The history of Appian of Alexandria in two parts : the first consisting of the Punick, Syrian, Parthian, Mithridatick, Illyrian, Spanish, & Hannibalick wars, the second containing five books of the civil wars of Rome / made English by J.D.

APPIAN OF ALEXANDRIA, HIS HISTORY OF THE Civil Wars OF ROME.

PART II.

BOOK V.

The Argument of this Book.

I. AFter Cassius and Brutus's death Caesar comes into Italy, and Anthony goes into Asia. II. The Actions of Anthony in Asia. III. Cleopa∣tra comes to visit him in Asia, with whom he falls so deeply in love, he goes and spends the Winter with her in Alexandria. IV. Caesar endeavours to

settle the Colonies, but finds it a matter of much difficulty. V. The Soldiers insolence, with the causes of it. VI. Lucius Anthony's Brother, Fulvia his Wife, and Manius fall at variance with Caesar. VII. An Accommo∣dation vainly endeavoured, they take up Arms. VIII. The beginning of the War with the Siege of Perusia by Caesar. IX. Lucius loses all hopes of de∣fending himself, and capitulates. X. Lucius's Speech to Caesar, yielding himself at discretion. XI. The taking and burning of Perusia. XII. The end of this War. XIII. Anthony and Caesar distrusting each other, make preparations. XIV. Brundusium besieged by Anthony. XV. Agreement between them by Cocceius's intermission. XVI. Mutiny of the People a∣gainst Caesar, suppressed by Anthony. XVII. Accommodation between Caesar and Pompey. XVIII. Anthony's Preparations against the Parthi∣ans. XIX. The Accommodation between Caesar and Pompey broken, and Caesar prepares for War. XX. Sea Fight between Caesar and Pompey's Lieutenants. XXI. Another Sea Fight between Caesar and Pompey, where∣in Caesar has the worst. XXII. Caesar loses most of his Ships by storm. XXIII. Difference happens between Caesar and Anthony, which is accommo∣dated by Octavia's intermission. XXIV. Caesar invades Sicily with three Armies. His Fleet again scattered by Tempests, so that he is forced to put off the War till the next year. XXV. Pompey thinking himself freed from the War by Caesar's misfortunes at Sea, calls himself the Son of Nep∣tune: and Menodorus his Admiral goes the second time and submits to Caesar. XXVI. Caesar again invades Sicily, and Agrippa his Admiral engaging Pompey's near Myles, gains the Victory. XXVII. Caesar going in person into Sicily to besiege Tauromenia is assaulted by Pompey by Sea and Land, leaves Cornificius encamped, and about to repass with his Ships, is defeated by Pompey, himself hardly escaping. XXVIII. Corni∣ficius with much loss rejoyns with Agrippa. XXIX. Caesar lands all his Forces in Sicily, and cuts off Pompey from Provisions. XXX. The last Sea Battel between Caesar and Pompey where Pompey is defeated. XXXI. Pompey flies towards Anthony: and Lepidus endeavouring to seise Sicily, is by Caesar reduced to the condition of a private Man, and sent to Rome. XXXII. Caesar's Soldiers mutiny, who disbands one Party, and contents the other. XXXIII. He settles Sicily, returns to Rome, where he is received with general applause. XXXIV. Pompey would deceive Anthony, but is discovered. XXXV. He makes War upon Anthony's Lieutenants in Asia. XXXVI. He is at length taken and slain.

AFter the death of Brutus and Cassius, Caesar went into Italy, and [ I] Anthony into Asia, where meeting with Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, he no sooner beheld her but he became inflamed with a love proved ruinous to them both, and occasioned multitudes of miseries to all Egypt, wherefore the Egyptian Affairs will make a part of this Story, yet without bearing that Title; for I have yet much to treat of the Civil Wars, which continued long after the death of Brutus and Cassius, though without any Head or General obeyed like them, till Sextus the youngest Son of Pompey the Great, who had got together the Remains of Brutus and Cassius's Party, being dead, and Lepidus de∣spoiled of that part of the Empire he pretended to, all the Sovereign Power remained divided between Caesar and Anthony: which things passed in this manner; Cassius sirnamed the Parmesan was left in Asia by Cassius and Bru∣tus,

with a Fleet and an Army to officiate there as Superintendent of the Revenues. After Cassius's death, in hopes that the like would not happen to Brutus, he made choice of thirty of the Rhodian Ships, which he thought himself able to manage with Seamen and Soldiers, and burning all the rest except the Sacred Galley, that he might deprive the Rhodians of attempt∣ting any thing, took the Sea with this Fleet. Clodius whom Brutus had sent into that Island with thirteen Ships, finding it revolted (for Brutus was slain at the time of his arrival) drew off three thousand Men that were there in Garrison, and went to joyn with the Parmesian. Toxilus came likewise to them with many other Ships, and all the Tribute Money he could gather at Rhodes. To this Fleet, grown already in some measure powerful, flocked all those dispersed throughout Asia to exercise any Of∣fice, bringing with them all the Soldiers they could, and to that end ma∣king Levies of Slaves, Captives, and the Inhabitants of the Islands where they touched, Cicero the Orator came thither likewise, and with him all the Persons of Quality escaped from Thassa; so that in a short time great multitudes were assembled of considerable Forces, both by Sea and Land, with Officers to command them. At length taking with them one Lepidus, whom Brutus had left in Crete with some Forces for Guard of that Island, they steered their course towards Murcus and Aenobarbus, who had a powerful Fleet on the Ionian Seas: there dividing themselves, one part joyned with Murcus, and went towards Sicily, which was a considerable recruit to Pompey; and the other stayed with Aenobarbus, who designed to form a party by himself: thus out of the ruines of Brutus and Cassius sprung up two new Armies. Mean while Caesar and Anthony made magnificent Sacrifices to the Gods for the Victory at Philippi, testifying their acknow∣ledgments to the Soldiers by praises, till they could be able to give them the promised Rewards. To this end Caesar took his way forthwith into Italy, undertaking the charge of distributing Land to them, and giving them Houses, a charge which he thought the least toilsome, and fittest for him, not being well in health, whilst Anthony went into the beyond Sea Provin∣ces, to get together mony to discharge their promises. After this they made a new division of the Empire, and besides those Provinces they alrea∣dy had, parted between them those which were Lepidus his share: for Cae∣sar designed to make the Transalpine Gauls free, according to the intention of his Father, and Lepidus was accused of holding intelligence with Pom∣pey. However Caesar had resolved to give him other Provinces, if the in∣formation made against him proved not true. They dismissed likewise all the Veterans, save only eight thousand Men, who desiring to continue in the service, were shared betwixt them, and added to the Pretorian Co∣horts. Their Forces comprising likewise those which had quitted Brutus's Party, still consisted of eleven Legions, and fourteen thousand Horse, of which Anthony, because of his Expedition, took six Legions and ten thou∣sand Horse; so that Caesar had left him only five Legions and four thousand Horse, with some Troops Anthony had left in Italy under the Command of Calenus, to whom he gave order to deliver them to Caesar, instead of those taken from him, and this done, Caesar began his March towards the Ionian Sea.

[ II] Anthony arriving at Ephesus, offered most magnificent Sacrifices to the Goddess, and pardoned all those of Cassius and Brutus's Party that had taken Sanctuary in the Temple, save only Petronius, one of the Con∣spirators against Caesar, and Quintus who had delivered Dolobella to Cassius

at Laodicea. After which the Greeks and all the other Nations inhabiting Asia on the Confines of Pergamus, having sent Deputies to him to treat their composition, he assembled them together, and spoke to them in this manner:

The Oration of Anthony.

YOu know, Gentlemen, that Attalus your King having by testament given you to the People of Rome, you soon found our Government more easie and more advantageous than his: for we remitted you all those Tributes you were used to pay him, till there rising up among us some disturbers of the publick Peace, we were forced to lay some Contributions upon you: we imposed them up∣on you, not according to your Estates, or to continue the payment of them after the danger was past, but we taxed you only in some part of your Revenues, to the end we might participate together in the publick charge. After which, when the Commissioners sent by the Senate to collect them oppressed you, making you pay more than demanded by us, C. Caesar discharged you of a third of all the impositions, and settled orders, that no more injustice should be done you by committing to your selves the collecting of the Moneys from the Country. Not∣withstanding which, that great Man to whom you were obliged being slain as a Tyrant by our* 1.1 good Citizens, you have supplyed with vast Sums the Murderers of your Benefactor against us who did all we could to revenge him. Wherefore Fortune favouring the juster cause, and having decided it, not as you would have had it, but according to reason, we should have punished you more rigo∣rously if you had assisted them with your Arms; but because we are willing to be∣lieve that you have done nothing but what you were forced to, we shall deal the more gently with you. We stand now in need of Money, of Lands, and of Cities, to discharge our selves of the promises made to our Soldiers to reward them after the Victory. Our Army is composed of twenty eight Legions, which, accounting the light armed Foot, amount to one hundred and seventy thousand Men, besides the Horse and some other Companies: you may therefore judge what Money we are obliged to raise for so great a number of Men. As for the Lands and Cities, Caesar is gone into Italy, to distribute them, and to speak it in a word to change all the habitations of that people; so that to the end you be not forced to quit your Lands, your Cities, your Houses, your Temples, and your Sepulchres: you must furnish us with Money, but yet not all (for you can∣not do that) but a part, and the least part too: and I believe when you know our Demands, you will go away satisfied. You have in two years payed our Enemies ten years Tribute, we ask no more of you; but it must be payed in a year, for ne∣cessity presses us, besides we favour you, and you cannot but confess the penalty is less than the crime.

Thus spake Anthony with design to raise Money to pay eight and twenty Legions, though at the time of their Accommodation at Modena they had promised rewards to three and forty complete Legions, but the War had reduced them to that number. Scarcely had he pronounced his last words, but the Greeks prostrating themselves upon the ground, humbly represented to him, that after the violences they had suffered from Bru∣tas and Cassius, they were not worthy of punishment but pity, that they

would willingly have given to their Benefactors all their Goods, if they had not been robbed of them by their Enemies, whom they had not only been forced to furnish with all their stamped Money, but likewise to deliver up all their Plate and Goldsmiths Work to be by them coined. At length they prevailed with him that they should only pay nine years Tribute in two years; and besides this Taxes were layed upon the Kings, Potentates and free Cities according ••o their Estates. As he went from Province to Pro∣vince, Lucius Brother to Cassius, and all who were afra••d of him hearing of his clemency at Ephesus, came to ask pardon. He forgave all save only those who had a hand in the Conspiracy against Caesar, for to them he remained implaca∣ble He comforted those Cities had sustained the greatest losses, exempt∣ed the Lycians from Tribute, exhorted the Xanthians to rebuild their City, gave the Rhodians Andros, Tino, Naxos and Mynda, which soon after he again took from them because they used them hardly, he declared those of Laodicea and Tharsus free and exempt from all Impositions, and by Ordi∣nance which he caused to be proclaimed, discharged from servitude all the Thracians had been sold. The Athenians coming to wait upon him, he gave them first Tino, then Egina, Icono, Zea, Sciatha and Pararetha. Af∣ter which passing through Phrygia, Mysia, Galatia, Cappadocia, Cilicia, the Lower Syria and Palestine, he charged them with great Impositions. To whatever place he came he took cognisance of all differences between the Cities and the Kings. As in Cappadocia between Sysinnus and Ariara∣thes, where he adjudged the Kingdom to Sysinnus for his Mother Glaphyra's sake, who was very beautiful. And in Syria, whence he expelled all the Tyrants who had set themselves up in every City.

[ III] Being in Cilicia, Cleopatra came to him, to whom having complained, that she had not assisted Caesar, she made no other excuse, but that at the be∣ginning of the War she had sent four Legions to Dolobella, that afterwards having fitted out a Fleet, she was prevented by Tempests, and the sudden death of that young Consul. That though Cassius had twice with threats demanded her assistance, she had refused it. That when they were upon the Ionian Sea, she was her self embarqued upon a magnificent Fleet, to come and joyn with them, without any consideration either of Cassius or Murcus's Naval Power, but that bad weather and other losses with her own sickness had made her return into Egypt, where she received news of the Victory. Here Anthony, wounded in the very soul by the charms of this Queen, became as foolishly in love as if he had been a young Man, though he were now above forty years of age. True it is, he is reported to have always had a natural inclination for this passion, and that formerly when she was but a child he conceived a love for her, having seen her at Alexan∣dria, when he served under Gabinius as General of the Horse. Anthony therefore all upon a sudden neglecting the care of his Affairs, Cleopatra di∣sposed of all things at her pleasure, without considering either reason or justice, insomuch that Arsinoe her Sister having taken Sanctuary at Miletum in the Temple of Diana Leucophryna, Anthony sent some thither who slew her, and commanded the Tyrians to deliver up to Cleopatra, Serapion Go∣vernour of Cyprus, who was fled into the Sanctuary at Tyre, because he had taken part with Cassius; and gave the same order to the Aradians, touch∣ing another who had fled for refuge into their City, because the Brother of Cleopatra, overcome by Caesar in a Naval Engagement on the Nile, being

seen no more, this unhappy Man had told the Aradians, that he was Ptole∣my; and at last ordered the Ephesians to bring before him Megabyzes the High Priest of Diana, because he had received Arsinoe as a Queen; but the Ephesians having besought Cleopatra in his behalf, pardoned him. Thus in a short time might a strange change be perceived in Anthony's spirit, caused by that passion which was the beginning and end of all those mise∣ries afterwards befel him: for after Cleopatra's return to Egypt he sent his Horse to Palmyra a City near the Euphrates, to sack it; his pretence for doing it being very slight, for he could accuse the Inhabitants of nothing, but that being situated between the Dominion of the Romans and that of the Parthians, they strove to accommodate themselves the best they could with one and t'other; and indeed it was a City of Trade, through which were transported from Persia to Rome all the commodities of India and A∣rabia, but his main design was to enrich his Cavalry. The Palmyrians fore∣seeing it, had caused all they had of value to be carried to the other side of the River, on the Banks of which they planted good Archers to defend the approach, (for there are the best Archers of the world) so the Cavalry finding not a person in the City, returned without drawing their Swords, or making any purchase. The Parthian War which happened soon after, seems from hence to have taken its brith, many of the Tyrants of Syria be∣ing retired with them: for Syri•• till the time of Antiochus the Pious, and his Son of the same name, had been governed by Kings of the race of Se∣leucus Nicator (as we have already said, writing the Affairs of Syria) but this Province being reduced by Pompey's Arms, he placed therein Scaurus for Governonr, to whom the Senate sent others for Successors, among whom was Gabinius who went to make War against the People of Alexan∣dria: to Gabinius succeeded Crassus, who was slain by the Parthians, and after him Bibulus. At length after the death of C. Caesar, during these troubles which were almost universal, there rose up in every City Tyrants, support∣ed by the Parthians; for after Crassus's misfortune they had spread them∣selves into Syria, and had intelligence with the Tyrants, which Anthony now forced to retire to them, whom after he had expelled, charged the People with Imposts, and made this impertinent attempt upon the Palmyri∣ans, he took ••o farther care how to appease the troubles wherein he beheld the Province, and put his Army in Garrison, and went to find out Cleopatra in Egypt, where being magnificently received, he spent the Winter, without any mark of Command, both habited and living like a private Man, whe∣ther because he was in a Country dependant on another, and in the Royal City, or that he might the more pleasantly pass away the time whilst Win∣ter lasted: for he banished all manner of care, and dispensed with the Of∣ficers, put off his usual habit to wear a square Robe after the Greek Fashion, with white Attick Hose, such as are worn by the Priest's of Athens and of Alexandria, which they call Phaecasion, and only visited the Temples, Schools, and Philosophy Assemblies, holding conversation with none but the Greeks in service of Cleopatra, for whose sake alone he had undertook this Jour∣ney.

Mean while, Caesar going to Rome was very much distempered in Body, [ IV] especially at Brundusium, where the danger was so great, that a report was raised of his being dead: but at length by degrees the Distemper diminish∣ing, he entred the City, where shewing Anthony's orders to those who had charge of his Affairs, they presently signified to Calenus, that he should de∣liver to him the two Legions, and wrote to Sextus in Africa to surrender up

the Province, which was performed. After which Caesar finding that Le∣pidus was not guilty of what he had been charged with, quitted to him A∣frica, instead of those Provinces that had been taken from him, and exposed to sale what were left of the Goods of the Proscribed. But when it came to the point of sending Soldiers to Colonies, and giving them Lands, many diffi∣culties presented themselves. The Soldiers pretended they ought to give them the best Cities of all Italy, according to the promise made them be∣fore the War. And the Cities demanded that all Italy should contribute to this charge, or that others should draw lots with them, and that for the Lands the Generals should pay the purchase; but there was no Money in the Treasure. There were dayly to be seen coming to Rome young and old, Women and Children, who assembling in the great place, or in the Temples, with tears in their eyes cryed out: That being Italians, without having committed any fault, they were driven from their Lands, and their Houses, as if it had been a conquered Country. The Romans had com∣passion on them, and their deplorable condition drew tears from a multi∣tude of People, especially when they considered that this War had not been undertaken for the publick good, but to satisfie the ambition of the Chiefs, who had no other aim than the seising of the Empire. Besides, they were sensible, that they gave not the Soldiers the recompense promised after the Victory, nor sent them into Colonies with any other intent, but that the Common-wealth should never more get Head again, the Usurpers of the Government having so many People, obliged by their good turns, ready to take up Arms at their first command. Caesar made excuse to the Cities from the necessity constraining these things, telling them withal he was much afraid the Soldiers would not be so content neither. And indeed they were not content; for they oppressed their Neighbours, and took not only more than the Lands set out to them, but likewise the best they could pick out. And in vain did Caesar reprove them, or gave them other things to hinder them from these violences; for their Generals standing in need of them to secure their Dominions, they stood but in little awe. Moreover, the five years of the Triumvirate drawing to an end, they stood in each o∣thers assistance for their common security, the Generals, that by the Sol∣diers means they might keep their Command, and the Soldiers, that by their means they might keep possession of what had been given them; for all their hopes being that the grant would stand good so long as the Donors were Masters of the Empire, they were concerned to attempt any thing for the maintenance of their power: wherefore Caesar gave many other gifts to the maimed Soldiers, borrowing for this purpose Money from the Tem∣ples, which increased the affection of the Soldiery to him, who found them∣selves obliged by his having gratified them with Cities, Land, Money and Houses. Those who were despoiled of all these things made great cla∣mours, and continuall railed against him, but however they affronted him, he bore all to content the Soldiery.

[ V] Lucius Brother to Anthony now Consul, Fulvia his Wife, and Manius, who had the charge of his Affairs in his absence, observing Caesar's Con∣duct, and to the end that all might not seem to be his doings, or the whole obligation be owned to him alone, and consequently he have all the thanks, to Anthony's prejudice, used all the artifices possible, to delay the sending the Soldiers to the Colonies, till his return out of Asia: but when they could not succeed in that design, because of the earnestness of the Ar∣my, they required of Caesar liberty to be themselves the Conductors of An∣thony's

Forces. By the agreement made with Caesar he had quitted to him the employment, but they denyed it, and Fulvia going her self to the Head of the Legions with Anthony's Children, besought them not to suffer their General to be deprived of the Glory and satisfaction to testifie his good will to them: besides, Anthony's reputation was very great among the Soldiery, and high in esteem with all the world; for Caesar being sick at the time of the Battel at Philippi, all the honour of that Victory seemed due only to Anthony. Though Caesar saw well this was a violation of their agreement, yet in favour to his Associate in the Empire, he consented, and so they con∣ducted the Legions to their Colonies, where they committed strange disor∣ders; for that Caesar might not seem more indulgent than those who con∣ducted them, they gave them all manner of License. Many Cities neigh∣bouring on those where they had Lands set out, having received much in∣jury, came to complain to Caesar, telling him, that the Colonies were much more injust than the Proscriptions; for they proscribed only their Enemies, whereas by means of the Colonies multitudes of innocent persons were ruined, Caesar was not ignorant of the injuries done, but he could not remedy them, for he had no Money to pay the old Proprietors the purchase of their Lands, and he would not delay the recompence pro∣mised to their Forces, because of the Wars they were still engaged in: Pompey was powerful at Sea, and able to strave the City by cutting off Pro∣visions: Aenobarbus and Murcus were fitting out another Fleet, and ano∣ther Army; so that if Caesar and Anthony performed not their promise, they had reason to fear they should be but ill served by their Soldiers. Add to which that the five years of the Triumvirate was near expired, and they had therefore still more reason to gain the good will of the Army; where∣fore they passed by many things patiently, and seemed as if they did not see their insolencies; till such time that one day as Caesar was at the Theatre, a Soldier who could get no room in the place appointed for them, had the im∣pudence to go seat himself with the Roman Knights. The People having observed it, Caesar caused him to be taken away, whereat the rest were so enraged, that when the Plays were done, gathering about Caesar they de∣manded their companion, because not having seen him afterwards they thought him dead. The Soldier coming in at the same time they imagined him brought out of Prison, and though he denyed it, and told them the matter as it passed, they told him he lyed, had been suborned, and was a Traytor to betray his Comrades. Such was their insolence in the Thea∣tre, as a consequence to which, he having appointed them a day for their meeting in the Field of Mars, for the division of Lands, they were so hasty that they came thither long before day-light. And fretting at Caesar that he came not so soon as they thought fit, Nonius a Centurion freely reproving them, and representing to them the respect they oughtto their General, who made them not wait out of any pride or scorn, but because he was sick, they began to rail at him, and call him flatterer, and by degrees their fury increasing, proceded to affront and throw stones as him. He thereupon fled, they pursued him, he threw himself into the River to make his escape, but there they killed him, and drawing his Body out of the Water, brought it and layd it in the way by which Caesar was to pass. His Friends here∣upon counselled him not to go and expose himself to these Bedlams, but lest absence might more increase their fury, he went, and seeing Nonius's Body, turned off by another way. There as if this had been the crime only of some particular Men, he exhorted them for the future to spare one another, made division of their Lands, permitted those had done good ser∣vice

to demand the usual rewards, and gave them likewise even against his own judgment, to many that were unworthy, insomuch that the multi∣tude admiring his gravity, began to repent and be ashamed, and withal to demand that those guilty of Nonius's death might be punished, upon which he told them he knew them well, but that he was content with their confession and repentance, and would remit the punishment. Thus ha∣ving obtained not only pardon for their fault, but likewise gifts and re∣wards, they all upon a sudden changed their anger into applause and accla∣mations. These two examples chosen among many others make it evi∣dently appear how difficult it is, to govern in such times as those the spirits of the Soldiery, which is occasioned when Generals are not commission∣ed to the Command of their Armies by lawful Authority and Nomination as ordinarily happens in Civil Wats, and when Armies are not raised ac∣cording to ancient custom, for the service of their Country. And in reali∣ty all those People bore not Arms for the Roman People, b••t for those that had set them on foot, not by order of War, but by private promises, not against the Enemies of the State, but to satisfie particular animosities, not against Strangers, but against Citizens their Equals in Birth and Dignity: all these things ruined Military Discipline. The Soldiers conceited not they made War, but did service to particular persons that would oblige them, and from whom they hoped for acknowledgments, and the Commanders made use of them as they had occasion for their own advantage. And whereas the ancient Romans never pardoned any Runaways, they now gave them rewards; for the Pleas were equally specious, each party deem∣ing the other Enemy to the State, the Leaders themselves making the same pretence, and all saying they had no other end than the service of their Country. Thus the Soldiers were his, gave most; as well as whole Armies and many illustrious persons, thought they did not deserve the name of Run∣aways, which things caused often shifting of sides; for on what ever par∣ty they ranged themselves, they still served their Country: wherefore the Generals that were sensible of this, were fain to wink at many things, and confided not so much in the fidelty of their Soldiers, or the authority of the Laws, as in the power of their Largesses, so ordinary were tumults and mutinies now in Armies.

[ VI] Mean while Rome was distressed for want of Provisions; for Pompey hin∣dred the bringing any by Sea, and in Italy they had almost given over Hus∣bandry, because of the continual Wars, and that little Corn there was the Armies consumed. There were likewise committed in the Cities many Robberies and Violences by night, after which no inquest was made, be∣cause they layd all upon the Soldiers; wherefore the People shut up their Shops, and drove away the Magistrates, as standing no more in need of Officers or Artificers in a miserable City, where all things were exposed to Robbery and Plunder: Lucius a Lover of the publick wellfare, and Enemy to the power of the Triumvirate, which seemed to last beyond the time prescribed by its establishment, had often sharp words with Caesar; and when the old Proprietors of Lands came to complain to the Magistrates of the oppression of the Soldiery, he alone would hear their complaints, and promise them his protection, and they on the other side engaged them∣selves to serve him in what ever he would employ them. This gave occa∣sion to Anthony's Soldiers, and to Caesar himself, to reproach him that he bu∣sied himself against his Brother, and to give advice to Fulvia to have a care of kindling an unseasonable War. Notwithstanding which Manius ma∣liciously

cunning, having buzzed in her ears, that as long as Italy was in peace her Husband would stay with Cleopatra, but if once there were War would presently come away, she suffered her self to be perswaded, and out of her womanly passion obliged Lucius to seek some occasion of a Rupture. To which effect Caesar being gone to settle the rest of the Colo∣nies, she sent along Anthony's Children together with Lucius, that it might not be thought he alone had the authority. And he happening to com∣mand some part of his Cavalry to march speedily to the Sea Coast of the Brutians, lest Pompey should plunder them, Lucius either fearing or dis∣sembling that he was afraid these Horse were drawn off against him and his Nephews, fled forthwith to Anthony's Colonies, desiring of them Guards for his security, accusing Caesar of infidelity towards their General: Caesar on the contrary sent to tell them that there was no shadow of change in the Friendship betwixt them and Anthony, but that Lucius sought a pretence to make them arm against each other, because he was an Enemy to the Tri∣umvirate in the maintenance of whose power the Soldiery were to be con∣cerned, if they would not be driven from their Colonies, and that for his Horse they were still in the Country of the Brutians executing his orders. The principal Officers of Anthony's Army understanding well all these things met together at Theana with Caesar, where a Treaty was made on these conditions: That the Triumvirs should not disturb the Consuls in the Government of the Common-wealth; that they should give Lands only to those had served at Philippi: that Anthony's Forces in Italy should as well as Caesar's have a share of the Proscripts Money, and in the produce of the sale lately made of their Goods: that for the future no one should constrain them to serve out of Italy, except two Legions which Caesar might employ in the Expedition against Pompey: that those Caesar should send to Spain might pass the Alpes without being impeded by Asinius Pollio, and that Lucius satisfied with these conditions should dismiss his Guards, and follow the functions of his authority with all security. These Articles being a∣greed upon by the Officers of Anthony's Army, there were but two of them executed, and Salvidienus passed the Alpes in spite of those would have hin∣dred him: insomuch that the performance of the rest being delayed, Lu∣cius retired to Praeneste, saying, that having no Guards, he was afraid of Caesar, who was always accompanied with Soldiers, because of his quality of Triumvir. Fulvia likewise fled for refuge to Lepidus, out of fear, as she said, for her Children, and she had a better opinion of him than of Cae∣sar. However it were, both one and the other wrote to Anthony, and some of their Friends who could lay open all the Affair carried the Letters, of which I could not find the Copies, though I have made a curious search. Things standing in this posture, the principal Officers of both Armies met together to terminate the differences yet between their Generals by an equitable judgment, resolved to force to a compliance those that would not submit, and they invited Lucius his Friends to joyn with them; upon their refusal, Caesar to render them odious, began to vent his complaints in all places as well to the Officers of the Armies, as the principal Citizens, which occa∣sioned a great many persons to go from the City to Lucius, to beseech him to have compassion of Italy, almost ruined by Civil Wars, and to make choice of some, who, with them, or with the Officers might endeavour an accommodation. Lucius had both a respect for them and the matter whereof they spoke. But Manius answered fiercely, that whilst An∣thony amused himself to raise Money among Strangers, Caesar by his cringing and flexibility secured to himself all the Militia, and all

the strong places of Italy. That to this purpose, to the damage of Antho∣ny, to whom Gaul appertained, he had enfranchised it, and that in∣stead of ••ighteen Cities designed to reward the Veterans, he had granted them almost all Italy, and that whereas Lands were due only to twenty eight Legions that had served, he had given to four and thirty; that he had taken Money out of the Temples, which had never before been done whatever Famine were in the City, and that on pretence of a War against Pompey, but indeed to gain himself Soldiers to employ against Anthony: besides he had appraised the Proscripts Goods at such low rates, that it was rather giving than selling them: wherefore if he really desired peace, he ought first to give an account of what he had done, and do nothing for the future but what should be resolved upon common deliberation. Thus Ma∣nius by this arrogant answer would have had Caesar no more to have the ar∣bitrement of any thing, but that the agreement made between him and Anthony (by which each had an absolute power in things whereof he took charge, and what one did the other was to approve) should be utterly void. Wherefore Caesar seeing they were absolutely determined for War, began to prepare likewise. Two Legions that were in the City of Ancona having advice hereof, they having formerly belonged to Caesar, and since to Anthony, and having still respect for both, sent Deputies to Rome to en∣treat them to consent to an Accommodation: whereupon Caesar answering that he had no design against Anthony, but that Lucius would make War upon him, the Deputies and Officers of Anthony's Forces joyned together, deputed some to Lucius, to perswade him to admit of a determination of the Differences between Caesar and him, by the way of Justice, letting him know, that if he would not submit, they would take the matter into their own hands. After having obtained of Lucius what they desired, the City of Ga••es was made choice of for the meeting, being the half way be∣twixt Rome and Praeneste, where Benches were set up for the Judges, and two Tribunals, from whence to plead Causes: Caesar who came first had sent some Horse on the way which Lucius was to come, to discover if there were no Ambush; these met with some of Anthony's Horse which Lucius had likewise sent to scout before, and flew some of them: Lucius retreat∣ed thereupon for fear (as he said) of Ambushes, and never afterwards notwithstanding all the prayers of Anthony's Officers, and all their assu∣rances to be his safe conduct, would return, so that those who laboured for Peace, not succeeding, it came to an open War, and they began already to tear one another in pieces by bloody Declarations. Lucius's Forces were composed of four Legions he had raised when he entred into the Consulate, besides the eleven Legions of Anthony's commanded by Calenus, and all those were in Italy: and Caesar had four Legions at Capua and his Pretorian Cohorts with six Legions Salvidienus brought him from Spain. For Mo∣ney, Anthony's Provinces where there was no War, furnished Lucius; and Caesar drew from all his except Sardinia, at present engaged in War, and borrowed from all the Temples with promise to pay the interest, till he restored it to the Temple of the Capitol in Rome, at Antium, at Lavinia, at the* 1.2 Forest, and at Tibur, in all which Temples there are to this day store of consecrated Treasure.

[ VII] Nor were all things quiet out of Italy, for Pompey's Force and Reputati∣on was much increased by the Procripts, the old Inhabitants of the Colo∣nies, and even by this breach with Lucius; for all those who either feared their own safety, or were despoiled of their goods, or had any dislike to

the present state of Affairs, flocked in to him; besides a great number of Youth, who sought their Fortune by War, and thought it indifferent to en∣gage under one or another General, since they were all Romans came in to him, as judging his cause the more just: Besides he was grown rich with Prizes taken at Sea, and had store of Shipping with all things necessary; Murcus likewise had brought him two Legions with fourscore Ships, and there was coming to him another Army from Cephalonia, which makes some think that if he had now invaded Italy, he might easily have become Master of it, oppressed, as it was, with Famine, and rent in pieces with Intestine Divisions: but Pompey by an inexcusable imprudence chose rather to defend himself, than assail others, which proved in the end his own loss. As for what happened in Africa, Sextus, Lieutenant to Anthony, accord∣ing to Lucius Command, had delivered up his Army to Fagio, Caesar's Lieutenant, afterwards having received Orders again to withdraw it; up∣on Fagio's refusal to return it, he declared War against him, and having raised considerable Forces of disbanded Soldiers and Africans, with such assistance as he had from the Kings of that Country, goes to charge the Enemy, cuts in pieces the two Wings of his Army, and makes himself Master of his Camp; so that Fagio despairing, and thinking he was be∣trayed, slew himself. Thus Sextus repossessed himself of both the Pro∣vinces of Africa, and Bocchus, King of the Moors, by Lucius perswasion went to make War against Carinas, who commanded in Spain for Caesar. On the other side Aenobarbus, with seventy Ships, two Legions, a great number of Archers and Slingers, some light armed Infantry, and Gladia∣tors, cruising on the Ionian Sea, wasted all those Coasts that acknow∣ledged the Triumvirate; and coming nigh to Brundusium, took part of Cae∣sar's Galley's, burnt others, and having forced the Inhabitants to shut themselves up within their Wall, spoiled their Country. Caesar sent thi∣ther one Legion, and commanded Salvidienus to hasten out of Spain, whilst both persons laboured to raise men in Italy, where there happened some fights, some skirmishes, and many surprises. The people had a far greater inclination for Lucius's, then for the adverse party, because they made War against the new Colonies, and not only the Cities, whose Lands they had divided to the Soldiers, declared for him; but likewise all Italy, who feared the like oppression; so those that Caesar had sent to bor∣row the consecrated Mony, being driven out of the Cities, and some of them slain, the Inhabitants became Masters of their Walls, and declared for Lucius. But if these took his part, the new Possessors of Lands sided with Caesar, as if both one and the other had only regarded their proper interests. Affairs standing thus, Caesar assembled in the Palace the Se∣nate and Roman Knights, and thus spoke to them.

The Oration of Caesar.

I Know I am contemn'd by Lucius party, as weak and infirm; and I know that contempt will increase upon this my conventing you; but I am yet as∣sured I have a strong and powerful Army, as well that which Lucius wrongs by detaining from them their due rewards, as the other which fights under my Command; nor is there any thing wanting to me, but good will, for I cannot easily resolve on a Civil War, unless constrained, or desire to engage those Ci∣tizens,

remaining to destroy each other; but especially, I delight not in a War like this, which is not to be in Thrace or Macedon, but in the very heart of Italy, and which must occasion infinite miseries, though no man were to be slain, wherefore I have hitherto temporized, and do now protest, that I neither complain of Anthony, nor have given him cause to complain of me: 'Tis your interest, and you ought to let Lucius and his Counsellors know they are in the wrong, and let me intreat you to reconcile us together. If they will not believe you, but continue obstinate, they shall soon find my delay was an effect of my prudence, and not of my fear, and you may bear witness for me to An∣thony, that I am forced to what I do, by the insolence of Lucius.

Caesar having said these words, they sent forthwith to Lucius to Pre∣neste, who made them no answer, but that blows had already been struck on both sides, and that Caesar deceived them, having already sent a Legi∣on to Brundusium, to hinder Anthony's landing, besides Manius showed them a Letter from Anthony, whether true or forged is uncertain, com∣manding them to defend his Authority by Arms, whereupon the Depu∣ties of the Senate demanding, if any had invaded Anthony's; for if so they would make them do reason by ways of Justice. Manius thereupon pro∣posed many other things, so they went away without doing any thing; yet they went not together to return Caesar any answer of their Legation, whether they had given him an account of it privately, or that they were ashamed, or for some other reason.

[ VIII] Thus War being declared, Caesar took the Field, leaving Lepidus with two Legions for guard of the City, at which time many persons of qua∣lity declared their dislike of the Triumvirs, by going over to Lucius. Now what passed most considerable in this War was thus: Two of Lu∣cius his Legions quartered at Alba mutined, and having turned away their Officers, were upon the very point of revolting, when both Lucius and Caesar were upon their way thither; Lucius got there first, and by the force of Money and Promises, kept them in their Duty. After which, as Firmius brought him another Army, Caesar fell upon his Rear-guard, and forced Firmius to an Eminence; from whence escaping the next night into a City of his faction, called Sentia; Caesar would not pursue him, for fear of an Ambush, but on the morrow besieged the place and the Army. On the other side Lucius having a design upon Rome, sent before three Regiments, who with wonderful diligence entred the City privately by night, himself followed with the flower of his Horse and the Gladiators, and was received by Nonius, who having that day the guard of the Gate, with all his Soldiers submitted to him, and Lepidus went out to meet with Caesar; Lucius thus entred the City, assembled the people, and told them that Anthony and Lepidus should in few days give an account of the vio∣lences committed in their Magistracy, and that Anthony was disposed to quit that unlawful power, to accept of the Consulate, that is to say, a Dignity established by their Ancestors, instead of a tyrannical Dominion. These words were received with the universal joy of the people, who already imaginging the Triumvirate abolished, made acclamations to Lu∣cius, giving him the Title of Emperour. Soon after he left the City to march against Caesar, passing by his Brother's Colonies, where he raised a∣nother Body of an Army, and fortified all the Cities he found affectionate to his Party: but Barbarius▪ Questor to Anthony being returned upon some

difference he had with his General, told all Men, that he was mightily in∣censed against those made War upon Caesar, to the ruine of their common power, which made many that discovered not Barbarius's deceit, desert Lu∣cius, and joyn with Caesar. Lucius then marched to meet with Salvidienus, who was coming with an Army of Gauls to Caesar, followed in the rear by Asinius and Ventidius, two of Anthony's Lieutenants; so that he could not well pass farther, when Agrippa, one of Caesar's best Friends, fearing lest Salvidienus should be inclosed, went and seised upon* 2.1 Insubria, from whence Lucius drew great Succors, thinking thereby to oblige Lucius to turn his Arms upon him, and quit his design upon Salvidienus, who would not fail to follow him in the rear, nor was he deceived in his imagination: Lucius therefore frustrated in his hopes, would willingly have joyned with Asinius and Ventidius, but Agrippa and Salvidienus lying on each side him, sorely annoyed him, and had given good order for guarding the Straits; when he saw himself engaged in this manner, not daring to venture a Bat∣tel, he retired night to Perugia a strong City, where he encamped, staying for Ventidius▪ Agrippa, Salvidienus and Caesar himself coming in at the same time, with the three Armies there besieged him, Caesar having speedily drawn together all his Forces, that Lucius who was the Head of the War might not escape him. He sent likewise some Forces towards Asinius and Ventidius to retard their march, though they made no great haste, for they approved not of this War, and did not well know Anthony's mind; besides there was jealousie between them, and being of equal Dignity each was ambitious of the sole Command of the Army. Mean while, Lucius thus besieged durst not hazard a Battel, being the weaker both in number and quality of Soldiers, his Army consisting for the most part of new raised Forces, nor durst he take the Field, or adventure a Retreat, being on all sides so belayd; wherefore he sent Manius to Ventidius and Asinius to hasten them to come to his relief, and gave order to Titinnius to go with four thousand Horse to waste the Country under Caesar's protection, that he might oblige him to raise his Siege, whilst he shut himself up in Perugia, resolved if he were forced to it to spend the Winter there, or at least so much time till Ventidius came up to him with the other Army, but Caesar presently set his Men to work on the Circumvallation, which he was forced to make six and fifty Furlongs in circuit, because of the Hills, among which the City is seated, from whence he drew two Lines down to the Tiber to hinder any thing from being brought to the City. Lucius on his part cau∣sed the foot of the Hills to be fortified with Trench and Palisado like to the Circumvallation, whilst Fulvia sent fresh dispatches to Ventidius, Asinius, Ateius and Calenus to hasten them with all speed to his relief, and withal raised a new Army, which she sent to him under the Command of Plan∣cus, who meeting with one of Caesar's Legions on their March to the City, cut them in pieces. As for Ventidius and Asinius doubtful of Anthony's mind they temporized, and yet pressed to it by Fulvia, they began to march on and to come to disengage Lucius, Caesar together with Agrippa presently set forward to meet them, after having placed a very good Guard before Pe∣rugia, but they not being able to joyn Plancus, or put themselves into a con∣dition to ••ight, retired one to Ravenna, the other to Rimini, and Plancus to Spoleto; and Caesar having left a part of his Forces to hinder their con∣junction, returned to the Siege at Perugia. There he with all possible dili∣gence caused to be made a double Ditch of thirty Foot wide, and as many deep, on which he raised a Rampire, with fifteen hundred Towers of Wood, sixty Feet distant one from the other, with store of Redoubts, and

all things necessary for defence as well against the Besieged, as those that would force his Lines; this was not done without frequent Sallies, and ma∣ny Engagements, wherein Caesar's Light-armed Foot did wonders in lancing their Javelings; but when Lucius's Gladiators could come to a close Fight with them, they made a great slaughter. The work being brought to per∣fection, the Besieged began to be afflicted with Famine, which augment∣ed from day to day, for neither Lucius nor the Inhabitants had made any Provision of Victuals, which coming to Caesar's knowledge, he caused the Lines to be guarded with double care and diligence. Now on the Eve of New-years-day, being a solemn Festival, Lucius, imagining they would not have so much care of the Watch as ordinarily, went and stormed the Gate of their Trenches, believing, that by opening this passage, he might gain an entrance into the City for those other Forces he had in divers Quarters, But the Legion then upon the Guard presently running in, and Caesar him∣self with the Pretorian Cohorts, Lucius after a long Fight resolutely main∣tained, was forced to a Retreat: and this happened at the same time that at Rome, where they had layed in stores of Corn for Provision for the Sol∣diers, the People detesting both the Wars and the Victories, ran to all the Magazines, and pillaged them of all the Corn. After this Ventidius and those with him judging it shameful for them not to relieve Lucius, perish∣ing with Famine, set forward to their assistance, and at first over-run those Forces which Caesar had left to oppose their Designs, but Agrippa and Salvi∣dienus coming in with a greater power, they were fearful of being sur∣rounded, and so turned off to Fulcinia, a little City about one hundred and sixty Furlongs from Perugia, where Agrippa having besieged them, they gave Lucius notice of there being there, by great Fires which they kindled in the Night time, Ventidius and Asinius were of the mind to sally out and fight: Plancus on the contrary said they had better stay a while, for fear of engaging themselves between Agrippa and Caesar; so the Besieged in Peru∣gia, who had rejoyced at the first sight of the Fires, seeing their Compani∣ons came not, imagined they had met with some obstacle, but when the Fires were quite extinct, then they believed them absolutely defeated; whereupon Lucius oppressed with Famine, would once more attempt an Assault by night, and from the first Watch till it was light did all he could to force the Lines, but being every where repulsed, he retreated into Peru∣gia, where having taken an exact account of the Provision remaining, he forbade giving any to the Slaves, whom yet he set Guards over; lest fly∣ing to the Enemy they should betray the extremities of the Garrison; so that whole Troops of those poor wretches might be seen walk staggering through the City, and as far as the Rampire, eating Grass, or green Leaves, or whatsoever they could find; and when they were dead, Lucius caused them to be interred very deep, lest if he should have burnt them, the Ene∣my should have knowledge of it, or letting them lie, they should putresie, and by their corrupt stench engender the Plague. But when there appear∣ed no end either of Famine of Funerals, the Soldiers quite wearied out, de∣sired Lucius they might once more attempt the Enemies Trenches, promi∣sing themselves this time to carry them, he approved their resolution, and told them: In our last Assault we fought not so stoutly as the present occasion and our n••••ssity did require: now we have no other way but either to yield, or if that seem worse then dying, to sight it out to the death. All of them cou∣rageously accepting of these conditions, they besought him to lead them on in open day, that if there were any Cowards among them the night might not keep them from being known. Lucius made his Sally about break of

day with a great quantity of Iron Instruments, many kind of Ladders, Tools of all sorts to fill up the Trenches, with portable Towers to lay Bridges over to the Walls, all kind of missile Arms, with Stones and Bun∣dles of Osiers or Wattles to throw upon the Stakes. They then began the Assault with such fury, that they presently filled up the Ditch, passed the Palisade, and gained the Foot of the Wall, which some laboured to under∣mine, and others brought Ladders to scale, others drew close up their Tow∣ers with a wonderful contempt of their lives, though there fell upon them Showers of Stones, of Darts, and of Leaden Bullets. They assaulted the Lines in several places at once, so that the Enemy distracted, could not so vigorously apply themselves to the defence of all: whereby it hap∣pened in one Place Lucius's Men having brought up a Tower, had cast their Planks upon the Wall, where, though fighting in extreme danger, as be∣ing galled both in Front and Flank by the Enemies missile Arms, they at length forced their way, and some of them gained the Wall, followed pell mell by others; and possibly their despair had met with a happy success, if the Enemy, knowing there were not many of these Machines, had not op∣posed the most valiant of Caesar's Soldiers, to these weak and tired Men, who soon tumbled them down the Walls, and having broken in pieces their Machine with contempt, wounded them from above▪ yet with broken Arms and wounded Bodies, their very voices almost failing them, they still resolutely stood to it; but when they saw the Bodies of those who had been slain upon the Wall stripped and thrown after them, the contumely seemed unsufferable, and they stood like Men struck dumb, or like Wrest∣lers at the Gymnick Games that would breath themselves a while: so that Lucius seeing them in this condition, took compassion on them, and sound∣ed a Retreat. However, when Caesar's Soldiers, joyful for their success, made a great noise with their Arms as a mark of Victory, they reentred with fury, and bringing out Ladders (for they had no more Towers) in a desperate mood attempted to scale the Wall, but all in vain, and indeed it was impossible; wherefore Lucius running about to all places, besought them not to cast themselves away, and brought them off weeping, and much against their wills. After this fierce Assault, Caesar, to prevent the Enemies from making the like upon his Trenches, lined his Walls with Courts of Guard, giving order that at the first signal they should mount the Rampire, some in one place, and some in others: and this they did conti∣nually, though none assailed them, with design to exercise the Soldiers, and strike terrour into the Enemy.

Mean while Lucius's Soldiers began to be quite out of heart, and to neg∣lect [ IX] their Guards, as it often happens after such unfortunate repulses; and many, not only of the Soldiers, but Officers went and submitted themselves to Caesar. Lucius himself, touched with pity to see so many Men so miser∣ably ending their lives, would willingly have consented to an Accommoda∣tion, if he had not had with him some particular Enemies of Caesar's, who were fearful to fall into his hands; but when it was known that he kindly re∣ceived the very Runaways, all Mens minds grew more inclinable to peace, so that Lucius fearing, left if he alone resisted, they would deliver him to Caesar; wherefore, seeing some appearance of hopes, he thus spoke to his Army:

The Oration of Lucius to his Army.

I Had a design, Fellow Soldiers, to restore my Country to liberty, seeing the Triumvirate changed into a Tyranny, and that this Authority thought to be only established against Brutus and Cassius, continued yet after their deaths; for Lepidus being deprived of his part of the Empire, whilst Anthony is ga∣thering up Money in the remote Provinces, this Man who besieges us disposes all things at pleasure, and the Roman Laws, which he makes a mock of, serve him but for a pretence: but when to remedy this disorder, and redeem the Common∣wealth from Slavery, I requested that after having given the promised Recom∣penses to the Soldiery he should lay down the Sovereign Authority, not obtaining it by request, I sought to constrain it according to the power invested in me by the quality of Consul, but he raised a report among the Soldiers that I opposed the Colonies in favour of the ancient possessors: it was a long time ere I knew he slandered me in this manner; and when it was told me, I could not believe it, since I had my self appointed Commissioners to divide the Lands among you: ne∣vertheless the greater part giving ear to this Calumny, joyned themselves with Caesar's Faction to make War upon us; but have made War against themselves, as time will make it appear. For your part I am your witness, that having adhered to the juster cause you have suffered infinitely, and at last we are not overcome by our Enemies, but by Famine, which has forced our Officers to desert us. True it is, it would be much for my Glory to fight for my Country, even to the last extremities, and my good will would be recompensed with immortal praises, but I cannot resolve it, out of my affection to you whose safety I prefer before my own Glory. I will therefore send Deputies to the Conquerour to desire him to deal as he please with me, so he will but pardon you who are his Fellow Citizens, and have been his Soldiers, who have committed no fault in fighting for a cause so apparently just, and who have not been overcome by Arms, but by want of Provisions.

After these words, he chose three out of the principal Men of his Army, and sent them to Caesar, which drew tears from the eyes of all the rest, de∣ploring either their own, or their Generals condition, who having such noble and generous thoughts for his Country was yet reduced to that shameful necessity. The three Deputies represented to Caesar, that they were all of the same Country, had formerly fought under the same Colours, that the Chief of both Parties had been good Friends, and that he ought to imitate the Ge∣nerosity of the Ancients, who were haters of deadly dissentions, with many other things tending to the same purpose. Caesar who well knew the Army was composed of Veterans and new raised Soldiers, cunningly an∣swered, that he would pardon Anthony's Men for their General's sake, but for the rest they should yield upon discretion. This he spoke publickly, but drawing apart Furnius one of the three Deputies, he gave him hopes of a general pardon, excepting only his particular Enemies, but those who thought themselves of that number, suspecting this private conference be∣tween Furnius and Caesar was to their prejudice, reviled him at his return, and besought Lucius either to obtain a general Peace, or to continue the

War without Quarter, since it had not been undertaken for any particular animosities, but for the Common-wealth. Lucius moved to compassion for persons of equal quality with himself, praised their resolution, and promi∣sed to send other Deputies; but after saying he could find no Man fitter for that Negotiation than himself, he went without a Herauld, only some running before to give Caesar notice Lucius was coming. Caesar presently came forth to meet him, and when they were in sight of each other, at∣tended by their Friends, and in the habit of Generals: Lucius stopped his Train, and taking with him only two Lictors came forward, thereby ma∣king known his intention: Caesar having observed it, imitated his Modesty, the better to give him assurance of his future good will; and when he saw Lucius advanced to the Trenches in token he yielded to discretion, he came out himself, that Lucius might still be at freedom to dispose of his Affairs: these signs of their good inclinations they by turns gave each other at their approach: but when they were met near the Trench, after mutual saluta∣tions, Lucius thus began:

The Speech of Lucius to Caesar.

CAesar, had I made this War with Strangers, I should have thought it [ X] base to have been overcome, but much baser to have thus yielded my self, and should soon have found a way to have freed me from that infamy; but ha∣ving to deal with a Citizen of my own quality, and for my Country, I think it no shame to be vanquished in such a cause, and by such a Man: I say not this that I would refuse to suffer what ever you please (for I come to you without a He∣rauld) but to obtain pardon for others, which as it is just, will be no less pro∣fitable to your Affairs, which to make you the more clearly understand, I will separate my interest from theirs, that being fully perswaded I alone am the cause of what has passed, you may discharge all your anger upon me; yet think not whatever I say I would have offended you (that would have been unseasonable) only let me speak, truths cannot be dissembled, I undertook this War against you, not to seise the Sovereign Power after your defeat, but to restore to the Se∣nate the Government of the Common-wealth, of which the Triumvirate de∣prived them, since when you established it, you confessed your Government not lawful, but necessary for a time, so long as Brutus and Cassius, with whom you could make no peace, subsisted. After the Heads of that Dissention were dead, the Remains of their Party (if yet there be any Remains) being still in Arms, not against the Common-wealth, but because they feared you, and the five years of the Triumvirate being expired, I demanded the restoration of the Magi∣strates power, according to the ancient order, preferring the good of my Country before mine own Brother, because I hoped for his consent at his return, and in the mean time to finish the work whilst I was in authority; which had it proceed∣ed from you, you alone had had the Glory of it; but not being able to perswade you, I went to the City where I thought I might by force effect it, being a Citi∣zen of considerable Birth, and withal Consul. This is the sole cause of this War, which ought neither to be attributed to my Brother, nor to Manius, nor to Fulvia, nor to the distribution made of Lands to those Soldiers had served at Philippi, nor to the compassion I might have conceived for those turned out of their Beings, since I my self sent Commissioners on the places to settle my Bro∣ther's Legions in their Colonies, and to drive out the old Proprietors: but it

was your invention to throw upon me and the Colonies the cause of the War, and an artifice by which gaining the hearts of the Veterans you have got the Victory; for being persuaded I was their Enemy, they have done all they could a∣gainst me, and you had reason to make use of this policy, being in open War with me. Now you have got the Victory, if you are an Enemy to your Coun∣try treat me likewise as an Enemy; for I had a design to serve it, if I had not been hindred by want of Provision. These things I speak yielding my self (as I have said) freely up, to use at your discretion, and coming alone to you, that you may perceive what thoughts I have heretofore had of you, and what I still preserve. Thus far touching my self: for what concerns my Friends, and all the rest of the Army (if my advice may not be suspected by you) I will give you what shall be for your advantage. Let me counsel you not to use them hard∣ly for any difference between us, lest, being still a Man exposed to the reach of Fortune, you make those serve under you backward in hazarding themselves to danger, when by your example they shall have learn'd there is no hopes of safety but in Victory. But if the counsels of an Enemy are not to be listened to, I be∣seech you not to punish my Friends for my fault, or misfortune; but rather lay all the Load on me, who am the only cause of all that has happened. I have on purpose left them behind me, for fear lest if I had spoke in their presence it might have looked like an Artifice to gain favour for my self.

To which Caesar answered:

The Answer of Caesar to Lucius.

WHen I saw you, Lucius, coming to me without a Herald, I presently came out of my Trenches to meet you; that you being still Master of your self might still be at liberty to resolve, say and do what you judged most advantageous for you; but since acknowledging your fault you yield to discre∣tion, there is no need of a reply to what you impute to me with a great deal of cunning, and little truth. From the beginning you have had a desire to van∣quish me, and you now have done it: for had you desired to capitulate, you had deservedly met with a severe Conquerour, but now without any conditions you come to yield up your self, your Friends and Army, you have taken away all an∣ger, taken away all advantage I had over you; for I am now to consider not so much what you deserve as what becomes me, which I am glad to have the opportunity of doing, out of respect to the Gods, for my own interest, and for your sake, Lu∣cius, who shall not be deceived in that opinion of me which brought you hither.

These are near upon the very same words as I found them in the Com∣mentaries of those times.

[ XI] In these passages Caesar admired the generous and unshaken mind of Lu∣cius so well biassed with prudence; and Lucius the great clemency and ex∣peditious brevity of Caesar, and others read in both their Faces the tenure of what they had spoke: Lucius presently sent his Tribunes to receive or∣ders from Caesar, who brought him the Muster-Rolls of the whole Army, according to the custom to this day when a Tribune comes for Orders, he

presents the General with a Counter-roll of those serve under him. After having received Orders, they set the Watch as before, it being Caesar's plea∣sure that for that night each Army should lodge in their own Camp: on the morrow he offered Sacrifices, and Lucius sent him all his Forces in Arms, and ready to march upon service. As soon as they came in sight of Caesar they saluted him, calling him Emperour, and that done, drew up by Legions the Veterans apart from the new raised Men in a place by him ap∣pointed. After having performed the Ceremonies of the Sacrifices, Cae∣sar seated himself upon a Tribunal with a Wreath of Laurel on his Head, which is the Badge of Victory, and commanded them all to lay down their Arms, then he gave order for the Veterans to draw near, that he might terrifie them with reproaches of ingratitude; but his mind being known, all Caesar's Soldiers, whether suborned, or moved with affection towards their Fellow Citizens in distress, stepped out of their Ranks, and advancing towards Lucius's Men, who had formerly been their Comrades, began to embrace them, weeping and emploring Caesar for them, continuing their cries and their embraces, till such time as the new raised Men being touch∣ed with a like compassion, the whole place became the object of universal ••orrow; wherefore Caesar changing his design, having with much difficul∣ty silenced their cries, thus spoke to his own Men:

The Oration of Caesar.

YOu have always, Fellow Soldiers, so behaved your selves to me, that you can ask nothing I can deny: I believe the new Soldiers may have been forced to serve Lucius; but for those there who have so often born Arms with you, and with whom you now petition me, I would fain ask them what injury I have done them, or what they ever requested of me that I refused them, or what advantage they could hope from others might oblige them to take up Arms against me, a∣gainst you, and against themselves; for there is no labour to which I have not exposed my self for settling of the Colonies, in which they are to be sharers; but take it not amiss if their insolency make me be no further concerned for them.

But they instantly intreating him not to give over his care of them, and renewing their intreaties for their pardon.

I grant you, said he, whatever you desire, let them be pardoned, provided for the future they be of one mind with you.

Which after they had all promised, they with acclamations gave thanks to Caesar, who permitted some of his to entertain the others as their Guests, and ordered the multitude to encamp apart in the same place where they had first drawn up, till such time as he appointed Cities for their Winter Quarters, with Commissioners to conduct them. After which, before he rose from the Tribunal, he caused to come to him Lucius, and all the per∣sons of Quality with him, among whom there were many Senators and Roman Knights, all cast down, and sorrowful for this sudden and extraor∣dinary change, who were no sooner come out of Perugia, but a Gar∣rison

entred the City: when they were come before Caesar, he caused Lucius to be set down by him, and his Friends and Centurions took charge of the rest, after being advertised to treat them honourably, but yet to have a care to secure their persons. He sent likewise to the People of Perugia, who begged pardon from their Walls, to come to him without their Senators, and he pardoned them, but their Senators were all imprisoned, and not long after slain, except only Lucius Emulus, who being at Rome one of the Judges of Caesar's Murderers, openly gave sentence against them, and perswaded others to do the like, to purge the City from that abominable vil∣lany. Caesar had resolved to give the plunder of Perugia to his Soldiers. But Caestius one of the Inhabitants, a crack-brained Fellow, who because he had bore Arms in Macedon stiled himself Macedonicus, set fire to his House, and threw himself into the Flames, which the wind driving through∣out the whole City, it was in a moment reduced to ashes, all but the Tem∣ple of Vulcan, such was the end of Perugia, a City famous for its antiqui∣ty; for it is said to be one of those twelve Cities built by the ancient* 6.1 E∣truscans, at their first coming into Italy, wherefore they formerly adored Iuno after the manner of the Etruscans, but now those who divided a∣mong themselves the ruines of the City, took Vulcan instead of Iuno for their Tutelar Deity. The day following, Caesar passed a general pardon; but the Army still grumbling and growing tumultuous against some, for∣bore not till they were slain, who were all mighty Enemies to Caesar, such were Canutius, C. Flavius, Clodius Bythinicus and others.

[ XII] This conclusion had the Siege of Perugia, together with the War against Lucius, most certainly a very perillous one, and which in all likelyhood might a long time have tormented Italy. For Asinius, Plancus, Ventidius, Crassus, Ateius, and others of this Party, who had in all considerable For∣ces, amounting to thirteen Legions, and six thousnad five hundred Horse, reputing Lucius the Head of this War, retired every one a several way towards the Sea, part to Brundusium, part to Ravenna, part to Ta∣rentum, some of which went to seek out Murcus and Aenobarbus, others Anthony, still followed in the rere by Caesar's Men, who offered them peace, which they refusing, were by them much infested in their March; but two of these Legions left by Plancus at Cameria, Agrippa gained by fair pro∣mises. Fulvia likewise with her Children fled to Puzzoli, and from thence to Brundusium, convoyed by three thousand Horse, sent her by her Hus∣band's Lieutenants. At Brundusium she embarqued on five long Ships, sent for out of Macedon, and departed with Plancus the future companion of her Voyage, who through cowardise deserted the rest of the Army, of which Ventidius after took the Conduct. Asinius drew Aenobarbus to An∣thony's Party, which they both gave him assurance of by Letters, and be∣cause he was to come into Italy, they secured convenient places for his land∣ing, and laid in stores of Provision. On the other side, Anthony having still other Forces near the Alpes commanded by Calenus, Caesar designed to make himself Master of them, out of a jealousie he had of Anthony, to keep them for him if he proved his Friend, or to strengthen himself against him if it were true that he was not; but whilst he was seeking a plausible occasion to do it, Calenus died; so that Caesar laying hold of the opportuni∣ty, goes with all celerity and seises upon the Army, and with it of Gaul and Spain two of Anthony's Provinces, Fulvius Son to Calenus out of fear yielding up all without opposition. Thus Caesar being at one push strength∣ened with eleven Legions, and these great Provinces, after having re∣moved

the Commanders, and put his own Creatures in their places, re∣turned to Rome.

But Anthony detained the Deputies of the Colonies sent to him, either [ XIII] because of the Winter Season, or that they might not discover his Designs. At the beginning of Spring parting from Alexandria he came to Tyre, from thence passing to Cyprus, Rhodes, and the Province of Asia, he heard of the success of the Siege of Perugia, for which he blamed his Brother, his Wife, but especially Manius. At Athens he met with Ful∣via, flying from Brundusium, and Iulia his Mother, whom Pompey (to whom she was fled for refuge) sent upon long Ships, accompanied with the chief Men of Quality in his Party, L. Libo his Father-in-law, Saturninus and others, who beholding Anthony's Magnificence, would have perswa∣ded him to an alliance with Pompey against Caesar: to which he answered; That indeed he was obliged to Pompey for sending to him his Mother, which he would acknowledge in due season; and if he must make War with Caesar, would embrace his alliance; but if the friendship betwixt them stood firm, he would do his endeavours to reconcile Pompey to Caesar. Thus Anthony then answered: but when Caesar returned to the City out of Gaul, understanding that some had sailed from Pompey to Athens, but not hearing what answer they brought back, he began to make the old Soldiers and new Inhabi∣tants of the Colonies jealous of Anthony, as if Pompey were ready by his allowance to come and driven them out, and place in their ancient possessi∣ons the old Proprietors, of whom many indeed had fled to him for refuge, which though easily believed, yet could not the affection of the Veterans to Anthony be so easily withdrawn, so much credit had the Battel of Philippi got him in the hearts of the Soldiers. Caesar, though he thought that he should be stronger than Anthony, Pompey and Aenobarbus all together in the number of Legions, for he had already above forty; yet neither ha∣ving Shipping nor time to build any, he was much afraid that if they with five hundred Sail should come and cruise about all the Coasts of Italy, they would in a short time starve him; wherefore though many Virgins were offered him in Marriage he wrote to Maecenas that he should treat for him with Scribonia Sister to Libo Father-in-law of Pompey, that by this means if it were necessary he might make peace with Pompey: this was no sooner known to Libo, but by Letters he gave order that the Marriage should forthwith be concluded. Henceforwards Caesar when at any time he con∣ceived a jealousie of any of Anthony's Friends or Forces under his Com∣mand, he sent them to several places out of the way, and Lepidus he di∣spatched with six of Anthony's Legions he had in some suspicion, into Africa the Province designed for him. He sent likewise for Lucius, whom after he praised for his piety to his Brother, that what by his orders he had done, he would take the fault off upon himself; he yet accused him of in∣gratitude, that after so great an obligation he would not confess to him what every one talked publickly; that Anthony had entred into League with Pompey against him.

The Speech of Caesar to Lucius.

CErtainly, said he, trusting to your words, after Calenus's death I ••re∣served for Anthony by the means of my Friends those Legions and Provinces that he might not beleft without command; but now perceiving his de∣signs against me, I take them all as my own; but you, if you please, may secure∣ly go to your Brother.

Caesar spoke thus either to try Lucius, or that what he said might be told to Anthony: but Lucius answered him as he had done before.

The Answer of Lucius to Caesar.

I Knew, said he, I must confess, the mind of Fulvia aspiring to Dominion, and I made use of my Brother's Forces with hopes to suppress the power of you all; and if now my Brother comes to subvert Monarchy openly or privately, I will go to him, once more to make War for my Country against you, though so highly obliged to you; but if he seeks Associates to maintain his tyranny, I will serve you against him so long as I shall believe you affect not the Monarchy; for I shall always prefer my affection to my Country before either Friend or Re∣lation.

Caesar now again admiring Lucius, told him, that whatever offers he made, he should not accept of his service against his Brother; but that he thought such a Man as he fit to be entrusted with the whole Province and Army of Spain, in which he should have Peduceius and Luceius for his Lieu∣tenants. Thus he sent Lucius out of the way with Honour, having given private orders to his Lieutenants to watch him narrowly.

[ XIV] Anthony having left Fulvia sick at Sycione, set fail from Corcyra to pass the Ionian Sea with two hundred Ships he had built in Asia, wherein he had but very slender Forces. Upon advice that Aenobarbus came to meet him with a great Fleet and a mighty Army, some were jealous that he would not prove faithful to the new made peace, because he had been condemned as an Abettor of Caesar's death, and therefore put in the number of the Pro∣scribed, and had taken part against Caesar and Anthony in the Battel of Phi∣lippi. But Anthony, that he might not seem to distrust any thing, held on his course with five of his best Ships, commanding the rest to follow at a distance; when Aenobarbus with all his Fleet and Army were come in sight, Plancus, who was on board of Anthony, began to be afraid, and ad∣vised him to stop and send some before to make tryal of the Faith of this doubted Man. But Anthony made answer; That he had rather perish by the violation of a peace, than save himself by betraying the least fear. They were now come so nigh, that they knew easily each other, and the Admi∣ral's

Ships stood Stem to Stem with their Flags aloft, when Anthony's chief Lictor standing on the Prow, according to custom, whether he had forgot that they were making towards a Man, whose Faith was in some question, and who had under his Command an Army of his own, or moved by the customary duty of Subjects and inferiours to their Superiours, he command∣ed them aloud to strike their Flag, which they obeyed, and brought up their Ship along Anthony's side; then the Commanders having saluted each other, Aenobarbus's Soldiers called Anthony Emperour, and Plancus with much ado recovered out of his fright. Anthony having received Ae∣nobarbus into his Ship, they sailed to Paleonta where Aenobarbus's Land Forces lay, where he resigned up his Tent to Anthony as his General. From thence embarquing they sailed to Brundusium, kept with five Cohorts for Caesar, where the Inhabitants shut their Gates against them, against Aenobarbus as their ancient Enemy, and against Anthony for being in their Enemies company: Anthony enraged at this refusal, and thinking it only a pretence, and that indeed Caesar's Men by his orders hindred his entrance, went and seised upon the Neck of the Peninsula, drew a line cross, and fortified it; for the City stands in a Peninsula in form of a Crescent: so that now there was no coming to the City by Land, the Line being drawn from one Sea to the other: he likewise raised Forts round the Port, which is ve∣ry spacious, and in the Islands wherewith it is encompassed, and sent along the Coasts of Italy to seise of all commodious places, and dispatched withal at the same time to Pompey to oblige him as much as possibly he could with his Fleet to infest Italy. He very gladly sent Menodorus with a strong Fleet and four Legions into Sardinia, which then held for Caesar, where he drew two Legions to his Party, scared with the agreement between Anthony and Pompey. In the mean time Anthony's Men took Saguntum in Ausonia, and Pompey besieged Thuria and Consentia, and sent his Horsemen into their their Territories. Caesar assailed in so many places at once, sent Agrippa to relieve those in Ausonia, who, passing by the Colonies, commanded the Vete∣rans to follow him, as if he were to lead them against Pompey; but when they were told he acted by Anthony's orders, they stole away every Man to their Houses, which most of all terrified Caesar. However, he went in person to Brundusium with another Army, and by seasonable Caresses drew the Veterans to their duty; they now following him out of a real respect and reverence to his person, and yet holding among themselves secret confe∣rences of reconciling him with Anthony, whom if they found obstinate, to make War, they would then defend their General's honour, who was now some days detained at Canusium: in Men he much outnumbred Anthony; but when he saw Brundusium so beleaguered, that he could no way force the Lines, he contented himself to encamp near it, to view the Enemy, and wait a favourable occasion. Though Anthony was so well fortified in his Trenches, that he could well have defended himself against much greater Forces than Caesar's, yet he sent with all speed for his Army out of Mace∣don: and in the mean time by this stratagem amused Caesar, he sent by night on board the long Ships and Vessels of Burthen great numbers of Countrymen and Servants, and in the day time landed them again one after another all armed in the sight of Caesar, as if they had been armed out of Macedon. And now his Machines being in a readiness, he began his Batteries upon Brundusium, to Caesar's great grief, who could no way re∣lieve the place, when towards the Evening news was brought to both Par∣ties that Agrippa had retaken Tiguntum, and that Pompey repulsed from Thur••n, continued the Siege of Consentia, which much troubled Anthony;

but when he heard that Servilius with twelve hundred Horse was gone over to Caesar, he could not contain himself, but rising from Supper he mounted with such of his Friends as were in a readiness, and accompanied only by four hundred Horse with a singular boldness beat up the Quarters of fifteen hundred near Uria, and so surprised them, that they yielding, he brought them the same day before Brundusium, such an opinion of his being invin∣cible had the Battel of Philippi got him. The Pretorian Soldiers height∣ened by this success, went afterwards one after another up to Caesar's Trenches, upbraiding their ancient Comrades for bearing Arms against Anthony, who had saved their lives at Philippi. Whereupon the others answering, that on the contrary they made War upon them, they came at length to Conferences, wherein they began their reciprocal complaints; on one side that they had refused them entrance into Brundusium, and cor∣rupted Calenus's Army; and the other, that they had besieged Brundusium, made inroads into Ausonia, treated with Aenobarbus one of Caesar's Mur∣derers, and with Pompey their common Enemy. At length Caesar's Men discovered their inclinations to the other, that they followed Caesar without having forgot the Virtues of Anthony, and that their design was to pro∣cure a reconciliation between their Generals, to which, if Anthony would by no other means be inclined, then they must repel force with force; all which they went and published even before Anthony's Trenches.

[ XV] Whilst these things passed, the opportune news was brought of the death of Fulvia, who not able to bear her Husband's reproofs, was fallen sick with discontent that he was angry with her, for he had left her sick, and at his departure not vouchsafed to visit her, which hastened her end▪ All Men believed her death commodious for both Parties; for she was a Woman of a turbulent spirit, and who only out of her jealousie of Cleo∣patra had kindled this War. However, Anthony seemed much grieved at the accident, as believing himself the cause. There was one Lucius Cocceius intimately a Friend to both Generals, whom the Summer before Caesar had sent with Cecinna as his Envoy to Anthony then in Phaenicia, Cecinna forth∣with returning, he had till now stayed with Anthony. Thus Cocceius lay∣ing hold on the occasion, feigned that he was recalled by Caesar, and de∣sired audience to take his leave, and Anthony permitting him to depart, he trying him farther, asked whether he would not write to Caesar, having re∣ceived Letters from him by the same Cocceius, to which Anthony replyed: What can we now write to one another being Enemies, unless it be mutual re∣proaches; besides I then returned him answer by Cecinna, the Copies of which you may take if you please. To this cavil Cocceius made retort that Caesar was not to be called an Enemy, who had so favourably treated Lucius and other Friends of his. But me, said Anthony, he has shut out of Brundusium, seised upon my Provinces, and Calenus's Army. As for his favour shewed on∣ly to my Friends, that has not so much preserved their Friendship to me, as made them my Enemies by his kindness. Cocceius hearing him enter upon com∣plaints, would no farther move an angry Man, but went to Caesar, who seeing him, and wondred he was returned no sooner, Is it (said he to him) because I saved your Brother's life that you are become my Enemy? C••cceius answered; Is it so you call your Friends Enemies, and take away their Provinces and Armies? Caesar hereto replyed; After Calenus 's death should I have left in the hand of such a young Man Forces of such consequence, Anthony being absent, Lucius discontent, Asinius and Aenobarbus hard by, and ready to employ them against us? 'Twas the same reason made me hasten

to get Plancus 's Legions into my hands, lest they should have joyned with Pom∣pey, as the Horse did who went over into Sicily. To which Cocceius made answer, that things had been otherwise represented to Anthony, yet he did not believe them, till as an Enemy he was shut out of Brundusium. That was not done by any command of mine, replyed Caesar, nor could I divine that he was coming to land there, or dream that he should come along with Enemies. The Inhabitants of Brundusium, and the Officers left there in Garrison to op∣pose the attempts of Aenobarbus, did without orders from me shut their Gates against Anthony, newly confederated with Pompey our common Enemy, and bringing along with him Aenobarbus a Parricide, condemned by publick sen∣tence, proscribed, and who after the Battel of Philippi besieged Brundusium, and to this day wastes all the Coasts of the Ionian Sea, who burnt my Ships, and plunders all Italy. To which Cocceius made reply: You re∣served to one another the liberty to treat with whom you pleased; Anthony has no more made peace with any Murderer of your Father than your self, he has too great an honour for his memory, Aenobarbus was none of the Parricides, but condemned by malicious Iudges, when not conscious of the conspiracy. And if we think him unworthy of favour for being a Friend to Brutus, we must have a care lest we make all Men our Enemies. The peace was made too with Pom∣pey not with design to quarrel with you, but that if you made War upon Antho∣ny, he might have him for an Associate, and if you did not, to reconcile you together, as being a Man you can impeach with no crime. In this too, you are in the fault; for had there been no motion of War in Italy, they durst not have sent Deputies to Anthony. Thereupon Caesar pursuing his complaints, said, 'Twas Manius, Fulvia and Lucius made War upon me and Italy, and never durst Pompey before with his Forces attempt the Coasts till he was encouraged to it by Anthony. Not only encouraged, said Cocceius, but commanded, for I will hide nothing from you: he will with his Fleet invade the rest of Italy, now destitute as it is of Shipping, unless you make peace. Whereto Caesar, who had not without reflections listened to this discourse of Cocceius: said, How∣ever, Pompey has but little to brag of, being repulsed from Thuria. Here∣upon Cocceius hav••••g now a full insight of their controversies, made men∣tion of Fulvia's death, how not enduring her Husband's displeasure, she fell sick, and her Distemper increasing by a continual melancholy, that An∣thony was so unkind as not to visit her in her sickness, it had hastened her end. And now she is dead, said he, there needs nothing more than that you explain your mutual suspicions to one another. Caesar mollified by this discourse of Cocceius, made him his Guest for that day, who entreated him as the younger to write to Anthony his elder: he denyed writing to his Enemy, from whence he had received no Letters, but complained that his Mother whom he had always so perfectly honoured, as his Kinswoman, had fle•• out of Italy, as if she could not have commanded him as if he had been her own Son; so under this pretence Caesar wrote to Iulia. As Cocceius was going out of the Camp many Centurions discovered to him the mind of the Army, who with all the rest told this likewise to Anthony, that he might understand what a War he was about to engage himself in if he made not peace with Caesar. Wherefore he advised him to remand Pompey, who wasted Italy, into Sicily, and to send Aenobarbus into some other part, till new Leagues were made. To this Iulia his Mother joyning her prayers and intreaties; there was nothing stood in the way but the shame Anthony feared he should be exposed to, if the Peace not succeeding he should a∣gain be forced to have recourse to Pompey's assistance; but his Mother put∣ting him in hopes, confirmed by Cocceius partaker of Caesar's privacies,

Anthony consented, caused Pompey to return to Sicily, promising to take care of all matters agreed on between them, and sending Aenobarbus Go∣vernour into Bithynia; which as soon as Caesar's Army knew, they chose Deputies to go to both Generals, whom they besought to refrain from ac∣cusing each other; for they were not made choice of to judge, but to re∣concile them; so that making Cocceius Friend to both for Arbitrator, and nominating Pollio for Anthony, and Maecenas for Caesar, they decreed a mu∣tual oblivion for all past offences, and perfect friendship for the future. And because Marcellus, Husband to Octavia Caesar's Sister, was lately dead, the authors of the peace desired Caesar to give his Sister in marriage to Anthony: she was soon promised, with happy auguries, for these accom∣modations were atttended with universal acclamation of both Armies, with vows for their prosperity, and continued rejoycings, which held all that day and the next night.

[ XVI] Then Caesar and Anthony made a new division of the Roman Empire, setling for the bounds of eithers Dominion Scodran a Town in Illyria, which seemed seated in the Center of the Adriatick Gulf; from whence East∣ward as far as the Euphrates all the Provinces and Islands were to be under the command of Anthony; and Caesar was to have all Westward as far as the Ocean, except Africa which was left to Lepidus under the same conditions he had received it from Caesar. They agreed likewise that Caesar should make War with Pompey, if some change happened not, and Anthony a∣gainst the Parthians to revenge Crassus's death; that Aenobarbus should be received into league by Caesar, on the same conditions Anthony had before granted him. And that both Generals might have equal power to raise Soldiers in Italy. In these Heads consisted the last league between Caesar and Pompey: soon after which they sent away their Friends to dispatch ur∣gent Affairs, Anthony sent Ventidius into Asia to oppose the attempts of the Parthians and the young Labienus, who being joyned with them, infested Syria as far as Ionia, taking the advantage of the Civil Wars. But how Labienus and the Parthians were punished, we have ••it in the Book of the Parthians War. About the same time, Menodorus Pompey's Admi∣ral again drew out of Sardinia Helenus one of Caesar's Lieutenants, which was the main reason of Caesar's being so incensed, that he would not admit of Anthony's intermission to reconcile him with Pompey. Afterwards be∣ing returned to the City, the Nuptials were solemnised, and Anthony put Manius to death for exasperating Fulvia against Cleopatra, and making her the author of so many mischiefs. He likewise discovered to Caesar how Sal∣vidienus, who commanded the Army in Gallia Narbonensis, would have re∣volted to him, and to that purpose had sent an express to him at the Siege of Brundusium: all Men did not much applaud him for it, but he revealed this secret to shew his frankness and the reality of his reconciliation: Caesar forthwith sent command to Salvidienus to make haste to him, as if he had something of importance to communicate, after which he would send him back to the Army; but at his arrival reproaching him with his treachery, he put him to death, and gave his Army, being jealous of it, to Anthony. Mean while, the People were much oppressed with Famine; for the Mer∣chants could bring nothing from the East, for fear of Pompey and Sicily, nor from the West, because Sardinia and Corsica were in the possession of Pompey too. Nor out of Africa, because of the Enemies Ships cruising in the open Sea; wherefore the People attributing the cause of their want of Bread to the division of those who commanded, continually reviled them,

urged them to make peace with Pompey. But when thus neither they could not incline Caesar to it, Anthony counselled him to hasten the War to reme∣dy the present distress: but because there was no Money to make the pre∣paration, they made an Edict by which Masters were taxed in twenty five Sesterces for every Slave they had (the like whereof had been before in the War with Cassius) and withal a certain part to be payed out of new Inheritances. The People enraged, tore down this Edict whereever it was fixed up, growing furious, that after the treasury was exhausted, the Provinces drained dry, and Italy ruined by continual Imposts and Confis∣cations, the Citizens should be taxed for what they had yet left, and that not to employ in foreign Wars, where the Honour of the Empire might lie at stake, but to revenge particular Mens quarrels, and increase their power, to which they were mounted by Proscriptions and Murders, and for which the People were fain to suffer Famine and Misery. They gather∣ed together by Troops, railing in the Streets, throwing Stones at those who would not joyn with them, and threatening to plunder and set fire on their Houses, till at length the whole multitude was got into a Body. Cae∣sar going with his Guards and some Friends to appease them, and give them reasons for what he had done, as soon as they saw him they let fly their Stones, and though he stirred not, but stood their Blows, yet they had no reverence nor respect to him; of which Anthony having notice, ran speed∣ily to his relief, as he came up the Via Sacra none threw Stones at him, be∣cause he was disposed to make Peace with Pompey, they only warned him to be gone; but when that prevailed not, the Stones flew likewise about his Ears. Whereupon he sent for the Soldiers who were without the City, and when the People forbore not their violences, the Soldiers having en∣compassed them on both sides came up the cross Streets upon them in the place, and in the great Street, charging the first he met with, who not able to flie because of the Crowd, and not being in a posture of defence, the Streets were soon filled with dead and wounded Men, and the Windows with cryes and lamentations. Thus Anthony hardly escaping himself, with∣drew Caesar from manifest danger, and brought him to his House. The mul∣titude being put to flight, they commanded the Soldiers to cast the Corps into Tiber, not to expose the sad spectacle to the Citizens view, but this caused a far greater affliction, when they beheld them carried away with the stream, or stripped by the Soldiers, among whom were mingled several Brokers, who carried away those were best clad, as if they had belonged to their Family. However, this mischief at length had an end, but not the multitudes hate and malice to these Men, nor yet the Famine which the miserable People underwent with groans and tears.

Anthony hereupon gave advice to Libo's Friends to invite him out of Si∣cily, [ XVII] to rejoyce with his Relations, and possibly do a work of greater im∣portance, promising to be security for his person. They presently wrote to him, nor did Pompey at all detain him. In his Voyage he landed in an Island formerly called Pithicusa, and at present Aenario, which as soon as the People heard of, they again assembled, beseeching Caesar with tears in their eyes to send a Pass-port to Libo who came with Proposals of Peace, which though with seeming unwillingness he granted. That done the mul∣titude ran to Mutia, Pompey's Mother, threatening to burn her if she did not go to her Son, and dispose him to a Peace. Libo perceiving their Enemies not so hot against them as formerly, desired a conference between the Ge∣nerals, to the end they might compose all matters between themselves,

which after the Peoples earnest prayers had obtained, Caesar and Anthony went to Baiae. Pompey's Friends all with one voice advised him to Peace, except only Menodorus, who wrote to him from Sardinia, that he ought rather now to make War, or at least temporize, whilst Famine fought for them, that when they judged it fit to conclude a Peace, they might do it on more advantageous conditions, he likewise warned him to have a care of Murcus, who counselled him to make Peace only for the advancement of his particular fortune; wherefore Pompey, who was before jealous of Murcus's experience and authority broke now utterly with him, and no longer took his counsel in any thing: so Murcus in discontent retired to Syra∣cusa, where perceiving some of Pompey's Guards that followed him by his orders, he in their presence railed at and reviled him, this hastened his end; for Pompey having corrupted one of his Tribunes, and one of his Centurions, sent People to slay him, giving out that he was murdered by his Slaves, whom they hanged, to give the more credit to the cheat. How∣ever, after what had happened to Bithynicus, Men easily believed this se∣cond attempt committed on the person of a Man famous for his experience in War, a constant Friend to Pompey's Faction from the very beginning, who had done him signal service in Spain, and of his own accord came to him in Sicily. After his death all Pompey's Friends exhorted him to Peace, accusing Menodorus of being in love with Command, considering more his own than his Masters interest, finding it profitable to govern a Province with an Army; so Pompey embarqued for Aenaria with many choice Ships, and himself on a most beautiful Galley of six Banks; and thus in great state came sailing towards the Evening by Puteoli, in view of the Enemy. As soon as day next Morning appeared, they drove Piles in∣to the Sea, at some distance one from the other, and thereon laid two Bridges, upon one of which to the Land-side mounted Caesar and Anthony, and Pompey and Libo on the other, which was separate on the first by a small interval of water; so that without speaking aloud they could hardly hear each other, Pompey pretended to be Associate in the Empire, in the room of Lepidus; and the others would only grant him the liberty to return to Rome, so they parted without doing any thing: yet their Friends kept on foot the Negotiation, making divers Propositions on the one part and the other; Pompey in behalf of the Proscripts had fled to him for refuge, de∣manded that such as were culpable, or Abettors of Caesar's Murder might be in security in their Exile, and that the others might with Honour be re∣called into the City, and put into possession of their Estates: upon this de∣mand Famine, and the People urging for Peace, Anthony and Caesar agreed that they might redeem from the new Possessors a fourth part of their E∣states only, and they wrote to them about it, as supposing they would be therewith contented, and indeed so they were, for they began now to stand in fear of Pompey, instructed by Murcus his misfortune, going therefore to him, and perswading him to Peace, he rent his Robe, saying, he was be∣trayed by those for whom he had exposed himself, and calling by name Me∣nodorus as the sole Man worthy of Command, and the only Friend he had. At length by the instigation of Mutia his Mother, and Iulia his Wife, they met again only they three on a little Eminence, encompassed on all sides by the Sea, about which they had placed Guards with Ships for their common security. Here they agreed to these Conditions; That all War should cease between them, both by Sea and Land, that there should be a free trade and commerce in all places, that Pompey should withdraw all his Garrisons out of Italy, that he should harbour no more Fugitives, that his Ships

should cruise no more on the Italian Coasts; that he should have the com∣mand of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, with the other adjacent Isles for so long as Anthony and Caesar held the Sovereign Power, but with condition of sending to Rome what Corn those Islands ought to the Citizens, and that besides all this he should have the Peloponnesus; that being absent he might exercise the charge of Consul by one of his Friends, and should be re∣ceived into the Colledge of the High Priests; that all persons of Quality might return to the City except the Conspirators who had been condem∣ned by publick sentence; that the Goods of all those fled to Pompey without being proscribed should be restored, except the Moveables; and for the Proscripts that they should have a sourth part; that all who had served under Pompey should be rewarded, if Slaves with Freedom, and if Freemen, when they had served the time appointed by Law, with the same recom∣pences as the Veterans of Caesar and Anthony received. These were the Articles, which after being ingrossed and signed, were sent to Rome to be deposited in the hands of the Vestals. This done, they by lot feasted each other▪ Pompey began, who laying his Galley side to the Rock therein re∣ceived his Guests; the days following Anthony and Caesar treated him, pitch∣ing Tents on the same Rock, with pretence that the Feast might be distri∣buted better to the Shore, but perhaps that their mirth might be more se∣cure; for there was nothing remitted of the useal care, both the Ships were in their stations, and the Guards at their Posts, and the Guests them∣selves had Daggers under their Robes. 'Tis reported, that Menodorus, when they feasted in the Galley, sent to advise Pompey, that taking this ad∣vantage of his Enemies, he should revenge the wrongs his Father and Bro∣ther had suffered, and recover the authority they had taken from his Father, and he would be answerable that not one should escape out of the Ships. But Pompey made him an answer wo••shy his Birth and the present Affair: Would to God, said he, Menodorus ••ould have done this without me; for perjury may become him, but never Pompey. At this Supper ••ompey's Daughter, Neice to Libo, was contracted to Marcellus, Nephew to An∣thony, Caesar's Sister's Son. The day following Consuls were designed for four years; first of all Anthony and Libo, but to Anthony with leave to make a Substitute, then Caesar and Pompey, then Aenobarbus and Sosius, and lastly Caesar and Anthony again, who being now to be Consuls together the third time, it was hoped they would restore the ancient Administration of the Common-wealth.

Things thus concluded on, they departed, Pompey by Sea to Sicily, and [ XVIII] Caesar and Anthony by land to Rome. Upon the news of the Peace an uni∣versal joy was spread through the City and all Italy, Men were transport∣ed to see themselves delivered from an intestine War, from being often pick∣ed out, and forced to go, from the insolency of the Garrisoris, from the ••••ight of Slaves, from the wasting of their Lands, and lying fallow of their Fields, but above all from Famine, which began to grow insupportable: wherefore whereever the Generals passed, Sacrifices were made to them as to the Savlours of their Country. And the City had prepared a magni∣ficent entry, had they not rather chose to go in by night, that they might not put the Citizens to charge. All shared in this general joy, save only those who were possessed of any Lands of the banished, which, by the Treaty were to be restored, for they believed they should have but ill Neigh∣bours of them, and that upon all occasions they would seek their de∣struction. And indeed all the Fugitives who had hitherto followed Pompey,

except••••only a very few, after having taken their leave of him at Puteoli, embarqued and came for Rome, at whose arrival the People conceived a new joy, which tey made appear by those Acclamations wherewith they entertained so many illustrious persons, beyond all hopes returned to their Country. After this Caesar marched into Gaul, where there were happen∣ed some Commotions; and Anthony disposed his Affairs to go against the Parthians. In the first place he caused the Senate to approve not only what he had done, but whatever he should do for the future, sent away his Lieu∣tenants into all parts, and disposed what else he thought fit at pleasure. Then he gave Kingdoms to several, upon condition of paying Tribute. To Darius Son of Pharnaces and Grandson to Mithridates the Kingdom of Pontus: to Herod Idumea and Samaria: to Amintas Pisidia: to Polemon part of Cilicia: and in short, to many others other Nations which he e∣rected into Kingdoms. As for the Army that was to winter with him, that he might accustom them both to the profits and exercises of War, he sent one part of them into the Country of the Parthians a Nation of Illyria, neighbouring upon Epidamnum, formerly very affectionate to Brutus: and another Party into the Country of the Dardanians, who are another People of Illyria used to make Inroads into Macedon, and gave orders to the rest to tarry for him in Epire, that he might have them all about him, being re∣solved himself to winter at Athens. He likewife sent Furnius into Africa to cause Sextius's four Legions to march against the Parthians; for as yet he understood not that Lepidus had taken them from Sextius. Things thus or∣dered, he spent this Winter at Athens with Octavia, in the same manner as he had done the former with Cleopatra at Alexandria, all his business being only to look upon the Letters brought him from the Army, he laid aside his Imperial Robe, cloathing himself again in the Attick Cloak and Hose, having no Guards at his Gate, and walking through the City like a private person, without any Ensigns of his Dignity, and accompanied only with two Friends and two servants, with whom he went to the Schools to hear Disputes and Orations; he likewise supped the Winter after the Greek manner, having always Greeks in his company, and assisting at their Ce∣remonies, to the great content of Octavia, of whom he was very fond; for he was naturally inclined to the love of Women. But Winter being past, he seemed no more the same Man, he resumed the Imperial Habit, and took the Ensigns of his authority, his Gates seemed now as it were besieged with Lictors, Officers and Guards, to beget an awe of his power, he gave audience to Embassadors, whom before he would not admit, administred justice to private persons, and sent for Ships from all parts, and made a mighty noise with his preparations.

[ XIX] Whilst he was busied in these things, there happened some disturbances of the Peace between Caesar and Pompey, for what certain causes not known, but those that publickly appeared were these, Anthony had quitted the Pelo∣ponnesus to Pompey on condition he should pay what the Peloponnesians ought, or promise to pay it, or else give some time for the recovery of it; but Pompey would not receive it in on these terms, thinking the Province quitted to him with all its debts; wherewith, through discontent, (as Cae∣sar said) or through infidelity, or out of envy to others who had great Armies, or because he trusted Menodorus, who said they had not made a Peace but a Truce, he prepared again and fitted out a Fleet, and in a speech to his Army told them, there was more need than ever of new preparations. He likewise encouraged Pyrates underhand to infest the Seas, so that little

or no remedy was brought to the Famine in the City, and the comfortless People cryed out, that by this Peace they had not redressed any of their miseries, but only added a fourth person to the Tyranny. Hereupon some Pyrates being taken, Caesar caused them to be brought to the wrack, where they confessed they were set on by Pompey, which Caesar made known to the People; he wrote about it likewise to Pompey, who stoutly denying it, made his complaints about the Peloponnesus. But some Noble Men that were about Pompey perceiving that he always followed the the counsel of his Freed Men, corrupted some of them, either of their own free motion, or for Caesar's sake, to incense Pompey against Menodorus as a Man command∣ing his Master. They were easily drawn to do this, out of the envy they bore this powerful Favourite, so they soon begot in Pompey an aversion to Menodorus. It happened that at the same time Philadelphus Caesar's Freed Man came to Menodorus to buy Corn, and Mycilius; Menodorus confident went to Rome to treat with Caesar about his revolt, to whom he offered Sar∣dinia, Corsica, three Legions and many of his Friends: whether Philadel∣phus had procured Caesar this good fortune, or else it proceeded from Pom∣pey's disgusts of Menodorus, he made difficulty of accepting it, yet did it, judging the Peace already broken. He dispatched forthwith to Anthony at Athens to desire him to come by an appointed day to Brundusium, to confe•• with him about this War, he caused long Ships to be brought from Raven∣na, and sent in all haste for his Army out of Gaul with all its stores of war∣like Furniture, one part of which he sent to Brundusium, and the other to Puteoli, resolved to invade Sicily on both sides, if Anthony approved it: Anthony came at the same time prefixed with a slender Train, but not finding Caesar there, would not stay, whether he approved not this War undertaken agaisnt solemn Leagues, whether he were not pleased to see the great preparations of Caesar, (for being Competitors for Empire, they were always jealous of each other) or whether he was frightned by a prodigy, for one of those who were upon the Guard about his Quarters, was found eaten up by Beasts, all but the Face, as if that had been left to know him by, without ever so much as crying out, or the least knowledge of those that slept by him. All that could be discovered, was, that they of Brundusium said, that in the Morning they saw a Wolf come out from among the Tents. However, Anthony wrote to Caesar he ought not to break the peace, and threatned to clap Menodorus in Irons as his Fugitive Slave, for he had been Slave to Pompey the Great, whose Goods Anthony bought under the Spear by right of War. Yet Caesar sent Men into the Islands of Sardinia and Corsica to take possession of them from Menodorus, and caused Forts to be built upon all the Coasts of Italy to hinder Pompey from making any spoil, giving orders for building other Ships at Ravenna, and sending for a powerful Army that was in Illyria, and when Menodorus came to him, from one enfranchised made him absolutely free, by giving him the Command of the Fleet he brought with him, yet but in quality of Lieutenant to Calvisius his Admiral. Though things were thus well dispo∣sed, yet he would make greater preparations before he began the War, complaining of Anthony, that he had not staid for him: however, he gave order to Cornisicius to bring what Ships he had in readiness from Ravenna to Tarentum; in his passage there arose a furious Tempest, in which there yet perished only the Admiral, built on purpose for Caesar himself, which was made an Omen of what was to happen, for most men thought this War re∣newed by the violation of the Treaty; to remove which suspicion, Caesar wrote to the Roman People, and spoke in person to the Army, telling

them Pompey had broke the League, by infesting the Sea with Pyrates, which was evident, both by confession of the Pyrates themselves, and of Menodorus, of which Antonius was not yet ignorant, and thefore delivered not up to him the Peloponnesus.

[ XX] When all his preparations were in a readiness, he embarqued at Taren∣tum to go and invade Sicily on one side, whilst Calvisius, Sabinus and Me∣nodorus, who set sail from Etruria, invested it on the other; and the Land Army marched towards Rhegium with wonderful diligence. Pompey perceiv∣ed not that Menodorus had revolted from him to Caesar, till he came before Sicily. However, seeing himself assailed on both sides, he resolved to ex∣pect Caesar at Messina, and opposed against Calvisius and Menodorus a great Fleet under the Command of Menecrates his Freed Man, who out of mu∣tual emulation was a mortal Enemy to Menodorus. Menecrates comes out to Sea, presenting himself about Evening to the Enemy, who retired in∣to a Gulf above Cuma, where they anchored that night, and he steered his course towards the Island of Aenaria. As soon as it was day, the Enemy coasting about the Bay, drawn up in form of a Crescent, for fear of being broken, Menecrates appeared in sight, and made towards them; but seeing they would not be drawn off from the Shore-side, and that he could not do what he designed, with a fierce charge he drove them a ground; so with their sterns ashore, and their Prows to Seaward, they lay upon their de∣fence in such manner, that it was easie for the Enemy to come and give them a shock, and then tacking about to stand off to Sea, and so return a∣gain upon them with fresh and fresh Ships, they had likewise the Rocks to struggle with, on which many stuck so fast, that neither moving Head nor Stern, it seemed like a kind of Sea-fight against a Land Force, one of which could neither flie, nor the other pursue. Mean while Menodorus and Menecrates having discovered each other, leaving the rest of the Fight with mutual shouts and fury begin an assault, and in all appearance which of these two got the better would carry the Victory for his Party. In the charge they met so fiercely, that both Ships were disabled, Menodorus lost his* 8.1 Beak-head, and Menecrates Oars were broken. At length, having cast their Graplings on Board, they lashed their Ships fast together, and began a Fight, as if on dry ground, and nothing was wanting, either of alacrity or dexterity to gain the Victory, they made use of all sorts of Arms, Arrows, Stones, Darts, and cast Planks from Ship to Ship to board each other; but because Menodorus's Ship was the tallest, it was much ea∣sier for his Men to board the other, and the Darts they threw fell with more violence and execution. At last many being slain, and almost all the rest wounded, Menodorus had his Arm pierced through with a Dart, which was soon drawn out; but Menecrates being struck into the Thigh with a Barbed Iron Javelin, made after the Spanish Fashion, which could not easily be drawn out, he became unable to do more, yet still with his voice he en∣couraged his Men, till his Ship being taken, he threw himself over-board; Menodorus fastening his Prize to his Poop towed it into the Road, and was all he could do that day. This was done on the Left Wing. On the Right Wing which fought against the Enemies Left, Calvisius cut off some of Menecrates's Ships from the rest of the Squadron, and pursued them out to Sea: but Democrates another of Pompey's Freed Men charging the rest of Calvisius's Ships, put some of them to flight, and drove the rest upon the Rocks where they were beat to pieces, and the Men forced to cast them∣selves into the Sea, and those which remained whole he had burnt, had not

Calvisius returning from the Chase of the Enemy, and bringing along with him some of his Ships that had fled, saved one of them. Night coming on, each party retreated to the same places where they rode the Night before, and so ended this Sea-Fight wherein Pompey had much the better. Yet Demochares was so much concern'd for Menecrates's death, which he e∣steemed a mighty loss (for Menedorus and Menecrates were two of Pompey's principal Officers at Sea) that he left all, and steered his course directly to∣wards Sicily, as if he had not only lost Menecrates and one Vessel, but the whole Fleet. As for Calvisius, as long as he thought Demochares would return to him he kept his station, being in no condition to fight, for his best Ships were sunk, and the rest disabled; but when he heard his Enemy was gone for Sicily, he refitted his Ships, and held on his course, keeping the Shore close aboard, and not so much as crossing over any Bay.

On the other side, Caesar being come from Tarentum to Rhegium with a [ XXI] great Fleet and a mighty Army met Pompey near Messina, who had but for∣ty Ships; wherefore his Friends advised him not to let slip this opportuni∣ty, but to assault these few with his whole Navy, now in such good order, before more Ships came to Pompey, but he would not hearken to their coun∣sel, expecting Calvisius, and not thinking it prudence to expose himself to danger, whilst he expected greater Forces. Mean while, Demochares coming to Messina, Pompey gave him and Apollophanes, another of his Freed Men, the Command of the Fleet instead of Menecrates and Menedorus; and Caesar understanding the loss he had suffered near Cuma, set forward through the Strait to go meet Calvisius, having got through the better part, as he was passing by the place called Stylida to turn about the Rock of Sylla, Pompey coming out of Messina first fell upon his Rear, and after came up with the rest of the Fleet to provoke Caesar to give him Battel; and though Caesar's Ships were sorely infested, yet they stirred not from about the Ad∣miral, he having forbid it, whether he durst not fight in the Strait, or whether he was firm to the resolution of not fighting without Calvisius, he only gave them orders to get close under Shore, and there coming to an An∣chor defend themselves from the Forecastles, if any came to assault them. But Demochares coming with two Ships to charge each Ship of Caesar's, put them all into trouble and disorder, so that some were split against the Rocks others falling foul of each other, sunk; and in short, many perished most cowardly, for in the same manner as at the Battel at Cuma they stuck fast, whilst the Enemies charging, and then falling off, oppressed them in a strange manner, nor was fortune wanting to assist the Enemy: Caesar him∣self in this confusion leaped out upon the Rocks, where he received those that saved themselves by swimming, and led them himself to the next Mountains. But Cornificius and the rest of the Captains encouraging one another, without their General's order, cut their Cables, and went out to Sea to charge the Enemy, judging it better to die fighting, than thus to be exposed to Blows without any defence. Cornisicius first of all with a dan∣gerous boldness clapped on board the Admiral Ship of Demochares, and took her, forcing him to leap into another. Whilst in this Fight a world of Men perished, Calvisius and Menodorus appeared, coming with full Sails, not towards Caesar's People, who were either cast on shore, or en∣gaged at Sea, but towards Pompey's, who being far off from Land, as soon as they saw them, retreated, for tired, they durst not engage fresh Men, and besides, 'twas almost night; yet the chance was happy for those yet in

danger. Night coming on, many deserted their Ships, and fled to the Mountains, where they kindled many Fires for Signals to those yet at Sea, so they spent the night without meat, without sleep, and in want of all things, yet they comforted themselves with the presence of Caesar, who no better supplyed than they, went from place to place, exhorting them to have patience till Morning. They knew not yet Calvisius was so nigh, and had no hopes in their own Ships, forsaken because of the Wrack; but by good fortune the thirteenth Legion, which had taken their March over the Mountains, and was not far off, having heard of the disaster, by crag∣gy ways making towards the Fires, found their General and those with him hungry and weary. The Soldiers took what care they could of their companions, and the Officers forthwith brought their General (left with∣out any of his Houshold Servants dispersed in the tumult of the Night) to a Tent there pitched, whence sending all about to give notice he was safe, news was brought him that Calvisius was arrived, and so unexpectedly re∣freshed with this second good tydings, he took some repose. As soon as it was day, casting his eyes upon the Sea, he saw Ships flaming, others burnt, and others half burnt, others floating upon the Sea in the midst of pieces of Wracks, Masts, Sails and Yards, and many that remained, sorely shatter∣ed near the Shore; wherefore ordering Calvisius's Fleet to come near, he took care for necessaries to patch up such Ships as yet might be made ser∣viceable, while the Enemy gave them leisure, who were retreated, either out of fear of Calvisius, or because they had rather fight him in open Sea.

[ XXII] While things were in this condition, about Noon rose a Wind from the South, which soon began to make the Waves roar in a Sea naturally mo∣ved with little wind. Pompey was now safe in the Harbour of Messina; but Caesar's Ships on a Lee shore, craggy Rocks, and without any Port, were either dashed against the Rocks, or against one another, besides want∣ing many necessary Tacklings, they were not easie to govern. Menodorus therefore fearing lest the wind should yet every hour grow fresher, got out at first into the open Sea, and came to an Anchor, because in deep water the Waves broke less, and not so violently, and with the force of Oars he eased his Cables, lest his Anchors should give way: some others imitated him, but the greater part imagining the Storm would soon be over, as is usual in the Spring, moor'd their Ships with an Anchor to Sea, and another to the Shore, and with Booms kept them off from falling foul of each other: but the wind raging more and more, all fell into confusion and disorder, for their Cables breaking, they either fell foul or run ashore one after another; several cries and lamentations and howlings were mixed with Commands and Exhortations, which were only uttered to deaf people, there was now no difference between the Pilot and the Sailer, neither for industry, skill, nor obedience. They perished all alike, whether they stayed in their Ships, or leaped over-board, they were killed by the pieces of Timber which the Waves beat against the Ships; for all the Sea was floating with the Wrack of the Ships, and with Bodies some dead, and some living, of which, if any swum to Shore, they were miserably beat in pieces among the Rocks, but when the Sea began to swell with a contrary wind, as it ordinarily happens in this Strait, new terrours seised these people who were not accustomed to it, and their Ships tossed now this way, and then the other, fell foul, do all they could; besides towards the Evening, the wind doubled its violence, to double their grief by making them perish in the dark; so that all Night

long the air was filled with dreadful Shouts and Crys. Those upon the Shore ran up and down calling their Friends they thought engaged in the Shipwrack by name, and when they answered them not, believed them lost, and wept: others lifting their Heads above the Waves, called to their Friends on Shore to help them, but there was no manner of way to assist them; for as it was dangerous for those staid in the Ship, or leaped into the Sea, so it was no less upon the Shore side, because of the Waves driven up by the Winds, which all that came near were fearful to be carried away with. Thus by an extraordinary effect of the Tempest those who were near Land, feared the Land, and yet durst no•• go farther off to Sea, than to secure themselves from beating in peices against the Rocks; for the place narrow by nature, the difficulty of the passage, the tumbling of the Waves, the Whirlwinds caused by the circumjacent Hills, and the swallow∣ing Whirlpool by the fierceness of the Current suffered them not to stay in one place, nor yet to retire back, besides the horrour of an extreme dark night added still to their affliction. Thus they perished without seeing 〈◊〉〈◊〉 another, some crying out, others silently expecting death, and others through despair hastening it, for the expectation is but an addition of pain; and now they were all out of hopes of any safety, when on a sudden to∣wards break of day the wind began to duller, and about Sun-rising there was little or none, yet the Sea still continued in a rage. The Inhabitants of the Country remembred not to have even seen so furious a Tempest. Thus the greatest part of Caesar's Ships and Men perished, and he besides the loss sustained in the first Sea-Fight, having received these two afflictions one in the neck of the other, retreated the same night with all haste to * 8.2 Vibone, by the Mountain Way, not enduring longer to look on that mis∣fortune to which he could apply no remedy.

From thence he wrote to all his Friends, and all his Commanders to re∣pair [ XXIII] speedily to him, for fear lest, as it ordinarily befalls the unfortunate, some new design should be laid against him, he likewise sent all the Land Forces he had with him along the Coasts of Italy, for fear lest Pompey puffed up with this success should make some attempt; but he thought nothing of it, no, nor so much, as when the Sea was still, of falling upon the re∣mainder of the Shipwrack, neither while they lay there, nor when they were upon departure. On the contrary, he suffered them to gather toge∣ther whatever they could save of Ships or Rigging, and make a safe re∣treat before the wind to Vibone, whether he thought he had beat them suf∣ficiently, or that he knew not how to make use of his advantage; or else, as we have said el••ewhere, was cow-hearted upon an Assault, and content only to defend himself, Caesar had not above half his Ships left, and those but in ill condition, yet leaving Forces to guard them, he went much troubled in mind into Campania, for he had no more Ships, nor time to build any, though he stood in great need of them, the Famine growing sharp, and the people crying out incessantly for peace, and detesting this War, as undertaken contrary to a solemn League; besides, he wanted Money, which was scarce at Rome. The Citizens would pay nothing, nor permit any to be raised on them. At length, being very politick in the conduct of his own Affairs, he dispatched Maecenas to Anthony, well in∣structed to clear all new differences might have happened between them, and to draw him to be his Associate in the War, which, if it succeeded not, he resolved to transport his Legions into Sicily upon Ships of Burthen, and there fight Pompey by Land, without any more hazarding a Sea-fight.

Whilst he was perplexing himself with these cares, news was brought him that Anthony had passed his word to serve him; that Agrippa, his Lieu∣tenant in Gaul had gained a great Victory against the Aquitains, and that his Friends and some Cities promised him Ships, which were already build∣ing; whereupon taking heart, he began to make greater preparations than before. About the beginning of the Spring Anthony set Sail from Athens, and arrived at Tarentum with three hundred Sail, to assist Caesar according to his promise; but Caesar having now changed his mind, would now stay till the Ships, building for him were in a readiness. And when he was urged to employ Anthony's Fleet, which was sufficient to put an end to this War, he excused himself that he was engaged in other Affairs: which made it apparent, he either had some new cause of quarrel with Anthony, or else scorn'd his assistance, contenting himself with his own Forces. Though Anthony was offended at this proceeding, yet he staid still in the same place, and sent to him once more; for whereas his Fleet lay at a great charge, and he stood in more need of Italian Soldiers for the Parthian War, he had thoughts of changing his Fleet for Legions. Though by the League each had power of raising Men in Italy; but because it was fallen to the others division, he imagined it would be more difficult for him. Wherefore Octavia her self came to Caesar to be as it were Arbitress be∣tween them. He told her, that being deserted by Anthony, he had been in danger of losing his life in the Sicilian Strait. She answered, that had been already discoursed and declared to Maecenas. He then objected that Anthony had sent Callias his Freed Man to Lepidus to make a League toge∣ther against him. To which she answered, that to her knowledge, Callias was sent to Lepidus to treat a Match; for Anthony being about to go to the Parthian War, would before his departure have his Daughter married to Lepidus's Son, according to his promise. Octavia affirming this, and An∣thony sending Callias to Caesar to torment him, if he pleased, and know the truth from his own mouth: he would not receive him, but sent word he would meet Anthony between* 8.3 Metapontum and Tarentum, and discourse with him himself. Through the place appointed runs a River, called like∣wise Metapontum: and they both by chance arriving at the same time, Anthony lighting out of his Chariot, leaps alone into a little Skiff he found there, to go meet Caesar, confiding in him as his Friend; Caesar emulating that Generosity, did the same; so meeting in the middle of the River, they disputed a long time who should go to the other side; at length Caesar prevailed, having resolved to go to Tarentum to see Octavia; he therefore mounts with Anthony in his Chariot, lights at his Lodgings, and without any Guards, lies there all night. Anthony on the morrow repays him with the same confidence, so sudden were their changes, ambition of Empire raising reciprocal Jealousies, and the necessity of their Affairs obliging them to confide in each other. Caesar then put off the War against Pom∣pey to the next year; but Anthony not thinking fit longer to delay the War against the Parthians, they made an exchange, Anthony gave Caesar sixscore Ships, which he forthwith delivered him, and Caesar promised to send him twenty thousand Legionary Soldiers: Octavia likewise gratified her Bro∣ther with ten Galliots (a sort of Vessel between a Galley and a Ship of Burthen) which she begged of Anthony, and he in return gave a thousand chosen Men for Guards, which Anthony himself picked out. And be∣cause the time of the Triumvirate was near expired, they prolong∣ed it for five other years, without staying for the suffrage of the Peo∣ple, so they parted, Anthony making with all diligence towards Sy∣ria,

leaving Octavia, and a little Daughter they had, with her Bro∣ther.

In the mean time, whether that Menodorus were naturally perfidious, [ XXIV] or that he was fearful of Anthony, who had threatened him with Shakles as his Fugitive Slave, or were not rewarded to his expectation, or else moved with reproaches of his infidelity, which Pompey's other Freed Men (after the death of Menecrates) continually loaded him with, exhorting him to return to his duty, he demanded safe conduct, which being grant∣ed him, he returned into Pompey's service with seven Vessels, whilst Calvi∣sius, Caesar's Admiral perceived nothing of it; wherefore Caesar took away his Command, and gave it to Agrippa. After that Caesar's Fleet was finish∣ed, he purged it in this manner, Altars were erected in the Sea a little off the Shore, the Ships with all their Crews aloft in a profound silence▪ rank∣ed in order before them, the Priests sacrificed standing in the water, then placed the Victimes in a Pinnace, with which they rowed thrice round the Fleet, accompanied in other Boats by all the principal Commanders, all to∣gether praying, that if the Fleet were threatned with any misfortune, it might fall upon the Victimes, which after dividing in two, they cast one part into the Sea, and burnt the other on the Altars, whilst all the multi∣tude made their Prayers. And this is the form the Romans use in the pur∣gation of their Fleets. It had been resolved, that Caesar parting from Pu∣teoli, Lepidus from Africa, and Taurus from Tarentum▪ should invade Si∣cily with three several Fleets, to encompass the Enemy on three sides of the Island, East, West and South; and that to this end, Caesar should give notice to the others what day he would embarque, which was appoint∣ted on the tenth of the Summer Solstice, which the Romans call the Ca∣lends of the Month formerly called Quintilis, and since named Iuly in the Honour of the first Caesar, which day he pitched upon, judging it would prove fortunate, because his Father had thereon been always victorious. As for Pompey, he opposed to Lepidus Plenius with one Legion, and store of other Infantry at the point of Lilybaeum, fortified the Sea Coasts of the Island to the East and West, and more particularly the Islands of Lipari and* 8.4 Cossyra, lest they should prove Ports of Retreat, Cossyra to Lepidus, and Lipari to Caesar, from whence they might at all times assault Sicily. All his best Forces he rendezvouzed at Messina, that they might be in a readi∣ness to march where-ever there should be occasion. The two Chieftains being in this manner provided, and the first day of Iuly come, Caesar's Party all embarqued about break of day. Lepidus set sail out of Africa with a thousand Vessels of Burthen, and seventy Galleys, twelve Legions, five thousand Numidian Horse, and all things necessary for their subsistence. Taurus from Tarentum with one hundred and two Ships, of the hundred and thirty Anthony had left Caesar the Rowers of the rest being dead of the Plague the last Winter. And Caesar, from Puteoli, having first sacri∣ficed in the Admiral, and thrown the Entrails into the Sea, that the winds might be fair, Neptune propitious, the Sea calm, and all favourable to him against his Father's Murderers. Some Ships went before to ••ound the depth of Water, and Appius with good Forces brought up the Rear. The third day after their embarquing it blew very hard at South, and se∣veral of Lepidus's Vessels of Burthen foundred, yet he reached Sicily, where he besieged Plenius in Lilybaeum, and took several places, some by force, and some by surrender. Taurus as soon as it began to blow returned back to Tarentum. Appius as he doubled the Cape of Minerva lost one

part of his Squadron, another part were driven upon the Flats, and the rest dispersed here and there with great loss. Caesar at the beginning of the Storm got to Anchor with all his Ships in the Gulf of Elaea in safety, all but only one Galley of six Oars to a Bank, which was cast away near the adjoyning Promontory, but the Wind on a sudden clapping about to the West, to which this Gulf lies open, they were sorely battered with the Tempest, for the Wind blowing right in, they could neither get-out, nor ride there. In vain they plyed their Oars, and in vain let drop their An∣chors, they were driven upon the Rocks, or fell foul of one another, besides night coming on, made the danger much more dreadful. At length the storm being blown over, Caesar caused the dead to be buried, the wounded dressed, and cloathed those who had cast themselves into the Sea to save their lives, giving them other Arms, and immediately issued orders to refit his Fleet, as well as he could for the present, he had lost six great Ships, two and twenty lesser, and a great number of* 8.5 Liburnicks. Thirty days it required besides to repair the damage this storm had done, and Summet was far advanced; wherefore he found it convenient to put off the War till the next year. Mean while, because the People were put to hard shifts for want of Provisions, he presently caused his Ships to be drawn ashore to refit, sent those Seamen had escaped the storm to Taurus, who wanted them, and fearful lest this disaster should work some change in the minds of those who had not yet lost the memory of the great Pompey, he sent Maecenas to Rome, whilst himself went through all Italy from Colony to Colony, assuring the Veterans there was no fear of any thing, and then passed to Tarentum, to see in what condition Taurus's Fleet was, and thence to Vibone, where he encouraged his Legions, and hastened with such dili∣gence his Naval Preparations, that in a short time he was ready to make a second attempt upon Sicily.

[ XXV] Pompey not yet thinking fit to make any advantage of so many Ship∣wracks, was contented only to sacrifice to Neptune and Salacia, whose Son he suffered himself to be called, as perswaded the Enemy had not been thus twice battered by Tempest in Summer time, without divine assistance. 'Tis likewise reported, that puffed up with this success, he changed his Coat of Arms, which was of Purple, and took Blew, as the adopted Son of Neptune. He hoped after so many losses Caesar would lie quiet; but when he heard he had refitted his Fleet, and was ready to come into Sicily that very Summer, his heart failed him, thinking he had to deal with a Man whose courage was invincible, and whose treasure inexhaustible, yet he sent Menodorus with the seven Ships that he had brought him to discover in what readiness Caesar's Fleet were, and do what else he could. But he an∣gry that he was not restored to the Command of the Fleet, and perceiving they trusted him with no more than his own seven Ships, because they had a jealousie of him, resolved once more to change sides. To this pur∣pose imagining, that whatever happened, it would be for his advantage to do some brave and valiant action, he distributed all the Money he had a∣mong his companions, and having in three days come seventy five Furlongs, he falls like a Thunderbolt among the Guard-ships of Caesar's Fleet, where they were at work, then going off, and upon a sudden falling on again, he carried away sometimes two, and sometimes three, he engaged likewise either in their Ports, or upon the Sea, with several Ships loaden with Corn, some of which he sunk, others burnt, and took others, and in short, filled all the Coast with terrour and tumult, both Caesar and Agrippa being absent,

the last gone into the Forest to provide Timber. So bold he grew▪ that he came to an Anchor in a Shoal Bay, where he lay as if he had been fast in the Ouz, till the Enemies running down from the Mountains as to an assu∣red Prey; tacking about, he rowed off, laughing at, and deriding them, to the grief and astonishment of the whole Army. After he had thus made known of what importance it was to Caesar to have him for a Friend or E∣nemy, he gave liberty to a Senator, called Rebilus, who he had before ta∣ken, that he might go before and prepare matters, raising a report among his People, that they should ere long have a Fugitive of consequence, which was Vinidius Marcellus, an intimate Friend of Caesar's, whose affection he himself had gained, when he before quitted Pompey's service, and after that drawing near to the Enemy, and desiring to have some conference with Vinidius, in a certain Island, touching an Affair of Importance to both Parties. Having obtained it, when they were alone he told him, that when he left Caesar's Party to go to Pompey, he had been forced to it by the injuries he dayly received from Calvisius then Admiral; but that now Agrippa had the Command of the Navy, he was ready to return to Caesar's service, of which he could not complain, provided Vinidius would bring him a safe conduct from Messala, who in Agrippa's absence com∣manded the Fleet, promising by some signal Action to repair his fault. However, till he had his safe Conduct, he must, to avoid suspicion, make War upon Caesar's Party as before. Messala at first scrupled the doing it, as dishonourable, yet at length he granted it, whether yielding to the ne∣cessities of the War, or before well informed of Caesar's mind, or that he foresaw he could not be displeased at it. So Menodorus once more changed Parties, and going to Caesar cast himself at his Feet, begging pardon for his fault, without telling what obliged him to commit it. Caesar pardoned him because of Messala's word passed to him, but gave orders narrowly to watch him, and permitted the Officers of his Galleys to go whither they pleased.

Caesar's Fleet being now ready he came to Vibona, where he gave order [ XXVI] to Messala to pass over into Sicily with two Legions to joyn Lepidus's Ar∣my, and that he should land in the Gulf against Tauromenia: he sent three likewise to Stylida, which is the very extremity of the Strait, to wait a fair opportunity, and commanded Taurus to sail about with his Fleet from Ta∣rentum to the Promontory of Scyllace, which is directly opposite to Tauro∣menia. He came prepared to fight both on Sea and Land; for his Land Army followed him, before whom marched his Horse, with orders to make discoveries from the Land, as the Liburnick Brigantines did at Sea. As he was advancing in this manner, Caesar came; and after having seen him near Scyllace, and approved the order he kept, returned to Vibona: Pompey, as we have said, had placed good Garrisons in all places of the I∣sland where any Forces might land, and kept his Fleet at Messina, ready to go and relieve who stood in need. Whilst these Preparations were made on both sides, Lepidus having sent for out of Africa for the remainder of his Forces, which consisted in four Legions, Papia, one of Pompey's Lieute∣nants met them in open Sea; and whilst they staid for him as a Friend, gave them chace, they took them for the Ships Lepidus was to send to meet them; and indeed he did send, but coming out too late, when the Ships of Burthen saw them, they took them for Enemies, and would not approach them, whereas now staying for Papia, some were taken, some burnt, some sunk, and others recovered Africa, of the four Legions two perished

in the Sea, and if any Soldiers saved themselves by swimming, Tisienus, another of Pompey Lieutenants, caused them to be massacred as fast as they came on shore. The rest of the Army came either now or afterwards to Lepidus, and Papia returned to Pompey. Caesar with all his Fleet passed from Vibone to Strongyle, one of the five Aeolian Isles, and seeing on the Coast of Sicily great store of Forces at Pelora, Miles, and Tyndari, he be∣lieved Pompey was there in person, wherefore leaving Agrippa his Admiral in the Post, he returned to Vibone, and soon after joyned with Messala, with design to lay hold of the opportunity of Pompey's absence to surprise Tauromenia, and so fall upon him two several ways. Agrippa therefore, goes from Strongyle to Hiera, and driving out the Garrison takes the place, resolving next day to attempt* 8.6 Miles, and Demochares the Admiral who lay there with forty Ships; wherefore Pompey fearing Agrippa's suc∣cess, sent other forty Ships from Messina to Demochares, under the Com∣mand of Apollophanes another of his Freed Men, who was followed by Papia with seventy others. Agrippa before day weighed with half his Ships, as if he were only to fight with Papia, whom he had some intelli∣gence he might meet; but when he saw Apollophanes's Fleet followed by another of seventy Sail, he sent presently to give notice to Caesar that Pom∣pey was at Miles with the greatest part of his Naval Force, and placing himself in the middle of his great Ships, sent to the rest at Hiera with all speed to follow him. These two Ships thus magnificently equipped, and having Towers in Poop and Prow, being come up with each other, after with Signals given, and their Men encouraged to do well, charged with great violence, some stem and stem, and others standing off to gain their Enemies Broad-side, and fall on with greater terrour, great was the noise made by the Ships shocking against each other, and greater the Shouts of the Men. Pompey's Ships were middle sized, light, and easie to go about, and so much more active against the Enemy, and by their swiftness fit to take all advantages in boarding; but Caesar's being greater and heavy, were of consequence much less nimble, but on the contrary, stronger, both to give the Shock, and abler to receive it. Caesar had the best Soldiers, and Pompey the most skilful Mariners; wherefore these charged not right forwards upon Caesar's great Ships, but shearing by them, sometimes broke a whole Gang of Oars, and sometimes carried away their Rudders, and sometimes likewise suddenly bringing about, they charged them with their Beak Heads, giving no less a Shock than they re∣ceived: but when Caesar's Ships could reach any of these light timbered Vessels, they pressed upon them so furiously with their Beak Heads, that they either staved them, or bored them through and through; and if they came at any time to fight Board and Board, the great Ships miserably knocked them down with missile Arms thrown from aloft, and casting in their Grapnels, easily stopped them, so that the service being too hard to be born, the Adversary had no way to save themselves, but by leaping into the Sea, where Skiffs appointed for that purpose took them up. Mean while, Agrippa, whose main design was upon Papia's Ship, gave him so cruel a Shock in the Bow, that he sunk him, for he opened all his Kell, and those in his Fore-Castle presently fell, and the Water entring, all the lower Bank of Rowers were drowned, the rest upon Planks saved them∣selves by swimming: Papia, received into the next Ship, again renews the Fight. When Pompey, who from the top of a Mountain saw that his People could very hardly defend themselves, and that they never came near any of Caesar's Ships, but they lost Men, and that the rest in Agrippa's

Fleet whom he left at Hiera were coming to his assistance, made a Signal for them to retreat, which by little and little they did, still fighting, but being close pressed upon, they fled, not into the Ports, but the Rivers Mouths, where the Mud and Sand brought down by the constant stream makes Shoal Water, wherefore Agrippa's Pilots advising him not to ha∣zard his great Ships upon those Flats, he came to an Anchor in sight of them in the open Sea, as if he designed to attack them in the Night; but his Friends admonishing him not to be ruled more by anger than reason, nor to over-harass the Soldiers by too great Labour and Watchings, nor yet to be too confident of the calmness of the Sea, he retreated towards the Evening, and Pompey's Ships got into Harbour. They lost in this Battel thirty of their Ships, and sunk five of Caesar's, besides many other losses which they as well as the Enemy sustained. Pompey commended them for having so well defended themselves, having to fight not against Ships but Walls, nor were his rewards less than if they had been victorious: he gave them hopes, that fighting in the Strait as their Light Ships would easier stem the Current, so they would certainly be victorious, promising withal to add somewhat to the heighth of their Ships. Such was the success of the Battel between Agrippa and Papia near Melazzo.

After which Pompey judging what indeed was▪ that Caesar was gone to [ XXVII] Taurus's Camp, because he had a design upon Tauromenia, as soon as he had supped he set Sail for Messina, leaving at Melazzo a part of his Ships, to make Agrippa believe he was still there. Agrippa on the other side ha∣ving given a little repose to his Men, sailed towards Tyndari, which had promised to surrender; where he was received by the Inhabitants, but the Garrison defended it so generously, that they drove him thence, yet some other Towns revolting to him, received his Garrisons, and towards Even∣ing he returned to the Fleet. Mean while, Caesar being well assured that Pompey was gone from Messina to Melazzo because of Agrippa, came from Scyllace to Leucopetra, from whence he resolved to pass by Night to Tauro∣menia; but after he heard the success of the Sea-fight, he changed his mind, believing he need not conceal his embarquing, but boldly go on in broad day, for he imagined Pompey would not come far from Agrippa. Day then beginning to appear, he took a view from the Mountains as far as his sight could reach into the Sea, and spying none of the Enemies Ships he went on Board, loading his Ship with all the Soldiers he could stow; and leaving the rest with Messala till the Ships returned to fetch them: being come near Tauromenia, he summoned the place, but the Garrison refusing to surrender, he passed beyond the River Onobola, and the Temple of Venus, and landed near Archigetes, where having made his prayers to the Gods, he encamped to besiege Tauromenia; now Archigetes is a small Statue of Apollo, which the Naxians, when first sent a Colony into Sicily, dedicated. There as Caesar set foot on ground he fell, but soon got up a∣gain; he was beginning to work upon the Circumvallation of the Camp when they saw Pompey coming with a great Fleet, to the astonishment of all the Army, who thought him quite ruined by Agrippa: along the Shore likewise came Horsemen, riding, striving in swiftness to out-pass the Fleet; and in several parts were seen great Bodies of Foot. Caesar's People seeing themselves thus surrounded by three Armies, were utterly dismayed, Caesar himself was afraid, because he could not now have the assistance of Messala. The Horse first fell among Caesar's Men still em∣ployed in their Trenches. And if the Fleet and the Foot had come on at

the same time, perhaps Pompey had gained an important Victory, but be∣ing unskilful in military Affairs, and ignorant of the fear their Enemies were in, loth to come to a Battel in the Evening, they retreated, the Fleet to the Promontory of Coccyna, and the Foot, who durst not lodge near Caesar's Camp, to the Town of Phoenissa, whilst the night following the lay quiet, the Caesarians fortified their Camp, but with extreme labour and watching had made themselves utterly unfit to fight; they were three Legions, five hundred Horsemen without Horses, about a thousand light armed Foot, and two thousand Veteran Voluntiers, besides the Sea-Forces. Caesar's left with Cornificius all the Land Forces, with order to defend himself as well as he could, and before day himself embarqued, left he should like∣wise be shut in by Sea. He placed Titinius on the Right, and Cancius on the Left, and himself in a Brigantine went from one part of the Fleet to the other, exhorting all Men to do their best; and after that (as being in ex∣tremity of danger) struck his Flag. Pompey presently coming to assault him, they charged though twice, and the Fight lasted till Night. But Caesar's Ships were many burnt and sunk, and many of them setting their small Sails, fled towards the Coast of Italy contrary to, and in contempt of Orders, some of Pompeys Ships pursued them, and soon putting them in disorder, took or burnt them as well as the rest, those that swum ashore were either slain or taken by Pompey's Horsemen, some few escaping to Cornificius's Camp, who sent only his light armed Foot to receive them; for he did not think it convenient to go out with his Legions, in that ill po∣sture wherein they were, whilst a Land Army of the Enemies lay so nigh, whom the success at Sea had pussed up, as is ordinary after Victory. Caesar rowed a great way in the night in a small Galley, deliberating with himself, whether he should endeavour to pass through the midst of his E∣nemies, and get again to Cornificius, or go to Messala. At length by good fortune he reached the Port of Abala, where he landed with one Esquire, destitute of Friends, Servants or Guards, whom some that were come up to the Mountains to see how things stood, found afflicted both in Body and Mind, whom changing from Boat to Boat that they might the better deceive the Enemy, they at length brought to Messala's Camp, which was not far distant. As soon as he got thither, before he would take any food, he dispatched a Brigantine to Cornificius, and sent to all parts of the Mountains to let those they found there know he was in safety, ad∣vertizing them to prepare to relieve Cornificius; and he wrote to Cornificius that he would suddenly be with him, and bring him relief. After he had eat a little, and taken some small repose, he went by night to Stylida, con∣voyed by Messala to find out Carinas, who being ready to sail with three Legions, he gave him order to pass over to Lipari, and there stay for him; and writ likewise to Agrippa, that considering the danger Cornificius was in, he should with all speed send to him Laronius with the best of his Forces. He likewise sent Mecaenas the second time to the City, upon intelligence they were contriving some Novelty, the Authors of which were publickly punished: and Messala he sent to Puteoli, where the first Legion lay to bring them to Vibone. This was that Messala who was proscribed at Rome by the Triumvirs, with promise of rewards both of Money and Liberty to those should slay him; and who escaping to Brutus and Cassius, after their death delivered up on Composition their Fleet to Anthony: which I the rather mention in this place as a great example of Roman Virtue, since Messala having now in his power him who proscribed him, without atten∣dance, and in a deplorable condition, received him as his General, and saved his life.

As for Cornificius, though he could have defended himself in his [ XXVIII] Trenches, yet being straitned for want of Provision, he drew out to pro∣voke the Enemy to sight: but Pompey would not hazard the fortune of a Battel against People had nothing but their Arms to trust to, and whom he hoped to reduce by Famine; yet Cornisicius having placed those escaped from the Sea-Fight, and who were without Arms in the midst of the Le∣gions, marches on, sorely infested in the Plain by the Horsemens missile Arms, and by the African Foot in places inaccessible for the Horse, who being lightly armed, though he sent off several Parties to engage them, he could do no good against them. The fourth day of his March he came upon a dry ground, which the Inhabitants thereabout call The Torrent of Fire, reaching quite to the Sea, all waters falling on it being evaporated with the very heat of the ground, so that the People thereabouts never travel over it but by night to avoid the heat and dust. Cornificius's Men not knowing the Country durst not, especially in a dark Moon, adventure to pass by night, for fear of an ambush; and by day they could not defend themselves from their Enemies, heat and dust suffocated them, and the s••orching ground (being now in the heat of Summer) tormented the soles of their Feet, especially those were naked; thirst no less afflicted them, not suffering them to retard their March to go charge those light armed Foot who continually infested them; so that they were exposed to wounds, without making any defence. At last, when they drew near to a Strait at the end of this burning ground, they met with other Enemies; wherefore leaving behind their sick, and such as could not fight, they ad∣vanced furiously to the Charge, and gained the Pass; but when they saw before them other Straits which the Enemy was likewise possessed of, they lost all heart, and made a stop, being quite spent with thirst, heat and la∣bour; yet when Cornificius perswaded them to take courage, by telling them there was a Fountain close by, they renewed the Fight, and with con∣siderable loss of theirs drove the Enemy from the Post, but other Enemies were still Masters of the Fountain, so that now they gave themselves over to grief and despair. In this extremity Laronius appeared afar off with three Legions which Agrippa had sent to their relief, they were not fully assured he was their Friend; however, the sight put them in some hopes, especially when they saw the Enemy desert the Fountain, for fear of be∣ing enclosed on both sides, then they began to set up Shouts of Joy, which Laronius having answered, they ran all to the Fountain, where notwith∣standing all the good counsel of their Officers to make them more tem∣perate, they drank so excessively, that some of them died upon the place.

Thus Cornificius when he was quite past hopes saved himself and the rest [ XXIX] of the Army, and went and joyned with Agrippa, who in the mean time had taken Tyndari, furnished with good store of Provisions, and so com∣modious for this War, that Caesar landed there all his Horse and Foot, which were no small number, for he brought into Sicily one and twenty Legions, twenty thousand Horse, and more than five thousand light armed Foot. Pompey still held Melazzo, Maulochus, Pelora, and all that Sea-Coast with good Garrisons, who out of the fear they were in of Agrippa, kept continually Fires, as if they would burn the Ships that approached them. He was likewise seised of the Passages from Tauromenia to Melazzo, and had fortified all the Avenues of the Mountains; so that he kept Caesar at a

Bay (who had a design to enlarge his Quarters beyond Tyndari) and yet adventured not a Battel. But having advice that Agrippa was about to land at Pelora, he hastened thither, deserting the Passes of Melazzo, of which Caesar seised, and of Melazzo it self, together with Artemisia, a little City, famous for the Oxen of the Sun, taken away by Ulysses's com∣panions whilst he slept. But when the news of Agrippa's coming proved false, and Pompey heard of the Passes being lost, he sent for Tisienus with his Army, whom Caesar going to meet, strayed out of his way about My∣cono, where he staid all night without any Tents, in a violent rain; as is usual in Autumn▪ with no other covering save a Gallick Shield which the Soldiers held over his Head. Here they heard the horrible noise and dreadful roarings of Mount Aetna, and beheld the mighty Flames, which sorely affrighted the whole Army, especially the Germans, who starting from the places where they were laid down, were no longer scrupulous of believing the wonders told of Mount Aetna, especially of the Torrents of Fire. After this Caesar went and spoiled the Country of the Palestins, where meeting with Lepidus, and being supplied with Corn, they went both, and set down near about Messina. But when there happened only light Skirmishes through all Sicily, and no memorable Fight, Caesar weary of it, sent Taurus to cut off Pompey from Provisions, by seising upon those Cities that supplyed them, which made him resolve to give Battel; but because he was afraid of Caesar's Land Forces, and thought himself secure in his Ships, he sent a Herald to offer him a Sea-Fight. Though Caesar of all things abhorred to have do with Salt Water, where he had ever been unfortunate; yet thinking it dishonourable to refuse any thing, he accept∣ed the Challenge, and a day was appointed, when they were to meet with three hundred Ships each, armed with all sorts of missile Arms, Towers and Maohines that could be imagined. `Twas now Agrippa in∣vented the Harpagon, which is a piece of Timber of five Cubits long, bound about with Iron, at each end having two Rings, at one of which is the Harpago, or Hook of Iron, and at the other many Cords fastened in Pulleys to draw it back, with a Catapulta or Sling to dart it forcibly into the Enemies Ships.

[ XXX] But the day of Battel being come, the whole Gang of Rowers began to shew their skill, not without great Shouts and Acclamations, then follow∣ed the flying of missile Arms, some thrown out of Engines, some out of Hand, as Stones, Javelins, Arrows, Fire-brands, and flaming Darts, the Ships run Board and Board, some in the Waste, some on the Bows, and some ran with their Prows so fiercely at others, that they over-set those stood on their Fore-Castles, and made their own Ships unserviceable. O∣ther lighter Vessels contented themselves only to skirmish, lancing as they passed by unto each other Darts, Javelins, and other missile Arms, other smaller were appointed to take up such as fell into the Sea. The Soldiers, Rowers, and Seamen did wonders, assisted by the skill of the Pilots, heart∣ned by the encouragements of the Commanders, and the continual play∣ing of the Engines: but the Harpagon was most of all approved, being light enough to fly at a distance into the Enemies Ships, it stuck fast, espe∣cially when they drew it back with the Cords▪ they could not cut it, be∣ing bound about with Iron Hoops; and the Cords they could not reach to, because of its length, besides, this Machine being yet unknown, they were not provided of any long Bills to cut the Ropes. There was but one way in this unprepared condition they could think of, and that was by

force of Oars to strive to get loose from it, but then the Enemy pulled up too, both striving one way, the Harpagon still did its office; wherefore coming to a close Fight, they leaped into one anothers Ships, and were of∣ten so mixed together, that it was hard to know which party any were of, for they wore all one kind of Habit, and most spoke the Latine Tongue; and the Word for that day was known by both Parties. And in this con∣fusion when no person trusting to anothers giving him the Word, if he did not know him, there was a horrible Slaughter, and the Sea was presently covered with Bodies, Arms, and Wracks of Vessels; for they left nothing unattempted besides Fire, which after the first shock, and that they came to fight Board and Board, they made no more use of. Both Armies from the Shore beheld this dreadful Fight not without fear and passion, as think∣ing them engaged for every one of their particular safeties; but how in∣tentive soever they were they could discern nothing; for it was impossible in a long Train of six hundred Ships, from whom they heard shouts and ac∣clamations, sometimes from one side, and sometimes from the other, to discover any thing distinctly. At length Agrippa judging by the Colours upon their Towers, which was the only mark of difference between them, that there were more of Pompey's Ships perished than theirs, encou∣raged those about him, as if already victorious, to renew the Charge, and not give over pressi••g upon the Enemy, which they did, till those opposite to him were first forced to give way; and beating down their Towers, shewed him their Poops, and fled towards the Strait, to the number only of seventeen Ships, most of the rest cut off by Agrippa, who got between them and the Flyers from going the same way, run violently on Shore, where sticking fast, they were either got off by the Enemy, or there burnt, which those that were yet fighting in open Sea seeing, yielded. The Caesarian Sea Forces soon proclaimed their Victory by their Shouts and Acclammations, which were answered by the Land Army on Shore: whilst Pompey's Men groaned out of grief and despair. As for Pompey himself, he departed in haste from Naulochus to go to Messina, so astonish∣ed, that he had no thoughts at all of his Land Army, which made them led by Tisienus surrender to Caesar upon good conditions, which example was likewise followed by the Horse perswaded by their Officers. There were in this Battel three of Caesar's Ships sunk, and twenty eight of Pompey's, and all the rest burnt, taken, or split upon the Rocks, save only those se∣venteen that fled.

Pompey, as upon the way he heard of the defection of his Army, laid [ XXXI] down his Imperial Robe, and took a private habit, sending some before to Messina, to load what they could upon his Ships, for he was prepared for this a long time before, and sending to Plenius who was at Lilybaeum with eight Legions to come presently to him, Plenius forthwith set forward, but all his Friends, and all his Garrisons having yielded to the Conquerour, and his Enemies being already in the Strait to come to Messina, he did not think it convenient to stay for Plenius in the City, though it were a very strong place, but embarquing upon those seventeen Ships he had, made Sail towards Anthony, whose Mother he had favourably received in a like misfortune, and Plenius arriving at Messina after Pompey's departure▪ he there shut himself up, resolving to stand upon his defence. Now after the Victory Caesar staying in his Camp near Naulochus, had given or∣der to Agrippa to go and besiege Messina, which together with Lepidus he did. Plenius having sent out to them Deputies to capitulate, Agrippa

was of the mind to defer the business till next day that Caesar came thither; but Lepidus himself received them upon composition, and to get the Ar∣my of Plenius into his own possession, gave them share in the plunder of the City equal with his own; so that besides pardon which they only asked for, they had found a Booty they did not expect, they that very night plundered the City with Lepidus's Men, and delivered themselves up to be his. So that Lepidus by this recruit beholding himself Master of two and twenty Legions, and a brave Body of Horse, raised his hopes, and laid a design upon seising upon Sicily. This project he founded upon his first having landed in the Island, and having taken more Cities than Caesar; wherefore he gave Command to his Garrisons not to receive any Forces but his own, and seised upon all the Passages. On the morrow Caesar being arrived at Messina, sends some of his Friends to Lepidus, to make his complaint of these proceedings, and to represent to him that he was come into Sicily only to serve Caesar, and not to conquer for himself. To which he answered by a reciprocal complaint: That they had taken from him his part of the Empire, which Caesar had usurped all to himself, and if he would restore that, he would willingly part with Africa and Sicily. Cae∣sar, angry at this answer, goes to him himself, reproaches him with in∣gratitude, and after some mutual threats they part, and from that instant begin to keep Guard apart, and the Ships went and anchored at some di∣stance from the Port, because, as was reported, Lepidus had a design to burn them; and the Soldiers detesting these Dissentions; believed they were again falling into another Civil War. Not that they made any com∣parison of Lepidus with Caesar; Lepidus's own Soldiers did not do that, they admired Caesar's Virtue, and blamed Lepidus's baseness, thinking it a high injustice done them, to equal the Vanquisher and the Vanquished in the plunder of M••ssina. Caesar having notice of their thoughts sent under∣hand to solicite them by his Agents, who gained many, especially of those who had served under Pompey, for they thought the pardon granted them ineffectual, unless Caesar confirmed it. Lepidus knew nothing of this Negotiation, so that before he perceived any thing, Caesar comes unlooked for to his Camp, with a strong party of Horse, which he left before the Trenches, and entred with a slender Train, and advancing towards the middle, calls all the world to witness that he was forced to make War against his Will. The nearest to him having saluted him, calling him Emperour, all Pompey's Men who were made to the purpose ran to him, and begged his pardon. To which he answered, that he wondered they should ask pardon before they had done what they ought: they under∣stood what he meant, and presently some took their Colours, and car∣ried them to Caesar's Camp, whilst the others made up the Tents. Lepi∣dus hearing the Tumult, comes out of his Tent armed, and falls on, so that one of Caesar's Esquires being slain, and Caesar himself shot with an Arrow in the Corslet, though it went not to the quick, he got by running to the place where he had left his Horse. As he ran, some of those who were upon the Guard in one of the Forts at Lepidus's Camp made a mock of him; whereon he immediately fell upon that Fort, and took it with his Horse. Those who commanded in the rest yielded, some at the same time, others the night following, some without being summoned, and o∣thers after a slight assault made by the Cavalry to serve for a pretence of their Surrender: but some there were who bravely stood to it before they would submit; for Lepidus continually sent relief to all parts; but at last these reliefs deserted him likewise; may, even those who had an inclina∣tion

for him at first changed their minds. First, all those of Pompey's Par∣ty, who had till then stood firm for him, left him by whole Bands, and when Lepidus caused others to take Arms to stop them, those thus com∣manded took their Colours, and carried them to Caesar's Camp with the others. Lepidus threatened, intreated, stopped the Ensigns, and said he would not suffer them to depart, till one of the Ensigns telling him plainly, that he should suffer it either alive or dead, he was so terrifed that he let them go. The Horse left him last: but before they parted, they sent to ask Caesar whether he would have them kill Lepidus, whom they acknowledged no longer for General; but he would by no means per∣mit it. Thus Lepidus seeing himself unexpectedly, and in so short a time deserted by so great an Army, and fallen from so mighty a Fortune; changed Habit, and went to Caesar whither all the world run as to a Spectacle. Caesar rose up to receive him, and would not suffer him to fall on his Knees before him, but he sent him to Rome in the same Habit, re∣duced to that of a private Man, without any power or quality, save that of High Priest. So that this Man who had so often been General of Ar∣mies, had reigned in the Triumvirate, made so many Magistrates, pro∣scribed so many of his Equals in Dignity, returned into the degree of a simple Citizen, and spent the rest of his life submitted to authority, and to the power of many of those he had proscribed.

As for Pompey, Caesar would not pursue him, nor permit it to be done, [ XXXII] whether he thought it not convenient to follow him into Anthony's Domi∣nion, or whether he had a mind to see what Anthony would do; for if he did not as he ought, he had just occasion to break with him (for both pre∣tending to Sovereign Power, either had a long time thought that when all other were overcome they should fall upon one another) or else, as Caesar said afterwards, because Pompey was none of his Father's Murderers. All the Forces being now joyned together, there were five and forty Le∣gions, five and twenty thousand Horse, thirty seven thousand five hundred light armed Foot, six hundred Ships of War, and a prodigious number of Merchants Ships, all which he sent to their owners. He gave likewise to the Soldiers the reward due to them for Victory, with promise of greater Liberalities for the future, distributed Crowns, and other honourable Re∣compenses to those he thought worthy, and pardoned the Officers had served under Pompey. This great Prosperity was worthy of Envy, and Fortune was not wanting to be jealous of it, and to intermix it with trou∣ble: for the Army, and particularly his own mutinied, the Soldiers demand∣ed their Discharge, and to have the same Recompenses they had received after the Victory at Philippi; whereupon, though the service they had done against Pompey seemed not in his opinion comparable to the other, yet he promised them to reward them honourably, and equal with those now served under Anthony at his return, and yet according to Military Disci∣pline he represented to them with some threats the fault they committed against the Laws of War, and against the Oath they had sworn to. At length, seeing that instead of submitting they grew more insolent, he for∣bore threatning, lest those who were newly come to his Party should raise some Tumult: only he told them he would discharge them with Anthony as soon as he could, assuring them in the mean time he would no more em∣ploy them in Civil Wars, since they by God's Grace were quite extinct;

but that he would lead them against the Illyrians, and other Barba∣rous Nations who had broke the Peace with them, from whom they would all return rich. To which they told him plainly, that they would serve no longer, unless he presently gave them those Rewards and Honours their past labours deserved. He answered them, that as to the Honours there should be no delay in them; for besides the Crowns he had already distributed, he had others to bestow among every Legion, and to the Cen∣turions and Tribunes Robes of Purple, with the Quality of Senator, every Man in his Country. Whilst he was offering these things and many others, fit a Tribune named Ofilius began to cry out that Crowns and Robes were to quiet Children, but that must have Soldiers Money and Lands. The multi∣tude by their Acclammations signifying they approved this discourse, Cae∣sar in a rage went down from the Tribunal; but for the Tribune those a∣bout him praised him, and reviled the others for not joyning with him, he told them that he alone was sufficient to defend so just a cause, yet these words cost him dear, for the next day he disappeared, and was never more seen. After which accident no particular person durst utter a word, but the whole Army went together to demand their Discharge, and Caesar for his part did all he could to appease them by caressing their Officers. At length he dismissed those had served him at Modena and Philippi, who a∣mounted to twenty thousand, for indeed they had served longer than the time appointed by the Laws of War; but for fear lest those should corrupt others, he sent them presently out of the Island, after having told apart to those had served him at Modena, that though he had discharged them, he would not fail to satisfie what he had promised. As soon as they were ship∣ped, he drew the rest together to speak to them, where he took them for witnesses of the perjury of the others, whom he called Runaways, because they had forced a Discharge from him, praised those present for their side∣lity, made them hope that ere long they should be discharged, and that so rich, no one person should repent his having continued in the service, and with all this he gave them five hundred Drams a Man.

[ XXXIII] After this Broil was over, he laid a Tribute of Sixteen hundred Ta∣lents upon Sicily, and settled there Pretors as well as in Africa, left an Ar∣my divided betwixt those two Provinces, sent Anthony's Ships to Taren∣tum, and sending part of the rest of his Forces before him into Italy, fol∣lowed himself with the other. When his return was known in the City, the Senate gave him by Decree all the Honours imaginable, referring to his discretion the accepting all, or as many of them as he pleased. All the Senators, and likewise the People, crowned with Flowers, went a great way to meet him, brought him first to the Temple, and then to his House. The next day he recited in full Senate, and before the People, two Orations which he had composed, and which he afterwards made pub∣lick, wherein he orderly declared what things he had done, and his Conduct in the Government of the Common-wealth, from his first un∣dertaking the Charge till now, caused the Peace to be published, the Civil Wars being now quite extinct, remitted what was remain∣ing due upon Impositions, discharged the Receivers of what they ought, and released the Farmers of what they had not yet payed in of their publick Farms. Of all the Honours the Senate offered him he accepted the noblest, that on all those days whereon he had been

victorious, there should be Anniversary Festivals. That there should be placed before the Tribunal for Orations his Statue in Gold, repre∣senting the life, with this Inscription,

For Peace after tedious War, restored both by Sea and Land.

Besides all this, the People would have taken away Lepidus's High Priesthood, and obliged him to accept it; but he refused it, because the Laws forbid the depriving a man of that Dignity, as long he lived; whereupon the People would have Lepidus put to death, as his Enemy, but he would not permit it. Afterwards he sent to all his Armies sealed Letters, with Directions they should be all broken up in one day, and the Orders they found in them observed, which were concerning the Slaves, who, during the Tumult and Disorders, had run away from their Masters, and lifted themselves in the Army. The Senate had granted them all Freedom by the Peace made with Pompey; but they being now taken all in one day, and sent to the Cities, Caesar return'd them into the hands of their Masters, or their Masters Heirs, and if none came to claim them, they were put to death in the same Cities from whence they had fled: the like he did in Sicily. All Men now thought the Civil Wars quite at an end, and that they owed the obligation of it to Caesar, then twenty eight years of age; wherefore the Cities consecrated him, and placed him in the number of their Gods. Mean time, not only Rome, but likewise Sicily was infested with numbers of Vagabond Rascals who robbed with so much insolence, that Caesar was forced to give a Commission to Sabinus to suppress them, many he took and hanged; but it re∣quired a whole years time to purge all the Countrys clear of them. At this time, as it is said, were established those Cohorts of Watch and Ward which continue to this day. This timely and speedy reme∣dy got Caesar much reputation, who now began likewise to appoint many annual Magistrates in things that concerned the Administration of the Common-wealth, according to the custom of their Ancestors, he likewise caused to be burnt all Letters writ in the time of the War, lest they might kindle new Troubles, and promised to restore the Government to the People, as soon as Anthony returned, because he knew well that he had designed to lay down his Authority as soon as the Civil Wars were ended. Upon these promises, the Citizens perswaded of Caesar's good intentions, made him perpetual Tribune of the People, as if by this new Dignity they would invite him to lay down the former: about which he privately wrote to Anthony, giving his Letters in charge to Bibulus, who was upon his return to him, to deliver; he sent likewise Governours into the Provinces, and made Preparations for the Illyrian War, whither he designed to go in per∣son.

As for Pompey, having left Sicily to seek a refuge from Anthony, [ XXXIV]

he landed on the Promontory of Lacinia, where he took out of Iuno's Temple all the Offerings of an inestimable value. Thence getting to Mitylene, he sojourned some time in that City, where his Father in the War with Caesar and left him then a Child with his Mother, and whither after his Defeat he retreated. Anthony being at this time in Media fight∣ing against the Medes and Parthians, Pompey resolved to throw himself into his Arms at his return, but hearing he was defeated, and that news pas∣sing for a truth in the opinion of all the world, he began to fancy new hopes, that either he might succeed Anthony, if he were dead, or share power with him if he return'd, besides he was encouraged by Labienus's example, who but a little before had made strange Incursions and Spoils throughout all Asia. Whilst these things run in his Head, news was brought him that Anthony was returned to Alexandria; wherefore pur∣suing the resolution he had taken, he sent Deputies to offer him his Friend∣ship and Alliance; but this was but a Trick, for indeed they went only to pry into his Affairs. In the mean time he privately dispatched others to∣wards the Princes of Thrace and Pontus, resolved to retire towards the Kingdom of Pontus into Armenia, if he obtained not what he pretended to from Anthony, for he had likewise sent to the Parthians, out of hopes that in the War which was not yet terminated, they would be glad to accept him for his General against Anthony, being a Roman, and more, the Son of the great Pompey. Besides he fitted up great store of Shipping, and kept in Exercise his Sea-Forces, under pretence of being afraid of Caesar, or of making these preparations for Anthonies service; But Anthony, who soon perceived his designs, and sent Titius with all the Fleet and Army of Syria, to oppose him with open Force, if he would make War, or to conduct him Honourably, if he had any intention to come to him as a Friend. Now Pompey's Deputies spoke to Anthony in this manner.

The Oration of Pompey's Deputies to Anthony

THough if Pompey had designed to continue the War, he might have gone into Spain, a Province where he is beloved for his Fathers sake, of which he had good Testimony in his Youth, and who still offered him their As∣sistance. Yet because he had rather live in Peace with you; or if there be necessity to make War, fight under your Colours, he has sent us hither to offer you his Friendship and Alliance. 'Tis not a desire of a days standing, you know that when he was Master of Sicily, and made Inroads into Italy, when he sent your Mother to you, he made you the same offers; And certainly had you accepted them, neither had Pompey been driven out of Sicily. For you had not assisted Caesar with your Fleet, nor you had not come off with such disadvantage against the Parthians, because Caesar sent you not those Forces he promised you; Nay, you might have reduced Italy to your Obedience. However, though you refused them in a time when they might have been useful to you, he begs you yet to have a care lest Caesar who has so often deceived you, do not do it at last be∣yond repair. Remember but how contrary to a solemn League, he made War

upon Pompey, who was likewise his Aly, though he had not the same pretence. How he has deprived Lepidus of his part of the Empire, without in the least making you partaker of his Victories. You are now the only obstacle stands in his way to that Monarchy to which he has so long aspired; and already, if Pompey had not stood between, you had been engaged one against the other. 'Tis more your concer•• than any mans to look into these things, yet Pompey out of his love to you would not refrain his advice. Besides knowing you good and genero•••• he ••as more esteem for your friendship than for all could be pro∣mised him by a man he knows for a cheat and a deceiver. He thinks it not strange you lent your Ships to Caesar, because he knows you were urged to it by the want you stood in need of Forces for the Parthian War, but he would willingly have you remember how much the not sending that Army did you pre∣judice. In a word, Pompey yields himself up to you with that Fleet he has left, and a faithful Army never deserted him in distress. If you have peace, it will be no small Glory for you to have protected the Son of the great Pompey; and if you engage in that War which in all likelyhood you dispose your self to, the Forces he delivers up to you will not be use∣less.

The Deputies having done speaking, Anthony let them understand the Orders he had given to Titius, and for a full answer told them, that if Pompey made these Offers sincerely, he would come along with Titius. In the mean time, Pompey's Envoys to the Parthians were taken by An∣thony's Captains, and brought to Alexandria, where having confessed all, Anthony sent for the Deputies had spoke to him on Pompey's behalf, and shewed them whom he had arrested. They were extremely surprised; yet they besought him to pardon a young Man reduced to the last extre∣mities, and who out of a fear of being refused, had been forced to seek a Retreat among Nations always Enemies to the Roman Name; for had he been well assured of Anthony's mind, there had been no need to have had recourse to others, or to use other arts and solicitations, An∣thony believed them, being by nature free from Malice, and of a clear and magnanimous temper.

In the mean time, Furnius, Anthony's Lieutenant in Asia, made at [ XXXV] first no opposition against Pompey, who was come over thither in a peaceable manner, whether he were not strong enough to hinder him, or that he knew not Anthony's mind; but when he saw he exercised his Soldiers, he levyed what Force he could himself in that Province, and sent to Aenobarbus, who was not far off with an Army, and to Amyntas to come to his assistance. They being presently drawn together, Pompey began to complain they treated him like an Enemy, whilst he was waiting what answer Anthony gave his Deputies, yet all this while he was plot∣ting to make AEnobarbus his Prisoner, whom one of his Familiars called Curius, was to deliver up to him, hoping he might stand him in good stead, if an Exchange of Prisoners should happen; but the Treason being discovered, and Curius convicted, he was executed by sentence of the Council of War, and Pompey put to death Theodorus, one of his Freed Men, who alone he made privy to this Plot, suspecting he had

discovered it. This design not succeeding, he lost all hopes of deceiving Furnius, but he took by treason Lampsacus, where C. Caesar had planted a Colony of Italians, whom by force of Money he got to engage in his Party; so that seeing himself two hundred Horse, and three Legions strong, he went and assaulted Cyzica by Sea and Land, but was both ways repulsed by some of Anthony's Forces, who had the Guard of the Gladiators, kept there for the Peoples Divertisement. He therefore returned to the Port of the Achaeans, to make Provision of Corn, whither Furnius following, without offering to fight him, encamped always as near him as he could with store of Horse, and thus hindred him from so∣raging the Country, or besieging Towns. Pompey, who had not Horse enough to take the Fields, went and assaulted his Camp in Front with one part of his Forces, against whom Furnius coming to the Charge, the o∣thers whohad taken a great compass not to be discovered, fell in behind, forced the Camp, and put them all to the Rout. All Furnius's Men fled through the Plains of Scamandria, and not being able to run very fast, be∣cause the ground was moistned with the Rain, there was made a great Slaughter. Those who saved themselves escaped into places of security, being too weak to stand Pompey, till such time as new Recruits were come from Mysia, Propontis, and other places. Mean while, the Country People ruined with Taxes, took Arms, and joyned with Pompey, now grown famous by the Victory, gained at the Port of the Achaeans. But still wanting Horse, he often came by the worst in going to gather in Corn and Forrage. Wherefore upon intelligence that a Body of Italian Horse were coming to Anthony, which Octavia, who wintered at Athens, sent him, he dispatched away some of his Agents with Money to corrupt them; but the Governour of Macedon taking these Suborners, distribu∣ted their Money to the Horsemen: yet Pompey took Nicea and Nicomedia, where he got store of Wine, besides many other happy successes he had beyond his own hopes: but Furnius always encamping at some distance from him. About the beginning of Spring there came to him from Sicily seventy Ships, the Remainder of the Fleet Anthony had lent to Caesar a∣gainst Pompey; for the Sicilian War being ended, Caesar returned them. At the same time Titius arrived out of Syria with sixscore other Ships, and a great Army, and all together landed at Proconesus. Thereupon Pompey somewhat daunted, burnt his Ships, and armed his Rowers and Seamen, whom he thought would do him better service on shore. But Cassius of Parma, Nasidius, Saturninus, Thermus, Antistius, and all the most considerable of Pompey's Friends, and even Fannius himself, for whom he had the greatest value, and Libo his Father-in-law, seeing that after the coming of Titius, to whom Anthony had given commission either to make War or Peace, he was still obstinate to continue the War against one more powerful than himself, left him, and making their own composition submitted to Anthony: being deserted by his Friends, he advanced through the mid-land of Bithynia, with design, as 'tis said, to get into Armenia: Furnius, Titius, and Amyntas having no∣tice that to this intent he had quitted his Camp by night, followed him, and made such haste, that before day was shut in, they overtook him near a certain Eminence, above which they encamped separately with∣out entrenching, because it grew late, and their Men were over tired. Pompey seeing them in this posture, drew off three thousand Men, who went and charged them in the dark night so briskly, that they

slew a great number, some in Bed, and others rising, and the rest for the most part naked, shamefully took their flight: so that if Pompey had fallen on with all his Forces, or had but given them chase, he might have com∣pleted his Victory, but his adverse fortune put it out of his thoughts, and he reaped no more fruit of this Victory, save the continuing his March in∣to the Uplands.

The Enemies being rallied, followed him close at the Heels, and [ XXXVI] very sorely tormented him, that being reduced to want of Provisions, he desired a Conference with Furnius, Friend to the great Pompey, and besides that, the most considerable of all the other Commanders, and the honestest Man. Being in order thereunto come to the Bank of a River that run between them, Pompey told them, that having sent de∣puties to Anthony, and having in the mean time no Provisions, no•• no person that would furnish him with any, he had been forced to do what he had done.

The ORATION of POMPSEY to FVRNIVS.

BUt for your part, added he, if it be by Anthony's Orders you make War upon me, he is ill advised, not foreseeing a considerable▪ War hanging over his Head; but if it be of your own motion, I beseech you to expect the return of my Deputies, or to carry me to Anthony, after having past your word for my security; for Furnius, 'tis you only I confide in, and put my self into your hands, provided you promised me upon your Honour to deliver me in safety to Anthony.

This he said as confident of Anthony's good nature, and fearing only some misfortune might happen to him in the Journey, Furnius made answer:

The ANSWER of FURNIUS to POMPEY.

IF you had any intention to yield your self to Anthony, you ought in person to have gone to him at first, or have staid his An∣swer at Mitylene; but you designed War, and have done all you could; for why should you deny things we certainly know? Yet if you now repent, we are three that command here for Anthony, do not create any jealousie among us, but deliver your self up to Titius, who only has Commission concerning you: you may require of him the same security you do of me; for his Orders are, if you obstinately hold out, to kill you; but if you submit, to send you honourably to Anthony.

Pompey was angry at Titius, as an ungrateful Man, to undertake this War against him whom he had so kindly treated when he was his Prisoner; besides, he thought it dishonourable for Pompey to yield him∣self into the hands of Titius, a man of mean extract, and whom he was jealous of, either distrusting his Principles, or conscious of some in∣jury he had done him before the last kindness; wherefore he offered himself once more to Furnius, and begged him to receive him; and when that could not be obtained, he desired that at least he might yield himself into Amyntas's Hands. But Furnius telling him that Amyntas would not do that which would prove injurious to him who had Antho∣ny's Commission for this purpose, the Conference ended. Anthony's Lieutenants believed that Pompey would next morning for very want be forced to yield himself to Titius; but as soon as it was night he caused Fires to be kindled, and gave orders to the Trumpets to sound at every Watch of the Night, according to custom, and he without any noise went out of his Camp with the Flower of his Forces, not telling any one of them his design, which was to return to the Sea, and set fire on Titus's Fleet, and possibly he might have done it, if Scaurus, who desert∣ed him, and run to the Enemy had not given him notice of his depar∣ture, and the way he had taken, without being able to say more. A∣myntas presently followed him with fifteen hundred Horse, for whom, Pompey's being all Foot, it was no hard matter to overtake. As soon as he appeared, all Pompey's Men forsook him, some privily, others openly; so that almost desperate, and fearing his own Domesticks, he yielded himself to Amyntas without conditions, who had refused the Composition offered by Titius. Thus was the last Son of the great Pompey taken. He had lost his Father when he was a Child, and when he grew some∣what elder, his Brother, after whose death he lay concealed a long time,

living like a Bandito in Spain, till such time as a multitude of loose Peo∣ple understanding he was Pompey's Son, slocked to him, and then he began to over-run and plunder the Country. After the death of C. Caesar having got a good Army, Ships and Money, he made a War, and be∣came Master of some Islands, after which he was created Admiral of the Western Sea, and then sorely annoyed Italy, almost famishing his Enemies, and forcing them to peace on his own Conditions: but what is most considerable, in that dreadful time of Proscriptions at Rome, he was the only Refuge of the Miserable, and saved many persons of Quality, who were obliged to him for their return to their Country: but as if Fortune had deprived him of Judgment, he never would give the onset upon any Enemy, but lost many fair opportunities, content on∣ly to defend himself. Such was the Pompey now taken. Titius received an Oath from his Army in Anthony's name, and sent him to Miletum, where at forty years of age he put him to death, either because the old injury had more power over him than Gratitude for a later kind∣ness, or because he had Anthony's Orders for it. Though some say An∣thony gave no such Order, but it was done by Plancus Governour of Syria, who in Affairs of great Importance was wont to set Anthony's Hand and Seal. Others believe that Plancus indeed might write it, but by private Orders from Anthony, who would not do it himself, because of the name of Pompey; or for fear to displease Cleapatra, who esteemed Pompey for his Father's sake: others say again Plan••ns did it of his own accord, fearing Pompey might raise some new difference between Caesar and Anthony, or that Cleopatra might fall in love with him. Let it be how it will, after his death Anthony took another Expedition into Ar∣menia; and Caesar went to make War against the Illyrians, who wasted the Coasts of Italy, some of whom were never subject to the Roman Em∣pire, others cast off their Yoak in the time of the Civil Wars. But be∣cause the Illyrian Affairs are not so well known to me as to compose there∣of a perfect Volume; and that likewise I cannot speak of them more properly, than when writing of the time that Province was absolutely reduced under the Roman Power; I have designed to refer it till I write what passed under Augustus, and now only make a Summary to be an∣nexed to the History of Macedon, those Provinces being contiguous.

FINIS.

Notes

• * 1.1

  By way of I∣rony.
• * 1.2

  Of Aryci∣a, where was the Nymph Aegeria.
• * 2.1

  Dutchy of Milan.
• * 6.1

  Tuscans.
• * 8.1

  Rostrum.
• * 8.2

  Now Mon∣teleon.
• * 8.3

  Tore de Mare.
• * 8.4

  Pantalarea:
• * 8.5

  Brigan∣tines.
• * 8.6

  Melazzo