A short account, of the nature and use of maps as also some short discourses of the properties of the earth, and of the several inhabitants thereof : to which is subjoin'd, A catalogue of the factories and places now in possession of the English, French, Dutch, Spaniards, Portegueze and Danes, both in the East and West-Indies.

OF THE EARTH.

THE Earth was in the Beginning, by Command of the Most High, created out of a Chaos, or a con∣fused Heap, which before had no Form, and was made a Habitation for Man to dwell upon, that, for a time, he might Contemplate upon the inferiour Works of his Creator. The Description of this Earth is termed Geography, and the Fi∣gure that the Earth and Water do toge∣ther Constitute, is, by many Observati∣ons and Experiments prov'd to be round, or in form of a Globe, hanging by no∣thing in the Air, and by the most Accu∣rate Observations its Circumference, is found near 24971 English Miles, and consequently its Diameter 7291 of the said Miles, as has been found by the late Experiments of several Nations. The

greatest part of this Globe is covered with Water, for ought we yet know, which at the Creation, by the Almigh∣ty Decree, was gathered into one place, call'd the Sea: This Ball, or Globe, of Earth and Water, is covered with a thin subtile matter, call'd Air, by which it is rendred Habitable, in the Center of this Globe, is an Actractive Power, by ver∣tue whereof all heavy Bodies, though loosed from it, will again return and cling to it, by which faculty 'tis defen∣ded from Dissolution, in not permiting the least part thereof to be seperated from it.

This Globe by its (or the Suns) two∣fold motion, enjoys the grateful Vicis∣situdes of Day and Night, Winter and Summer; the first, by turning upon its own Axis once in 24 Hours, and the second, by having the said Axis car∣ried about the Sun in the space of one Year, by some unknown prin∣ciple of Nature, during the time of its other Revolution; and this Axis not being perpendicular to the plain, in which the said Annual Motion is performed, causeth one Hemisphere to have more of the Sun's Light for one half Year, and the other Hemisphere for the other.

Arguments for proving the Spherick, or Globular form of the Earth.

A Globe, or Sphere, is a perfect round solid Body, contained un∣der one Surface, in the midst of which is a point call'd the Center, from whence all Lines drawn to the out-side are equal; these Lines are termed Semidiameters.

Of this Form and Figure is the whole Earth and Sea, as we have reason to con∣clude, from several undoubted Obser∣vations and Experiments, the principal of which follows.

First, Eclipses of the Moon which are caused by the Earths coming be∣twixt the Sun and Her; for the Moon having no light, but what she receives from the Sun, is hindred of it by the Opaque Body of the Earth, who inter∣posing betwixt the Sun and Moon, casts her shaddow upon the Moon, which to us appears Circular thereon; and there∣fore, according to Optick Principles, the Earth from whence it proceeds, is a Sphe∣rick, or Globular Body.

Secondly, Eclipses of the Sun, which are caused by the Moon's passing be∣twixt him and those places where he ap∣pears Eclipsed; for unless the Earth were Globular, as Astronomers have assumed it, the time when, and place where, So∣lar Eclipses should happen, could not be determin'd; but seeing both time and place is nicely limited, their suppositi∣on of the Earth's roundess must needs be true.

Thirdly, Because all the Phenomenae do Rise, Culminate, and Set, sooner to the Eastern then to Western Inhabitants, as has been observed by those who have carri∣ed correct Time-keepers to Sea, and this proportionally according to the roundness of the Earth.

Fourthly, Viewing from the shoar a Ship a good distance from you, at first you shall only perceive her Top-sails, but as she approaches nearer, you shall see her Lower-sails, and at last her Hull, which I think is an Evident Proof of the Earth's Sphericity; for did not the Glo∣bosity of the Water interpose betwixt our sight and the Ship, we might more easily see her Hull than her Top-sails at first.

Fifthly, Our Modern Navigators, in their Voyages, especially, those that have been made round the World by Drake and Cavendish, make it very ap∣parent; for sailing Eastward, they have, without turning back, arived to the place from whence they first set Sail, on∣ly they came short home by one Day and Night, that is, they were absent 24 Hours more by their own reckoning, than by the account of them kept at Home, which thing further Confirms the Earth's Sphericity.

Sixthly, It is found by daily Practice, that the Degrees of every parallel upon Earth, have the same proportion to the Degrees of the Equinoctial, as the Degrees of the like parallel of an Artifi∣cial Globe, has to a Degree of the Equi∣noctial thereon described.

Seventhly and Lastly, Common Expe∣rience shows us, That sailing, or going towards the North, we raise the North-Pole, and Northern Stars, and on the contrary, do depress the South-Pole and Southern Stars, the North Elevation en∣creasing equally with the South Depres∣sion, and both proportional according to the distance sailed, the like happens in

sailing Southwards; besides, the Oblique Ascention, Descentions, Amplitude of rise∣ing and seting of the Sun, Moon and Stars, would be the same in all places, were not the Earth Globular.

And it may further be observable, that was not the Earth Globular, but a long Round-flat, as some have foolishly im∣agined, then these absurdities would follow, viz.

The Elevation of the Pole, and Height of the Stars, would be the same in all places.

The same appearance of the Heavens would be to all Inhabitants.

The Sun, Moon and Stars would Rise, Culminate, and Set, to all places at the same time.

Eclipses would appear to all People at the same time.

The Days and Nights would be of the same length to all parts, neither would there be Day in one place, when there is Night in another.

Shadows would be alike in all places, that is, all of them would be one way, neither would one Country be Hotter or Colder than another.

But though we thus endeavour to prove the Earth round, yet it must not strickly be taken, as if there were no in∣equalities of its Surface; for the Moun∣tains, Hills and Vallies, which are so common in most parts of it, cause some Irregularities and Cragginess in the Sur∣face; yet because the greatness of these inequalities have scarce any sensible pro∣portion to the whole, the height of the highest Mountain being not 1/6000 part of its Diameter, which is inconsiderable; and therefore notwithstanding these small Irregularities, we may affirm the Earth to be round, or in form of a Globe, or Sphere.

Of the Measure of the Earth.

THE Earth and Water being of this Form, we shall in the next place enquire into its Extent, for the effecting of which, several Essays have been made, to find either its Circumference or Dia∣meter; for when one of them is gotten, the other is easily known, and by ha∣ving them both, its Surface and Solidi∣ty may be nicely Discovered.

Now, as their Conclusions has been different, so has the ways by which they have endeavoured to attain them. Eratosthenes's way was by the Sun-beams, and Shade of a Stile, vid. Deschale's use of 29. 1 Euc. Maurolycus Abbot of Mes∣suva, his way was by finding the Quan∣tity of the Angle, made by two lines drawn from the Surface of the Earth, to the top of any high Hill, vid. Deschale's use of the 6. 2. Euc. A third way was by Eclipses, which is very uncertain, for a small mistake in the times of Obser∣vation at one or both of the places, will cause a very great and sensible Error, in the distances of the said places.

A Fourth and surest way which has been try'd by most Nations, is, that of measuring North and South under one Meridian, some good large Distance, viz. one or two Hundred Miles; for in those Observations of small Distances, there can be no certain Conclusion. The me∣thod of doing this, is either with an In∣strument and Chain, or else with a Pe∣rambulator, or measuring Wheel, which after 'tis actually taken, must with great care be plotted down upon Paper, but not without allowing for the Variation

of the Needle, and all notable Ascents and Descents with other turnings and windings, that will of necessity be met with in the way, and so by this means we shall come to know how many Miles on the Earth will answer to a Degree in the Heavens, provided an exact Obser∣vation by a large Quadrant, or other In∣strument, be made to find the Latitude of the place we begin to measure from, and the Latitude of the place we measure to.

According to this Method, did Mr. Richard Norwood, a good Mathematici∣an, and an able Sea-man, in the Year 1635. make an Experiment in measuring the Distance betwixt London and York, by which he found one Degree upon Earth, that is, the 1/360 part of the Circumfe∣rence of the Earth to contain 69 4/11 Eng∣lish Miles (each English Mile contain∣ing 5280 Feet) and consequently the whole Circumference of the Earth 24971 English Miles, and its Diameter 7291 of the same. From these Dimensions will the Area of the Surface of the whole Globe of Earth and Water be found to be 197795291 square English Miles, and its solid Content 261089784120 Cubi∣cal

English Miles, which account doth likewise nearly agree with the Dutch and French.

Definitions.

THE Earth being in the Form be∣fore Described, Astronomers have form'd an Artificial one in representation thereof, on which they have Pictured both Sea and Land in all their parts, and according to their Scituation so far as is known, a type of which is here deline∣ated, where the straight Line 90. 90. 90 in one Hemisphere is the Axis of the World, the Arches 80. 80; 70. 70; &c. encreasing in bigness are parallels of La∣titude, and the Arches 90. 80. 90; 90. 70. 90, &c. are hour Circles, or Meri∣dians; among which is one that is the outermost which is as it were the Land∣mark of the whole Sphere, being the bounds from whence the Longitude of any particular place is accounted qu•••••• round the Globe.

Now this Meridian from whence we begin to reckon the Longitude, has been differently assigned by several Nations, for the Arabian and Nubian Geographers, place it at the utmost Extremity of the Western shoar.

Ortelius, in his Sheet-Map of Europe, makes London to lie in 28 Degrees, but in his Sheet-Map of France and Belgia, it lies but in 21 Degrees of Longitude; so that where he begins his Longitude, is not exactly known.

The Spaniards, since the West-Indies Conquest, begins at Toledo, and contra∣ry to all other Accounts, reckon their Longitude is from East to West.

Blaew, the Dutch Geographer, begins his at Teneriff, the most Noted of the Ca∣nary Islands, though on his large Map of the World, he makes it pass through Tercera, one of the Azores.

Sansoon, the French Geographer, begins his at Ferro, one of the Canaries: Our late Geographers, especially the English, place it in the Azores, some beginning at Tercera, others at Corvo, a third at Gra∣tiosia; though upon our new sort of Globes, and some late Maps, it is made to pass through the Westermost part of St. Michaels.

So that Longitude is the distance of a place reckoned in the Equator, from the Meridian, which passes through that place you begin your Longitude from.

Latitude is the nearest distance of a place from the Equator, or the height of Pole above the Horizon.

Continent, is a great part of the Habi∣table Earth that lies together, not being divided by the Sea; such is the whole Continent of Europe, Asia and Africa, as likewise America.

Island, is a piece of Land Environ'd quite round with Water, as Great Bri∣tain, Ireland, &c.

An Isthmus, is that little Neck of Land that joins a piece of Land to the Conti∣nent; such is that of Sues, which ties Asia to Africa, and that of Corinth, which ties Morea to Greece.

Peninsula, is almost an Island, being that which is so tied to the Continent by an Isthmus; such is Affrica and Morea.

A Promontory, or Cape, is a high Land bending or running out into the Sea; such is the Cape of St. Vincent's, Cape of Good Hope, &c.

Mountain, is a part of the Earth higher than the rest; such is the Alps, the Che∣viat Hills.

Of the Water.

THE Ocean, or Main Sea, is that vast body of the Water, that en∣virons, or surrounds, the Continent.

Gulph, is an Arm of the Ocean, running in between Lands; such is the Gulph of Persia, Arabia, &c.

Straight, is a narrow Channel that joyns one Sea to another, or Gulph to the Ocean; such is that of Gibralter, which joins the Mediteranean to the Western Ocean.

Lake, is that which continually keeps standing Water in it; such is that of Nicaragua in America, and Zair in Af∣frica.

River, is a fresh running Water, that looses its Streams in the Sea; such is Thames, Severn, &c.

Port, or Harbour, is a small portion of the Sea of such Depth, and so hemn'd in by the Land, that Ships may there Ride in Safety.

Bay, is likewise an Arm of the Oce∣an, but the Entrance thereof is much wi∣der than that of a Gulph.

Shelf, is either a heap of Sand, or else a Rock that lies near the Surface of the Water.

Archipelago, is a Sea where many Islands are.

A short Description of the making and projecting of Circular Maps.

MAPS are only the Pictures, or Representations of any part, or parts, of the Globe in Plano, that is, they are a Perspective Draught either of the whole, or else some particular place, or part of the Earth: For suppose the Earth was Transparent, and the Eye to be placed some where in the Equator, and that at Right Angles, to the Line passing from the Eye to the opposite part of the Earth, a Plain be conceived to be placed cuting the Earth into two equal Parts, that is passing through the Earth's Cen∣ter; then I say, if from the Eye Rays be im∣agined to pass thro' the said Plain, to eve∣ry Physical Point in the obverse Hemi∣sphere of the Earth, these Lines shall pro∣ject Points upon the said Plain, which, if join'd, will give the true Picture of one

half of the places on the Earth's Surface. And because, but one half of a Globe is to be seen at one time, therefore if you desire a Representation of the whole Terraqueous Globe, it must be done in two Hemispheres.

According to this Representation, there is Geometrick Rules laid down, for Projecting and Delineating the Cir∣cles and Lines as they thus appear to the Eye, whether 'tis upon the plain of a Meridian, which makes the common Hemispheres, or else upon the Equator, which is that we call the Polar Pro∣jection, because the Eye is supposed in the Pole? And this Projection is almost as frequent as the other.

As for the Geometrick Directions, for teaching how to draw these Circles and Lines, as they thus appear to the Eye, either upon the plain of the Meridian, or Equator, I shall not here show, be∣cause it properly belongs to the Projecti∣on of the Sphere.

How to lay down places upon the Hemispheres.

BUT supposing it done, I shall di∣rect you how to lay down places upon the Hemispheres, having therefore compleated a Projection of the Imagina∣ry Circles, viz. Equator, Meridian, Par∣rallels, &c. as in the annexed Map of the World may be seen; consider that the Longitude and Latitude of any place is determined by the Meridian, and Pa∣rallel of that place, so that having the Longitude and Latitude of any place, we may incert it in the Map thus: Count from the Meridian, or outermost Circle on the Equator, the Longitude of the place you desire to Express, so shall you thereby find the Meridian of that place; Then among the Parallels find the Latitude of that place, and in the point where the Meridian and Parallel intersect, is the place to be put in the Hemisphere

By this Artifice, may the one half of the Earth's Surface, by taking several points, be delineated in Plano, just as

it appears to the Eye in the aforesaid Po∣sition, and after the like manner is the other Hemisphere to be projected.

If you would make a Map, but of some large part of the Earth, such as Europe, Asia, Germany, Spain, France, &c. the method and manner of doing it, is the same with the preceding, only in this case, the projection is made much larger, and then cut off in a square form to such Latitude and Longitude, as will contain the extream Latitudes and Lon∣gitudes of that portion of the Earth you design a Map off. After the same manner may you divide it, if it be a Map of Europe, Asia, &c. into its Em∣pires, Kingdoms and Provinces, by lay∣ing down the Latitudes and Longitudes thereof.

Of the making of right lin'd Maps.

MAPS that are Projected after this way, ought to be but of small places, that is, such which have scarce a sensible proportion to the whole Surface of the Earth, else they will be very Erronious, because the least portion of the Earth's Surface is Spherical, which, if we consider, and take for plain, as we do in this Case, must needs be false; but for small places lying either upon the Equator, or within few Degrees of it, they may without much Error be thus Represented, their Surface being very little differing from a true Plain.

In order therefore to make a Map of some such place, consider both the dif∣ference of Longitude and Latitude of the extream parts thereof; As suppose I would make a Map of a place, whose diffe∣rence of Longitude is 4 Degrees, and the difference of Latitudes, if they were both North or South (else the sum of them) 6 Degrees; draw a blind Line, then take

any length for a Degree, which let be as large as you please, for the larger the better: This length prick off 4 times on the said Line, for your Degrees of Longi∣tude, after which raise a Perpendicular, and take the same distance as before, and run off 6 times upon it, this done, com∣pleat the Parallelogram, whose sides in this Case, will be as 6 to 4, that is, the Latitude is 6 Degrees, and the Longitude 4▪ and this finishes the Limits of your Map.

It will be necessary also to subdivide each Degree into 6. 10. or more equal parts, as the largeness of the Degree will permit; after which, prefix both to Top, Bottom, and each side the Num∣bers, Corresponding to the Latitudes and Longitudes.

How to lay down Places on this Plan.

THE Plan being thus prepared, and a Table of the Longitudes and La∣titudes, of all the boundary parts of the place you would make a Map off, if laid down before you, which Latitudes are actually and nicely found by some large Quadrant or other Instrument, and the Longitudes calculated from the bearings of Places, observed by the Needle, Di∣stances measured, &c. Proceed as follows.

Suppose one point of the place you design a Map off, is in the Latitude of 2 Degrees, 20 Minutes, and Longitude of 14 Degrees, 40 Minutes: Here I be∣gin and count from the Bottom of the Map, upwards on each side, 2 Degrees 20 Minutes, and from those two points draw a blin'd line through the Map, this done, I count from the left hand side of the Map towards the right, both at Top and Bottom, 14 Degrees 40 Minutes, and from these two Points, draw an ob∣scure Line also quite through the Map;

the point where these two lines cross each other, is the true point, where such place ought to be set; after the same manner, proceed to incert all the bounda∣ries, and principle places within the Map, by having their Longitudes and Latitudes; And here Note, That the more Latitudes and Longitudes of the Boundaries you take, the more exact and true will your Map be limited.

As for places that lie in great North Latitude, suppose betwixt 50 and 60 deg. there you must consider the Proportion, that is, betwixt one Degree in the Pa∣rallel of 55 Degrees of Latitude, and a Degree of the Equator, and by so much as the later exceeds the former, by so much must a Degree of Latitude exceed that of Longitude.

The Proportion for finding the Quan∣tity of a Degree, in any Parallel, is this: As the Diameter of the Equator, is to its Circumference, so is the Diameter of the Parallel of 55 Degrees, to its Circumfe∣rence; divide the Circumference of the Equator by 360. as also the Circumfe∣rence of the Parallel of 55 Degrees; the first Quote is, the length of a Degree of Longitude in the Equator; the second, the

length of a Degree of Longitude in the Parallel of 55 Degrees of Latitude, and therefore by so much as the first of these Quotes exceeds the second, by so much must a Degree in Latitude, exceed that of Longitude, in the making of such a Map. This brief Account, will I hope, give some light into the Method of ma∣king and projecting of Maps, in the pro∣secution of which, I might have been more Copious, by adding of Cuts, and making a Table of the Longitudes and Latitudes of the Boundaries of some places, and so actually transfering them into the Plan or Scheme; but when I con∣sidered my design was more to shew their use, than the method of making them, I purposely omitted it. If a Map was to be made of any small Coun∣ty, Hundred, Lordship, &c. of about 20 or 30 Miles round, it is not so ex∣actly Determined by Longitudes and La∣titudes, but by an actual survey of the same with some Instrument, as Semicircle, Theodelite, &c.

General Notes for using of Maps.

IN most of the Circular Maps, observe, That having found the Name, you are not to take that part of the Map, pos∣sest by such Name, for the true position of the place; but you are to seek either over, under, or on one side of such Name for this Mark (o) and where that stand there is the true point of that place.

In Right Lin'd Maps, Towns and Places are generally represented by the shape of a little House, Cities with the like Mark, but something bigger.

When any Map is placed right before you, then take Notice, That the bot∣tom part, or part next to you, general∣ly is the Southern part, the top, or part farthest from you, the North part; that next your left Hand, the West part, and the other opposite, or next the right Hand, the East; which Quarters or Parts, are commonly Denoted, either by the Words, North, South, West and East, writ at Top or Bottom, and on each side, or else by a Compass, which is round like a Wheel, having 32 points issuing from the Center, which represents

the 32 points of the Compass; at the end of one of them is the Picture of a Flower-de-luce, which always points ex∣actly to the North.

Hence 'tis Evident, That you must al∣ways seek for the Latitude on the sides of the Map, and the Longitude at Top and Bottom▪ which sometimes is diffe∣rently Numbred, by reason that at the top of the Map, the Longitude may be reckoned from one place, and at the bot∣tom from another.

Observe also in Maps of Empires and Kingdoms, the Divisions of it, in Prin∣cipalities, Provinces or Counties, is gene∣rally performed by a small prickt irregu∣lar line.

Rivers, is commonly Denoted by a full Black Line, and sometimes by a Dou∣ble Line.

Roads, are variously Pictured, viz. in some Maps, by small Black Lines, in o∣thers, by double Prickt Lines, and some∣times by single Prickt Lines.

Mountains, are represented by a Black Clouded Figure, in shape like a Bell.

The Sea is frequently in all coloured Maps painted Green, if the Maps are not coloured, the space Denoting the Sea is left White.

The Land is bounded from the Sea by an Irregular Dark clouded Line, which if the Map be Painted, is generally Coloured.

But in Maps, there is generally an Explanation of the Marks and Characters there used, as how they Note Bounda∣ries, Roads and Rivers; also which mark signifies Cities, which Market Towns, which Villages, &c.

Take Notice likewise, that to several Maps, there are three sorts of Scales, to which are prefixed the names Magna, Medieria and Parba, the meaning of which is this, that you should measure the great Miles upon the Magna scale, The Mean Miles upon the Mediocria Scale; And the Small Miles upon the Parva Scale; For not only other Countrey Miles differ from ours, but even we among our selves; the Miles in Yorkshire and several other pla∣ces being much larger than those about London.

How to find out places upon any sort of Maps.

THere is but two Methods of find∣ing out places in any Map, the one is by Longitude and Latitude, and

the other by Bearing and Distance, the former of which is most peculiar to cir∣cular Maps, the later to right lin'd Maps; though either of the said methods may be used, for the finding of places in both kinds of Maps.

As to the first of these, there is one grand difficulty in it, which is upon ac∣count of beginning the Longitude, be∣cause as I have already observed, in one Map, the Longitude begins from Gratiosa, another from St. Michael, a third from Teneriff, and a fourth from some other place; so that unless you know, from what place they reckon the Longi∣tude of any Map, you can never know, by this method, how to find out any place in such Map, though the Longitude and Latitude of the place be given, which indeed is a very great misfortune; For was all the Geographers but unanimously agreed from whence to begin it, that is, would they but all agree to fix it at any on particular place, it would make the Science of Geography very Easie and Pleasant.

But however, because it is otherwise at present; I shall incert a Table, shew∣ing the difference of Longitude betwixt Pico Teneriff, and most of the principal

places from whence they have begun to reckon, and then proceed to the method of doing it.

Betwixt Pico Teneriff, and		d.	m.
Toledo	15.	53.
Gratiosa	10.	25.
Tercera	9.	00.
Palma or Ferro	2.	50.
Corvo	13.	25.
St. Michaels	8.	5.

Suppose in the Sheet-map of the World, that is, in the small Hemisphers, I would find out Jerusalem, which is in the Lon∣gitude of 66. d. 00. m. counted from St. Michaels, and Latitude of 33. d. 10. m. North. Here I begin at the outer Cir∣cle, which is the first Meridian, from whence the Longitude is reckoned, and counted upon the Equator 66. d. its Lon∣gitude; then I reckon from the Equator, on the first Meridian upward toward the North-Pole 32. d. 10. m. the Latitude, and so tracing that Parallel till I come right against the Longitude I find this mark (o) and the word Jerusalem writ close by it, whence I Conclude, that is the true position of Jerusalem.

And here, Note, That if in your He∣misphere, the Longitude is not reckoned from St. Michaels, but some other place, then you must consider whether such place lies East or West of St. Michaels, and how many Degrees; and according∣ly substract, or add, such difference from or to the given Longitude of any place, to get the Longitude of such place in that Map.

As for Example; Suppose I look in a Map for London, whose Longitude from St. Michaels is about 27 d. 30 m. Now perhaps this Map begins the Longitude from the Westermost part of Spain, which is 16 Degrees East of St. Michaels; here I must Substract 16 from 27. 30. the Re∣mainder 11. 30. is the Longitude of Lon∣don in such Map. If the Map had be∣gun his Longitude from any place that lies West of St. Michaels, as from the Isle Corvo, which is near 5 d. 20 m. West of St. Michaels, then to 27. 30. I must have added 5 Degree 20. m. and it will give 32 d. 20 m. the Longitude of London in that Map, which reckons his Longitude from Corvo.

The second way how places may be found, is thus: Suppose I would find

Bourdeaux in France, whose bearing is very near full South from London, and distance therefrom about 200 Miles; here I trace the Meridian that passes through London, which may nearly be done by the Eye or a Rule (if none be actually drawn) 200 Miles, and there about you shall find the said place.

There is another way for finding out places upon Maps, but it is peculiar, and serves only some sort or kind, the me∣thod of it is thus: The Maps are (by lines drawn Parallel to the sides thereof) divided into certain long Slips, or Spaces, about an Inch broad; which spaces is a∣gain sub-divided into small Squares, by other lines drawn Parallel to the top and bottom near the same distance of the former.

On both sides of the Map, against each Space, is set Letters, as a, b, c, d, &c. There is also both at top and bottom of the Map, other Letters set differing from the former; by help of these Letters a Table is constructed, ha∣ving in it the Names of all the places, and against each Name two Letters, as (ah) or (bm) &c. by which Letters I can find out any place in the Map. Thus,

Suppose I seek for Babylon, in such a sort of Map, against which I find (c s) then I seek on the side of the Map for c, and at the top for s, and at the Angle of meeting, that is in the little Square, right against both these Letters, is Babylon, the place sought.

But in most of these sort of Maps, there generally is Directions for the u∣sing of them, Printed in some vacant place of it.

Of measuring Distances on Circular Maps.

FIrst, If the two places, whose Di∣stance you seek, lie on the Equator, then the Degrees upon the Equator, con∣tain'd betwixt them, multiplied by 70, gives the Miles they are distant from one another.

Secondly, If the two places have the same Longitude, and both North or South Latitude, then the difference of their Latitudes multiplied by 70, gives their distance in Miles.

Thirdly, If the two places have the same Longitude, but different Latitudes, i. e. one North, and the other South, then the sum of their Latitudes multipli∣ed by 70, will give their distance in Miles.

Fourthly, If the two places have both North or South Latitude, but 180 De∣grees difference of Longitude, then the sum of the complements of their Lati∣tudes multiplied by 70, gives their di∣stance in English Miles.

Fifthly, If the two places have diffe∣rent Latitudes, i. e. one North, and the other South, and 180 Degrees difference of Longitude, then the difference of their Latitudes taken from 180 Degrees, and the remainder multiplied by 70, gives their distance in Miles.

If the places be not in any of the Po∣sitions aforesaid, but differ both in Lon∣gitude and Latitude, then having their Latitude and difference of Longitude with a Scale of versed Lines, to find their di∣stance, proceed thus:

Suppose the distance was required be∣twixt London, whose Latitude is 51 d. 30 m. N. and Babylon in Caldea, whose Lati∣tude is 35. 00 N. their difference of Lon∣gitude being 47 d. 30 m.

First, draw a line at pleasure, and with the versed Sine of 90 Degrees, de∣scribe the Semicircle a f h; this done, find the sum and difference of both Lati∣tudes, take the sum 86. 30. from 180 Degrees, the remainder 93 d. 30 m. take from the Scale of versed Sines, and set from a to b on the Diameter a h; take also 16 d. 30 m. the difference of Latitudes from the said Scale of versed Sines, and lay from a to c. In like manner, set upon the said Diameter the difference of Longitude 47. 30. taken as before from a to d; Then take the distance b c, and set from h to f upon the Arch, and draw the line a f, which done, with your Compasses take the nearest distance be∣twixt d, and the line a f, and lay from c to g; the distance a g taken off and applied to the Scale of versed Sines, will give near 37 d. 30 m. which multiplied by 70 giveth 2625, their nearest distance in English Miles.

There is another way which is sometimes used for measuring Distances upon these general Projections. But it is not so exact the former, and therefore not to be used where nicety is required. The method of performance is thus.

[illustration]

Take the Distances of the places (as they lie in the Map) betwixt your Compasses; this Extent apply either to the East or West side, as right against the two places as you can, and it will give you the Degrees they are distant, which if multiplied by 70, gives their Distance in English Miles.

And here Note, That the farther di∣stant places are, the greater is the Error, and contrary, &c.

This method is to be used only upon Maps of the Quarters, and great Em∣pires or Kingdoms; such as, Tartary, Ger∣many, Aegypt, and the like, and not up∣the Hemispheres.

Other ways there are for finding the distance of places, both as they lie in the Hemispheres, or by having their La∣titudes and difference of Longitudes, but they being something foreign to the pre∣sent Design, because not practicable with∣out the knowledge of the nature of Pro∣jection and Calculation, I purposely neglect them.

How to measure Distances on right lin'd Maps.

DIstances are easily Measured on these sort of Maps; for having found the two places on the Map, whose Distance you require, set one foot of the Compasses in one place, and extend the other foot to the other; this Extent ap∣plied, either to Bottom, Top, or Sides of the Map, shews you how many De∣grees they are distant, which multiplied by 70, gives their distance in English Miles, if there be any odd Minuits above the degrees for every 6 of them, allow 7 Miles.

But generally to these kind of Maps, there is annexed a Scale of Miles, so that having the distance betwixt any two places, 'tis but applying it to this Scale, and you have the Miles they are distant by inspection.

Of the Zones.

A Zone signifies a Belt or Girdle, but here is to be understood a certain quaintity of Land, included by (one or) two Parallels. Now the Number of Zones, Geographers have divided the Globe into, are Five: Of which there are two Temperate, two Frigid or Frozen, and one Torrid.

The Torrid Zone is that space of Earth, contained betwixt the two Tropicks, viz. Cancer and Capricorn being in Breadth to 47 Degrees, which is 3290 English Miles; upon this Zone or Tract of Earth, lies most part of Africa, a great part of South America, also several Islands, as Java, Sumatra, St. Thomas, &c. The An∣tients, both Philosophers, Divines and Poets, counted this Zone altogether in∣habitable, by reason of the extream Heat, and therefore termed it intempe∣rate, but later Discoveries have prov'd to the contrary. The Inhabitants of this

Zone are called Amphiscians, because they have their shadows both ways at Noon, that is, one part of the Year it is toward the North, the other part to∣ward the South.

The Temperate Zones are those spaces of Earth, included betwixt the Tropicks and Polar Circles, the North temperate Zone being that portion of Earth con∣tained betwixt the Tropick of Cancer and Artick Circle; the South Temperate Zone, is that part or portion of Earth, bounded by the Tropick of Capricorn and Antar∣ctick Circle; each of these Zones are in breadth 43 Degrees, that is, 3010 Miles; in the Northern Temperate Zone, lies al∣most all Europe and the North part of Africa, as also a considerable part of A∣sia and America; the Southern Temperate Zone is not so well known to us, it be∣ing far distant from our Habitation. These Zones are termed Temperate, be∣cause the Sun-beams being cast Obli∣quely, cannot create that excessive heat, as they do where they fall Perpendicu∣lar. They in some measure pertake of the Extremities of Heat and Cold, proceeding from the Torrid and Frigid Zones; those that inhabit in these Zones

are called Heteroscians, because their sha∣dows is but one way.

The Frigid, or Frozen Zones, are those two tracts of Earth environ'd by the two Polar Circles; that Enclosed by the Ar∣tick Circle, is called the Northern Frigid Zone; the other Encompassed, is the Southern Frigid Zone, their Diameter is 47 Degrees, which is 3290 English Miles. Under the Northern Frigid Zone lies Green∣land, Lapland, Nova Zembla, and part of the Tartarian Ocean, whether there is any Land in the Southern Frigid Zone, is not known to us that inhabit this part of the Earth. The Coldness of these Zones, is caused from the very Oblique, falling of the Sun's Rays upon the Earth's Surface, from which his Action is so small, that the heat proceeding from him in the warmest day they there have, is scarce sufficient to melt the Congealed Rocks of Ice and Snow. Those that inhabit these parts of the Earth, are called Pe∣riscians, because their shadows are thrown quite round them, they are under great inconveniencies; First, by reason of the extream Cold they suffer, and secondly, because their whole year is but one Day and Night; for when the Sun is once

risen, he sets not again for half a Year together, and when he sets, rises not again for as long a time.

Of the Climates.

THe Climates are certain spaces of Earth, limited by two Parallels, distant from the Equinoctial toward each Pole; the difference betwixt the Zones and Climates, is this: The principal Office of the Zones is to distinguish the quality of the Air, in respect of Heat and Cold, and the alteration of Shadows: But the office of the Climates is to shew the greatest difference in the length of the Days and Nights, as also the Variation in the rising and seting of the Stars.

Those that live under the Equator, have their Day and Night equal, but those places that recede so far from the Equator, as to make the difference of the longest artificial Day, half an hour longer than it is, where the longest day is 12 hours and a half, there ends the first Climate, and there the second begins; if therefore according to the increase of

days the Climates be reckoned, there will be 24 in each Hemisphere, that is in all 48, counting no farther than the Polar Circles; for the places in that parallel of Latitude, conciding with either Polar Circle, have their longest day above 24 hours long. Now Geographers have gi∣ven Names only to 9 of those in the Northern Hemisphere, and these Names are taken from the most famous places, through which the Parallel Circles pass that bound them. As,

• Dia-Meroes.
• Dia-Syenes.
• Dia-Alexandrias.
• Dia-Rhodu.
• Dia-Rhomes.
• Dia-Pontu.
• Dia-Boristhenes.
• Dia-Britanias.
• Dia-Tanaidos.

The Southern Climates are distinguish∣ed by the Word Ante, as Ante Dia Me∣roes, Ate Dia Synenes, &c.

Of the properties of the several Inha∣bitants of the Earth.

THose People living put under the Equator, have great Heat, having two Summers, one when he passes the first of Aries, the other when he passeth the first point of Libra, and has also two Winters, which are when he passes the first points of Cancer and Capricorne, for then the Sun is farthest remote from those People, (though not so remote, but that their Winters are much hotter than our Summers;) whence 'tis evident, their two Summers are our Spring and Autumn, and our Winter and Summer their two Winters; their Noon-Shades are thrown both to the North and South, and some∣times directly under them, that is, they have none at all. Their Artificial Day is always just 12 Hours long, they see the whole Phaenomenae of the Heavens, for all the Planets and Stars to those In∣habitants, do Arise, Culminate, and Set once in 24 Hours.

Secondly, For those who inhabit be∣twixt the Equinoctial and Topick of Can∣cer, they have some Seasons as the for∣mer, viz. two Summers and two Win∣ters; for the Sun twice a Year passeth there Zenith, their Noon-shadows are likewise thrown both to the North and South part of Heaven, and sometimes directly under them, their longest day is something longer then 12 Hours.

Thirdly, The Inhabitants under the Tropick of Cancer, that is, such People that have their Zenith in the said Tro∣pick, have the Sun but once a year in their Zenith, and that is when he is in the first point of Cancer, they have but one Summer and one Winter; their Noon∣shadow is always toward the North, ex∣cept when he is just in the Tropick, and then there is none at all, their longest day is 13 h. 36 m. long.

Fourthly, The People that Inhabit be∣twixt the Tropick of Cancer, and the Circle Artick, have the Sun never Verti∣cal; their shadows are always thrown to∣ward the North, and their Artifical Days

is of all lengths, viz. from 13 h. 36 m. to 24 Hours.

Fifthly, Those that have their Zenith in the Artick Circle, that is, such who live just upon that Circle, have the Pole of the Ecliptick just in their Zenith, and consequently the Ecliptick coinciding with their Horizon, and therefore the Tropick of Cancer must be all above the Horison, and the Tropick of Capricorn quite under the Horizon, so that the Sun being in the first point of Cancer, their artificial Day is just 24 hours long, and their Night but a Moment, their sha∣dow is cast quite round them.

Sixthly, The People inhabiting be∣twixt the North-pole, and Artick Circle, have their Horizon cutting the Ecliptick in two points, and a certain portion of it equally distant from the first point of Cancer that never sets, but remains al∣ways above the Horizon; whence it cometh to pass, that all the time the Sun is passing this portion of the Eclip∣tick, they have continual Day and no Night, the length of which is more or less, according to the portion of the E∣cliptick

that never sets, being about one Month long when the said portion is 30 Degrees, two Months when the said portion is 60 Degrees, or two Signs, and so on: That is, the farther North, the longer day, till at last you come just under the Pole it self, where the whole Year is but one Day and Night, each being half a Year: In this Position also, there is a certain portion of the Ecliptick, equidistant from the first point of Capri∣corn, that never Rises or comes above the Horizon, so that during the time the Sun is passing the said Portion, there is perpetual Night to these Inhabitants, their shadows are also projected quite round them.

Seventhly, As for those people (if a∣ny be) inhabiting just under the Pole, they have the Equinoctial coinciding with their Horizon, and have always but the Northern half of the Ecliptick a∣bove the Horizon, so that their Year is but one natural Day as before was hin∣ted; for when the Sun passeth the first point of Aries, then to those People he arises, and sets not again till he passes the first point of Libra, which is half a Year

after, they never see no more then half the Heavens at once, all the Southern Hemisphere being totally obscured from their sight; their shadow is likewise cast clear round them, the end of it projecting a Concentrick Circle.

Of the Perieci, Antieci and An∣tipodes.

THE Inhabitants of the Earth com∣pared with one another in respect of their Scituation, are Perieci and Anti∣eci, Antipodes.

The Perieci, are those People that dwell in opposite points of the same Pa∣rallel, that is, they have the same La∣titude with us, but 180 Degrees diffe∣rence of Longitude, and therefore their Days and Nights are equal to ours, only they are contrary; that is, our Noon is their Mid-night, and our Evening their Morning, &c. their Seasons are at the same time with ours.

Anticeci, are those People that dwell over against each other, they have the

same Meridian, and are equally distant from the Equator, one having as much South Latitude, as the other has North Latitude; they have the same Hours with us, that is, our Noon and their Noon, is at the same instant of time: But the Seasons are different, for when 'tis Sum∣mer with us, 'tis Winter with them, and contrary.

The Antipodes (as the word imports) are such as dwell feet to feet, that is, they are such People that inhabit just under us, having as much South Latitude as we have North, and 180 Degrees difference of Longitude; their nearest distance is 180 Degrees, or 12600 Miles, which is half the circumference of the Earth; their Hour-Seasons and all other Acci∣dents are quite contrary, for our Noon is their Mid-night, our Summer their Winter, and our Autumn their Spring, we can see no more of their Stars, than they do of ours, and the Stars that never rise to them, never set to us, and contrary.

A Catalogue of some of the chiefest Places in the World, with their Latitudes and Longitudes from Lon∣don; Extracted from the best Ta∣bles now Extant.

Places Names.	Lat.	Long.
ABerdeen in Scotland.	58 04	358 15
Alexandria.	30 58	35 00
Amsterdam.	52 25	5 00
Antwerp.	51 12	4 15
Aracta in Syria.	36 00	50 00
Athens in Greece.	37 42	28 30
Babylon in Caldea.	35 00	47 30
Berwick in England.	55 50	358 30
Bethlehem in Judea.	31 50	42 00
Bononia in Italy.	43 49	11 15
Bristol in Italy.	51 28	257 00
Breme in Saxony.	53 10	9 30
Calicut in East-India.	11 30	88 00
Canterbury in England.	51 25	01 00
Comportella in Spain.	43 00	351 00
Conimbria in Lusitania.	40 15	351 45

Cambridge.	52 17	0 30
Constantinople in Thrace.	43 00	34 30
Damascus in Syria.	34 0	45 30
Darby in England.	53 3	358 30
Dantzick in Pursia.	54 23	18 30
Dublin in Ireland.	53 11	353 15
Durham in England.	54 17	358 30
Edinburgh in Scotland.	57 06	357 30
Exter in England.	50 53	356 30
Frankford Odar.	52 20	15 00
Frankford Mane.	50 2	8 45
Glocester in England.	51 58	357 45
Ter Goose in Zeland.	51 30	4 15
Gaunt in Flanders.	51 04	4 30
Goa in Judia.	16 00	87 30
Grats in Styria.	47 02	14 00
Haffina in Denmark.	55 43	13 00
Hartford in England.	51 55	359 45
Huntington in England.	52 24	359 45
Jerusalem.	32 10	45 30
Leyden in Holland.	52 07	5 15
Lisbon in Portugal.	38 45	351 30
Leverpool in England.	53 22	357 30
London.	51 30	00 00
Lyons.	45 16	5 00
Madrid.	40 45	257 45
Mount in Cornwall.	50 39	354 45
Mentz in Germany.	51 31	11 15

Munster in Westphalia.	51 54	7 00
Naples.	40 42	15 00
Norimberg.	52 40	12 00
Norwich.	52 44	1 00
Niniveh.	35 50	54 30
Orleans in France.	48 08	00 00
Oxford.	51 40	358 45
Prague.	56 00	14 30
Paris.	48 5	2 30
Quinzay in China.	40 0	12 00
Rome.	42 2	12 45
Roterdam.	51 55	3 45
Roan in Normandy.	49 30	1 30
Rochel.	45 49	359 00
Smyrna.	38 50	33 30
Stockholm.	48 50	15 45
Syracuse.	36 50	16 15
Thessalonica.	41 32	26 45
Toledo.	40 10	354 00
Valence in Spain.	39 45	358 15
Venice.	45 15	12 30
Vienna.	48 22	17 00
Uranilerg.	55 55	13 00
Warwick.	52 25	358 30
Wittenberg.	51 52	13 30
Winchester.	51 13	358 00
Worms Germany.	50 25	7 45
Yarmouth.	52 45	1 30
York.	54 00	359 00

An Account of the Factories and Places now in Possession of the English, French, Dutch, Spanish, Por∣tuguese and Danes, both in the East and West-Indies.

To the English belong in Asia.

• Fort S. George [aliter Madrassipatan] on Coast Cormandel▪
• Bombay Castle and Island on the West Coast of Decan.
• In the East of Bisnagar.
  • Pettipole
  • Massulipatan
  • Madapollam
  • Viceagaparam
• In Bengal.
  • Hughly
  • Ballesore
  • Cassum bezar
  • Maulda
  • Daca
  • Tutta Nutta
  • Pattana
• In the Moguls Empire.
  • Agra
  • Cambaya
  • Surrat
  • Amadarad
  • Baroch
• On the Coast of Malabar.
  • D••bul in Decan.
  • Callicut
  • Carnar
• In Persia.
  • Ispahan
  • Gombroone
  • Bussora
• ...

• In Arabia.
  • Mascat
  • Mocha
• In the Island Sumatra.
  • Smirna in Natolia.
  • Achem
  • Indrapora
  • Bengalis
  • Jambee.
• Bantam in Java, till expelled by the Dutch, 1682.
• Macassar in the Isle Celebes, but now expell'd.
• Camboida in the K. of Siam.
• In China.
  • Tonquen
  • Canton

In Africa.

• Tangier, in the Coast of Barbary, near the Straights, but now demolished.
• On the Coast of the Jalofes.
  • Fort S. Andrew
  • Fort S. Philip
• The mouth of the River Sierra Leona, in the West of Guinea.
• The Island of S. Helens West of Ethiopia, S. Lat. 16 deg.
• Benin in the East part of Guinea.
• On the South Coast of Guinea.
  • Calabar
  • Tagrin
  • Madrebomba
  • Taxorari
  • Cape Corso
  • Emacham

In America.

• New England
• New York
• Pensilvania
• New Jersey
  • East
  • West
• Maryland
• Virginia
• Carolina
• As also they possess Port Nelson in Hudsons Bay.
• ...

• ... Newfoundland in part.
• Jamaica one of the greater Antilles.
• Bermudus lying E. of Florida.
• New Providence one of the Lucajos.
• Long Island lying S. of New York.
• 6 of the Caribee Islands.
  • Anguilla
  • Berbuda
  • St. Christopher
  • Nevis
  • Antego
  • Montserrat
  • Dominica
  • St. Vincent
  • Barbados

To the Spaniards belong in Asia.

• 6 of the Philippin, and most of the rest.
  • Luconia
  • Tandaya
  • Mindano
  • S. Juan
  • Mindore
  • Panay

In Africa.

• The Trade on the West Coast of Africa.
• The Canary Islands.

In America.

• New Spain, whose Parliaments are
  • Mexico.
  • Guadalajara.
  • Guatimala.
• A considerable part of New Mexico.
• in Florida.
  • S. Augustins
  • S. Matthews
• Terra Firma, whose Parliaments are
  • Panama.
  • Granada.
• ...

• Peru, who Parliaments are
  • Quito.
  • Lima.
  • De la Plata.
• Chili.
• A great part of Paraguay.
• ...Several Islands, particularly those of
  • Cuba.
  • Hispaniola.
  • Port-Rico.

To the Portuguese belong in Asia.

• Several Factories in Persia.
• upon the Ganes.
  • Asterim
  • Ougelli
• in Decan.
  • Chaul a consider∣able Town.
  • Massagan a lit∣tle Village
  • Morro
  • Caranga
• Goa with her Fortresses and adjacent Islands
  • Coran.
  • Divar.
• Macao upon the Coast of China.
• The Fort Larentoque in the Island Solor E. of Flores.
• in Peninsula Indiae extra Gangem.
  • Aracan
  • Pegu
  • Tanacerin
  • Ligor
  • Cambodia
• Already mentioned.
  • Golcond
  • Agra
  • Amadabat
  • Cambaia
  • Surat
  • Baroch
  • Bengala

In Africa.

• Mazagan in the Kingdom of Morocco.
• ...

• ... Some Forts on the River S. Domingo in the County of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Jalofes.
• ...Some Forts on the Coasts of
  • Guinea.
  • Congo.
  • Angola.
• ...A great part of
  • The Coasts of Cafres, and Zanguebar.
• The Trade of the E. Coast from the Cape Good Hope, to the R. Sea.
• ...Several Islands, especially those of the
  • Azores▪
  • Isles of Cape Verde.
  • Madera.

In America.

• All the Coast of Brasil divided into many Captainships.
• Towards the mouth of the River Amazon.
  • Estero
  • Conduba
  • Cogemine

To the French belong in Asia.

• in the Moguls Empire.
  • Bereaux
  • New Surrat
• The Island S. Maria lying South West of Goa.
• Some Forts in
  • The Kingdom of Siam.
  • The Island of Java.

In Africa.

• Fort Dauphin in Madagascar.
• A Fort on the River Senega.
• The Trade of Africa upon the River
  • Senega.
  • Gambia.
• Rufisque near Cape Verde.
• in Guinea.
  • Great Sestre
  • And Ardra

In America.

• in Canada.
  • Montreal
  • The three Rivers
  • Quebeck
• Tadonsack, and some other places on the River St. Lau∣rence.
• A great part of Nova Scotia.
• in New-found-land.
  • Bay Plasensa
  • Bay Blacco
• Port S. Louis in the Island Cayene lying E. of Guyana.
• Some of the Antilles.
  • S. Bartholomew.
  • Sancta Cruz.
  • S. Martins.
  • Guadaloupe.
  • La Desireé.
  • Maria Galants.
  • Les Saintes.
  • Martinico.
  • S. Aloisia.
  • Granada.
  • Domingo in part.
  • Grenadins.
  • La Tortue.

To the Dutch belong in Asia.

• on the Coast Cormandel.
  • Tuticorin
  • Negapatam
  • Karkall
  • Fort Gelders
  • Pallecate
  • Malacca.
  • Ceylon.
  • Java,
• And most of the Moluccoes, tho' of right they belong to the English.
• ...

• Are several Factories.
  • Persia.
  • The Moguls Empire.
  • Cormandel.
  • Malabar.
  • Siam.
  • Malacca.
  • Smmatra.
  • China.
  • Java.
  • Celebes.
  • Borneo.
  • Arabia.

In Africa,

• near Cape Verde.
  • Arguin
  • Gora
• Many Forts in Congo.
• Some near the Cape of Good Hope.
• S. Maurice in Madagascar.
• In Guinea.
  • Factories
  • ...Forts

In America.

• The City Coro in the North of Terra Firma.
• The Island Curacco, one of the Sotovanto.
• Some Forts on the Coast of Guyana.

To the Danes belong in Asia.

• on the Coast of Cormandel.
  • Frankebar
  • Dansburge

In Africa.

• in Guinea.
  • Fort Frederickburgh nigh Cape Corso
  • The Castle of Christianburg
• In America is New Denmark in the North part thereof.

These are the Principal European Plan∣tations, both in the East and Well-In∣dies.

FINIS.