Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. XXII. Of the Rackes of the Backe and the Loynes and the Holy-bone.

THe backe is called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, in Latine tergum, it consisteth of twelue * 1.1 rack-bones, [tab. 14. fig. 1 at ^D] iust so many as there are ribs on a side, for to euery rack-bone are two ribs [tab, 15. fig. 5^DP] articulated. The bodies of these Rackes as also their processes do differ somewhat from the bodies and processes of the rackes of the Neck. The bodies of the necke are long, broad

and equall, that vpon them the Gullet and the Rough Artery might leane more securely.

The bodies of the backe are round, conuex or embowed, thicker also and not so solid. The spinall processes of the necke are byfurcated, those of the backe are long, simple and do bend downward. The transuerse processes of the necke are broad and perforated. Of the backe, thick, solid and round, to make the articulation of the ribs more firme, excep∣ting the eleuenth and the twelfth, to which the last and the shortest ribs are fastned, that there might bee more space left for the Liuer, the Spleeue, and the parts thereunder.

Of the twelue Rackbones of the back, sometimes but rarely there is one wanting, more rarely is there one too many, yet for the most part dogs haue one more then men. They were made many for the better flexion of the spine, and are fastned together with strong Ligaments, [tab. 14. fig. 1 RR. ta, 15. fig. 6 ch. 5] yet there is a good quantity of gristle be∣twixt each of them. [Tab. 15, fig. 6. char. 1, 2]

The first tacke of the backe is called by the Ancients 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 because it standeth out be∣yond the rest, the second is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, the Axillary spondell: the eight fol∣lowing * 1.2 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, Costales belonging to the ribs. The eleuenth [ta. 15. fig. ••] called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, because his spine is right, and this like a naile fasteneth the other rackes. Lauren∣tius addeth, that it is quite contrary to the first, for the first receiueth and is not receiued, this eleuenth is receiued but doth not receiue. The twelfth is called [t. 15. fig. 4] 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the compassing spondell.

These Rack-bones haue in the middle protuberating, round and embowed bodies, * 1.3 [tab. 15. fig. 1] aboue and below [tab. 15. fig. 1, 2, 3, 4^A] plaine, thicker then the Rackes of the necke and lesse solid; full also of small perforations for the transportation of the ves∣sels that carry the nourishment. Their spinall processes [ta. 15. fig. 1 and 2^{N O P}] are long, simple and accute looking downward: the transuerse also [tab. 15. fig. 1, 2, 3, 4, ^{H I}] for the firmer articulation of the Ribs are crasse, solid and long, determining into a round head. They haue also ascending processes two [tab. 15, fig. 1 ^{T V}] & as many descending. [tab. 15, figure. 2, 3 ^{a b}] The transuerse processes of the eleuenth and twelfth racks [tab. 15. fig. 4 ^{e f g h}] do differ from the processes of the o∣ther spondels, which varie∣ty Galen attributed to the tenth racke, for in a Dog or an Ape the tenth is the mid¦dlemost, but in a Man the twelfth. * 1.4

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TABVLA. XV.

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See this Tables description in Lib. 6. Fol. 393.

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FIG I

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II

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III

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IV

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V.

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VI.

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VII.

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IIX.

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IX.

They haue also fiue Ap∣pendices, two at their bo∣dies aboue [tab. 15. fig. 3, ••] & below; two at the trans∣uerse processes, and one at the extremity of each spine They haue also two sinus or bosomes; [tab. 15. figu. 1 from C to D] one at the sides, another in the Trans∣uerse processes, both small & answerable to the heads of the ribbes, for into them the ribs are articulated. The holes of these Racke-bones [Table. 15. figu. 2, 3, 4^•] are proportionable to the mar∣row which they containe, and though Laurentius will not agree therto yet Bauhine con∣ceyueth that the marrow is attenuated in the descent, and so the holes of the lower rack∣bone

become straiter. And so much of the backe.

The Loines make the third part of the spine, and do consist of fiue Spondels [ta. 16. fig. 12 from ^b to ^c] the greatest and thickest of all the rest which are fastened by Gristles and thicke Ligaments; aboue, with the rackes of the Chest or the backe, [tab. 16. fig. 2 a shew∣eth the last racke of the backe] below, with the Holy-bone, [tab. 16. fig: 1 & 2 ^c] for they lye vpon them, and are articulated by the interposition of a Ligamentall gristle; yet so, that the motion of the Loines is more lax and dissolute then that of the backe: the Rea∣son was, because we might better incline our selues vnto the earth.

The first Rack of the Loynes is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 from the Kidny which resteth it selfe vpon it. The last is called by some 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, the supporter or the strengthner.

The Rackes of the Loynes, beside their lateral perforations made for the transmission of the Nerues, are also thrilled through with small holes.

Their processes are Ascending. [Tab. 16. fig. 4 & 5] Descending [fig. 4 ^N] & transuerse, [fig. 2 ^ee fig. 3, 4, 5 ^H] longer and slenderer then in the rest: but their acute processes which they call the Spine [tab. 16. fig: 3, 4, 5 CD] are thicker then in the rest and broader, that to them the Ligaments and muscles of the backe might be fastened. The Spondels also of the Loines (saith Laurentius) haue processes like a Medlar stone, which is found some∣time in them all, sometimes onely in the vppermost. And so much of the Loines.

The Holy-bone, called Os sacrum and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, not because it containeth in it any sacred and hidden mystery, as some haue fondly imagined, but because of his greatnesse, for it

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Table 16, figu. 1. sheweth the anterior part of the bones of the lower belly.

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Fig: 2. The posterior parts.

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Fig. 3, 4, & 5 do shew one of the Rackbones of the Loynes.

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The third figure his fore-part, the fourth Figure his backepart, the fift figure his side.

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TABVLA XVI.

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FIG. I.

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FIG. II.

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III

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IV

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V

• a 2, The last racke-bone of the spine.
• From b to c 1, 2. The fiue rackebones of the Loynes or of the Rhe••nes.
• From c to d, 1, 2. The broad Holybone.
• d 1, 2. The hip bone or the Coceyx.
• ee 1, 2. The laterall processes.
• f, 2. His posterior processe or the Spine.
• g, 2. The vpper processe.
• h 2, the lower.
• ii, 1, 2. The plainer or bunching part of the Coxa.
• k 2, His lowest processe.
• ll, 1, 2. A bosome or cauity in the lower part of that bone.
• mm 1, 2. The hanchbone called Os Illium and Lumbare.
• nn 1, 2, the sharebone Os pubis.
• qq 1, the hole of the share-bone.
• AA, 3, 4, 5. The vpper appendix of the bo∣dy of the racke.
• B, 3, 4. The lower Appendix.
• C, 3, 4, 5. The vpper part of the spine of the racke of the Loynes, or a broad & rough line.
• D 5 the lower seat of this spine or the lo∣wer line.
• E 5, A sinus or cauity at the side of the line D.
• F, G, 4, 5. The appendixe of the spine re∣sembling a triangle.
• H 3, 4, 5 A transuerse proces on either side
• I, 4. The right ascending processe.
• K, A sinus of the left ascending processe.
• L, M, 4, 5, the browes of this sinus before and behinde.
• N 4, The descending processe of the o∣ther side.
• O, 4, 5. The head of that descending pro∣cesse.

is the greatest of all the bones of the Spine, so Homer calleth great Fishes Pisces socros; and Hippocrates for the same reason calleth this Holy-bone vertebram magnam the Great rack-bone. It is also called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the broad bone. The figure of it is almost triangular, ha∣uing

a broade beginning, and ending by degrees into a narrownesse. Immoueable it is and maketh the Basis of the backe. Galen sayth it consisteth of three bones, by which hee vnderstandeth the three first, but the trueth is, that it is made of fiue bones [tab. 10. fig. 1. & 2. from ^c to ^d ta. 17. fig. 6. from ^A to ^F] as it were of proper rackes knitte and fastned together by gristles, which in growne bodies are so fast glewed that it seemeth to be but one bone, whereas in children the gristles betwixt the bones are very euident.

This Holy-bone on the foreside is hollow, smooth and equall; behind it is incurued or gibbous, rough also because of the Ligaments and the muscles of the backe. His acute processes are very small, the transuerse [ta. 17. fig 6. and 7. ^•] but obscure, and determining into a cauity shallow, vnequall and rough, which receiue the hanch-bones: ascending pro∣cesses onely the first racke of the Holy bone is allowed [tab. 17. fig. 6. 7. ^S] by which it is ar∣ticulated with the descending processes of the last spondels of the Loynes. In the sides of the three vpper bones there are certaine Sinus or bosomes insculped, to which the hanch-bones doe so cleaue and are articulated [table 17. figu. 7. ^M] that they seeme to grow toge∣ther.

It hath also Spines [table. 17. fig. 7. ^dddd] looking downeward, which in the fift and sixt bones are deuided into two parts. The perforations of this Holy bone [ta. 17. fig. 6. and 7. char. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 shew the holes of the nerues; fig. 7. ^efghik shew the holes for the marrow] are before and behind, not on the sides as in the other Rack-bones, because the haunches do occupy them, and the anterior are greater then the posterior, because greater nerues are distributed into the fore parts and into the hind parts.

At the end of the Holy-bone appeareth the Rumpe-bone called Os Coccygis, [tab. 16.

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TABVLA XVII.

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Table 17. Fig. 6. sheweth the fore side of the Holy-bone & the Rump. Fi. 7. the backeside. Fig. 8. the Rumpe-bone of a man curued forward. Fig. 9. the Rump bone of a woman curued backeward. Fig. 10. sheweth the foreside of the Ho∣ly and Rump-bones of an Ape. Fig. 11. their backeside.

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FIG. VI.

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VII.

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X

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XI

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XIII

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IX

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IIX

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XIV

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XII

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XV.

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XVI.

• From A to F 6. The sixe parts of the Holy bone placed vnder the fift racke of the Loynes.
• From G to K 6, 8, foure bones of the Coc∣cyx or rumpe which cleaue to the Holy bone.
• L L 6, 7, The large transuerse processe of the second Holy-bone, for the rest as farre as Rare by degrees angustated or straytned.
• M 7, an vnequal bosom of the Holy bone to which the right hanch bone is ioy∣ned.
• N 7, the exterior part of this sinus which is the plainer.
• O 7, a long protuberation distinguishing this exterior sinus from the interior, no∣ted with Φ.
• Φ 7 the interior sinus vnequall.
• P Q 7, the vpper and lower part of this si∣nus.
• R 6, 7, a swelling of the transuerse proces whereto a ligament is ioyned.
• S 6, 7, The ascending processe of the first bone. T 7, a sinus of the processe receiuing the head of the de∣scending processe of the fift racke of the Loynes. V X 7, the browes of this sinus on either hand. Y 7, The connexion of the descending processes of the first bone, with the ascending processes of the second bone. Z 6, 7, the coniunction of the transuerse processes of the first and second bones. a b 7, the connexion of the Holy-bone with the Rumpe. b b 6, 7, 8, a gristly ligament comming betweene the loose connexion of the Rumpe bones. c 7. 8, a gristle growing to the end of the Rumpe bone. d d d d 7, the spines of the Holy-bone. e f g h i k 7 Holes betwixt the distances of the spines made for the transmission of the spinall mar∣row. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, in fig. 6, & 7, holes through which the Nerues of the Holy-bone doe passe.

fig. 1. and 2. ^d tab. 17. fig. 8. and 9.] because it is like a Cuckoos beake. Galen calleth it an Ap∣pendix, and vnder that name vnderstoode the three lower bones that belong to the Holy∣bone.

This Rumpe consisteth of three or foure bones [ta. 17. fig. 6. and 8. from ^G to ^K] and two gristles. One where it is fastned but loosely to the Holy-bone [tab. 17. figu. 6. and 7. ^a] that it might yeeld backeward when the thicker excrements are auoyded, and when wee sitte downe returne forward into his place. In men it is curued or bent more inward to su∣staine the right gut, but in woemen outward, because of the necke of the wombe. The se∣cond gristle is at the very extremity or end of it, [tab. 17. fig. 3. and 7. ^c] sometimes also it is placed betwixt his first and second bones.

That this Rumpe-bone in the time of the birth is retracted or drawne backward, we doe no more doubt sayeth Laurentius then wee thinke it impossible that at that time the sharebones should be disioyned. And thus haue we brought to an end the History of the Spine which we made the first part of the Trunke. Now we proceed vnto the Chest.

Notes

• * 1.1

  How the rackes of the necke and the backe differ.
• * 1.2

  The first.
• * 1.3

  Their Figures
• * 1.4

  Appendices,