Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. II. The particular parts of bones and an exposition of many appella∣tions or names, of which we shall haue frequent vse in the History of the Bones.

IN Bones two things are to be considered; their parts and their cauities. The parts of a bone are three-fold; the principall part whereof the bone * 1.1 consisteth; the parte that groweth to the bone, or the bunching part of the bone. The principall part of the bone hath no proper name belong∣ing thereto, but is called by the name of the whole bone. The part that groweth to the bone is properly called Epiphysis. That part which bun∣cheth or beareth out beyond the plaine surface is called Apophysis. The principall part is the primary bone made by Nature, as a man should say, at the first hand or according to * 1.2 Natures first intention. This is the basis of the rest and occupieth the middle place as be∣ing the hardest part; for it is in the generation of bones as in the structure of the vniuerse that which is hard and earthy is placed in the Center.

To this principall part often times groweth another which the Graecians call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Latines Appendix, we may call it an Additament, or if you will we may retaine the Latine word Appendix, because it is growne in vse amongst vs. For as if Nature had for∣gotten * 1.3 her selfe & made the bone too short, she eeketh it out by this Appendix as work∣men vse to lay stones or timber vnder their postes or pillars to lengthen them when they are too short. This appendix Hippocrates often calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, which wee note but by the way.

An appendix therefore is a bone by it selfe, fastened to the whole bone by Symphysis or Coalition; not the vnition it selfe of one bone with another, for so there should be no difference betwixt Symphysis and Epiphysis, Coalition and the Appendix. That it is a bone by it selfe is manifest because it hath a proper and peculiar circumscription, and in young creatures may easily be separated without coction or putrifaction; yea it hath often been obserued that in young children it hath beene luxed, if I may so say, by a blow or by a fall and separated from his bone. This Appendix, is fastened to the principall bone b•• that kinde of Symphysis or Coalition which is made without a Meane, because the extremities or ends of the primary bone are softer then their middle parts. Now the substance of an Appendix is rare and lax: but saith Aristotle, Soft things are easily contained in the termina∣tion of another, and yeelde vnto them. This Coalition is not made by a plaine superficies or * 1.4 surface but by a mutuall ingresse of a head and a Sinus or bosome, which kind of coniunc∣tion doth much resemble that which afterward we shall call Ginglymos.

The substance of an Appendix is rare and lax, at first gristly, but in processe of time it groweth harder and drier because in the motion of the ioynts and their attrition the heat * 1.5 is stirred vppe which drieth and hardneth it. To the extremity of the Appendix Nature hath added a gristle that they might not be so subiect to outward iniuries, or if they hap∣pen to be broken yet the softnes of the gristle may helpe them to revnite againe. In old bodies they are so vnited with the principall part of the bone that they can very hardly be separated, yea they seeme to be very parts of their bones. All bones haue not this Appen∣dix, for in the lower iaw there is none. In some bones there is but one, as in the rootes of the ribs and in childrens teeth: in others it is double one at eyther end, as in the Legge, the Brace, the arme, the Ell and the Wand. In others it is treble, as in the haunch bone; some haue foure as the bone of the thigh, three in the vpper part and one in the lower. The vertebrae or rack bones haue fiue, two in the transuerse processes, two in the bodies, and one in the Spine. There are many Appendices which are ordinarily by the people taken for processes, as the tooth of the second Rack-bone, the great Trochanter, Styloi∣des, &c.

The vses of these Appendices or Appendances are diuers, Galen acknowledgeth a dou∣ble * 1.6 vse: one that in Bones which haue marrow they should serue in steade of a couer to keepe the marrow in, for that which is hollow and solid as is the lower iaw, doth keep in his marrow without an Appendix.

The other for more firme articulation, for a bone is better established vpon a large Basis, whereas if the bones should determine into a sharper poynte, their construction or articulation would bee more dangerous and deceitfull, and the bones easily and vppon a light offence would fall out of their seates. And herein Art immitateth Nature, for the Basis or foote of a Finiall or columne for more security is made large and broad. But be∣cause these Appendances are broade, Nature made them rare and laxe, least their wayght should presse too much vpon the parts vnder them.

To these vses of Galen we may also adde others, first that out of them the Ligaments might take their originall, which either fasten the bones or make the tendons or chordes of muscles. Falopius obserued that the Ligaments were not extended or lengthned be∣yond the appendices, as if the appendix bee short the Ligament is also short.

Moreouer, the Appendix being softer then the bone and harder then the Ligament, interposeth it selfe as a mediator betwixt the coniūction of the bones, for such is Natures vse to couple things that are extreame by those that are in a meane.

Adde hereto, that by the interposition of the Appendices the fracture of a bone, if it happen, is stayed and goeth no further, as appeareth in the sutures of the head.

Againe, Appendices were made for the conseruation of the ioynt. For a bone be∣ing very hard, if one hard thing should haue beene committed or conioyned to another, by reason of their continuall motion they would haue beene broken or at least worne as the teeth are, and therefore the bones were construed or conioyned by softer bodies.

Some out of Hippocrates doe imagine that the Appendix was made to bee as it were the belly of the bone wherein his Aliment is concocted, from whence by degrees it is per∣colated or strayned into his spongy or hollow parts. And thus much of the second part of a bone.

The third part of a bone the Grecians call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the Latines Processum, many o∣ther * 1.7 appellations it hath in Greeke and Latin, but wee take the most common. In Eng∣lish we call it a Protuberation or Processe, and may be described thus: A processe is a legi∣timate part of the bone, breaking out of the bone it selfe, and bunching beyond his plaine and euen surface: such as are the knags of Harts-hornes. Euery bone almost hath his pro∣cesses, but they are most conspicuous in the lower Iaw and in the racke-bones.

Their vse we acknowledge to be double: one for the originals and implantations of many parts, especially of muscles; for vnlesse the bones had protuberations or producti∣ons * 1.8 in them, neither muscles nor ligaments could grow from them. Another vse of these processes is, that in some parts they should supply the place of a defence as it is in the rack bones and in the shoulder-blades.

The differences of Appendices and Processes are taken from their Figure. For if * 1.9 the protuberation be round it is called a Head, whether it be an appendix or a processe. If from a narrow beginning it be by degrees dilated it is called a Necke. If it end in a cone or an acute termination it is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. An Appendix therfore or a Processe is three∣fould according to the variety of their figure, a Head, a Necke and a Point.

The Head is double, one which is absolutely called a Head, long and large, such as is * 1.10 the head of the Thigh-bone: the other depressed which is commonly called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, wee may properly English it a Knuckle.

The Necke is only of one sort, herein differing from the head, that for the most part the head is an appendix and the necke a processe. * 1.11

That which is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the Cone or Poynt, an acute or sharpe processe is mani∣fould. One is like a Bodkin, another like an Anchor, another like a Crowes-beake, and ano∣ther * 1.12 like the nipple of the Dugges.

The first is called Styloeides or Graphoeides; the second Anchyroeides, the third Cora∣coeides, and the fourth Mastoides.

Those processes which at the circumference of the cauities doe hang out like lippes and increase the depth of the Cup are called Browes or Lips or Verges or Brimmes or what you list, for all these things they doe resemble. And these are the parts of a bone in ge∣nerall.

The second thing to be considered in a Bone was the cauity, which was made for the * 1.13 articulation or construction thereof. Of cauities there are two sortes; some are deepe and some are shallow. The deepe cauities which haue high and large browes about them are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 a Cuppe, and indeed it is most like the new fashioned siluer bowles which are rounde and deepe, and the edges hanging ouer their cauities: such are found in the hanch-bone and in the shoulder-blade The superficiary or shallow cauities are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 from the cauity of the eye when the liddes are shut: and they are so obscure that at the first sight you may doubt whether they admit another bone or themselues enter into another: These cauities whether they bee deepe or shallow, Hippocrates calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 And these are the Appellations and names which we thought good in this place particu∣larly to explayne, because in the History of the Bones you shall meete with very frequent mention of them. Now we proceede vnto the structure and connexion of bones.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Three parts of a bone.
• * 1.2

  The principal
• * 1.3

  The appendix
• * 1.4

  Their Coali∣tion.
• * 1.5

  Their sub∣stance.
• * 1.6

  Their vses;
• * 1.7

  A processe.
• * 1.8

  Their vses.
• * 1.9

  How they dif∣fer from ap∣pendices.
• * 1.10

  The head.
• * 1.11

  The necke.
• * 1.12

  The poynt.
• * 1.13

  Differences of cauities.