The decades of the newe worlde or west India conteynyng the nauigations and conquestes of the Spanyardes, with the particular description of the moste ryche and large landes and ilandes lately founde in the west ocean perteynyng to the inheritaunce of the kinges of Spayne. ... Wrytten in the Latine tounge by Peter Martyr of Angleria, and translated into Englysshe by Rycharde Eden.

¶ A discourse of dyuers vyages and wayes by the whiche Spices, Precious stones, and golde were brought in owlde tyme from India into Europe and other partes of the world. Also of the vyage to CATHAY and East India by the north sea: And of certeyne secreates touchynge the same vyage, declared by the duke of Moscouie his ambassadoure to an excellent lerned gentelman of Italie, named Gale∣atius Butrigarius. Lykewyse of the vyages of that woorthy owlde man Sebastian Cabote, yet liuynge in Englande, and at this present the gouernour of the coom∣pany of the marchantes of Ca∣thay in the citie of London.

IT is doubtlesse a marueylous thynge to con∣syder what chaunges and alterations were caused in all the Romane Empire by the Gothes and Uandales,* 1.1 and other Barbari∣ans into Italy. For by theyr inuasions were extinguyshed all artes and sciences, and all trades of Marchaundies that were vsed in dy∣uers partes of the worlde. The desolation and ignoraunce which insued hereof, continued as it were a clowde of perpe∣tuall darkenesse amonge men for the space of foure hundreth yeares and more,* 1.2 in so much that none durst aduenture to go any whyther owt of theyr owne natiue countreys: whereas before thincursions of the sayde Barbarians when the Ro∣mane Empire florysshed, they might safly passe the seas to al partes of East India which was at that time as wel knowen and frequented as it is nowe by the nauigations of the Por∣tugales.* 1.3 And that this is trewe, it is manifest by that which Strabo wryteth,* 1.4 who was in the tyme of Augustus and Ti∣berius. For speakynge of the greatnesse and ryches of the ci∣tie of Alexandria in Egypte (gouerned then as a prouince of the Romanes) he wryteth thus. This only place of Egypte,* 1.5 is apte to receaue all thynges that coome by sea, by reason of the commoditie of the hauen: And lykewyse all such thynges as are brought by lande, by reason of the ryuer of Nilus wherby they may bee easely conueyde to Alexandria,* 1.6 beinge

by these commodities the rychest citie of marchauntes that is in the worlde.

The reuenues of Egypt are so great, that Marcus Tulli∣us sayth in one of his oracions,* 1.7 that kynge Tolomeus surna∣med Auleta, the father of queene Cleopatra, had of reuenues twelue thousande and fyue hundreth talentes, which are se∣uen millions and a halfe of golde. If therfore this kyng had so great reuenues when Egypt was gouerned of so fewe and so negligently,* 1.8 what myght it then bee woorth to the Roma∣nes by whom it was gouerned with great diligence, & theyr trade of marchandies greatly increased by the traffike of Tro¦gloditica and India?* 1.9 wheras in tyme paste there could hard∣ly bee founde .xx. shyppes togyther that durste enter into the goulfe of Arabie,* 1.10 or shewe theyr proos withowt the mouth of the same. But at this present, great nauies sayle togyther in¦to India and to the furthest partes of Ethiope from whense are brought many rych and precious marchandies into Egipt and are caryed from thense into other countreys.* 1.11 And by this meanes are the customes redoubeled aswell by suche thynges as are brought thyther,* 1.12 as also by suche as are caryed frome thense, forasmuche as greate customes arryse of thynges of great value. And that by this vyage, infinite and precious marchaundies were brought from the redde sea and India,* 1.13 and those of dyuers other sortes then are knowen in owre tyme, it appeareth by the fourthe volume of the ciuile lawe wherin is described the commission of Themperours Marcus and Commodus,* 1.14 with the rehearsall of all suche stuffe and marchandies wherof custome shuld bee payde in the redde sea by such as had the same in fee ferme, as were payde the cu∣stomes of all other prouinces perteynynge to the Romane Em¦pyre: and they are these folowynge.

• Cinamome.
• Longe pepper.
• Whyte pepper.
• Cloues.
• Costus.
• Cancamo.
• Spikenarde.
• Cassia.
• Sweete perfumes.
• Xilocassia.
• Mir.
• Amome.
• Ginger.
• Malabatrum.
• Ammoniac.
• Galbane.
• Lasser.
• Agarike.
• ...

• Gumme of Arabie.
• Cardamome.
• Xilocinamome.
• Carpesio.
• Sylkes of dyuers sortes.
• Linnen cloth.
• Skynnes and furres of Par∣thia and Babilon.
• Iuery.
• Woodde of Heben.
• Precious stones.
• Perles.
• Iewels of Sardonica.
• Ceraunia.
• Calamus Aromaticus.
• Berille.
• Cilindro.
• Slaues.
• Cloth of Sarmatia.
• The sylke cauled Metaxa.
• Uestures of sylke.
• Dyed cloth and sylke.
• Carbasei.
• Sylke threede.
• Gelded men.
• Popingiayes.
• Lions of India.
• Leopardes.
• Panthers.
• Purple.

Also that iuise or liquour which is gathered of wolle and of the heare of the Indians.

By these woordes it dooth appeare that in owld tyme the sayde nauigation by the way of the redde sea, was wel know¦en and muche f••••••uented, and perhappes more then it is at this present. In so much that the auncient kynges of Egypt consideryng the great profyte of the customes they had by the viages of the red sea,* 1.15 & wyllyng to make the same more easy & commodious, attempted to make a fosse or chanel which shulde begynne in the laste parte of the sayde sea, where was a citie named Arsinoe (which perhappes is that that is nowe cauled Sues) and shulde haue reached to a branche of the ry∣uer of Nilus named Pelusio,* 1.16 which emptieth it selfe in owre sea towarde the East abowt the citie of Damiata. They deter¦myned also to make three causeis or hyghe wayes by lande, which shulde passe from the sayde braunche to the citie of Ar∣sinoe: but they founde this to difficulte to brynge to passe.

In fine, kynge Tolomeus surnamed Ph••ladelphus, ordeyned an o••her way: as to sayle vppon Nilus ageynst the course of the ryuer vnto the citie of Copto,* 1.17* 1.18 and from thense to passe by a deserte countrey vntyll they coome aboue the redde sea to a citie named Berenice or Miosormo,* 1.19 where they imbarked all theyr marchaundies and wares for India, E••hiope, and Ara¦bie, as appeareth by the wrytynge fyrst of Strabo (who wry¦teth that he was in Egypte) and then by Plinie who was in

the tyme of Domitian. Strabo also speaking of the sayd fo••••e or trench which was made toward the red sea,* 1.20 wryteth thus

There is a trenche that goth towarde the red sea and the goulfe of Arabie, and to the citie of Arsinoe, which sum caul Cleopatrida: and passeth by the lakes named Amari (that is) bitter,* 1.21 bicause in deede they were fyrst bytter. But after that this trenche was made and the ryuer entered in, they became sweete, and are at this present full of foules of the water by reason of theyr pleasauntnesse. This trenche was fyrst begun by kynge Sesostre,* 1.22 before the battayle of Troy. Sum saye that it was begunne by kynge Psammiticus whyle he was a chylde:* 1.23 And that by reason of his death, it was lefte imper∣fect: Also that afterwarde, kynge Darius succeded in the same enterpryse,* 1.24 who wold haue finisshed it, but yet brought it not to thende bycause he was informed that the redde sea was hygher then Egypt: And that if this lande diuydynge bothe the seas, were opened, all Egypte shulde bee drowned thereby. Kynge Tolomeus wold in deede haue finyshed it:* 1.25 but yet left it shut at the hed that he myght when he wolde, sayle to the other sea and returne withowt perell. Here is the citie of Arsinoe: And nere vnto that, the citie cauled Heroum in the vttermost par•• of the goulfe of Arabie toward Egipt with many portes and habitacions.* 1.26 Plinie likewyse speakynge of this trench,* 1.27 sayth. In the furthest part of the goulfe of Ara∣bie, is a porte cauled Daneo, frō whense they determyned to brynge a nauigable trench vnto the ryuer of Nilus, where as is the fyrst Delta. Betwene the sayde sea and Nilus, there is a streight of lande of the length of .lxii. myles. The first that attempted this thynge, was Sesostre kynge of Egypte: and after hym Darius kynge of the Persians, whome Tolomeus folowed,* 1.28 who made a trenche a hundreth foote large, & .xxx. foote diepe, beinge three hundreth myles in lengthe vnto the lakes named Amari, and durste proceade no further for feare of inundation, hauynge knoweleage that the redde sea was hygher by three cubites then al the countrey of Egypt. Other say that this was not the cause: but that he doubted that yf he shulde haue let the sea coome any further, all the water of Nilus shulde haue byn therby corrupted, which onely myny∣streth drynke to all Egypte. But notwithstandynge all these thynges aforesayde, all this vyage is frequented by lande

from Egypte to the redde sea,* 1.29 in which passage are three cau∣seis or hyghe wayes. The fyrst begynneth at the mouth of Ni¦lus named Pelusio. All which way is by the sandes: In so much that if there were not certeyne hyghe reedes fyxt in the earth to shewe the ryght way, the causei coulde not be founde by reason the wynde euer couereth it with sande. The second causei is two myles from the mountayne Cassius. And this also in thende of .lx. myles, commeth vppon the way or cau∣sey of Pelusius, inhabited with certeyne Arabians cauled An∣tei. The thyrde begynneth at Gerro, named Adipson: and passeth by the same Arabians, for the space of .lx. myles sum∣what shorter, but full of rowgh mountaynes and great scarse¦nesse of water. All these causeis,* 1.30 leade the way to the citie of Arsinoe, buylded by Tolomeus Philadelphus in the goulfe Carandra by the red sea. This Ptolomeus was the fyrst that searched al that parte of the red sea which is cauled Troglo∣ditica. Of this trenche described of Strabo and Plinie, there are seene certeyne tokens remaynynge at this present as they affirme which haue byn at Sues beyonde the citie of Alcayr otherwyse cauled Babylon in Egypte. But the marchauntes that of later dayes trauayle this viage by lande, ryde through the dry & baren desertes on camels both by day and by night: directynge theyr way by the starres and compase as do mary¦ners on the sea, and caryinge with them water sufficient for many dayes iorneys.* 1.31 The places of Arabie and India named of Strabo and Plinie,* 1.32 are the selfe same where the Portuga∣les practise theyr trade at this daye, as the maners and cu∣stomes of the Indians doo yet declare.* 1.33 For euen at this pre∣sente theyr women vse to burne theym selues alyue with the deade bodies of theyr husbandes. Which thynge (as wryteth Strabo in his .xv. booke) they dyd in owlde tyme by a lawe, for this consideration that sumtyme being in loue with other they forsooke or poysoned theyr husbandes. And forasmuch as accordynge to this custome, the owlde poete Propertius (who lyued abowt a hundreth yeares before thincarnation of Chryst) hath in his boke made mention of the contention that was amonge the Indian women which of them shuld bee bur¦ned aliue with theyr husbandes, I haue thought good to sub¦scribe his verses, whiche are these.

Foelix Pois lex funeris vna maritis, Quos aurora suis rubra colorat equis. Mam{que} vbi mortifero iacta est fax vltima lecto, Vxorum suis stat pia turba comis, Et certamen habent lethi, quae viua sequatur Coniugium, pudor est non licuisse mori. Ardent victrices, & flammae pectora praebent, Imponunt{que} suis ora perusta viris.

As touthynge these vyages both by sea and by lande to East India & Cathay, many thynges are wrytten very large∣ly by dyuers autours which I omytte bycause they perteyne not so much vnto vs as doth the viage attempted to CATHAY by the north seas and the coastes of Moscouia discouered in owre tyme by the viage of that excellent yonge man Rychard Chaunceler no lesse lerned in all mathematicall sciences then an expert pylotte,* 1.34* 1.35 in the yeare of owre lorde .1554.

As concernynge this vyage, I haue thought good to de∣clare the communication which was betwene the sayde lear∣ned man Galeatius Butrigarius, and that great philosopher and noble gentelman of Italie named Hieronimus Fracastor as I fynde wrytten in the Italian hystories of nauigations. As they were therfore conferrynge in matters of learnynge, and reasonynge of the science of Cosmographi,* 1.36 the sayde ler∣ned man hauynge in his hande an instrument of Astronomie, declared with a large oration howe muche the worlde was bounde to the kynges of Portugale, rehearsynge the noble factes doone by them in India,* 1.37 and what landes and Ilan∣des they had discouered▪ and how by theyr nauigations they made the whole worlde hange in the ayer.* 1.38 He further decla∣red what parts of the baul of the earth remained yet vndisco¦uered. And sayde that of the landes of the inferior hemisphe∣rie or halfe compase of the baule towarde the pole Antartike,* 1.39 there was nothynge knowen but that lyttle of the coaste of Brasilia vnto the streight of Magellanus.* 1.40 Also a part of Pe¦ru:* 1.41 And a lyttle aboue Affrike towarde the cape of Bona Spe¦ranza. Also that he marueyled withowte measure that this thynge was no better considered of Christian Princes to whō god hath deputed this charge,* 1.42 hauyng euer on theyr counsail¦men of great lernynge which may informe them of this thing beinge* 1.43 so marueylous and noble whereby they maye obteyne

glorie and fame by vertue, and bee impuled amonge men as goddes, by better demerites then euer were Hercules & great Alexander who trauayled only into India:* 1.44 and that by ma∣kynge the men of this owre hemispherie knowen to theym of the other halfe compase of the baule beneth vs, they might by the tytle of this enterpryse, withowt comparyson farre ex¦cell all the noble factes that euer were doone by Iulius Ce∣sar or any other of the Romane Emperours. Which thynge they myght easely brynge to passe by assignynge colonies to in¦habite dyuers places of that hemispherie, in lyke maner as dyd the Romanes in prouinces newely subdued.* 1.45 Whereby they myght not only obteyne great ryches, but also inlarge the Christian fayth and Empire to the glory of god and confu∣sion of infidels. After this, he spake of the Ilande of saynt Laurence, cauled in owlde tyme Madagascar,* 1.46 which is grea∣ter then the realme of Castile and Portugale, and reachethe from the .xii. degree towarde the pole Antartike, vnto the xxvi. degree and a halfe, lyinge Northeaste frome the cape of Bona Speranza and partly vnder the line of Tropicus Capri¦corni: beinge well inhabited and of temperate ayer, with a∣bundaunce of all thynges necessarie for the lyfe of man, and one of the most excellent Ilandes that is founde this daye in the worlde: And that neuerthelesse there is nothynge know∣en therof, except only a fewe smaule hauens by the sea side, as the lyke ignorance remayneth of the greatest part of the I∣landes of Taprobana, Giaua the more and the lesse,* 1.47 and infi∣nite other. Then begynninge to speake of the partes of owre pole, he raused the bookes of plinie to bee brought him where diligentely ponderynge the .lxvii. chapiture of the se∣conde booke,* 1.48 he founde where he reherseth the historie of Cor¦nelius Nepos,* 1.49 by these woordes: That in his tyme, one Eu∣doxus escapynge the handes of kynge Lathyro, departed frō the goulfe of Arabie and came by sea to the Ilande of Calese. Declarynge further, that whereas this narration was many yeares reputed for a fable, was nowe in owre tyme by the ver¦tue of the Portugales, kdow••n to bee trewe: And that lyke∣wyse the same Cornelius Nepos recitethe that at the tyme when Quintus Met••llus Celer was proconsul or lieuetenant for the Romans in Fraunce,* 1.50 the kynge of Sueuia gaue hym certeyne Indians which saylinge owt of India for marchan∣dies,

were by tempest dryuen to the coastes of Germanie. Whē he had redde these woordes, he proceaded, sayinge that the same thynge myght bee verified nowe in owr tyme if the prin¦ces which confine vppon that sea wolde endeuoure theyr in∣dustry and diligence to brynge it to passe.* 1.51 And that there coulde not any nauigation bee imagined so commodious and profitable to all Christendoome as this myght bee yf by this way tke vyage shulde bee founde open to India to come to the rych contrey of CATHAY which was discouered now two hundreth yeares sence by Marcus Paulus.* 1.52 Then taking the globe in his hande, he made demonstration that this vy∣age shulde bee very shorte in respect of that which the Portu∣gales nowe folowe, and also of that which the Spanyardes may attempte to the Ilandes of Moluca. He declared further more that the citie of Lubyke beinge rych and of great poure,* 1.53 and situate vppon the sea of Germanie, and also accustomed with continuall nauigations to trauayle the sea of Norwaye and Gothlande, and lykewyse the ryght noble kynge of Po∣lonie whose dominions with his realme of Lituania,* 1.54 extende to the sayde sea, shulde be apte to discouer this secreate: But that aboue all other, the duke of Moscouia,* 1.55 shulde performe the same with greater commoditie and more facilitie then any other Prince. And here steyinge a whyle, he began to speake ageyne and sayde. Nowe forasmuch as we are coome to this passe, mee thynke it shulde seeme a great discurtesie if I shuld not shewe yowe all that I knowe as touchynge this vyage, wherof I greatly mused with my selfe many yeares by occa∣sion of the woordes of Plinie. Whereas therefore beinge a younge man, I was in Germanie in the citie of Augusta, it so chaunsed that in those dayes there came thyther an ambasa∣dour of the duke of Moscouia,* 1.56 a man singularly learned both in the Greeke toonge and the Latine, and of good experience in worldely thynges, hauyng byn sent to dyuers places by the sayde Prince, and one of his counsayle. Of whose learnyng beinge aduertised, I sought his acquayntaunce. And tal∣kynge with hym one day of these Indians dryuen by fortune to the coastes of Germanie, and of the vyage that myght bee discouered by the North sea to the Ilandes of spices, I per∣ceaued that at the fyrste he marueyled exceadyngely, as at a thynge that he coulde neuer haue imagined. But restynge a

whyle in maner astonysshed in his secreate phantasie, he toke great pleasure therin, and sayde.* 1.57 Forasmuch as the Portu∣gales haue nowe compased abowt all the south partes suppo¦sed in owlde tyme to bee inaccessable by reason of great heate, why shulde wee not certeinely thynke that the lyke maye bee done abowt this parte of the north withowt feare of coulde, especially to men borne & brought vp in that clime? Yet proce¦dyng further, he said, that if his Prince and master, had men that wolde animate hym to discouer this vyage, there was no Prince in Christendome that myght do it with more facilitie. Then caulynge for a mappe in which was the description of Moscouia and the prouinces subiecte to the same,* 1.58 he decla∣red that from the citie of Moscouia or Mosca going towarde the northeast for the space of .lx. myles, they come to the ry∣uer of Uolochda,* 1.59 and afterwarde by that, and folowyng the course therof, to the citie of Usting,* 1.60 so cauled bycause the ry∣uer of Iug fauleth into the ryuer of Succana,* 1.61 where they lose theyr owne names and make the great ryuer Duina:* 1.62 And by that, leauyng on the ryght hande the citie of Colmogor,* 1.63 they sayle vnto the north Ocean.* 1.64 The which waye, althoughe it bee a longe tracte, as more then .800. myles, neuerthelesse he sayde that in sommer it myght commodiously bee sayled: And that wheras it fauleth into the sea, there are infinite woods of goodly trees apte to make shyppes.* 1.65 And the place so con∣uenient for this purpose, that shipwryghtes and other skylful workemen for all thynges hereunto apperteynynge, may ea∣sely coome owt of Germanie. Also that the men which are v∣sed to trauayle the sea of Germanie abowte the coastes of Gothlande,* 1.66 shulde bee best and most apte to attempte this en∣terpryse, bycause they are indurate to abyde coulde, hunger, and laboure. He sayde furthermore, that in the court of his Prince, they haue much knowleage of the great cane of Ca∣thay,* 1.67 by reason of the continuall warres they haue with the Tartars, of whō the greatest part gyue obedience to the said great Cane as to theyr chiefe Emperoure. He made also de∣monstration in the sayde carde by the northeaste, that beinge paste the prouince of Permia and the ryuer Pescora (whiche fauleth into the north sea) and certeyne mountaynes named Catena Mundi,* 1.68* 1.69* 1.70 there is thenteraunce into the prouince of obdo¦ra,* 1.71 whereas is Uecchiadoro and the ryuer Obo,* 1.72* 1.73 whiche also

fauleth into the sayd sea, and is the furthest borther of Them¦pire of the Prince of Moscouia. The sayde ryuer hath his ori¦ginall in a greate lake cauled Chethai,* 1.74 which is the fyrste ha∣bitacion of the Tartars that paye tribute to the greate Cane.* 1.75 And from this lake for the space of two monethes vyage (as they were credably informed by certeine Tartares taken in the warres) is the most noble citie of Cambalu,* 1.76 beinge one of the chiefest in the dominion of the greate Cane, whom sum caule the great Cham.* 1.77 He also affirmed, that if shippes shulde bee made on the coastes of the sayde sea, and sayle on the backe halfe of the coast therof (which he knewe by many relations made to his Prince, to reach infinitely toward the northeast) they stulde doubtelesse in folowynge the same, easely discouer that countrey. Unto these woordes he added, that although there were greate difficultie in Moscouia,* 1.78 by reason that the waye to the sayde sea is full of thicke wooddes and waters which in the sommer make great marysshes and impossible to bee trauayled, aswell for lacke of vyttayles whiche can not there bee founde, not for certeyne dayes, but for the space of certeyne monethes, the place beinge desolate withowt inha∣bitauntes, neuerthelesse he sayde that yf there were with his Prince, only two Spanyardes or Portugales to whome the charge of this vyage shulde bee commytted,* 1.79 he no wayes doub¦ted but that they wolde folowe it and fynde it, forasmuch as with great ingeniousnesse and inestimable pacience, these na∣tions haue ouercome much greater difficulties then are these which are but lytele in comparison to those that they haue o∣uerpassed and doo ouerpasse in all theyr viages to India.* 1.80 He proceaded declarynge that not many yeares sence, there came to the courte of his Prince,* 1.81 an ambassadour frome pope Leo, named master Paulo Centurione a Genuese vnder dyuers pre¦tenses. But the principall occasion of his commynge, was, bycause he hadde conceaued greate indignation and hatred a∣geynst the Portugales:* 1.82 And therfore intended to proue yf he coulde open anye vyage by lande whereby spiers myght bee brought from India by the lande of Tartaria, or by the sea Caspium (otherwyse cauled Hircanum) to Moscouia:* 1.83 And from thense to bee brought in shippes by the ryuer Riga,* 1.84 whi∣che runnynge by the countrey of Liuonia,* 1.85 fauleth into the sea of Germanie. And that his Prince gaue eare vnto hym: and

caused the sayde viage to bee attempted by certeine noble men of Lordo, of the Tartars confininge nexte vnto hym.* 1.86 But the warres whiche were then betwene them, and the greate desertes which they shulde of necessitie ouerpasse,* 1.87 made them leaue of theyr enterpryse: which if it had bin purposed by the coastes of this owre north sea,* 1.88 it myght haue byn easely fy∣nyshed. The sayde Ambassadour continued his narration, say¦inge that no man ought to doubte of that sea but that it may bee sayled syxe monethes in the yeare, forasmuch as the days are then very longe in that clime, and hot by reason of conty∣nuall reuerberation of the beames of the soonne and shorte nyghtes.* 1.89 And that this thynge were as well woorthy to bee proued, as any other nauigation wherby many partes of the worlde heretofore vnknowen, haue byn discouered & brought to ciuilitie. And here makynge an ende of this talke, he said: Let vs nowe omytte this parte of Moscouia with his coulde, and speake sumwhat of that parte of the newe worlde in whi¦che is the lande of Brytons cauled Terra Britonum, and Bacca∣leos or Terra Baccalearum,* 1.90 where in the yeare .1534. and .1535. Iaques Cartiar in two vyages made with three great French gallies, founde the great and large countreys named Canada, Ochelaga, and Sanguenai: which reach from the .xlv. to the li. degree, beinge well inhabited and pleasaunte countreys,* 1.91 and named by hym Noua Francia.* 1.92 And here steyinge a while and lyftynge vppe his handes, he sayde: Oh what doo the Christian Princes meane that in such landes discouered they do not assigne certeine colonies to inhabite the same to bringe those people (whom god hath so blessed with natural gyftes) to better ciuilitie and to embrase owre religion,* 1.93 then the whi∣che, nothynge can bee more acceptable to god? The sayd re∣gions also, beinge so fayre and frutefull, with plentie of all sortes of corne, herbes, frutes, woodde, fysshes, beastes, me¦tals, and ryuers of suche greatnesse that shyppes maye sayle more then .180. myles vppon one of theym,* 1.94 beinge on bothe sydes infinitely inhabited: And to cause the gouernoures of the sayde colonies to searche whether that lande toward the northe named Terra de Laborador,* 1.95 doo ioyne as one firme lande with Norwaye: Or whether there bee any streight or open place of sea as is moste lyke there shulde bee, forasmuch as it is to bee thought that the sayde Indians dryuen by fortune

abowte the coastes of Norway, came by that streyght or sea, to the coastes of Germanie: And by the sayde streight to saile northwest to discouer the landes and countreys of CATHAY, and from thense to sayle to the Ilandes of Molucca.* 1.96 And these surely shulde be enterprises able to make men immortal. The whiche thynge, that ryght woorthy gentelman master Antony di Mendoza considerynge by the singular vertue and magnanimitie that is in hym,* 1.97 attempted to put this thynge in practise. For beinge viceroy of the countrey of Mexico (so named of the great citie Mexico otherwise cauled Temistitan, nowe cauled newe Spayne, being in the .xx. degree aboue the Equinoctiall, and parte of the sayde firme lande, he sent cer∣teyne of his capitaynes by lande, and also a nauie of shyppes by sea, to search this secreate. And I remember that when I was in Flaunders in Themperours courte,* 1.98 I sawe his letter wrytten in the yeare .1541. and dated from Mexico: wherin was declared howe towarde the northwest, he had fownd the kyngedome of Sette Citta (that is) Seuen Cities, whereas is that cauled Ciuola by the reuerend father Marco da Riza: & howe beyonde the sayde kyngedome yet further towarde the Northwest, Capitayne Francesco Uasques of Coronado, ha∣uynge ouerpassed great desertes,* 1.99 came to the sea syde where he found certeyne shyppes which sayled by that sea with mar¦chaundies, and had in theyr baner vppon the proos of theyr shyppes, certeyne foules made of golde and syluer which they of Mexico caule Alcatrazzi: And that theyr mariners shewed by signes that they were .xxx. dayes saylynge in commynge to that hauen: wherby he vnderstode that these shippes could bee of none other countrey then of Cathay,* 1.100 forasmuch as it is situate on the contrary parte of the sayde lande discouered. The sayde master Antonie wrote furthermore, that by the o∣pinion of men well practised, there was discouered so greate a space of that countrey vnto the sayd sea, that it passed .950. leaques,* 1.101 which make .2850. myles. And doubtlesse yf the Frenche men in this theyr newe Fraunce, wolde haue passed by lande towarde the sayd northwest and by north, they shuld also haue founde the sea wherby they myght haue sayled to Cathay. But aboue all thynges, this seemed vnto me moste woorthy of commendation,* 1.102 that the sayde master Antonie wrote in his letter that he had made a booke of al the natural

and marueylous thynges whiche they founde in searchynge those countreys, with also the measures of landes and alty∣tudes of degrees: A worke doubtlesse which sheweth a prince¦ly and magnificall mynde, wherby wee may conceaue that yf god had gyuen hym the charge of the other hemispherie, he wolde or nowe haue made it better knowen to vs. The which thynge, I suppose no man doth greatly esteeme at this time: beinge neuerthelesse the greatest and most glorious enterprise that may bee imagined.* 1.103

And here makynge a certeyne pause, and turnynge hym selfe towarde vs, he sayde: Doo yow not vnderstande to this purpose howe to passe to India toward the northwest wind, as dyd of late a citizen of Uenese, so valiente a man, and so well practysed in all thynges perteynynge to nauigations and the science of Cosmographie, that at this present he hath not his lyke in Spayne, in so much that for his vertues he is pre¦ferred aboue all other pylottes that sayle to the west Indies,* 1.104 who may not passe thyther withowt his licence, and is ther∣fore cauled Piloto Maggiore (that is) the graunde pylote. And when wee sayde that wee knewe him not, he proceaded, say∣inge, that beinge certeyne yeares in the citie of Siuile,* 1.105 and de¦syrous to haue sum knowleage of the nauigations of the Spa¦nyardes, it was toulde hym that there was in the citie a va∣lient man, a Uenecian borne, named Sebastian Cabote,* 1.106 who had the charge of those thynges, being an expert man in that science, and one that coulde make cardes for the sea with his owne hande. And that by this reporte, seekynge his acquain¦taunce, he founde hym a very gentell person, who entertey∣ned hym frendly and shewed him many thynges, and amonge other a large mappe of the worlde with certeine particular na¦uigations aswell of the Portugales as of the Spanyardes. And that he spake further vnto hym, in this effecte. When my father departed from Uenese many yeares sence to dwell in Englande to folowe the trade of marchaundies, he tooke me with him to the citie of London whyle I was very yonge, yet hauynge neuerthelesse sum knowleage of letters of huma¦nitie and of the sphere. And when my father dyed in that tyme when newes were browght that Don Christopher Colo∣nus Genuese, had discouered the coastes of India, whereof was great talke in all the courte of kynge Henry the seuenth

who then reigned: In so much that all men with great admi¦ration affirmed it to bee a thynge more diuine then humane, to sayle by the Weste into the East where spices growe, by a way that was neuer knowen before. By which fame and re∣porte, there increased in my harte a greate flame of desyre to attempte sum notable thynge. And vnderstandyng by reason of the sphere, that if I shulde sayle by the way of the north∣west wynde, I shulde by a shorter tracte coomme to India, I thereuppon caused the kynge to bee aduertised of my diuise, who immediatly commaunded two carauels to bee furnysshed with all thynges apperteynynge to the vyage,* 1.107 which was as farre as I remember, in the yeare .1496. in the begynnynge of sommer. Begynnyng therfore to saile towarde Northwest, not thynkyng to fynde any other lande then that of CATHAY, and from thense to turne towarde India. But after certeine dayes, I founde that the lande ranne towarde the Northe, which was to me a great displeasure. Neuerthelesse, sayling alonge by the coast to see if I could fynde any goulfe that tur¦ned, I founde the lande styll continent to the .56. degree vn∣der owre pole. And seinge that there the coast turned toward the East, dispayringe to fynd the passage, I turned backe a¦geyne, and sayled downe by the coast of that lande towarde the Equinoctiall (euer with intent to fynde the sayde passage to India) and came to that parte of this firme lande whiche is nowe cauled FLORIDA.* 1.108 Where, my vyttayles fayling, I departed from thense and returned into England, where I founde great tumultes amonge the people, and preparaunce for warres in Scotlande: by reason whereof, there was no more consideration had to this vyage: Wheruppon I wente into Spayne to the Catholyke kynge,* 1.109 and queene Elizabeth: who beinge aduertised what I had doone, interteyned me, and at theyr charges furnysshed certeyne shyppes wherwith they caused me to sayle to discouer the coastes of Brasile, where I founde an exceadynge great and large ryuer, named at this present Rio della Plata (that is) the ryuer of syluer, into the which I sayled,* 1.110 and folowed it into the firme lande more then syxe hundrethe leaques, fyndynge it euery where very•• fayre and inhabited with infinite people, which with admy∣ration came runnynge dayly to owre shyppes. Into this ry∣uer, runne so many other riuers, that it is in maner incredible.

After this, I made many other vyages which I now preter∣mitte. And wexynge owlde, I gyue my selfe to rest from such trauayles bycause there are nowe many younge and lusty py∣lotes and mariners of good experience, by whose forwarde∣nesse I doo reioyse in the frutes of my labours, and rest with the charge of this office as yowe see. And this is as much as I haue vnderstoode of master Sebastian Cabote, as I haue ga¦thered owte of dyuers nauigations wrytten in the Italian toonge.

And whereas I haue before made mention howe Mosco∣uia was in owr tyme discouered by Richard Chanceler in his viage toward Cathai by the direction and information of the sayde master Sebastian who longe before had this secreate in his mynde,* 1.111 I shall not neede here to describe that viage, for∣asmuche as the same is largely and faythfully written in the Laten tonge by that lerned young man Clement Adams scole mayster to the Queenes henshemen, as he receaued it at the moutht of the sayde Richard Chanceler. Neuerthelesse I haue thought good here to speake sumwhat of Moscouia as I haue redde in the booke of Iohn Faber written in the La∣tin toonge to the ryght noble Prynce Ferdinando Archeduke of Austria and Infant of Spaine,* 1.112 of the maners and religion of the Moscouites, as he was partely instructed by the amba∣sadours of the duke of Moscouie sent into Spayne to Them∣perours maiestie in the yeare .M.D.XX.V. He wryteth therfore as foloweth.

I thynke it fyrste conueniente to speake sumewhat of the name of this region wherby it is cauled at this day,* 1.113 and how it was cauled in owlde tyme. Conferrynge therfore the moste ancient of the Greeke and latine monumentes with the histo∣ries of later tyme, I perceaue it to bee a thynge which requi∣reth no smaule iudgement of wytte and lernynge. For we see in howe shorte tyme the names of thynges are chaunged, as are also the maners of men. I fynde therfore that those peo∣ple whom at this day wee commonly caule Moscouites, were in tyme past (as wytnesseth Plinie) cauled Roxolani,* 1.114 whom ne∣uerthelesse by chaungynge one letter, Ptolomie in his ••yght table of Europe, cauleth Rosolanos as dooth also Strabo.* 1.115

They were also many yeares cauled Rutheni:* 1.116 And are that peo¦ple which sumtyme fought manfully ageynst the Capitaynes

of Methridates as Strabo wryteth. They were cauled Mos¦couites of the chiefe citie of al the prouince named Moscouia or Mosca: or (as Uolaterane saith) of the riuer Mosco.* 1.117 They were sumtyme gouerned by duke Iohan, whose wyfe was Helena of the lynage of Themperours of Constanstinople of the noble famelie of the Paleologi. Beyonde these Roxola∣nos, Strabo sayth there is no lande inhabited. These Ruthe¦nians therfore or Moscouites, are people of the northeaste parte of the worlde from vs: And are determined with the li∣mettes of the great ryuer Boristhenes of Scithia,* 1.118 on the one syde with the Lituanians and Polonians, and on the other syde with the Tartars who cease not to vexe them with conti¦nuall warres and incursions. Especially the great Emperour Cham of Cathay the chiefe Prince of the Tartars,* 1.119 residente by the sea syde in Taurito Chersoneso, molesteth theim with sore warres. They are towarde the north syde inclosed with the frosen sea,* 1.120 the lande of whose coastes beinge verye large, perteyneth in maner all to the dominion of the duke of Mosco¦uie. This sea is it which the owlde wryters caule Lacus Croni∣cus,* 1.121 so named of the Greeke worde Cronos, which the Latines caule Saturnus whom they fayne to bee an owlde man,* 1.122 of com∣plexion coulde and slowe, and thereby name all such thynges as are coulde and slowe, Cronica, as by lyke reason they dyd this northe sea which beinge in maner euer frosen, is slowe and coulde and in maner immouable. And for lyke considera∣tion (as saythe Plinie) Hethens nameth it in the Scythian toonge, Amaltheum,* 1.123 whiche woorde signifieth as muche as congeled or frosen. But that I wander not farre frome my purpose: Thempire and dominion of the duke of Moscouie re∣cheth so farre that it comprehendeth certeyne partes of Asia and also of Europe.* 1.124 The citie of Moscouia or Mosca,* 1.125 is coun∣ted twyse as bygge as Colonia Agrippina as they faythfully reporte which knowe bothe. Unto this they haue also an o∣ther not vnequall in byggenesse cauled Fladimer.* 1.126 Also Bles∣couia, Nouogradia, Smolne, and Otifer, al which, theyr am¦bassadours affirme to bee of princely and magnificall buyl∣dynges, and strongely defended with waules bothe of brycke and square stone. Of these, Blescouia is strongest and enuiro¦ned with three waules. Other which they haue innumerable are not so famous as are these wherof this duke of Moscouie

and Emperoure of Russia taketh thinscription of his litle.* 1.127

For euen at this present, when so euer eyther by his ambassa∣dours or his letters, he dooth signifie hym selfe to bee Empe∣roure of Moscouie, his is accustomed to vse this litle.* 1.128 Basili∣us by the grace of god Emperoure of all Russia and greate Duke of Fladamer, Moscouie, Nouigrade, Blescouia, Smolne, and Otifer. &c. And this is the tytle whereby the sayde ambassadours saluted yowre maiestie in the name of great Basilius when they began theyr oration.* 1.129 This prince of Moscouie hath vnder hym princes of many prouinces and those of great poure: Of the which, that owlde whyte bear∣ded man whom this Emperour of the Ruthians sente for his ambassadoure to Themperours maiestie into Spayne,* 1.130 is not one of the least. For euen he when necessitie of warre requy∣reth, is accustomed to make for his Emperour a bande of .xxx thousande horsemen. But this is to theyr singular commen∣dation that they are so obedient to theyr prince in al thynges,* 1.131 that beinge sommoned by hym by neuer so meane an hearald, they obey incōtinent as if it were to god,* 1.132 thynkynge nothyng more glorious then to dye in the quarell of theyr prince. By reason of which obedience, they are able in short tyme, to as∣semble an army of two or three hundreth thousande men a∣geynst theyr enemies eyther the Tartars or the greate Cham: And haue hereby obteyned great victories and triumphes as∣well ageynst the Turkes as the Tartars by the exceadyng mul¦titude of theyr horsemen and continual experience in warres. At such time as Themperour Maximilian made a league with them, they kept warre ageynst the kynge of Polonie.* 1.133 They vse not only bowes and dartes after the maner of the Parthi¦ans, but haue also the vse of gunnes as we haue. And to bee briefe, onely the Moscouites maye seeme that nation whiche hath not felte the commodities of peace:* 1.134 In so muche that yf theyr region were not strongely defended by the nature of the place beinge impreignable, it had or nowe byn often tymes conquered. Theyr language agreeth much with the toonge of the Bohemians, Croatians, and Sclauons: so that the Scla¦uon dooth playnly vnderstande the Moscouite,* 1.135 although the Moscouian toonge be a more rude and hard phrase of speach. The historiographers wryte that the Sclauons toonge tooke the name of the confusion whiche was in Babell in the tyme

of that stowt hunter Nemroth of whome mention is made in the Genesis. But I can not enowgh marueyle at this thing, that wheras betwene Dalmatia (now cauled Sclauonia) and Moscouia,* 1.136 both the Pannonies are situate,* 1.137 yet this notwith¦standynge, the Hungarians toonge nothynge agreeth w••th the Mosc••uites.* 1.138 Wherby wee may coniec••ure that the e••a∣t••ons were sumtymes diuided by legions,* 1.139 and that they came owt of Dalmatia thyther: whiche thynge also Uolateranus affirmeth, sayinge that the language of the Ruthenians (whi∣che are the Moscouites) is Semid••lmatic•• (that is) halfe Scla∣uone.* 1.140 Howe so euer it bee, this is certeyne that the ohemi¦ans, Croatians, Sclau••ns, and Mo••couites, agree in lan∣guage as wee perceaued by thinterpretours which yowre ma∣iestie had then in yowre courte. For whereas the sayde in∣terpretours were borne amonge the Croatians and Sclauons and none of them had euer byn in Moscouia, or beefore that tyme had any conuersation with them, yet dyd they well vn∣d••rstande the ambassadours woordes.

There are in Moscouia, wooddes of exceadynge bygge∣nesse, in the which blacke woolues and whyte beares are hun¦ted.* 1.141 The cause wherof may bee thextreme could of the north, which dooth greatly alter the complexions of beastes, and is the mother of whytenesse as the Philosophers affirme. They haue also great plentie of bees, wherby they haue such abun∣daunce of hony and waxe that it is with them of smaul price.* 1.142 When the commoditie of theyr countrey is neglected by rea∣son of longe warres, theyr chiefe aduauntage whereby they haue all thynges necessarie towarde theyr lyuynge, is the gaines which they haue by theyr rych furres,* 1.143 as Sables, Mar¦ternes,* 1.144 Luzernes, most whyte armyns, and such other which they sell to marchauntes of dyuers countreys. They bye and sell with simple faythe of woordes exchaungynge ware for ware withowt any curious bondes or cautels. And albeit they haue the vse of both golde and syluer monyes, yet doo they for the most part exchaunge theyr furres for frutes and other thynges necessarie to manteine theyr lyfe.* 1.145 There are also sum people vnder the dominion of this Emperour, which haue nei¦ther wyne nor wheate, but lyue onl•• by flesshe and mylke as doo the wylde Tartars theyr bortherers which dwel in wods by the coastes of the frosen sea.* 1.146 These people are brutysshe,

and lyue in maner lyke wylde beastes. But they of the citie of Mosca and Nouigrade, and other cities, are ciuile people:* 1.147 and agree with vs in eatynge of fysshe and flesshe althowgh theyr maner of coquerie is in many thynges differynge frome owres. Uolaterane wryteth that the Ruthenians vse money vncoyned.* 1.148 And inquirynge further, I was informed that the money of Hungary is much currant with them. But this is chiefely to bee consydered,* 1.149 that they imbrase the Christian fayth which they affirme to haue byn preached to them fyrste by saynt Andrewe thappostle and broother to Simon Peter. Such doctrine also as vnder Constanstine the greate, in the yeare .CCC.xviii. was concluded in the fyrst generall coun∣sayle holden in the citie of Nicene in Bithynia,* 1.150 and there de¦termyned by .CCC.xviii. bysshoppes, and also such as hath byn wrytten and tawght by the Greeke doctoures Basilius Magnus and Chrisostomus,* 1.151* 1.152 they beleue to bee so holy, firme and syncere, that they thinke it no more lawfull one heare to transgresse or go backe from the same, then from the gospell of Christ. For theyr constancie and modestie is such,* 1.153 that no man dare caule those thynges into question which haue once byn decised by holy fathers in theyr general counsailes. They doo therfore with a more constante mynde perseuer in theyr fyrst fayth which they receaued of saynt Andrewe thappostle and his successours and holy fathers, that doo manye of vs beinge diuided into scismes and sectes whiche thynge neuer chaunceth amonge them.* 1.154 But if any difficultie chaunce to rise as touchynge the fayth or custome of religion, all is referred to the archbyshoppe and other byshoppes as to bee defined by theyr spirite.* 1.155 not permyttinge any iudgemente to the incon∣stant and ignorant people. Theyr archebyshoppe is residente in the citie of Mosca, where also Themperoure keepethe his courte. They haue lykewyse dyuers other byshops: as one in Nouigradia, where also Isodorus was bysshop vnder pope Eugenius. They haue an other in Rosciuia, an other in Su∣s••ali, an other in Otileri: also in Smolne, in Resan, in Col∣mum, and in Uolut, all which haue theyr dioces. They ac∣knowleage theyr Archebyshop as the chiefe.* 1.156 Before the patri¦arche of Constantinople was oppressed by the Tiranni of the Turkes,* 1.157 this Archebysshoppe recognised hym as his superi∣oure. In so much that this duke of Moscouia and Em∣perour

of Russia, not vnmyndefull hereof but a diligente ob∣seruer of his accustomed religion, dooth at this daye yearely sende a certeyne stypende in maner of almes to the patriarche of Constantinople,* 1.158 that he may with more quiete mynd looke for thende of this his Egiptian seruitude vntyll it shal please almyghty god to restore hym to his former churche and auto∣ritie. For he iudgeth it much impietie, if he shulde nowe for∣sake hym whose predicessoures haue ruled and gouerned so many churches, and of whom the fayth and religion of so ma¦ny regions and prouinces haue depended.

But to speake briefely of theyr religion,* 1.159 they agree in ma∣ny thynges with vs, and in sum thynges folow the Greekes. They haue munkes and religious men. Not farre from the ci∣tie of Mosca, they haue a great monasterie in the whiche are three hundreth munkes lyuynge vnder the rule of Basilius Magnus in the which is also the sepulcher of S. Sergius the abbot.* 1.160 They obserue theyr vowe of chastitie which none may breake that haue once professed. Yet such as haue maried vir∣gins of good fame, may bee admitted to thorder of presthod, but may neuer bee a munke. The prestes and bysshops whiche are admitted to orders vnmaried,* 1.161 may neuer after bee maried: nor yet such as haue wiues, mary ageine when they are dead, but liue in perpetual chastitie. Such as committe adulterie or fornication, are greeuously punysshed by the bysshoppes and depriued of the benefices.* 1.162 They celebrate masse after the ma∣ner of the Greekes which differeth from owres in dyuers thin¦ges,* 1.163 as in fermented breade after the maner of the Greekes. They put in the chalesse as much water as redde wine, which water they vse to heate, bycause (not withowt a great myste∣rie) there isshewed furth of the syde of owre lorde, both blud and water, which wee ought by good reason to thynke was not withowt heate: for els shulde it scarsely haue byn iudged for a miracle.* 1.164 In fine, they affirme that all theyr customes and rytes are accordynge to thinstitutions of the primatyue church and the doctrine of Basilius Magnus, and Chrisosto∣mus.* 1.165 In this thynge they dyffer greately from vs, that they minister the communion to younge children of three yeares of age, which they doo with fermented breade dipte in a spone∣full of wyne, and gyue it them for the bodye and bludde of Chryste.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The romaine empyre.
• * 1.2

  iiii. hundreth yeares of ig∣noraunce.
• * 1.3

  Easte India well knowen in owld time.
• * 1.4

  Strabo.
• * 1.5

  The great ry¦chesse of E∣gipte.
• * 1.6

  The citie of A••exandria.
• * 1.7

  Marueylous rychesse.
• * 1.8

  The gouer∣naunce and reuenues of the Romans.
• * 1.9

  Trogloditica and India.
• * 1.10

  The goulfe of Arabie.
• * 1.11

  Ethiope.
• * 1.12

  Rich customs
• * 1.13

  The rychesse which were brought in owlde tyme from India. and the red sea.
• * 1.14

  The commis∣sion of Them¦perours Mar¦cus and Com¦modus.
• * 1.15

  The great ri∣ches the kyn∣ges of E••ipte had by cu∣stomes.
• * 1.16

  The noble en¦terprises of the kinges of Egypte. Ar••••noe. Damiata. Pelu••io.
• * 1.17

  Nilus.
• * 1.18

  Copt••.
• * 1.19

  ••erenice,
• * 1.20

  A nauigable tren••h made from Egypte to the red sea
• * 1.21

  Lacus Amari.
• * 1.22

  Kynge Seso∣stre.
• * 1.23

  Kynge Psam∣miticus.
• * 1.24

  kyng Darius
• * 1.25

  kynge Ptolo∣meus.
• * 1.26

  The citie he∣roū.
• * 1.27

  What Plynye w••tt••h of the nauigable trenche.
• * 1.28

  The large∣nesse and len∣gthe of the trenche.
• * 1.29

  The viage bi¦lande from E¦gypte to the red sea.
• * 1.30

  What kynge ptolomeus discouered.
• * 1.31

  Alcayre.
• * 1.32

  The viage to Easte Indya frequented in owlde tyme.
• * 1.33

  The custōes and maners of the Indy∣ans.
• * 1.34

  The vyage to Cathay.
• * 1.35

  Rycharde Chaunceler.
• * 1.36

  A lerned dis∣course of dy∣uers vyages.
• * 1.37

  The vigages of the Portu∣gales.
• * 1.38

  The worlde hangynge on the ••yer.
• * 1.39

  what is kno∣wen of the lo¦wer hemis∣pherie.
• * 1.40

  The lande of Brasile.
• * 1.41

  Peru.
• * 1.42

  The charge & dewtie of Christian prin¦ces.
• * 1.43

  Note.
• * 1.44

  hercules and Alexander.
• * 1.45

  The colonies of the Ro∣mans in regi∣ons subdued.
• * 1.46

  The great I∣land of saynt Laurence or Madagasca••.
• * 1.47

  The Ilandes of Tap••••ba∣na or Giaua.
• * 1.48

  Plinie.
• * 1.49

  The hystorie of Cornelius Nepos.
• * 1.50

  Shypes of In¦dia driu••n in∣to the sea of Germanie.
• * 1.51

  An enterprise wherby prin∣ces may ob∣teyne trewe fame and glory.
• * 1.52

  Cathay disco¦uered ••i Mar¦cus Paulus.
• * 1.53

  The citie of Lubyke.
• * 1.54

  The kyng of Polanie.
• * 1.55

  The duke of Moscouia.
• * 1.56

  An ambassa∣dour from the duke of Mos∣couia.
• * 1.57

  The woordes of thambassa¦dour of Moscouia
• * 1.58

  The way frō Moscouia to the north Oce¦an & Cathay.
• * 1.59

  Uolochda.
• * 1.60

  Ustiug.
• * 1.61

  Succana.
• * 1.62

  Duina.
• * 1.63

  Coimogor.
• * 1.64

  The north Ocean.
• * 1.65

  Greate wooddes.
• * 1.66

  Gothlande.
• * 1.67

  The Mosco∣uites haue knowleage of the greate cane of Ca∣thay.
• * 1.68

  Permis.
• * 1.69

  Plescora.
• * 1.70

  Catena mūdi.
• * 1.71

  Obdora.
• * 1.72

  Ucchiadoro.
• * 1.73

  Obo.
• * 1.74

  ••he lake Chethay.
• * 1.75

  The Tartars
• * 1.76

  The citie of Cambolu.
• * 1.77

  Note this se∣create.
• * 1.78

  Difficult tra∣uaylynge in Moscoula.
• * 1.79

  Commendati∣on of the Spa¦nia••des and Portugales.
• * 1.80

  ••he hystorie of Paulus Centur••o.
• * 1.81

  Of this reade more at large in the booke of Paulus Io¦mus.
• * 1.82

  Malice may do more with sum then Uer∣tue.
• * 1.83

  The Cospien sea.
• * 1.84

  Riga.
• * 1.85

  Liuonia.
• * 1.86

  The Tartar•• of Lordo.
• * 1.87

  Desertes.
• * 1.88

  The viage by the north se••.
• * 1.89

  The woorth••¦nesse of this vyage.
• * 1.90

  The viage•• of the Frēch∣men to the land of Bac∣calaos.
• * 1.91

  Pleasaunt countreys.
• * 1.92

  New Fraūce.
• * 1.93

  Apostrophe to the Christi∣an Princes.
• * 1.94

  Great ryuer••.
• * 1.95

  A thyng woor¦thy to be sear¦ched.
• * 1.96

  The way to Cathay and the Ilandes of Maluca by the northwest A notable en∣terpryse.
• * 1.97

  The noble en¦terprise of An¦toni di Men∣doza, viceroy of Mexico.
• * 1.98

  The discoue∣rynge of the northwest partes.
• * 1.99

  Shyps say∣lynge from Cathay by the north hy∣perboreā sea to the coastes of the north∣west part of the lande of Baccaleos.
• * 1.100

  Cathay.
• * 1.101

  The sea from new Fraunce or Terra Bri∣tonum to Ca∣thay.
• * 1.102

  A notable booke.
• * 1.103

  A great and glorious en∣terprise.
• * 1.104

  Sebastian Ca¦bote the grād pylot of the west Indies.
• * 1.105

  Commendati∣on of Sebasti¦an Cabote.
• * 1.106

  Sebastian Ca¦bote tould me that he was borne in Bry∣stowe, & that at .iiii. yeare owld he was caried with his father to Uenice and so returned a∣geyne into England with his father af∣ter certeyne yeares: Wher by he was thought to haue bin born in Uenice.
• * 1.107

  The fyrst vy∣age of Seba∣stian Cabote.
• * 1.108

  The land•• of Florid••.
• * 1.109

  The seconde vyage of Ca∣bote to the land of Bra∣sile, and Rio ••ella Plata.
• * 1.110

  Cabote tould me that in a region with∣in this ryuer ••e sowed l. ••raynes of weate in Sep¦tember, and gathered ther¦of. l. thousand in December as wryteth al¦so Francisco Lopes.
• * 1.111

  The vyage to Moscouia.
• * 1.112

  The hystory•• of Moscouia
• * 1.113

  The dyuer•• names of Moscouia.
• * 1.114

  Roxolani.
• * 1.115

  Rosolani,
• * 1.116

  Rutheni.
• * 1.117

  The ryuer Mosco.
• * 1.118

  The ryuer Boristhenes.
• * 1.119

  Themperour of Cathay.
• * 1.120

  The frosē sea
• * 1.121

  Lacus Croni∣cus.
• * 1.122

  Saturnus.
• * 1.123

  Amaltheum.
• * 1.124

  The dominiō of the duke of Moscouia.
• * 1.125

  The citie of Moscouia.
• * 1.126

  The chiefe cities of Mos∣couia.
• * 1.127

  The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Moscouia & Emperour of Russia.
• * 1.128

  Th•• duke of Moscouia his tytle.
• * 1.129

  Duke Basi∣lius.
• * 1.130

  Their poure.
• * 1.131

  Theyr obedi∣ence to theyr prince.
• * 1.132

  Theyr wars & conquestes.
• * 1.133

  Gunnes.
• * 1.134

  On••y the mos¦couites haue not felt the commodities of peace.
• * 1.135

  Theyr lan∣guage.
• * 1.136

  Dalmatia.
• * 1.137

  Pannonia.
• * 1.138

  hungarie.
• * 1.139

  Theyr origi∣nal.
• * 1.140

  The Sclauō t••••nge rea∣cheth farre.
• * 1.141

  Great woods white beares and blacke woo••ues.
• * 1.142

  Abundance of hony and waxe.
• * 1.143

  Rych furres.
• * 1.144

  Theyr maner of bargenyng
• * 1.145

  Rude & wylde people.
• * 1.146

  Tartares.
• * 1.147

  Ciuile people in cities.
• * 1.148

  Theyr money
• * 1.149

  They ēbrase the Christian fayth whiche thei receaued of the Apo∣stles.
• * 1.150

  The coūsaile of Nicene.
• * 1.151

  Basilius Mag¦nus.
• * 1.152

  Chrisostomus
• * 1.153

  Theyr constā¦cie in theyr religion.
• * 1.154

  The bysshop∣pes define cō¦trouersies in religion.
• * 1.155

  Theyr bysshops.
• * 1.156

  The Arche∣bysshoppe.
• * 1.157

  The patri∣arke of Con∣stantinople.
• * 1.158

  A notable ex∣emple of a Christian prince.
• * 1.159

  Theyr reli∣gion.
• * 1.160

  A monasterie of .ccc. mun∣kes
• * 1.161

  Preestes.
• * 1.162

  Masse.
• * 1.163

  A mysterie.
• * 1.164

  The prima∣tiue church.
• * 1.165

  A straunge custome.