A Christian directory, or, A summ of practical theologie and cases of conscience directing Christians how to use their knowledge and faith, how to improve all helps and means, and to perform all duties, how to overcome temptations, and to escape or mortifie every sin : in four parts ... / by Richard Baxter.

Tit. 1. Cases of Conscience about Works of Charity.

Quest. 1. WHat are the grounds and reasons and motives to charitable works?* 1.1

Answ. 1. That doing good doth make us likest to God: He is the universal Father* 1.2 and benefactor to the world: All good is in him or from him, and he that is best and doth most good is likest to him.

2. It is an honourable employment therefore: It is more honourable to be the Best man in the Land, than to be the greatest: Greatness is therefore honourable, because it is an ability to do good: And Wis∣dom is honourable because it is the skill of doing good: so that Goodness is that end which maketh them honourable, and without respect to which they were as nothing: A power or skill to do mischief is no commendations.

3. Doing good maketh us pleasing and amiable to God: because it maketh us like him; and be∣cause it is the fulfilling of his will. God can love nothing but Himself and his own excellencies or image appearing in his works; or his works so far as his attributes appear and are glorified in them.

4. Good works are profitable to men. Tit. 3. 8. Our brethren are the better for them: The bo∣dies of the poor are relieved, and mens souls are saved by them.

5. In doing good to others we do good to our selves: because we are living members of Christs body, and by Love and Communion feel their joys, as well as pains: As the hand doth maintain it self by maintaining and comforting the stomach; so doth a Loving Christian by good works.

6. There is in every good nature a singular delight in doing good: It is the pleasantest life in all the World. A Magistrate, a Preacher, a Schoolmaster, a Tutor, a Physicion, a Judge, a Lawyer, hath so much true pleasure as his life and labours are successful in doing good: I know that the Conscience of honest endeavours may afford solid comfort to a willing though unsuccessful man: and well-doing may be pleasant though it prove not a doing good to others: But it is a double, yea a multiplyed comfort to be successful: It is much if an honest unsuccessful man (a Preacher, a Physicion, &c.) can keep up so much peace as to support him under the grief of his unsuccessfulness: But to see our honest labours prosper and many to be the better for them, is the pleasantest life that man can here hope for.

7. Good works are a comfortable evidence that faith is sincere, and that the heart dissembleth not with God: When as a faith that will not prevail for works of Charity, is dead and uneffectual, and the image o•• carkass of faith indeed, and such as God will not accept. Iam. 2.

8. We have received so much our selves from God, as doubleth our obligation to do good to others: Obedience and Gratitude do both require it.

9. We are not sufficient for our selves, but need others as well as they need us: And therefore as we expect to receive from others, we must accordingly do to them. If the eye will not see for the body, nor the hand work for the body, nor the feet go for it, the body will not afford them nutriment, and they shall receive as they do.

10. Good works are much to the honour of Religion, and consequently of God; and much tend to mens conviction, conversion and salvation. Most men will judge of the doctrine by the fruits. Mat. 5. 16, Let your light so shine before men, that they may see your good works, and glorifie your Father which is in Heaven.

11. Consider how abundantly they are commanded and commended in the word of God. Christ himself hath given us the pattern of his own life, which from his first moral actions to his last, was nothing but doing good and bearing evil. He made Love the fulfilling of his Law, and the works of Love the genuine fruits of Christianity, and an acceptable sacrifice to God. Gal. 6. 10. As we have opportunity let us do good to all men, especially to them of the houshold of faith. Heb. 13. 16. To do good and communicate forget not: for with such sacrifices God is well pleased: Tit. 3. 8. This is a faithful saying and these things I will that thou constantly affirm, that they which have believed in God might be careful to maintain good works▪ These things are good and profitable to men. Ephes. 2. 10. For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Iesus to good works, which God hath before ordained that we should walk in them. Tit. 2. 14. To purifie to himself a peculiar people zealous of good works. Act. 20. 35. So labouring ye ought to support the weak, and to remember the words of the Lord Iesus, how he said, It is more blessed to give than to receive. Ephes. 4. 28. Let him that stole steal no more, but rather let him labour, working with his hands the thing that is good, that he may have to give to him that needeth. You see poor labourers are not excepted, from the command of helping others: In so much that the first Church sold all their possessions, and had all things common; not to teach levelling and condemn pro∣priety, but to shew all after them that Christian Love should use all to relieve their brethren as them∣selves.

12. Consider that God will in a special manner judge us at the last day according to our works, and especially our works of Charity: As in Matth. 25. Christ hath purposely and plainly shewed; and so doth many another text of Scripture. These are the Motives to works of Love.

Quest. 2. What is a good work, even such as God hath promised to reward?* 1.3

Answ. 1. The matter must be lawful, and not a sin. 2. It must tend to a good effect, for the be∣nefit of man, and the honour of God. 3. It must have a good end; even the pleasing and Glory of God, and the good of our selves and others. 4. It must come from a right principle, even from the Love of God, and of man for his sake. 5. It must be pure and unmixed: If any sin be mixt with it, it is sinful so as to need a pardon: And if sin be predominant in it, it is so far sinful as to be unac∣ceptable to God, in respect to the person, and is turned into sin it self. 6. It must be in season; or else it may sometimes be mixt with sin, and sometimes be evil it self and no good work. 7. It must be comparatively good as well as simply. It must not be a lesser good instead of a greater, or to put off a greater. As to be praying when we should be quenching a fire or saving a mans life. 8. It must be good in a convenient degree. Some degrees are necessary to the Moral being, of a good work, and some to the well being. God must be loved and worshipped as God, and Heaven sought as Hea∣ven, and mens souls and lives must be highly prized and seriously preserved: some sluggish doing of good is but undoing it. 9. It must be done in confidence of the merits of Christ, and presented to God as by his hands, who is our Mediator and Intercessour with the Father.

Quest. 3. What works of Charity should one choose in these times, who would improve his masters talents* 1.4 to his most comfortable account?

Answ. The diversity of mens abilities and opportunities make that to be best for one man which is* 1.5 impossible to another. But I shall name some that are in themselves most beneficial to mankind, that every man may choose the best which he can reach to.

1. The most eminent work of Charity, is the promoting of the Conversion of the Heathen and In∣fidel parts of the world: To this Princes and men of power and wealth might contribute much if they were willing: especially in those Countreys in which they have commerce and send Embassadours: They might procure the choicest Scholars, to go over with their Embassadours and learn the languages, and set themselves to this service according to opportunity: Or they might erect a Colledge for the training up of Students purposely for that work, in which they might maintain some Natives procu∣red from the several Infidel Countreys (as two or three Persians, as many Indians of Indostan, as many Tartarians, Chinenses, Siamites, &c.) which might possibly be obtained: and these should teach students their Countrey languages. But till the Christian world be so happy as to have such Princes, something may be done by Volunteers of lower place and power: As Mr. Wheelock did in translating the New Testament, and Mr. Pococke by the Honourable Mr. Robert Boile's procurement and charge, in translating Grotius de Verit. Christ. Relig. into Arabick, and sending it to Indostan and Persia. And what excellent labour hath good Mr. Iohn Eliots (with some few assistants) bestowed these twenty years and more in New England? where now he hath translated and Printed the whole Scriptures in their Americane tongue, (with a Catechism and Call to the Unconverted) by the help of a press main∣tained from hence.

2. The attempt of Restoring the Christian Churches to their primitive purity and Unity, accord∣ing to mens several opportunities, is a most excellent and desirable work: which though the ig∣norance and wickedness of many, and the implacableness and bloodiness of the carnal proud domi∣neering part, and the too great alienation of some others from them, do make it so difficult as to be next to desperate, at the present, yet is not to be cast off as desperate indeed: For great things have been done by wise and valiant attempts. Princes might do very much to this, if they were both wise and willing. And who knoweth but an age may come that may be so happy? The means and method I would willingly describe, but that this is no fit place or time.

3. The planting of a learned, able, holy, concordant Ministry in a particular Kingdom, and setling the primitive Discipline thereby, is a work also which those Princes may very much promote, whose hearts are set upon it, and who set up no contrary interest against it: But because these lines are ne∣ver like to be known to Princes (unless by way of accusation), it is private mens works which we must speak to.

4. It is a very good work to procure and maintain a worthy Minister in any of the most igno∣rant Parishes in these Kingdoms: (of which alas, how many are there): where the skilful preach∣ing of the Gospel is now wanting: or to maintain an assistant in populous Parishes, where one is not able to do the work: or by other just means to promote this service.

5. It is a very good work to set up Free-Schools in populous and in ignorant places; especially in Wales: that all may be taught to read, and some may be prepared for the Universities?

6. It is an excellent work to ••ull out some of the choicest wits, among the poorer sort in the Countrey Schools, who otherwise would wither for want of culture; and to maintain them for Learning in order to the Ministry, with some able godly Tutor in the University, or some Countrey Minister who is fit and vacant enough thereunto.

7. It is an excellent work to give among poor ignorant people, Bibles and Catechisms, and some plain and godly Books which are most fitted to their use. But it were more excellent to leave a setled revenew for this use (naming the Books, and choosing meet Trustees) that so the Rent might every year furnish a several Parish; which would in short time be a very extensive benefit, and go through many Countries.

8. It is a very good work to set poor mens children Apprentices to honest religious Masters, where they may at once get the blessing to their souls of a godly education, and to their bodies, of an honest way of maintenance.

9. It will not be unacceptable to God, to relieve some of the persons, or poor children, of those very many hundred faithful Ministers of Christ, who are now silenced and destitute of maintenance, many having nothing at all, but what charity sendeth them, to maintain themselves and desolate fa∣milies, who were wont to exercise charity to the bodies and souls of others. Read Matth. 25. Gal. 6. 5, 6, 7, 8.

10. It is a good work of them who give stocks of money, or yearly rents, to be lent for five, or six, or seven years to young Tradesmen, at their setting up, upon good security; choosing good Trustees, who may choose the fittest persons: And if it be a rent, it will still increase the stock, and if any should break, the loss of it may be born.

11. It would be a very good work for Landlords to improve their interest with their Tenants, to further at once their bodily comfort, and salvation: To hire them by some abatement at their Rent dayes, to learn Catechisms, and read the Scripture and good Books in their families, and give the Pa∣stor an account of their proficience. Whether the Law will enable them to bind them to any such thing in their Leases, I cannot tell.

12. And the present work of Charity for every one, is to relieve the most needy which are next at hand. To know what poor families are in greatest want, and to help them as we are able: and to provoke the rich to do that which we cannot do our selves; and to beg for others: And still to make use of bodily relief, to further the good of their souls; by seconding all with spiritual advice and help.

Quest. 4. In what order are works of Charity to be done? And whom must we prefer when we are* 1.6 unable to accommodate all?

Answ. 1. The most publick works must be preferred before private: 2. Works for the soul caeteris paribus before works for the body; And yet bodily benefits in order of time, must oft go first as pre∣parations to the other. 3. Greatest necessities caeteris paribus, must be supplyed before lesser: The saving of anothers life must be preferred before your own less necessary comforts. 4. Your own and families wants must caeteris paribus be supplyed before strangers; even before some that you must love better: Because God hath in point of provision and maintenance, given you a nearer charge of your selves and families, than of others. 5. Nature also obligeth you to prefer your kindred before strangers, if there be a parity as to other reasons. 6. And caeteris paribus a good man must be prefer∣red before a bad. 7. And yet that charity which is like to tend to the good of the soul as well as of the body, is to be preferred: And in that case oft-times a bad man is to be preferred, when a greater good is like to be the effect. 8. A friend caeteris paribus, is to be preferred before an ene∣my: But not when the Good is like to be greater which will follow the relieving of an enemy. Many other rules might be given, but they are laid down already Tom. 1. Cap. where I treat of Good Works: whither I refer you.

Quest. 5. Should I give in my life time, or at my death?* 1.7

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Answ. According as it is like to do most good: But none should needlesly delay. Both is best.

Quest. 6. Should one devote or set by a certain part of daily incomes?* 1.8 Quest. 7. What proportion is a man bound to give to the poor?* 1.9

Answ. These two Questions having answered in a Letter to Mr. Thomas Gouge now printed, and the Book being not in many hands, I will here recite that Letter as it is published.

Most Dear, and very much Honoured Brother,

EVen the Philosopher hath taught me so to esteem you, who said, that He is likest to God, who needeth fewest things for himself, and doth most good to others. And Christ telleth us, that uni∣versal charity, (extending even to them that hate and persecute us) doth make us, as his Children, like our heavenly Father, Matth. 5. 44, 45, 46, 48. As Hating and Hurting their neighbours, is the mark of the Children of the Devil, (Iohn 8. 44.) so Loving and Doing Good, is the mark of the Children of God. And it is observable, that no one treateth so copiously and pathetically of Love (both of Christs love to us, and ours to him) as the blessed Disciple, whom Jesus is said to have eminently Loved (as Iohn 13. 14, 15, 16. & 17. & 1 Iohn. shew.)

It hath often pleased me to hear how dearly you were beloved, by that exceeding great and popu∣lous Parish, where lately you were Preacher, for your eminent Charity to their souls and bodies! And to see that still you take it for your work and calling, to be a provoker of others to Love and to Good Works, Heb. 10. 24. whilest many that are taken for good Christians, do deal in such works as Rari∣ties or Recreations, only a little now and then upon the by, and whilest Satans Ministers are provoking others to Hatred and to Hurtfulness.

Your Labour is so amiable to me, that it would contribute to my comforts, if I were able to con∣tribute any thing to your assistance.

You desire me to give you my judgement of the quota pars; What proportion it is meet for most men to devote to Charitable uses; Whether the Tenth Part of their increase be not ordinarily a fit proportion?

The reason why I use not to answer such Questions without much distinguishing (when lazy im∣patient Readers would have them answered in a word) is, because the real difference of particular cases is so great, as maketh it necessary; unless we will deceive men, or leave the matter as dark and unresolved as we found it.

I. Before I answer your Question, I shall premise, that I much approve of the way which you insist upon, of setting so much constantly apart as is fit for us to give, that it may be taken by us, to be as a devoted or consecrated thing. And methinks that there is much of a Divine Direction for the time, in 1 Cor. 16. 1, 2. together with the practice of the antient Church, [That upon the first day of the week, every one lay by him in store, as God hath prospered him.] And it will do much to cure Pha∣risaical Sabbatizing, when the Lords Day is statedly used in this, with holy works; and will teach Hypo∣crites to know what this meaneth, I will have mercy and not sacrifice, Matth. 9. 13. and 12. 7. And that works of Charity are an odour, a sweet smell, a sacrifice acceptable and well pleasing to God, who of the riches of his Glory in Christ, will supply all the need of such, as bring forth such fruit to abound unto their account, Phil. 4. 17, 18, 19. So it be done without any ensnaring vows, or rash engage∣ments to unnecessary things; this constant setting apart a certain proportion for pious and charitable uses, will have these advantages.

• 1. Our distribution will be made deliberately and prudently, when before-hand we study a due proportion, and determine accordingly; whereas they that give only occasionally as some object sud∣denly inviteth them, will do it at randome, without due respect to their own accounts, whether the proportion given be answerable to their own estate and duty.
• 2. This stated way will make mens charity much more extensive: When objects of charity are not in their sight, they will inquire after them, and they will seek for the needy, if the needy seek not unto them: because they have so much by them to dispose of, which is devoted to God. But those who give but as occasional objects draw it from them, will give to none but those that crave, or will pass by many as needy, whom they see not, while they relieve only those few that they hap to see.
• 3. And it will make mens charity also to be more constant, and done obediently as a Christians daily work and duty; when occasional charity will be more rarely and unconstantly exercised. In a word, as the observation of the Lords Day, which is a stated proportion of time, secureth the holy improvement of our time, much better than if God be served but occasionally, without a stated time; and as a constant stated course of Preaching, excelleth meer occasional exhortations; even so a constant course of Giving, wisely stated, will find out objects, and overcome temptations, and discharge our Duty with much more integrity and success. And if we can easily perceive that occasional Praying will not so well discharge the duty of prayer, as a constant stated course will do; why should we

• not think the same of occasional Giving, if men did but perceive that Giving according to our ability, is as sure and great a duty as Praying. Now to your Question of the Proportion of our gifts.

II. We must distinguish,

• 1. Between them that have no more than will supply their own, and their families true necessities, and those that have more.
• 2. Between them that have a stock of money which yieldeth them no increase, and those that have more increase by their labour, but little stock.
• 3. Between them whose increase is like to be constant, and theirs that is uncertain, sometime more, and sometime less.
• 4. Between them that have many children, or near kindred, that nature casteth upon them for re∣lief; and those that have few or no children, or have a competent provision for them, and have few needy kindred that they are especially obliged to relieve.
• 5. Between those that live in times and places where the necessities of the poor are very great, or some great works of Piety are in hand: and those that live where the poor are in no great necessity, and no considerable opportunity for any great work of Piety or Charity doth appear. These distincti∣ons premised, I answer as followeth.

1. It is certain that every true Sanctified Christian, hath Devoted himself and all that he hath to God, to be used in obedience to his will, and for his glory, 1 Cor. 6. 19, 20. 1 Cor. 10. 31. Luke 18. 33. The Question therefore is not, Whether the Tenth part of our estate should be devoted to, and employ∣ed in the service of God, one way, or other, as he directeth us: For it is out of Question that all is his, and we are but his stewards; and must give account of our stewardship, and of all our re∣ceivings, (Matth. 25.) But the Question is only what proportion is best pleasing to God in our giving to others?

2. A Christian being unseignedly thus resolved in the General, to lay out that he hath or shall have, as God would have him, and to his glory (as near as he can;) his next enquiry must be (for find∣ing out the will of God) to know in the ordinary course of his distribution, where God hath gone before him by any particular prescript, and tyed him to one certain way of giving, and where God hath only given him some general Direction, and left him to discern his Duty in particulars, by that ge∣neral Rule, and the further direction of objects and providence. And in this enquiry he will find,

• 1. That God hath first prescribed to him in Nature, the necessary sustentation of his own life. And,
• 2. The necessary maintenance of his children and family.
• 3. The necessary maintenance of the Preachers of the Gospel, for the Worship of God, and the salvation of men, 1 Cor. 9. Phil. 4. 10, 11, 14, 17, 18. Luke 10. 7. 1 Tim. 5. 17, 18.
• 4. The necessary maintenance of the Common-wealth, and paying tribute to the higher powers, who are the Ministers of God to us for good: attending continually upon this very thing, Rom. 13. 4, 6.
• 5. The saving of the lives of those that are in apparent danger of famine or perishing, within our sight or reach, 1 Iohn 3. 17. Luke 10. 33. Thus far God hath prescribed to us, how he would have us use our estates in an ordinary way. In many other things he hath left us to more General Directions.

3. To know among good works, which is to be preferred it principally concerneth Us next to know, what works do most contribute to our chiefest ends? which God is most honoured by? which tend to the greatest good? And here we shall find that caeteris paribus,

• 1. The Souls of men are to be preferred before their Bodies, in estimation and intention: But in time, the Body is oft to be preferred before the Soul, because if the Body be suffered to perish, the help∣ing of the Soul will be past our power.
• 2. And so the Church is finally and estimatively to be preferred before the Common-wealth; but the Common-wealth must be first served in time, when it is necessary to the Churches support and welfare: For the Church will else perish with the Common-wealth.
• 3. The good of many is to be preferred before the Good of few, and publick good to be valued above private, Rom. 9. 3.
• 4. A continued good is greater than a short and transitory good. And so necessary is it to have chief respect in all our works to our chiefest end (the greatest good,) that even when God seemeth to have prescribed to us the way of our expences, yet that is but as to our ordinary course, for if in an extraordinary case it fall out, that another way is more to Gods glory and the common good, it must be then preferred. For all means are to be judged of by the end, and chosen, and used for it. For example, if the good of Church and Common-wealth, or of the souls of many do stand up against our corporal provision of our children or families, it is to be preferred; which is easily proved a fortiore, because it is to be preferred before our own good, even the saving of our lives. A good subject will lose his life to save the life of his King: and a good Souldier will dye to save his General, or the Army. And a useless member of the Church should be content to dye, if it be necessary to save the life of a Pastor that is greatly useful. If a poor ordinary Christian then had been so put to it, that ei∣ther Paul or He must famish, no doubt but his ultimate end would have commanded him to prefer the Apostle before himself; So that in extraordinary cases, the end and greatest good must be our guide.

4. Though I may ordinarily prefer my own life ••efore anothers, yet I must not prefer my meer delight nor health, before anothers life: And though men must provide for the lives of their chil∣dren,

before the lives of others, yet the life of a poor neighbour (caeteris paribus,) must be prefer∣red and provided for, before the portions of your own children, and before the supply of their tolle∣rable wants: So that as long as there are poor about you, that are in necessity of food to save their lives, the portions or comliest clothing of your children, must rather be neglected, than the poor be suffered to perish. How else do I love my neighbour as my self, if I make so great a difference be∣tween my self and him?

5. Even the food and rayment, and other necessaries which a Christian useth himself, he must use for God, and not for his carnal self at all; not taking it as his own, which he may use at and for his own pleasure, but as part of his Masters goods, which are all to be used only for his service. As a steward, that when he giveth every servant his part, and taketh his own part, it is not as if it were primarily his own, but as a servant, on the same account with the rest. So when I devote all that I have to God, I am so far from excepting my own part, even my food and rayment, that I do more confidently intend the serving of God with that, than with the rest, because it is more in my power, and there is in it more of my duty. The same I may say of that which is given to our children and other relations.

6. Therefore when more of the service and interest of God, lyeth upon your own, or your childrens using of his talents, than upon other mens, you are bound (for God, and not for your selves,) to re∣tain so much the more to your selves and children. It is a fond conceit that a man is bound to give all to others, rather than to himself or children, when it is most probable, that those others, would do God less service with it, than himself or his children would do: As suppose such a man as Mr. Elliot in New England (that devoteth himself to the Conversion of the Indians) had riches, when some neighbour Ministers were poor, that are engaged in no such work: He that knoweth that God hath given him a heart and an opportunity to do him more service with it than another would do, is not bound to put it out of his own hands into anothers, that is less like to be a faithful im∣prover of it. If you have a Son of your own that is a Preacher of the Gospel, and is more able and serviceable than other Ministers in equal want, no doubt you have then a double obligation to re∣lieve your own Son before another; as he is your Son, and as he is more serviceable to God. If other men are bound to supply your want for the work and interest of the Gospel, you are not bound to give away your own supplyes, to the disabling you from your work, unless when you see a greater work, or the present absolute necessity of others, doth require it.

7. It is imprudent and unsafe, and therefore unlawful, ordinarily, to tye your self unchangably for continuance, to any one particular way of using your estates for God: As to vow that you will give it to Ministers, or to the poor, or to Schools, &c. because the changes may be such which God will make, as shall make that way to be one year necessary, which before was not, and so change your duty. We cannot prescribe to God what way he shall appoint us for the future, to use his ta∣lents in. His Word bids us prefer the greatest good; but which is the greatest, his providence must tell us.

8. He that hath no more than is necessary to the very preservation of his own life and his fami∣lies, is not bound to give to others (unless in some extraordinary case, which calleth him to pre∣fer a greater and more publick good:) And he that hath no more than is needful, to the comfortable support of himself and family, is not bound to relieve those that have no greater wants than himself. And his own necessity is not to be measured meerly by what he hath, but by the use he hath for it: For a Magistrate, or one that is engaged in publick works, may have as much need of many hundreds a year, as a private man of many pounds.

9. Those that have many children to provide for, or poor kindred that nature casteth on them, cannot give so much (proportionably▪) to other poor, as those are bound to do that have few or none: For these are bound to give all, except their personal necessaries, to publick, pious, or chari∣table works, because God calleth not for it any other way.

10. To pamper the flesh, is a sin as well in the Rich, as in the Poor: The Rich therefore are bound not only to give all that the flesh can spare, when its own inordinate desires are satisfied, but to de∣ny themselves, and mortifie the flesh, and be good husbands for God, and studiousness to retrench all unnecessary expences, and to live Laboriously and Thriftily, that they may have the more to do good with. It is a great extenuation of the largest gifts, as to Gods esteem, when they are but the leav∣ings of the flesh, and are given out of mens abundance, and when we offer that to God, that costeth us nothing: As Christ doth purposely determine the case, Luke 21. 1, 2, 3, 4. comparing the Rich mans gifts, with the Widows two mites, he said, Of a truth I say unto you, that this poor Widow hath cast in more than they all: For all these have of their abundance cast in unto the offerings of God; but she of her penury, hath cast in all the living that she had (that is, all the stock she had before-hand, though she had need of it her self.) It is a very considerable thing in our charity, how much mor∣tification and self-denyal is expressed in it, and how much it costeth our own flesh, to give to others. And therefore they that think they are excused from doing good to others, as long as they have any need of it themselves, and will give nothing but what they have no need of (it being not of absolute ne∣cessity to their lives) do offer a sacrifice of no great value in the eyes of God. What then shall we say of them, that will not give even out of their abundance, and that which without any suffering they may spare.

11. The first and principal thing to be done by one, that would give as God would have him, is, to get a truly charitable heart, which containeth all ••••ese parts,

• 1. That we see God in his needy creatures, and •••• his cause or work that needs our help.
• ...

• 2. That we be sensible of his abundant love in Christ to us, in giving pardon and eternal life; and that from the sense of this our thankful hearts are moved to do good to others.
• 3. That therefore we do it ultimately, as to Christ himself; who taketh that which is done for his cause and servants, as done to him, Matth. 25. 40.
• 4. That we conquer the cursed sin of selfishness, which makes men little regard any but themselves.
• 5. That we love our Neighbours as our selves, and love most, where there is most of God and goodness, and not according to self-interest: And that as members of the same Body, we take our brethrens wants and sufferings as our own; and then we should be as ready to help them as our selves.
• 6. That we know the vanity of worldly riches, and be not earthly-minded, but regard the inte∣rest of God and our souls, above all the treasures of the world.
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  7. That we unfeignedly believe the promises of God, who hath engaged himself to provide for us, and everlastingly to reward us in glory with himself. If these seven qualifications be wrought upon the Heart, good works will plentifully follow. Make▪ but the Tree good, and the fruit will be good. But when the Heart is void of the root and life which should produce them, the Iudgement will not be perswaded that so much is necessary, and required of us; and the will it self will still hang back, and be delaying to do good, and doing all pinchingly and hypocritically, with unwil∣lingness and distrust.

  No wonder if good works are so rare, when it is evident that to do them sincerely and heartily as our Trade and business, it is necessary that the whole soul be thus renewed, by faith, and love, and self-denyal, and mortification, and by a Heavenly hope and mind. They are the fruits and works of the new creature (which, is alas, too rare in the world:) For we are his workmanship, created in Christ Iesus unto good works, which God hath before ordained, that we should walk in them, Ephes. 2. 10. Therefore our first and chiefest labour should be to be sure that we are furnished with such hearts, and then if we have wherewith to do good, such hearts will be sure to do it; Such hearts will best discern the time and measure, as a healthful mans appetite will in eating: For they will take it for a mercy and happiness to do good, and know, that it is they that give, that are the great receivers. It is but a little money or alms, that the poor receive of us, but it is Gods acceptance, and favour, and reward that w•• re∣ceive, which is in this life a hundred fold (in value) and in the world to come eternal life, Matth. 19. 29. But if we have but little or nothing to give, such a heart is accepted, as if we had given as much as we desire to give; so that if you have a heart that would give thousands if you had it, God will set down upon your account, so many thousands given (in desire.) Your two mites shall be valued above all the superfluities of sensual worldlings: For if there be first a willing mind, it is accepted according to that a man hath, and not according to that he hath not: 2 Cor. 8. 12. But God taketh not that for a willing mind, which only saith, I would give if I should suffer nothing by it my self, or were sure I should not want: But that which saith, I will serve God as well as I can with my estate while I have it, and deny my flesh, that I may have to do good with, and trust God for my provision and re∣ward; for if there be a readiness to will, there will be a performance also out of that which you have, 2 Cor. 8. 11.

12. Such a holy self-denying Charitable heart, with the help of prudence, is the best Iudge of the due Proportion which we should give: For this willing readiness being supposed, Prudence will discern the fittest objects, and the fittest time, and the fittest measure, and will suit the means unto the end: When once a mans heart is set upon doing good, it will not be very hard to perceive how much our selves, our families, the poor, and religious uses should have; for if such a person be Prudent him∣self, he hath alwayes with him, a constant Counsellor, with a general Rule, and directing Providence: If he want Prudence sufficient to be his own Director, he will take Direction from the Prudence of others.

13. Such a truly willing mind, will not be much wanting in the General, of doing good, but one way or other, will serve God with his estate; and then if in any particulars he should come short, it will com∣paratively be a very small sin, when it is not for want of willingness, but of skill. The will is the chief seat of all moral good and evil: There is no more virtue than there is will, nor no more sin or vice, than there is will. He that knoweth not how much he should give, because he is not willing to give it, and therefore not willing to know it, is indeed the miser and sinfully ignorant; but if it be not for want of a willing mind that we mistake the proportion, it will be a very pardonable mistake.

14. Your proportion of the Tenth part, is too much for some, and much too little for others, but for the most, I think it as likely a proportion as it is fit for another to prescribe in particular, with these following explications.

• 1. He that hath a full stock of money, and no increase by it, must give proportionably out of his stock; when he that hath little or no stock, but the ••ruits of his daily industry and labour, may possibly be bound to give less than the other.
• 2. It is not the Tenth of our increase, deducting first all our families provision, that you mean when you direct to give the Tenth (for it is far more, if not all, that after such provision must be given;) But it is the Tenth without deduction that you mean: Therefore when family necessaries cannot spare the Tenth, it may be too much (else even the Receivers must all be Givers:) But when family necessities can spare much more than the Tenth, then the Tenth is not enough.

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  3. In those places where Church, and State and poor, are all to be maintained by free gift, there the Tenth of our increase is far too little, for those that have any thing considerable to spare, to give to all these uses.

  This is apparent in that the Tenths alone were not thought enough even in the time of the Law, to give towards the publick worship of God: For beside the Tenths, there were the first fruits, and ob∣lations, and many sorts of sacrifices; and yet at the same time, the Poor were to be maintained by liberal gifts beside the Tenths; And though we read not of much given to the maintenance of their Rulers and Magistrates, before they chose to have a King, yet afterwards we read of much; And before, the charges of wars and publick works, lay upon all.

  In most places with us, the publick Ministry is maintained by Glebe and Tythes, which are none of the peoples gift at all; for he that sold, or leased them their lands, did suppose that Tythes were to be payed out of it, and therefore they paid a Tenth part less for it, in Purchase, Fines, or Rents, than otherwise they should have done; so that I reckon, that most of them give little or nothing to the Minister at all. Therefore they may the better give so much the more to the needy, and to other charitable uses. But where Minister, and Poor, and all are maintained by the peoples contribution, there the Tenths are too little for the whole work; but yet to most, or very many, the Tenths to the Poor alone, besides, the maintenance of the Ministry and State, may possibly be more than they are able to give. The Tenths even among the Heathens, were given in many places to their Sacrifices, Priests, and to Religious, Publick, Civil works, besides all their private Charity to the Poor.

  I find in Diog. Laertius, lib. 1. (mihi) 32. that Pisistratus the Athenian Tyrant, proving to Solon (in his Epistle to him) that he had nothing against God or man to blame him for, but for taking the Crown; t••lling him, that he caused them to keep the same Laws which Solon gave them, and that better than the popular Government could have done, doth instance thus: Atheniensium singuli deci∣mas frugum suarum separant, non in usus nostros consumendas, verum sacrificiis publicis, commodisque Communibus, & si quando bellum contra nos ingruerit, in sumpius deputandas; that is, Every one of the Athenians do separate the Tythes of their fruits, not to be consumed to our uses, but to defray the charge in publick sacrifices, and in the common profits, and if war at any time invade us. And Plautus saith, Ut decimam solveret Herculi. Indeed as among the Heathens the Tythes were conjunctly given for Religious and Civil uses, so it seems that at first the Christian Emperours setled them on the Bishops for the use of the poor, as well as for the Ministers, and Church-service, and utensils. For to all these they were to be divided, and the Bishop was as the guardian of the poor: And the glebe or farmes that were given to the Church, were all employed to the same uses: And the Canons required that the Tythes should be thus disposed of by the Clergy; non tanquam propriae, sed domino oblatae: And the Emperour Iustinian commanded the Bishops, ne ea quae ecclesiis relicta sunt sibi adscribant sed in necessarios Ecclesiae usus impendant; l. 43. c. de Epise. & Cler. vid. Albert. Ran••z. Metrop. l. 1. c. 2. & sax. l. 6. c. 52. And Hierom (ad Damas.) saith, Quoniam quicquid habent clerici pauperum est; & domus illorum omnibus debent esse communes; susceptioni peregrinorum & hospitum invigilare debent: Maxime curandum est illis, ut de decimis & oblationibus, caenobiis & Xenodochiis qualem voluerint & potue∣rint sustentationem impendant.

  Yet then the paying of Tythes did not excuse the people from all other charity to the poor: Austin saith, Qui sibi aut praemium comparat, aut peccatorum desiderat indulgentiam promereri, reddat decimam, etiam de novem partibus studeat eleemosynam dare pauperibus. And in our times there is less reason that Tythes should excuse the people from their works of charity, both because the Tythes are now more appropriate to the maintenance of the Clergy, and because (as is aforesaid) the people give them not out of their own. I confess, if we consider how Decimation was used before the Law by Abraham and Iacob, and established by the Law unto the Iews, and how commonly it was used among the Gentiles, and last of all by the Church of Christ, it will make a considerate man imagine, that as there is still a Divine Direction for one day in seven, as a necessary proportion of Time, to be ordinarily consecrated to God, besides what we can spare from our other dayes; so that there is something of a Divine Ca∣non, or direction for the Tenth of our revenews or increase, to be ordinarily consecrated to God, be∣sides what may be spared from the rest. And whether those Tythes that are none of your own▪ and cost you nothing, be now to be reckoned to ••rivate men, as any of their Tenths, which they them∣selves should give, I leave to your considerati••••. Amongst Augustines works, we find an opinion that the Devils were the Tenth part of the Angels, and that man is now to be the Tenth order among the Angels, the Saints filling up the place that the Devils fell from, and there being nine orders of Angels to be above us, and that in this, there is some ground of our paying Tenths; and therefore he saith, that, Haec est Domini justissima consuetudo; ut si tu illi decimam non dederis, tu ad decimam revocaberis; id est, daemonibus, qui sunt decima pars angelorum associaberis. Though I know not whence he had this opinion, it seemeth that the devoting of a tenth part ordinarily to God, is a matter that we have more than a humane Direction for.

15. In times of extraordinary necessities of the Church, or State, or Poor, there must be extraordi∣nary bounty in our Contributions; As if an enemy be ready to invade the Land, or if some extraor∣dinary work of God (as the Conversion of some Heathen Nations) do require it, or some extraor∣dinary persecution, and distress befall the Pastours, or in a year of famine, plague, or war, when the necessities of the poor are extraordinary: The tenths in such cases will not suffice, from those that have more to give; Therefore in such a time, the Primitive Christians sold their possessions, and laid down the price at the feet of the Apostles.

In one word, an honest charitable heart, being presupposed as the root or fountain, and prudence being the discerner of our duty, the Apostles general Rule may much satisfie a Christian for the proportion, 1 Cor. 16. 2. [Let every one of you lay by him in store, as God hath prospered him.] And 2 Cor. 8. 12. According to that a man hath; though there be many intimations, that ordinarily a Tenth part at least is requisite.

III. Having thus resolved the question of the quota pars, or proportion to be given, I shall say a little to the question, Whether a man should give most in his life time, or at his Death?

Answ. 1. It is certain that the best work, is that which is like to do most good.

2. But to make it best to us, it is necessary that we do it with the most self-denying, holy, charitable mind.

3. That caeteris paribus, all things else being equal, the present doing of a good work, is better than to defer it.

4. That to do good only when you dye, because then you can keep your wealth no longer, and be∣cause then it costeth you nothing to part with it, and because then you hope that this shall serve instead of true Repentance and Godliness; this is but to deceive your selves, and will do nothing to save your souls, though it do never so much good to others.

5. That he that sinfully neglecteth in his life time to do good, if he do it at his death, from true repentance and Conversion, it is then accepted of God; though the sin of his delay must be la∣mented.

6. That he that delayeth it till Death, not out of any selfishness, backwardness, or unwillingness, but that the work may be the better, and do more good, doth better than if he hastened a lesser good. As if a man have a desire to set up a Free School for perpetuity, and the money which he hath is not sufficient; if he stay till his Death, that so the improvement of the money may increase it; and make it enough for his intended work; this is to do a greater good with greater self-denial: For

• 1. He receiveth none of the increase of the money for himself.
• 2. And he receiveth in his life time none of the praise or thanks of the work: So also, if a man that hath no Children, have so much Land only as will maintain him, and desireth to give it all to charitable uses when he dyeth, this delay is not at all to be blamed, because he could not sooner give it; and if it be not in vain-glory, but in love to God and to good works that he leaveth it, it is truly acceptable at last. So that all good works that are done at death, are not therefore to be undervalued, nor are they rejected of God; but sometimes it falleth out that they are so much the greater and better works, though he that can do the same in his life time, ought to do it.

IV. But though I have spent all these words in answering these Questions, I am fully satisfied that it is very few that are kept from doing good, by any such doubt or difficulty, in the case which stalls their judgements; but by the power of sin, and want of grace, which leaveth an unwillingness, and backwardness on their hearts. Could we tell how to remove the impediments in mens wills, it would do more, than the clearest resolving all the cases of Conscience, which their judgements seem to be unsatisfied in. Ple tell you what are the impediments in your way, that are harder to be removed than all these difficulties, and yet must be overcome before you can bring men to be like true Christians, rich in good works.

1. Most men are so sensual and so selfish, that their own flesh is an insatiable gulf that devoureth all, and they have little or nothing to spare from it to good uses. It is better cheap maintaining a family of temperate, sober persons, than one fleshly person that hath a whole litter of vices and lusts to be maintained: So much a year seemeth necessary to maintain their pride, in needless curiosity and bravery, and so much a year to maintain their sensual sports and pleasures; and so much to please their throats or appetites, and to lay in provision for Feavers, and Dropsies, and Coughs, and Con∣sumptions, and an hundred such diseases, which are the natural progeny of gluttony, drunkenness, and excess; and so much a year to maintain their Idleness; and so of many other vices. But if one of these persons have the Pride, and Idleness, and Gluttony, and Sportfulness, of Wife, and Children and Family also to maintain, as well as their own, many thousand pounds a year perhaps may be too little: Many a conquering Army hath been maintained at as cheap a rate, as such an Army of Lusts (or Garrison at least) as keep possession of some such families, when all their Luxury goeth for the ho∣nour of their family, and they glory in wearing the livery of the Devil, the World and the Flesh, (which they once renounced and pretended to Glory in nothing but the Cross of Christ); and when they take care in the education of their Children, that this entailed honour be not cut off from their Fa∣milies, no wonder if God's part be little from these men, when the Flesh must have so much; and when God must stand to the courtesie of his enemies, and have but their leavings. I hope the Nobility and Gentry of England that are innocent herein, will not be offended with me if I, tell them that are guilty, that when I foresee their reckoning, I think them to be the miserablest persons upon earth, that rob God, and rob the King of that which should defray the charges of Government, and rob the Church, and rob the poor, and rob their souls of all the benefits of good works, and all to please the devouring flesh: It's a dreadful thing to foresee with what horrour they will give up their accounts, when instead of so much in feeding, and cloathing the poor, and promoting the Gospel, and the saving of mens souls, there will be found upon their reckoning, so much in vain curiosities and pride, and so much in costly sports and plea∣sures, and so much in flesh-pleasing Luxury and Excess. The trick that they have got of late, to free themselves from the fears of this account, by believing that there will be no such day, will prove a short and lamentable remedy: and when that day shall come upon them unawares, their unbelief and

pleasures will dye together, and deliver them up to never-dying horrour and despair. I have heard it oft mentioned as the dishonour of France, that the third part of the revenews of so rich a Kingdom, should be devoted and paid to the maintaining of Superstition: But if there be not many (and most) Kingdoms in the world, where one half of their wealth is devoted to the Flesh, and so to the Devil, I should be glad to find my self herein mistaken: And judge you which is more disgraceful, to have half your estates given in sensuality to the Devil, or a third part too ignorantly devoted to God! If men laid out no more than needs upon the flesh, they might have the more for the service of God and of their souls: You cannot live under so much a year, as would maintain above twice as many frugal, temperate, industrious persons, because your flesh must needs be pleased, and you are strangers to Christian mortification and self-denial. Laertius tell us that Crates Thebanus put all his money into the Bankers or Usurers hands, with this direction, that If his sons proved Ideots it should all be paid to them, but if they proved Philosophers, it should be given to the poor: because Philosophers can live upon a little, and therefore need little. So if we could make men Mortified Christians, they would need so little for themselves, that they would have the more to give to others, and to do good with.

2. Men do not seriously believe Gods promises; that he will recompence them in this life (with better things) an hundred fold, and in the world to come with life eternal! Matth. 19. 29. And that by receiving a Prophet, or righteous man, they may have a Prophets or righteous mans reward: Matth. 10. 41. And that a cup of cold water (when you have no better) given to one of Christs little ones in the name of a Disciple, shall not be unrewarded, Matth. 10. 42. They believe not that Heaven will pay for all, and that there is a life to come in which God will see that they be no losers. They think there is nothing certain but what they have in hand, and therefore they lay up a treasure upon earth, and rather trust to their estates than God: whereas if they verily believed that there is another life, and that judgement will pass on them on the terms described, Matth. 25. they would more in∣dustriously lay up a treasure in Heaven, Matth. 6. 20. and make themselves friends of the Mammon of un∣righteousness, and study how to be rich in good works, and send their wealth to Heaven before them, and lay up a good foundation against the time to come, that they may lay hold upon eternal life: and then they would be ready to distribute, and willing to communicate, 1 Tim. 6. 17, 18, 19. Luk. 16. 9. They would then know how much they are beholden to God, that will not only honour them to be his Stewards, but reward them for distributing his maintenance to his Children, as if they had given so much of their own: They would then see that it is they that are the receivers, and that giving is the surest way to be rich, when for transitory things (sincerely given) they may receive the Everlasting riches. Then they would see that he that saveth his Riches loseth them, and he that loseth them for Christ, doth save them, and lay them up in Heaven: and that it is more blessed to give than to receive; and that we should our selves be laborious that we may have wherewith to support the weak, and to give unto the needy: Read Act. 20. 35. Ephes. 4. 28. Prov. 31. 20, &c. Then they would not be weary of well∣doing, if they believed, that, in due season they shall reap if they faint not; but as they have opportunity, would do good to all men; but especially to them that are of the houshold of faith, Gal. 6. 9, 10. They would not forget to do good, and communicate, as knowing that with such sacrifice God is well-pleased, Heb. 13. 16. A true belief of the Reward, would make men strive who should do most.

3. Another great hinderance is the want of Love to God and our neighbours, to Christ and his Disci∣ples. If men loved Christ, they would not deal so niggardly with his disciples, when he has told them that he taketh all that they do to the least of them (whom he calleth his brethren) as done to himself, Matth. 25. & 10. 39, 40.

If men loved their neighbours as themselves, I leave you to judge in what proportion and manner they would relieve them? whether they would find money to lay out on Dice and Cards, and glut∣tonous feastings, on playes, and games, and pomp, and pride, while so many round about them are in pinching want.

The destruction of Charity or Christian Love, is the cause that works of Charity are destroyed. Who can look that the seed of the Serpent, that hath an enmity against the holy seed, should liberally relieve them! or that the fleshly mind which is enmity against God, should be ready to do good to the spiri∣tual and holy servants of God? Gen. 3. 15. Rom. 8. 6, 7, 8. Or that a selfish man should much care for any body but himself and his own? When Love is turned into the hatred of each other, upon the account of our partial interests, and opinions; and when we are like men in war, that think he is the bravest, most deserving man, that hath killed most; when men have bitter, hateful thoughts of one another, and set themselves to make each other odious, and to ruine them, that they may stand the faster, and think that destroying them is good service to God, who can look for the fruits of Love from damnable uncharitableness and hatred; or that the Devils tree should bring forth holy fruit to God?

4. And then (when Love is well-spoken of by all, even its deadly enemies) lest men should see their wickedness and misery, (and is it not admirable that they see it not?) the Devil hath taught them to play the Hypocrites, and make themselves a Religion which costs them nothing, without true Christian Love and Good works, that they may have something to quiet and cheat their consciences with. One man drops now and then an inconsiderable gift, and another oppresseth, and hateth and destroy∣eth (and slandereth, and censureth, that he may not be thought to hate and ruine without cause); and when they have done, they wipe their mouths with a few Hypocritical prayers or good words, and and think they are good Christians, and God will not be avenged on them: One thinks that God will save him because he is of this Church, and another because he is of another Church: One thinks to be saved because he is of this opinion and party in Religion, and another because he is of that: One

thinks he is religious, because he saith his prayers this way, and another because he prayeth another way. And thus dead Hypocrites, whose hearts were never quickened with the powerful Love of God, to love his servants, their neighbours, and enemies, do perswade themselves that God will save them for mock∣ing and flattering him with the service of their deceitful lips: while they want the Love of God, which is the root of all Good, and are possessed with the Love of money, which is the root of all evil, 1 Tim. 6. 10. and are Lovers of pleasures more than God, 2 Tim. 3. 4.

They will joyn themselves forwardly to the cheap and outside actions of Religion: but when they hear much less than [One thing thou yet wantest: sell all that thou hast and distribute to the poor, and thou shalt have a treasure in Heaven:] they are very sorrowful, because they are very rich, Luk. 18. 22, 23. Such a fruitless love as they had to others, Iam. 2. such a fruitless Religion they have as to themselves: For pure Religion and undefiled before God, is to visit the fatherless and widows in their ad∣versity, and to keep your selves unspotted from the world, James 1. 27. See 1 Joh. 2. 15. & 3. 17. Wh••s•• hath this worlds goods, and seeth his brother hath need, and shutteth up his bowels of comp••ssion from him; how dwelleth the love of God in him? There are specially three Texts that describe the case of sensual uncharitable Gentlemen.

• 1. Luk. 16. A Rich man cloathed in purple and silk (for so, as Dr. Hammond noteth, it should rather be translated) and fared sumptuously every day, you know the end of him.
• 2. Ezek. 16. 49. Sodoms sin was, Pride, fulness of bread, and abundance of idleness, neither did she strengthen the hand of the poor and needy.
• 3. James 5. 1, to 7. Go to now, ye rich men, weep and howl for the miseries that shall come upon you—Ye have lived in pleasure on earth, and been wanton: ye have nourished your hearts, as in (or for) the day of slaughter—Ye have condemned and killed the just, and he doth not resist you—And remember Prov. 21. 13. Whoso stoppeth his cars at the cry of the poor, he also shall cry himself and shall not be heard. And Jam. 2. 13. He shall have judgement without mercy that shewed no mercy, and mercy rejoyceth against judgement. Yea in this life it is oft observable, Prov. 11. 24. There is that scattereth, and yet increaseth, and there is that with-holdeth more than is meet, but it tendeth to poverty.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Quest.
• * 1.2

  Motives.
• * 1.3

  Quest. 2.
• * 1.4

  Quest. 3.
• * 1.5

  〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Pre∣〈…〉〈…〉e to my 〈…〉〈…〉ok called, 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Crucifying 〈…〉〈…〉he world—
• * 1.6

  Quest. 4.
• * 1.7

  Quest. 5.
• * 1.8

  Quest. 6.
• * 1.9

  Quest. 7.