Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. III. Of the structure and connexion of Bones in Generall.

MAn being created for Vnderstanding and Action, to receiue infinite images of Sensible things, and to flye or apply himselfe to the diuers obiects of his appetite, stoode in neede of locall motion, but if hee had beene made of one continuall bone, how could he haue bent or extended or compassed his bo∣dy? how could he haue apprehended any thing or moued himselfe forward * 1.1 to attayne it? No; he must haue stood like a trunke or a blocke, and the creature that was made to commaund all the rest would haue beene a right Mauchen or gazing stocke to the rest. Nature therefore for the better accomplishment of the varieties of motions, hath wonderfully framed the body of man of a Packe or Set of bones, of diuers kinds and manifold figures. And this diuersity is also of as great consequence ad 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that when one bone is broken the fracture might stop and not offend the rest. Hereby also is there fit way made for Transpiration of fumid vapours: hereby are the parts discriminated or distinguished one from another: hereby is the ingresse and egresse made for the vessels. Notwithstanding though this connexion bee diuers, yet is it so strangely fitted together that al seeme to be but one: one I say either by Continuity or by Contiguity at least. The vniuersall compage of coagmentation of the bones is called a Syntax, and the packe of * 1.2 bones so fitted together is called a Sceleton.

The manner of this Syntax or composition is double, for it is made either by Artica∣lation or by Coalition. Articulation we define to be a Naturall structure of the bones, where in the extremities or ends of two bones do touch one another. So that the whole Na∣ture of Articulation consisteth in the Contaction of extremities or ends. This Articula∣tion according to Galen is double; one laxe and loose called Diarthrosis, for 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in com∣position of wordes signifieth a separation or loosenes; another strict and so compacted that there is no space left for motion. And this kinde is called Synarthrosis. The first is with manifest motion; the second hath no motion at all, or if it haue any it is scarcely con∣spicuous. * 1.3

Of Diarthrosis there are three kindes, Enarthrosis, Arthrodia and Ginglymos. Enarthro∣sis is when the cauity that receiueth is deepe, and the head inserted into it long, and such is the articulation of the Thigh-bone with the Haunch. Arthrodia is when the cauity is superficiary or shallow, and the head depressed or almost playne; and such is the articula∣tion of the lower iaw with the Temple-bone and the Nowle-bone with the first spondell. * 1.4 Ginglymos is when the same bone receiueth & is receiued, as it is in the hindges of a dore, wherein the yron that carrieth the hindge and the hindge that is carried doe mutually en∣ter one into another.

In Ginglymos therefore the gibbous part of one bone entreth into the hollownesse of another; and againe the Sinus or bosome of one bone admitteth the gibbous or embow∣ed part of another.

This Ginglymos is made two wayes; for either the same bone is receiued by one and receiueth it againe, or it receiueth one bone and is receiued of another.

An example of the first wee haue betwixt the Arme and the Cubit: of the second in the Racke-bones of the Backe, for the vertebra in the middest receiueth that spondell which is aboue it, and is receiued by that which is vnder it.

Of Synarthrosis there are also three kinds, Rhaphe, Harmonia, and Gomphosis. Phaphe, * 1.5

the Latines call Satura a seame, for it is like the seame of a garment: and it is double, one toothed like a Saw or a combe, the other plaine like the scales of a fish or the mayles of a * 1.6 Harnesse, or nailes of the fingers one thrust vnder another. The first we find in the su∣tures of the scull, the second in the Temple-bones. Harmonia is an articulation by a sim∣ple line, either right, oblique or circular, and so are almost all the bones of the vpper iaw ioyned together. Gomphysis is when one bone is fastened into another, as a naile into a boord, and so the teeth are set in the iawes. And these are the two kinds of articulation, Diarthrosis and Synarthrosis, vnto which we may add out of Galens twelfth chapter of his Booke de ossibus a third which is a neutrall articulation halting betwixt two, and partici∣pating of them both, yet being neither perfectly: and this neutrall articulation, because the motion thereof is obscure, may bee saide to belong to Synarthrosis, but in respect of the manner of his composition which is made by a cauity and a head, it may bee called * 1.7 Diarthrosis. Such is the articulation of the ribs with the breast-bone and the rackes: such also is seene in the wrest and the insteppe. And these are the differences and kinds of ar∣ticulation.

The other kinde of composition is called Symphysis or Coalition. For Nature well fore-seeing that the articulation of great bones was not very secure, because they might easily slip out of their seats, she therefore deuised a more streight or neere kinde of con∣iunction or colligation which Anatomists do call Symphysis, wee coalition, which is no∣thing else but a naturall vnion of bones, by which two bones are continued together and made one, so that the nature of coalition consisteth in continuity, as the nature of Arti∣culation did in contiguity or contaction of extremities.

This Symphysis or coalition is double, one with a meane, another without a mean. Those bones that are soft and fungous do grow together without a Meane, so all appendancies almost because they are soft and gristly are vnited with bones by coalition, but those that are dry and hard cannot be vnited without the inter-vening of another bodye. That mid∣dle body is threefold, a nerue, a gristle and flesh. And hence proceede the three differen∣ces of Coalition, Synchondrosis, Synneurosis and Synsarcosis. An example of Sychondrosis wee haue in the share-bones, and in the lower iaw. An example of Synneurosis in euerie Diar∣throsis, but you must vnderstand that by a Nerue in this place we meane a Ligament. An example of Synsarcosis you haue in the bone Hyois and in the shoulder-blades, but by flesh here we vnderstand muscles. VVee haue heere added a Table which containeth their pe∣digree, wherto we wil not so exactly stand, as that there may be no exception taken there∣to bycurious Schollers, either in the manner of diuision or in the Appellations, although presume such as will be most ready to find fault, will not finde it so easie to Amend.

The Table of Connexions.

Bones are ioyned or compounded by	Articulation. whose Nature consisteth in contiguity of extre∣mities, & it is three∣folde.	Dearticulation which is a laxe and loose iuncture, called Diarthrosis, and is of three so••ts	Inarticulation, when the Cup is deepe, and the Head long, and it is called Enarthrosis, as betwixt the thigh and the Hip.
Adarticulation, when the cup is shallow, & the head depressed, & it is called Arthrodia, as betwixt the lower iaw and the temple-bones, the Nowle and the first rack-bone.
Hinge-hung, when the same bone re∣ceiueth and is receiued, it is called Ginglymos, & it is made two wayes.	When the same bone is receiued by one bone, and again receiueth the same as betwixt the Arme and the Cubit.
Coarticulation which is a strict and well compounded iun∣cture, and it is called Synar∣throsis, it is also of three sorts by	Scame called sutura, and it is double.	Toothed like a Sawe or a Combe, as the sutures of the scull
Plain like the scales of a fish as the tem∣ple bones with the scull	When it receiueth one bone & is receiued of an∣other, as a midle rackbōe receiueth the vpper & is receiued of the lower.
Harmony which is like to Caemertation made by a line which is	Right.	So almost are all he bones of the vpper iaw articulated.
Oblique.
Circular.
Mortize, which is when one bone enters into another, as a Te∣nant into a mortize, so the teeth are fastned in the iawes, and this is called Gomphysis.
Galen addes a thirde which is newtrall or doubtfull; and is neither the one nor the other, but partaketh of them both, agreeing to Coarticulation by reason of the obscurity of the motion, and to Dearticulation if you regard the composition of the heads and the cauities. Such is the arti∣culation of the ribs with the breast bone and the racke-bones, and that of the bones of the wrest and the Instep.
Coalition or vnion, whose Nature consisteth in con∣tiouity, and it is cald Sym∣physis. It is double.	Without a Medium or Meane, so do soft and fungeous bodies grow together, as almost all ••ppendancies.	A Gristle such Coalition is cald Sychondrosis and it is sound betweene the share-bones.
A Ligament called Synneurosis, and it is found in all Dearticulations.
With a Mean, as dry and hard bones which are not vnited without the interposition of some middle body: and that is	Flesh called Synsarcosis, and is found in the bone Hyois and in the shoulder blades.

To this place also we haue thought good to add six seuerall Tables conteining the Sce∣leton or packe of Bones throughout the whole bhdy, as they appeare before, behinde, & on the side in a man; the Sceleton of a woman; of an infant newe borne, and of two vn∣timely Births, with their descriptions at large, by which the Reader may be well initiated before he come to the particular Historie.

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TABVLA I.

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TABVLA. II.

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TABVLA. III.

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Ta 1. sheweth the forpart of the sceleton of a man, that is to say, the whole packe of the Bones and Gristles in a mans bodye, as they appeare on the foreside.

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Table 2. sheweth the backside of the Sceleton.

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Table 3. sheweth the later all part of the Sceleton. Wherefore we will put all these three descriptions into one.

• A 3. The Coronall Suture called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• B 2 3. The suture like the letter Λ called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• C 2. The sagittall suture called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• D 2, 3. The Scale-like Coniunctiō, cald 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• α, 2, 3. Os verticis or syncipit is the bone of the Syn∣ciput, called Os 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• β, 1. 3 The forehead bone, that is, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• γ, 2, 3. The bone of the Nowle or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• ••, 2, 3. The bones of the temples or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• •• 3. An Appendix in the temple-bone like a Bod∣kin, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• ζ 1, 2, 3. A processe in the temple-bone like the teate of a dugge, called therefore Mamillaris and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• E 2, 3, the wedge-bone, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• ••, 3, the stony part of the scull.
• •• 3, A processe of the Wedg-bone, much like the wing of a bat, and therfore called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• F, 1, 2, 3. The yoke-bone 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• G. 1. 2, 3, the lower iaw.
• IK, L, M, N, 1, 2, 3. the backe or the spine, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• From I to K, the Necke, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• From K to L, the rackebones of the Chest.
• From L to M, the rackebones of the Loynes.
• From M to N, the Holy-bone, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• N, the Rumpe bone, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• O 1, 3, the brestbone 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• P 1, 3. the Sword like gristle of the brest 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• Char. 1, 2 3, as farre as to 12 in all three Tables, shew the twelue ribs of the Chest cald 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Q 1, the Clauiclas or choller bones 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• R. 1, 2, 3 the shoulderblade. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• ••, 1, 2, 3. the vpper processe of the shoulder blade, or the top of the shoulder, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• μ, 1, 2, The 〈◊〉〈◊〉 processe of the shoulderblade, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• ••, 1, 2. 〈◊〉〈◊〉 bone of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉, called Humerus and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• T, V, 1, 2, 3, the Cubit 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Χ, 1, 2, 3. the wand or the vpper bone of the cubit called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Y, 1, 2, 3 the ell or the lower bone of the Cubite, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• ν 3, the processe of the cubit, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• ξ, 1, 3, the processe like a bodkin or probe, called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• ZZ, 1 2, 3, The wrest 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• ΓΓ 1, 3, The After wrest 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• ΔΔΔ, 1, the fingers 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Θ, 1, 2, 3. The bones ioyned to the sides of the ho∣ly bone on each side one, distinguished as it were into three parts.
• •• 1, 2, 3. the first part called the Haunch bone Os Ilium 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• π, 1, 2, 3, The second part the bone of the coxendix 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• ρ. 1, 2, 3. The third part, the sharebone os pubis, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• σ, 1, 2, 3. A gristle going between the coniunction of the share bones.
• Λ, 1, 2, 3, the thigh, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• τ, 1, 2, 3, the greater outward processe of the thigh called Rotator, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• υ, 1, 2, 3, His lesser and inner processe.
• Ξ, 1, 2, 3. The whirle bone of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 Patella Ro∣tula, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Π, Σ. 1, 2, 3, The leg, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Φ, 1, 2, 3, the inner and greater bone of the legge, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• Ψ, 1, 2, 3, the vtter and smaller bone of the Legge called the Brace-bone, Fibula 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• φ, 1, 2, 3, The processe of the Legge or the inner Anckle called Maleolus internus.
• X, 1, 2 The processe of the brace or the outwarde ankle, both of them are called in greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉
• Ω, 1, 2, 3, the bone called the cockal Talus, balistae Os 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• a, 2, The Heele Calx, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• b 1, 3, The bone called Os Nauiculare, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• cc, 1. 2, 3. The wrest of the soote called Tarsus, consisting of foure bones, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• d e. f, 1, 2, 3, Three inner bones of the wrest of the foote, called by some 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• g, 1, 2, 3. The vtter bone of the wrest of the foote, like a Dye, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• hh, 1, 2. 3, The Afterwrest of the foote called Pedi∣um by some 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.
• i, i 1, 2, 3. The toes of the foote.
• k, 1, 2. 3. The seed bones of the foote, called ossicu∣la sesamina, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

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FIG. III.

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Table 4 sheweth the Sceleton of the bones and gristles of a woman, that it may appeare, all her bones are in pro∣portion lesser then the bones of a man. But in this ta∣ble onely those parts are marked with letters wherein a woman differeth from a man in her bones & gristles

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TABVLA IIII.

• A. The sagittall suture descending vnto the Nose and diuiding the forehead bone, which is sometimes found in women, very rarely in men, but alwayes in Infants.
• BB. the chest somwhat depressed before because of the Paps.
• CC, the coller bones not so much crooked as in men, nor intorted so much vpward.
• D, the brest-bone perforated somtimes with a hole much like the forme of a heart, through which veynes do run outward from the mammary veynes vnto the paps.
• E, the gristles of the ribs which in women are somwhat bony be∣cause of the weight of the Dugs.
• F, A part of the backe reflected or bent backward aboue the loines
• GG, the compasse of the hanchbones running more outward, for the wombe to rest vpon, when a woman is with childe.
• HH, the lower processes of the share-bones bearing outward that the cauity marked with K might be the larger.
• I, the anterior commissure or coniunction of the share bones filled vp with a thicke gristle, that in the birth they might better yeelde somewhat for Natures necessity.
• K, A great and large cauity circumscribed by the bones of the cox∣endix and the Holy-bone
• L, the Rump or Coccyx curued backward to giue way in the time of the birth
• M, the thigh bones by reason of the largenesse of the spresaid caui∣ty haue a greater distance betwixt them aboue, whence a so 〈◊〉〈◊〉, that womens thighes are thic••er then mens.

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Table 5 sheweth the sceleton of a child new borne, wherein the bones are yet eyther gristly or membranous.

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TABVLA V.

• a, A thicke and for the most part square membrane betwixt the bones of the forehead & of the Sinciput which filleth vp the parts betwixt them.
• c, The bone of the forehead diuided into two equall parts by the sa∣gittall suture.
• d, the separation of the lower Iaw into two bones.
• e, the Scaly part of the Temple bones which in the middest indeede is bony, but in the circumference membranous.
• f, the other part of the Temple bone which maketh a part of the sto∣ny bone, where the hole of hearing is gristly.
• l, the sockets of the Iawes made to receiue the teeth.
• mm, the body of the rack-bone distinct from his backpart.
• nn, the backpart of the rackbones consisting of two broade and small bones, and of gristly processes.
• o, the Holy-bone made of 5 racks with a gristle betwixt them.
• p, The Rump gristle.
• q the brest-bone, gristly in the circumference, but in the middest cō∣pounded of many bones.
• rr, the large part of the Coxendix made of three bones, with a gristle betwixt them
• ss. the second part of this bone making the parts of the Coxendix & the share-bones.
• t, the third part behind making the same parts with the second.
• uu, the whitle of the Knee which is gristly.
• x, the wrest of the hand gristly.
• y, the After-wrest of the foote gristly.
• * Although all the appendances of the bones in infants are gristly, yet this * maketh the most notable as those of the arme, the blade, the Cubit, the haunch-bone, the thigh and the legge.

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TABVLA. VI.

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Table 6. sheweth the bones and gristles of an Embryo or vntimely Birth.

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FIG I

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The first figure sheweth the Embryo at 42, daies old, already formed and proportioned, when all the bones are like to curdled Cheese or to Butter.

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FIG. II

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Figure 2. sheweth the tender bones of an Abor∣tiue fruite about 3. months old, which are more gristly then they are in a child borne in due time.

• aa 1. Betwixt these letters is that space which on the toppe of the Scull is soft and mem∣branous, the Arabians call it Zeudech, and commonly it is called Fontanella.
• a 2, A thick membrane which goeth between the foreheade bone and the bones of the synciput.
• bb 1, the ends of the arme gristly.
• b 2, membranes betwixt the diuision of the bones of the head where afterward the su¦tures are.
• cc 1, The soft appendices of the Ell and the Wand almost separated from their bones.
• dd 1, the appendices of the thigh and the Leg.
• ee 1, the bones of the after-wrest of the foote, altogether gristly.
• •• 2, the nayles of the fingers which are con∣spicuous euen in an abortiue Infant.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Why mans body was not made of one bone.
• * 1.2

  What a Scele∣ton is.
• * 1.3

  Diarthrosis. Enarthrosis. Arthrodia.
• * 1.4

  Ginglymos.
• * 1.5

  Synarthrosis 3.
• * 1.6

  Synarthrosis 3. Kinds.
• * 1.7

  The Neutrall Articulation.