as hard that is underneath and as rough as the Pyone Apple.

This tree is raised either of the seed or slip, but best of the seed, for it is done with as much ease as the Pippin-kernels are raised, but it is hard to procure the seed or slip, for the tree is very scarce.

Creeping Vine.

So called, because if it be set against a wall or a house, it will take hold it self without any nailing, and run up to the very top, and needeth no care but pruneing: you may say, what need it have any pruneing, seeing every branch will take hold of the wall? I answer, the reason is, because one branch will grow over another else, and therefore they must be prevented while they are young by cutting off.

I need not trouble my self in setting down waies for the planting of them, for it is done with as much ease as the or∣dinary Vine.

Lowaray.

This tree groweth to ten foot high, with branches spring∣ing * 1.154 from the body of the root, even from the very bottome to the top, being very strait shoots covered with a grey bark, the leaves are of a pale colour, round at the bottome and sharp at the top: at the and of every old branch springeth a Flower in the form that the Vine putteth forth her Flower, but of a blew colour.

This tree is raised of the sucker which springeth from the root, these being taken away in September and set in any or∣dinary earth, they will grow as soon as a willow: the place that they are usually set in is by bowers, to the end that they may cover them, for you may bend this tree which way you please and they will not break.

Laurell.

Is so generally known that I need not speak any thing in describing of it, I shall only speak two or three words of the raising of it, and the place of planting of it in for orna∣ment.

First for the raising of it; if you have good store of Lau∣rell trees, at Michaelmas cut off so many young branches as you can, that are two foot in length and longer, the longer the better, then find out a place that is very moist earth and rich, lying something in the shade, there plant your cut∣tings, laying of them slope-waies, so that there be a foot of them in the ground and the rest above; thus done let these cuttings remain there till the next March, and by that time they will have roots of an inch long, then you may transplant them to wall-sides or pales, where they may be set at four foot distance, and kept nailed to the walls or pales: those that have great store of them make hedges of them by walks sides, supporting of them with poles, and so keep them cut at the top: about London they make a great profit of the cut∣tings of Laurell.

Lowrex.

This plant spreadeth like a bush even close to the ground, * 1.155

and seldome groweth to be three foot high, the leaves are green and two inches in breadth, made of the fashion of a long ovall, and are so thick set on, that a man cannot see into the body of the plant: this plant keepeth green all the year, and beareth a berry, but it never cometh to any per∣fection, therefore it is set of the slip, and the least slip of this plant will grow.

The raising of it and planting of it, is as I told you of the Laurell cuttings, therefore let one direction serve for both: the place that this plant is set in, is in physick-Gardens, be∣cause it is a physicall plant.

Lorestrinus.

The branches of this plant are weak, so they are usually * 1.156 planted against walls, arbors, or upon frames of close walks: it keepeth its leaves green all the year, which are of a brown∣ish green, shooteth out with long branches, like the young Vine shoots, and the old shoots beareth a tufty white Flower which flourisheth in May.

This plant is planted of the slip as most plants are that keep∣eth green all the year, so I shall not need to insist upon the manner of it, for it is done with as much ease as any of the other; so nothing remains but that it be planted in the places according to the description.

Lignae-vitae.

Is a tree that is not very common, I do not know that ever I saw above three of them in my life, yet if the slips of them may be had, I am confident that it would grow almost any where, but it never beareth seed which cometh to perfection, and that maketh it so much a stranger in England: and for your better understanding I give you this short description, it is a tree which hath branches like the Saven, the body of it is smooth and strait, and of a ruddy colour, with never a twig upon it, but at the very top, which is very pleasant to behold: this tree at his full growth is as big as a mans thigh; and a matter of twelve foot in heighth, the body of it is the best wood in the world for musicall instruments and for your new Engine turning-work; I think it needless to speak any

thing of the propagating of it more than I have.

Mirtill-trees.

Of Mirtils: there is the sweet Mirtill, the smooth Mir∣till, and the prickly Mirtill, and some will have them di∣stinguished into more names, yet he that knoweth the one may easily know the other.

All Mirtils keep green all the year, and have a thick leaf * 1.157 as broad as a groat; that they call the prickly Mirtill hath a sharp-pointed leaf full of veins: the sweet Mirtils leaves are smooth and round: that they call the smooth Mirtill, differ∣eth not in any thing from the sweet, but only the sweet hath a bloom which hath a sweet savour: no Mirtill tree grow∣eth to any great stature, for it is a great tree counted that is so big as a mans thigh and six foot high.

The propagating of each of these sorts is chiefly of the ber∣ry or seed on this wise, prepare boxes of as good mould as may be had, set the seeds therein, so done, let the boxes be sheltered anights: the time for this is in the beginning of April, this observed, if the seed be good it will come up in a little more than three weeks space, let the plants stand in these boxes till the next September, then draw out such plants as stand too thick, and plant them in other boxes, and let some remain in the same, where they may stand alwaies if the boxes be big enough and deep enough: these plants must be housed in the winter as long as they stand in boxes, but some when they are three years growth transplant them against walls, where they will prosper very well if it be upon the South part thereof.

Orange-trees.

And Lemon-trees will grow very well in England if they have houses built on purpose, so that they may be wheeled in and out upon truckels, in the boxes of earth that they grow in, but yet they seldome bring any fruit to any perfection, they are only for a sight, they are pleasant trees to behold, for their leaf never fadeth but keepeth green all the year: I think I may spare the labour to give any further information of them, or any directions for the propagating of them, for I

think few of my countreymen will dispence of so much charge for to have nothing but a sight for it.

Pomegranate-tree.

Is the stateliest tree in shape or growth of all others, it is a tree also that never fadeth its leaf, the leaves are long and of a yellowish green colour, of a thick substance: this plant groweth not to its full stature in England, and I never saw it out, therefore I cannot give a right description of it: these plants will be raised no where but at home, which is in Spain, and being brought hither when they are young plants, in boxes of earth, they may be preserved in warm chambers to bring untimely fruit.

Peach-trees.

Of Peaches: there is the double Peach-flower, the smooth Peach, and the rough Peach, the early Peach, and the win∣ter Peach, all these are planted against walls, at twelve foot distance, and preserved as you may see of Apricocks: for the raising of them I shall wave it here, and speak of it in the Treatise of fruit-trees, I only name them here, because they are cultivated in the Garden of pleasure.

Perry winckle.

It runneth training on the ground with many joynts, * 1.158 whereat shoot out leaves of a dark green, shining leaves somewhat like the Bay leaves but not half so big; at every joynt cometh Flowers of a paleblew colour, some are white, some of a dark reddish colour; the root is a little bigger than a rush, the branches creepeth far about.

This plant is set of the slip only, and it may be set any where, it refuseth no ground, being set either in the Spring or the fall: the best place to set it in is upon bank-sides, where little or nothing will grow, this taketh root and spreadeth a great deal of ground presently, and keepeth the bank whole of it self without weeds, for it killeth them.

Sweet-Bryer.

It is planted underneath windows for its sweet savour sake, the suckers that come from it may be planted, they will grow up very well, but to have great store of sweet-Bryer, save the seeds while the Spring of the year, and then sow it in beds of loose earth and it will grow with∣out fail, the plant sprung of that seed by that time a twelve moneth they will be big enough to transplant into hedge∣rows, as some have them planted round their quarters of their Gardens, others plant them in maze-form, keeping of the sides cut and the top, and pleasant walking it is there.

Tamarus.

Is a tree so well known that it needeth no description, it is usually planted to grow over doors or bowers, for it shadeth and covereth much; it's a tree that never beareth seed, therefore it is only planted of the sucker or the slips which comes from the body, or the root being took of in September and planted where you have a desire they should grow, and it may be done without any curiosity.

The Gilli-Rose.

Or the Gilderland-Rose; it riseth to six foot high with * 1.159 a body as big as a mans wrist with a reddish bark, the leaves resemble the Vine leaf, though much less and of a darker colour, upon one branch groweth but one Flower, after the Flower sheddeth there appeareth a seed but it ne∣ver cometh to perfection, this tree decayeth not in eight or nine years where it liketh its air and earth.

Of the sucker this Rose may be raised: the time for getting and setting of the sucker is in February the latter end thereof, placing of it in a very warm place, so done it will come to flower the third year after: another way is, which is more certainer, for to inoculate it upon a Da∣mask-Rose stock.

The Province-Rose.

There be two or three sorts, and that is, the Province∣rosal, the Province-vicar, the red Province, and the da∣mask Province: a great enlargement I could make upon these, but the summe of all is, Province-Roses must be inocu∣lated upon damask Rose stocks, so I shall give you the way of inoculation, and that briefly.

First, Observe the time, and that is about the first of June, when the plant is full of sap: now followeth the manner; Go to a Province-Rose tree, and cut off one of the likeliest young shouts that you can see, then go to a young damask-Rose stock, which must not be above a year old; this obser∣ved, take off a bud from off the cutting which you brought from the Province-rose; the bud took off evenly and square, then lay it upon the damask-rose stock, a matter of a foot from the ground let it be, so mark out just such a proportion of bark by that, then take it out with the point of your knife, then set the other in its room, which if you did it artificially, will just fill up the place, or else it is worth nothing; but if it do joyn right then it is very likely if will grow, then bind it with a little flax, leaving the middle open for the bud to grow out; set two or three of these buds of one stock, but if one grow it is enough. Now when you see the bud incor∣porated with the stock, then unbind them for the band will do them hurt; after the bud is shotten forth an handfull length, then cut the stock off above it: these are certain and easie wayes of inoculation of Roses, but if you are not satis∣fied with these short directions, see the Treatise of inoculation for fruit trees.

The Cinamon-Rose.

A great quoil there is about this Rose: Some think it was coloured by a morical substance, being a damask Rose before: Others are of that opinion that it was inoculated upon a Bar∣bary stock; but whilst men hold these opinions, it doth plain∣ly appear, that they do believe, that colours in Flowers were made by mans art; but I am not of that opinion, for I be∣lieve they are only preserved by mans industry, and all mans

art is to find out the working nature, and all that is here re∣quired in the promoting of this plant in its own nature, is to inoculate it upon a damask Rose stock, which may stand in a warm convenient place where the unkind Winter may not nip it.

Vines.

Of Vines there are many kinds, and many Authors have given large descriptions, praises and directions for the pro∣moting of Vines, whose large and historical Discourses have drowned the sense or the method of it to the Reader: This Discourse I shall omit, and speak a few words in brief, how Vines are propagated of such ordinary sorts as grow in Eng∣land.

First, I will give you an account of them: There is the white Muskadine, the red Muskadine, the small sugar Grape, the Murcot, the ordinary French white and red Grapes, and the English white and wild Grape: In the raising and main∣taining of these, I find but four things requisite, and that is, Planting, Pruning, Gelding, and Cures for hurtfull di∣stempers.

For the first, Before you plant, get such plants as are root∣ed, though some say, that cuttings will root very well, but I have found by experience, that one in ten will hardly come to any thing; and if they do shoot out the first year, they de∣cay afterward: The way to get rooted plants is thus; Go to an old Vine, and bring most of the young Vines that grow nigh the root, and bring them under the earth, and bring the tops up to the wall again; this ought to be done in September, and those Vines let lie under the earth while that time twelve moneth, and by that time they will have taken root, then they may be cut from the old mother, and planted against walls, houses, bowers, or close walk frames; and in setting of them, observe that they stand not too nigh the wall, and not above a foot deep, and that you put about them some Pi∣geous-dung and good mould, and that the plant be cut off a yard above the ground: these are certain and sure wayes of planting of Vines.

The second is Pruning, and that is one of the necessariest

things that belongeth unto them, for if they be not pruned they will soon decay and give over bearing of fruit, and grow out of all shape and form. The time for pruning of them is in February, for if it should be done before, the cold would nip the cuttings and kill them, and if it should be done after, the Vine would bleed out most of its sap, which will hinder its growth, and keep it from bearing that year. Now the pruning is thus; cut off all such as were of the last years growth, save such as are leaders, and those must be left to spread further against the wall, and in cutting the branches off cut them so that you leave one joint or eye from whence springeth the Grape.

For the third, Gelding of the Vine is requisite for the pre∣serving of the Flowers and the Grape: First Understand that gelding is to pluck away the sprouts where they grow thick, and the leaves which deprive the grape of its sap, and keep the benefit of the Sun from it, which the Vine loveth above all plants.

Lastly, Hurtfull Distempers which annoy Vines is can∣ker eaten earth, bound and barrennesse of the soil: First, for canker eaten, that is usually at the root, which is eaten by worms; the cure is to anoint it with tar and Herb-grasse, and pouring some Chamber-lie on it, which will cure the distem∣per, and keep the worm from eating of the root any more. Secondly, If they be earth bound, then open the earth from about the root in September, and lay a little chaff or bran about it, and so let it lie till February, and then take the chaff away, and put good mould in the room. Barrennesse in a Vine is sometimes the cause of its too deep planting, and in the bar∣rennesse of the earth; if the cause be in the earth, it is soon remedied with the taking that away, and bringing better in its stead; if it be too deep and an old Vine, there is little re∣medy: I am forc'd to end here.

Notes

• * 1.1

  A cunning invention.
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  Descrip.
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  Order∣ing.
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  Descrip.
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  Descrip.
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  Descrip.
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  Descrip.
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  Descrip.
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  Descrip.
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  Descrip.
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  Of Kinds.
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  Names.
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  Sowing.
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  Season.
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  Of slips.
• * 1.16

  Colour.
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  Grafting.
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  Of Sent.
• * 1.19

  Divers wayes for the pre∣servation of Gilli. flowers.
• * 1.20

  Various things.
• * 1.21

  Continu∣anee.
• * 1.22

  Nature.
• * 1.23

  The last experi∣ment.
• * 1.24

  Propaga∣ting.
• * 1.25

  Seasons of great force
• * 1.26

  The wor∣thiness of them.
• * 1.27

  Reasons why.
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  Ordering.
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  Descrip.
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  Planting.
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  Of sorts.
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  Sowing.
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  Another season.
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  2.
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  Of plan∣ing.
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  Of place.
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  Experi∣ments.
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  2.
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  3.
• * 1.40

  〈…〉〈…〉 names.
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  Descrip.
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  Sowing.
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  2.
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  Descrip.
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  Setting.
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  Planting.
• * 1.47

  The Dig∣nity.
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  Seed.
• * 1.49

  Of flow∣ering at certain Seasons.
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  Of plant∣ing.
• * 1.51

  The time.
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  The place
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  How.
• * 1.54

  Altera∣tions.
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  Experi∣ments.
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  2.
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  Descrip.
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  Of raising.
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  Time.
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  Descrip.
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  Descrip.
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  Divers kinds.
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  Sowing.
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  2.
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  3.
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  Of the name.
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  Descrip.
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  Care in propaga∣tion.
• * 1.69

  1.
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  2.
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  Preserva∣tion.
• * 1.72

  The na∣ture.
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  Descrip.
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  Planting.
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  Preserva∣tion.
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  Another sort of Wall. flowers.
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  Descrip.
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  Descrip.
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  Descrip.
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  Raising.
• * 1.81

  Reasons.
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  Planting.
• * 1.83

  A questi∣on.
• * 1.84

  Answer.
• * 1.85

  Of altera∣tion.
• * 1.86

  Other sorts.
• * 1.87

  Observa∣tions.
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  Industry.
• * 1.89

  Nature.
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  Sowing.
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  Descrip.
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  Ordering.
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  The names and kinds.
• * 1.94

  Of plant∣ing.
• * 1.95

  Observa∣tions.
• * 1.96

  Descrip.
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  Descrip.
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  Sowing.
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  Descrip.
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  Descrip.
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  Planting.
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  Various descripti∣ons.
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  Descrip.
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  Sowing.
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  2.
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  Raising.
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  Descrip.
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  Descrip.
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  Planting.
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  Of plant∣ing.
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  Of Kinds.
• * 1.112

  Sowing.
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  Trans∣planting.
• * 1.114

  Experi∣ments.
• * 1.115

  Kinds.
• * 1.116

  Prepare∣tions.
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  2.
• * 1.118

  Easie way
• * 1.119

  Of slips.
• * 1.120

  Planting.
• * 1.121

  Descrip.
• * 1.122

  Ordering.
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  Descrip
• * 1.124

  Nature.
• * 1.125

  Ordering.
• * 1.126

  Descrip.
• * 1.127

  Of raising.
• * 1.128

  Double sorts.
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  Of nature.
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  The art of doubling.
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  Natures fancy.
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  Descrip.
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  Propaga∣tion.
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  The in∣crease.
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  Profit.
• * 1.136

  Descrit.
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  Descrip.
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  Of names.
• * 1.139

  Colour.
• * 1.140

  Suckers.
• * 1.141

  Colour altered.
• * 1.142

  Disputes of Nature.
• * 1.143

  Grafting
• * 1.144

  Of Seed.
• * 1.145

  Removing
• * 1.146

  Ofsent.
• * 1.147

  Crossing of Nature.
• * 1.148

  Descrip.
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  Descrip.
• * 1.150

  Descrip.
• * 1.151

  Descrip.
• * 1.152

  Descrip.
• * 1.153

  Descrip.
• * 1.154

  Descrip.
• * 1.155

  Descrip.
• * 1.156

  Descrip.
• * 1.157

  Descrip.
• * 1.158

  Descrip.
• * 1.159

  Descrip.