Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

Of the fleshy Membrane. CHAP. VIII.

THe fleshy Membrane (first so called by the Arabians) or Pannicle, called Panniculus Carnosus, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; is onely fleshy among all the * 1.1 membranes, and that especially in Beastes. Galen calles it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, a mem∣brane; some call it the musculous Membrane, because in those creatures which mooue their whole skinne, it is so sprinkled with fleshy Fibres, that it seemes indeed to be a muscle.

[illustration]

The Third and Fourths Table shew the Skin-Veines which are opened and scarified: the third those on the Fore-side, the fourth those on the Backe-side: which Veines are for the most parts alike in euery body, especially those that vse to be opened.

[illustration]

TABVLA. 3.

[illustration]

TABVLA 4.

• •• 1. 2. The outward iugular veine ••liming vp the sides of the necke. this can hardly be opened with∣out daunger, but his braunches may bee scarified in the necke.
• ••. 1. The place where this veine is deuided into 2. branches.
• ••. 1. The inner branch of the ex∣••e io•• iugular, which going to the muscles of the mouth and the bone Hyois is couched vn∣der the toung, where it is opned in squinsies and other di eases of those parts.
• d. 1. 2. The vtter branch of the same externall iugular that go∣eth to the back-part of the he••d
• ••. 1. Braunches going to the lucia or chick and the nose.
• ••. 1. 2. The fore-head veine, which in the middle of the fore-head where it is wont to be opened. is ioyned with the braunch of the same veine on the other side.
• ••. 2. The veine called vena puppis.
• ••. 2. Veine, dispersed along the Temples, to which are adioyned a portion of the fore head vein.
• ••. 1. 2. The veine which goeth to the eates, and watereth the back part of the head.
• ••. 1. A branch comming from the vpper part of the axillary veine, and going to the more backe∣ward muscles of the necke.
• •• 1. 2. A branch from the Caephali∣ca or head veine, going to the skin and the muscles which lift vp the arme.
• ••m. 1. m. 2. The Cephalique head or vtter veine, which pas∣sing along the vtter part of the arm, accompanied with a nerue, and is o••ened commonly at the vpper bunch of the bought of the arme, but happely it might more safely bee opened a little lower wherit bendeth from the sinew.
• ••. 1. Smal veines from the Cephali∣ca disperse & through the skin of the arme.
• •• 2. Branches from the head vein to the shoulder blode, carried be tween the skin and the flesh.
• ••. 1. The Cephalica is here diuided into 3. branches.
• ••. 1. The first of these branches which goeth to the muscles, ari∣sing frō the vtter bunch or knot of the vpper part of the arme cal¦led humorus.
• ••. 1. 2. The second of them, which in the bought of the arme is ioyned with a branch of the liuer veine and their coniune∣tion is marked with the figure 3.
• •• 1. 2. The third is carried side-long aboue the radius and the vpper part of the arme be∣stowing branches vppon the skin, the chie∣fest of which neere the bought of the arme runneth outward, but turnes ouer neere the wrest, and there meeteth with the Liuer∣vein, marked there in the second figure with al and a little lower being diuersly deuided nourisheth almost the whole hand.
• t. 1. The Liuer veine called Hopatica, Bisilica or the internall veine it is called of some, & in the lefte arme Lienatis or the spleene∣veine.
• •• 1 A braunch from the Liuer-veine deuided into two, nourishing the skinne within and without.
• •• 2. A branch going to the muscles of the vp∣per arme, and the skin on the vtter side.
• ••. 1. The fore branch of the Liuer vein, which at the bought of the arme is ioyned with a braunch of the Cephalica marked with r, which two branches make the middle vein named Mediana, noted with 3.
• •• 2. A braunch arising from the former, and passing to the wrest, and on the after wrest meeteth with a braunch of the Cephalica which are ioyned aboue the little finger, which coniunction we noted in s aboue.
• ••. •• m Two fore veines of the Cubite or lower arme from a braunche of the Liuer veine, which being accompanied with nerues, run all alōg euen through the hand, these wher they are marked are sometimes opened in∣stead of the Liuer veine.
• 3. 1. The middle or common veines made of the braunches of the Cephalica or head-veine and Basilica or Liuer veine.
• 4. 1. 2. The diuision of this common veine a∣boue the wrest, which from 3. to 4. is cal∣led the comon vein of the cubi••e or lower arme: but at •••• it is diuided, one part going to the outward side, another to the inside, and so mingleth it selfe with the neighbour veines, this veine is not opened.
• 5. 2. The outward braunche of this partition which warereth the back of the hand.
• 6 6. 2. A braunch of the common veine which vnder the thumbe is opened for the Cepha∣lica or head veine.
• 7. 2. The veine called saluatella a braunch of the Cephalica and Hepatica, which aboue the little finger is opned for the spleen and diseases thereof.
• 8. 2. A veine between the middle and the ring fingers, which some take to bee that which Auicen calleth syele.
• 9. 2. A branch toward the ring finger.
• AA. 2. Braunches comming from the veines which about the loynes are produced knot∣tily, these in the loynes are sacrified.
• B. 1. Braunches proceeding from the Epiga∣stricke veine distributed to the four paire of muscles of the Abdomen, a notable branch of which is wounded often, when men are cut for the rupture.
• CC. 2. Veines comming from the vtter branch of the trunke of the hollowe veine called vena ••aua. and are dispersed thorough the muscles and skin of the buttocks.
• DD. 1. Veines distributed through the pecto∣rall muscles and the breast.
• E. 1. Veines reaching to the breastes from the veine called mammaria.
• FF. 1. Small veines comming out from the veines which are couebed vnderneath and go to the chest, the principall of these are scari¦fied in the shoulder blades.
• * *. 1. Certaine small veines reaching to the outside of the belly comming from the veines of the muscles vnderneath.
• G. 2. A branch that runs along by the side of the chest.
• H. 2 A veine which reacheth to the shoulder, the muscles of the shoulder blade, and the glandules in the arme holes.
• II. 1. The inner crurall veine springing out neare the leske, and goeth vnder the skin to the very foote, hauing a nerue running aboue him all the way.
• KK. 1, Branches of the foresaid veine which by the inside of the thigh, reach vnto the ve¦ry leske.
• LLLL. 1. Veines passing vnder the skinne on the foreside of the thigh.
• MMMM. 1. 2. The Crurall veine carried on the inside and outside of the thigh.
• NN1. N 2. The inner leg veine called Tibica, which is diuersly carried vnder the skin, and here it may bee opened when we would let bloud in it.
• O 1. The same carried vnto the fore parte of the inward ankle, and then spreadeth it selfe in the vpper part of the foote called dorsum padis.
• P. 2. A Braunch from the vtter Crurall veine▪ sending small surcles to the hippes, the mus∣cles of that place and the skin.
• Q. 1. A branch noted with 7, and 9, which be∣stoweth certaine sucrles vpon the muscles of the leg, and the skin of the thigh.
• R S 2, A veine from the ioyning of the bran∣ches of that other, which passeth to the back muscles and skin of the thigh somewhat vp∣ward.
• TT 2. The Ham veine vena poplitis, which runneth most what where it is marked, and so passeth vnto the calfe of the leg marked with V 2. where it decideth it selfe into ma¦ny braunches.
• XX 1. The inner braunch of the crurall veine going to the muscles and skin of the calfe.
• Y 1. The inner veine of the legge running to the inner side of the foot accompanied with a nerue, this they open vnder the knee in∣stead of the saphena.
• ZZ 1. z ••. A part of the crural veine going to the backside of the inner ankle: this is cal¦led the saphena, and is opened vnder the in∣ner ankle in woemen mostwhat to farther their naturall euacuations.
• αα 1. The outwarde braunch of the crurall veine or the vtter leg-veine called Tibiea, which is diuersly braunched againe along the outside of the leg & the top of the so••t.
• β. A part of the foresaid braunch climbing a∣long the outward ankle.
• γγ 1. Among the veines of the foote, this is that that vnder the name of the Cephalica is opened at the great toe, but not without danger, because it hath a nerue ioyned with him.

This Membranous part, as all other Membranes, is made of seede. In a Man it is vnder * 1.2 the fat, but in Apes, Dogges, Sheepe, and such like, it lyeth immediately vnder the skin. It compasseth the whole body, and closely cleaueth to the skin by the mediation of manie Veynes, but fewer Nerues and Arteries diuersly propagated, and through it climbing vp thither, whereto also helpe the addition of fleshy Fibres. It cleaueth also to the Mem∣branes of the Muscles vnder it, but by more slender Fibres. It is saide by some to haue his Originall from the backe, because it cleaueth thereto most inseparably, and there resem∣bleth the other Membranes; but where it toucheth the arme holes, it becommeth in dogs and Apes very fleshy, Galen saith musculous.

In Infants it resembleth Flesh altogether, because of the aboundance of blood wherein it is steeped; in grown bodies by reason of continuall exiccation, it becommeth like a mem∣brane, * 1.3 yet so, that in the fore-part of the necke and in the forehead, it cleaueth to it so fast with his fleshy Fibres, that it can ••neath be separated, and to the broad Muscle, that it is thought to giue him his body. It is in a man except the forehead immooueable; in beasts it is not onely mooueable it selfe, but also maketh the skinne mooueable especially in the necke, by shaking whereof they driue away the Flies, but a horse in shaking of his skin, will * 1.4 sometime shake an vnskilfull rider out of his seate. In the inner part which is next to the membrane of the Muscles, this fleshy panicle by reason of a slimy moisture wherewith al∣most all Membranes are couered, it is slippery, that it may not hinder the motion of the * 1.5 Muscles, and it hath an exquisite sense, so that if it be goaded by any sharpe humor, it cau∣seth a rigor or shiuering. The vses of this Membrane are: To compasse the whole bodie, * 1.6 to couer and defend it: To hinder the fat from being melted by the continuall motion of the Muscles. It supporteth also saith Galen, 3. Amintstrat. Anat. 2. the vessels which attaine vnto the skin, because there passe betweene it and this Membrane, not onely many Capil∣larie * 1.7 and threddy Veines, but also those which wee vse to diuide in bloud-letting, together with many Arteries and Sinnewes. Finally, it helpeth to consolidate or heale vp the skin when it is wounded, or otherwise violated; for without flesh it cannot revnite, so saith Ari∣stotle in his third Booke de Historia Animalium, 11. Wheresoeuer the skin is without Flesh, * 1.8 there it cannot revnite being diuided. In brute Beasts, the thickenesse and fastnesse of this Membrane, reteyneth the bloody vapors, and turneth them into good blood, and besides it maketh their skins mooueable. And thus much of the Common Containing or Inve∣sting parts. But because we made mention euen now of the Veines which run betweene the skin & the fleshy Membrane which are vsually many of them opened in Phlebotomy; and for that young Chirurgions had neede be betimes acquainted with them, we haue on the former side of the leafe added two Tables and their expositions at large, by which hee that listeth may in one view see all the branches of the skin veines how they are seated, and beside learne to call them by their names, that when he is commanded, he may know how to buckle himselfe to his businesse.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The fleshy membrane.
• * 1.2

  The connexi∣on of it.
• * 1.3

  Gal. 1. Admin. & 5. eiusdem 7.
• * 1.4

  Where it is mooueable in Men.
• * 1.5

  In Beasts.
• * 1.6

  The vses of it.
• * 1.7

  Galen.
• * 1.8

  Aristotle.