St. Augustine, Of the citie of God vvith the learned comments of Io. Lod. Viues. Englished by I.H.

L. VIVES.

THe (a) Lupercalls] The Lupercall was a place on mount Palatine in Rome, sacred vnto Pan lycius, or, the Woluish: whom they say the Arcadians that came with Euander into Ita∣ly, * 1.1 dedicated, by the aduice of Carmentis, the prophetesse: in the same holy forme that they worshipped him in their country, and Iupiter Lycius vpon mount Lyceum, In the same place where Romulus and Remus suckt, the she Wolfe, and there was a statue representing the same. Therefore was the place called Lupercall, saith Seruius, but the statue of Pan Lyceus had Euan∣der consecrated long before Romulus was borne. Ouid Fast.

Quid vetat Arcadico dictos a monte luperco•…•…? Faunus in Arcadia templa Lycaeus habet.

Luperci may th' A cadian hills name beare, Since wolfe-like Faunus hath his temple there

〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…gil in his Aeneads. lib. 8.

—Gelida monstrat sub rupe lupercal, Parrhasia dictum panos de monte lycaei.

Lupercall vnderneath the rock so chill, So call'd of wolfe-like Pans Parrhasian hill.

〈◊〉〈◊〉 himselfe was one of the Lupercalls, and was celebrating of that feast when 〈◊〉〈◊〉 shepheards tooke him. Now they vsed to sacrifice vnto Pan all naked saue their 〈◊〉〈◊〉 which were couered (as Dionys. saith) with the skins of the sacrifices, and so they ranne all about the streete. They were called Lupercalls (saith Uarro de ling. Lat. 5.) because they sa∣crificed in the Lupercall: the orderer of the sacrifice when hee proclaimed the monthly feasts, to be kept vpon the nones of February, calleth this feast day, a day februate, that is a day of purgation, &c. Festus seemeth to ascribe the Lupercall feasts to the honour of Iuno, for on 〈◊〉〈◊〉 day hee saith the women were purged with Iunos mantle, that is, with a goates ski•…•…e, for the women, beleeued that it would make them fruitfull, to bee beaten with a kinne of one of the sacrifices at the Lupercall feasts. And therefore as the Lupercalls ran•…•…e by, they would hold out their hands for them to strike. They offered a dogge also at this feast, as Plutarch saith: whether that were a kinde of purgation, or that it was in token of the d•…•…gges em•…•…ty with the wolues, beeing sac•…•…ed vnto Pan Lyceus. (b) The holy streete] Uia sacra. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 reached not (as the vulgar thinke) onely from the pallace to the house of the Maister of the Ceremonies but from that house to the chappell of goddesse Strenua, and from the pallace, to the Capitol. * 1.2 V•…•… de ling. lat. saith this: At Strenuas chappel, hard by the Carina beg•…•…eth, holy streete, and 〈◊〉〈◊〉 reacheth to the Capitol for that way doe sacrifices goe to the Capitoll euery month: and that way 〈◊〉〈◊〉 all Augurs to take their auguries. But the vulgar know onely that part of it, which reacheth from the court to the fore-most descent: It was called holy-steete, for there did Romu∣•…•… and Tatius the Sabine King make their vnion. H•…•… Ouid •…•…th they vsed to sell apples. It was a steep vneuen way, which is the reason of Augustines mention of it here. (c) Dionysyus] T•…•…▪ de •…•…at. deor. 3. Wee haue many Dionysii: one sonne to Io•…•…e and Proserpina, another Nilus * 1.3 his sonne, the murderer of Nysa: a third Caprius his sonne, and King of Asia, whence the Scy∣thians had there discipline: a fourth sonne to Ioue and Luna to whom Orpheus his consecrati∣ons are dedicate, a fift, sonne to Nisus and Thyone, who i•…•…stituted the Trieterides, (or three yeares sacrifices) vnto Bacchus. Of the Theban Dionysius the Indian and the Assirian, read Phi∣lostratus. Uita Apollonii. lib. 2. Some held but one Dionysius the finder out of wine, & the con∣querour of many nations: and some againe held that there were three, beeing in three seuerall times. 1. an Indian, who found out wine. 2. sonne of Ioue & Ceres, the inuenter of the plough. 3. sonne to Ioue and Semele, an effeminate fellow, leading whores about with him in his army. (d) Father Liber] Because (saith Macrobius, from Naeuius) he is the sunne, and goeth freely (Li∣bere) throughout the skies. Plutarch (in Quaest.) giues other reasons because hee freeth the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of drinkers: or, because hee fought for the freedome of Baeotia: or because hee freeth one from cares, and secureth them in hardest actes. Seneca saith his name; Liber, commeth not a Libera lingua, from a free tongue, but, quia liber at seruitio curarum animum, because hee freeth the soule from the bondage of care, and giueth it vigor in enterprises: for it thrusts out care, * 1.4 and turneth the minde vp from the bottome, and therefore it is good to drinke now and then. De •…•…q. anim. (e) First shew] Therefore was he called Dionysius, quasi 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, giuing wine. Pla∣•…•… 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Cratyl. Now Valerius Probus relate•…•… this story thus. 1. Georg. Staphylus a shepheard of 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and keeper of King Oeneus goates, obserued one of them that stra•…•…ed alwaies from the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, and was more lusty, and came later to the fold then any other, herevpon he watched him, and finding him in a secret place, eating of a fruite that was vnknowne vnto him, hee plucked 〈◊〉〈◊〉 of it, and brought it vnto King Oeneus, who delighting in the iuice wrung from it, as 〈◊〉〈◊〉 as it grew ripe, set it before father Liber, who was then his guest. Liber teaching him the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 how to husband it, for a perpetuall▪ memory of the inuentors, named the iuice 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 of

Oeneus, and the grape 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, of Staphylus. Eusebius meaneth one Dionysius the sonne of Deuca∣lion, more ancient then that sonne of Semele, and he (saith Eusebius) came into Attica, and there found out the vine: that hee lodged with oue Semacus vnto whose daughter he gaue a Roe∣bucks skin: but this was in Cecrops time. But Eubolus saith it was before Cecrops time that wine was found, and that before that, they vsed water in their sacrifices in stead of wine. (f) Plaies dedicated to Apollo] Eusebius saith that Erichthon, Cecrops sonne built that Temple vn∣to Apollo Delius: Apollo had many plaies sacred vnto him, but there were two sorts of the chiefe: the Actian, in Acarnania, sacred vnto Apollo Actius, wherein the Lacedemonians had * 1.5 the preheminence: and these were famous all Greece ouer: and the Delphike, in Phocis, called the Pythian games, kept euery eight yeare. Censorin. Plutarch (in Question.) saith that the Del∣phians celebrated three kindes of plaies euery ninth yeare: the Stephateria, the Heroides, and their Chorilae.

But who ordeined these games at first, is vncertaine. One of Pindarus his interpetours, saith that their Pythian games were of two sorts (as Strabo also testifieth.) the most ancient, in∣uented by Apollo himselfe vpon the killing of the dragon Python: and in these, diuers He∣roës, as Castor, Pollux, Peleus, Hercules and Telamon were victors, and al crowned with laurell: the later, ordeined by Amphycthions counsell, after the Grecians by the helpe of Eurilochus the Thessalian, had conquered their cursed aduersaries the Cirrhaeans: this was in Solons time. Aeschylus maketh mention of this warre. Contra Ctesiphont. (g) With Minerua Shee rather found out the tree then the fruite. Virg. Minerua, finder of the Oliue tree; For Pliny lib. 7. ascribes the inuention of oyle, and oyle-presses, vnto Aristeus of Athens, hee that found hony out first: nay and wine also, saith Aristotle, making him a learned man, and much be∣holding to the Muses. Yet Diodorus deriues the drawing of oyle from one of Minerua•…•… inuentions. But that the oliue tree is consecrated to Minerua, all writers doe affirme, as is the laurell to Apollo, the oke to Ioue, the myrtle to Venus, and the poplare to Hercules. Virg. Pliny saith that the oliue that Minerua produced at Athens was to bee seene in his time. lib. 16. And the conquerors at Athens are crowned with an oliue Ghirland. And this vse the Ro∣manes had in their lesser triumphs, vsing crownes of oliue and myrtle, and the troupes of souldiours in the Calends of Iuly were crowned with oliue branches, as the victors in the Olympick exercises were with garlands of the Oliue: and the tree whence Hercules had his crowne, remained vnto Plinies time, as himselfe writeth. (h) Xanthus,] I thinke this is that successor of Deucalion whom Diodorus calleth Asterius. lib. 5. Deucalion had Hellenus: * 1.6 hee, Dorus; Dorus, Tectanus, who sailed into Crete, and bare Iupiter three sons, Rhadaman∣thus, Minos, and Sarpedon: all which Asterius marying their mother, hauing no childe by her, adopted for his sonnes. Eusebius saith hee begot them all vpon her. But Strabo saith that Hellenus, Deucalions son, had two sons Dorus, and Xuthus, who marrying Creusa, Erich∣theus his daughter, brought collonies into Tetrapolis in Attica, founding Oenoa, Marathon, Probalinthus, and Tricorythus: Ioannes Grammaticus (〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉) is of his opinion also: adding one Aeolus, a third sonne of Hellenus, of whom the Aeolike dialect came, as the Do∣rike did of Dorus, and this is more likely. For there are but foure score yeares betweene Deucalions floud, and the rape of Europa, namely from the thirtith yeare of Cecrops vnto the fortith of Erichthonius.

Some Greeke authors will not haue Dorus and Xuthus to bee sonnes vnto Hellenus, but vn∣to Aeolus, who married Creusa. Of Ion, sonne to this Panthus, was the countries name chang∣ed from Aegialia, into Ionia: for he planted Colonies in twelue citties of Asia, as the oracle of Delphos directed him, according to Utruuius, who emploieth both Xanthus and his son, I•…•… in this businesse, yet did the country beare the sonnes name. The Athenians had a feast called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or, speedy helpe: because they beeing in a dangerous warre with Eumolpus, Neptunes sonne, Xanthus came to their aide with wonderfull celerity: for which Erichtheus made him his sonne in lawe.

Now this Xanthus they thinke is Asterius also: for Xanthus, and Xuthus are vsed both for one: and hence came the claime that Androgeus, son to Minos, & grand-child to Xanthus, had against Aegeas, Theseus his father, vnto the kingdome of Athens: and be being made away by the treasons of Aegeus, Minos inuaded Attica, and brought them to that streight, that they were saine to pay him a yearely tribute of seauen boies and seauen virgin girles. Or•…•…

nameth one Asterius, who went in the Argonautes voiage: but that was the brother of Am∣•…•…, not this Asterius. (i) Europa] Agenors daughter, stolne by Pyrates from Sydon in Phae∣nicia, * 1.7 and brought into Crete in a shippe called the White-Bull: and from her had this third part of our world, the name: if reports bee true. Herodotus saith the Cretans did steale her to auenge the rape of Io, whom the Phaenicians had borne away before. Then Paris to reuenge the Asians went and stole Hellen, and so beganne the mischiefe. Palaephatus Paruus declareth it thus. There was one Taurus, a Gnossian, who making warre vpon Tyria, tooke a many Vir∣gins from them, and Europa for one: and hence came the fable. The Greekes to make some∣what of the coniunction of Ioue and Europa, say that hee begot Carnius on her, whom Apollo loued, and therefore in Lacedomon they had the feasts of Apollo Carnius, Praxil. (k) Rhada∣manthus] The Cretan law-giuer, for his iustice feigned to be iudge of hel. Homer calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 * 1.8 that is yellow, or faire Rhadamanthus, and I thinke hee toucheth at his father herein: although hee call other faire personages 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 also. Plato saith he was sonne to Asopus by Aegina, on whom Ioue begot Adacus, and gaue her name vnto an Ile in Greece. In Gorg. (l) Sarpedon] * 1.9 H•…•…er will not haue him the son of Ioue by Europa, but by Laodam•…•…ia, Bellerophons daughter. He reigned in Cilicia, where there is apromontory of his name in the vtmost part of his King∣dome. Mela, The common report is he was King of Lycia, and so holds Strabo. lib. 12. writing that Sarpedon brought two Colonies from Crete thether: where he dwelt, and where the son of Pandion Lycus reigned afterwards, leauing his name to it, which was called Myniae before, and Solymi afterwards, though Homer make two seuerall peoples of them. Sarpedon was slaine by Menelaus before Troy, to the great griefe of Ioue, who could not comptroll the destenies herein. (m) Minos] King of Crete, and their law-giuer also: This some say was Minos the yonger, and son to Iupiter. Diodor. l. 5. (n) Hercules in Tyria] Or in Syria. But indeed Tyre is in * 1.10 Syria, and all Phaenicia also. For Syria is an huge thing. Sixe Hercules doth T•…•…ly (as I said) rec∣ken vp. Eusebius makes Hercules surnamed Delphinas who was so famous in Phaenicia, to liue * 1.11 in these times: but if it were the Hercules that burnt himselfe on Oeta, it was the Argiue, and we must read Tyrinthia in Augustine, and neither Tyria, nor Syria: Tyrinthia being a citty neare vnto Argos wherein Hercules the Argiue was brought vp, & therevpon called the Tyrinthian•…•… •…•…e it was whom the Authors say did come into Italie and killed all the monsters. But hee that came vnto the Gades, was Hercules of Egipt, as Philostratus saith. l. 2. (o) Antaeus] Son vnto Ter∣ra, he dwelt in Tingen in Mauritania, which was thervpon called Tingitana; lying ouer against Spaine. His sheeld (saith Mela) is there to be seene, being cut out of the back of an Elephant & of such hugenesse, as no man of earth is able to weeld it: and this the inhabitants affirme with * 1.12 reuerence, that hee bore alwaies in fight. There is also a little hill there, in forme of a man lying with his face vpward, that, say they, is his tombe, which when any part of it is dimished, it be∣gins to raine, and neuer ceaseth vntill it be made vp againe. Eusebius driueth the ouerthrow of Ant•…•…s by Hercules, vnto the former-times, of the first Hercules, who conquered him (as hee •…•…ith) in wrastling. Nor doth Uirgil mention the conquest of Antaeus amongst the Argiue Her∣cules labours: but Ouid, Claudian and others, lay all the exploits of the rest vpon him only, that was son to Ioue & Alcmena. (p) Oeta] A mountaine in Macedonia. Mela. The Otaean groue was the last ground that Argiue Hercules euer touched, all the greeke and latine bookes are filled * 1.13 with the story of his death: there is nothing more famous. (q) His owne paines] Proceeding of a melancholy breaking into vlcers. Arist. (in probl. mentions his disease, as Politian hath obser∣•…•…ed in his Centuries. Festus saith he was a great Astronomer, and burned himselfe in the time of a great eclipse, to confirme their opinion of his diuinity: for Atlas the Moore had taught him Astronomy, and he shewing the Greekes the sphere that he had giuen him, gaue them occasi∣•…•… to feigne that Hercules bore vp heauen while Atlas rested his shoulders. (r) Busyris King of Egipt •…•…e built Busyris and Nomos in an inhospitable and barren soile, and thence came the fa∣•…•… * 1.14 of his killing his guestes: for the heards-men of those parts would rob & spoile the passen∣gers, if they were to weake for them. Another reason of this fable was (saith Diod. li 2.) for that 〈◊〉〈◊〉 who slew his brother Osyris, being red-headed, for pacification of Osyris soule, an order was set downe, that they should sacrifice nothing but redde oxen and red-headed men, at his •…•…be, so that Egipt hauing few of those red heads, and other countries many, thence came there a report that Busyris massacred strangers, where as it was Osyris tombe that was cause of 〈◊〉〈◊〉 cruelty. Busyris indeed (as Euseb. saith) was a theeuish King: but Hercules killing him, set al * 1.15 〈◊〉〈◊〉 •…•…d at rest. This assuredly was Hercules the Egiptian. (s) Erichthonius] Son to Vulcan and

the earth. He conspired against Amphiction, and deposed him. Pausan. (t) But because they hold] Ioue hauing the paines of trauell in his head, praied Uulcan to take an axe and cleaue it: he did so, and out start Minerua, armed, leaping and dancing. Her did Uulcan aske to wife, in regard of the mid-wifry that hee had afforded Iupiter in his neede, as also for making Ioues thunder-bolts, and fire-workes vsed against the Gyants: Ioue put it vnto the Virgins choise: and she denies to mary with any man. So Vulcan affring to force her, (by Ioues consent) in stri∣uing he cast out his sperme vpon the ground, which Minerua shaming at, couered with earth: and hence was Erichthonius borne, hauing the lower parts of a snake, and therefore he inuen∣ted Chariots, wherein he might ride, and his deformity be vnseene. Virg. Georg. 3.

Primus Erichthonius currus et quatuor ausus, Iungere equos, rapidisque rotis insistere victor.

First Erichthonius durst the Chariot frame, Foure horses ioyne, on swift wheeles runne for fame.

Seruius vpon this tells the tale as wee doe. Higinius saith (Hist. caelest. lib. 2.) that Ioue admi∣ring Erichthonius his new inuention, tooke him vppe to heauen, naming him 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is Waggoner: appointing him to be the driuer of the 7. stars by the tropike of Cancer. But E∣richthonius (saith hee) inuented waggons, and ordained sacrifices to Minerua, building her * 1.16 first Temple at Athens. (u) That in the Temple of] Aboue Ceramicus and Stoa (called Basileum) is a Temple of Vulcan wherein is a statue of Minerua: and this gaue originall to the fable of Erichthonius. Pausan. in Attic. There was one Minerua that by Uulcan had Apollo, him whom Athens calleth Patron. (x) A little child] Hence was he feigned to be footed like a ser∣pent. Ouid tells a tale how Minerua gaue a boxe vnto Cecrops daughters to keepe (in which E∣richthonius was) and warned them not to looke in it, which set them more on fire to know what it was, and so opening it, they saw a child in it, and a dragon lying with him. Metam. 2. Pandrosas one of the sisters would not consent to open it, but the other two did, and therefore beeing striken with madnesse, they brake their necks downe from the highest part of the tower. Pausanias.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Luper∣calls.
• * 1.2

  The holy 〈◊〉〈◊〉 in Rome.
• * 1.3

  Dyonisius.
• * 1.4

  Liber.
• * 1.5

  Apollos plaies.
• * 1.6

  Xanthus.
• * 1.7

  Europa.
• * 1.8

  Rhada∣manthus.
• * 1.9

  Sarpedon.
• * 1.10

  Minos.
• * 1.11

  Hercules.
• * 1.12

  Antaeus.
• * 1.13

  Octa.
• * 1.14

  Busyris.
• * 1.15

  Erichtho∣nius.
• * 1.16

  Vulcans Temple.