Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. V. Of the descending tranke of the hollow veine.

THE hollow veine called caua, because of his large cauity, is by the Grecians * 1.1 called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 the great veine, Galen sometimes, as in the fifth chap∣ter of his fourth booke de vsu partium calleth it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, the greatest veine. * 1.2 Hippocrates callet it 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Iecorariam the liuer veine. This is the common mother of all the veines, except the vmbilicall and the gate veines. It hath one beginning of Originall, that is, the seede, for it is made at the same time with the o∣ther spermaticall parts which are made or generated together, though some of them bee perfected and absolued before others.

Another beginning it hath of dispensation and radication, and that is, the Liuer, and therefore it is said to issue out of the gibbous part of the Liuer, where his substance is gre∣ter and thicker. For although the orifice of the hollow veine at the right ventricle of the heart be much larger then his capacity is in any other place; yet it doth not thence folow that it must arise from that right ventricle as Aristotle imagined, and after him Vesalius rather to carpe at Galen then that he was mooued thereto by any waighty reason. * 1.3

For the making and framing of this hollow veine, [tab. 3. fig. 2. and 3. and Tab. 4. shew it,] out of the vtmost circumference of the Liuer in the gibbous part thereof, [Tab. 2. fig. 2. C C.] do arise innumerable propagations of small veines [tab, 3. fig. 4. C C c. Ta. 4. E E E E. [which creeping by degrees toward the middle of the backside of the liuer, [tab. 4. C. C.] doe meete together, or vnite themselues into larger veines, & these againe into grea∣ter, till at length they all passe in the vpper part of the liuer where it regardeth the right side of the backe into two very notable branches [tab. 3. fig. 3. M, N.] the one dispersed into the right, the other into the left part of the Liuer: both which doe determine into one stalke,] Tab. 3. fig. 2. F. fig. 4. A. tab 4.] which is called cōmonly the trunke of the hollow veine. VVherefore this trunke applyeth it selfe, or inclineth from the right side of the liuer to the backe side where it entreth, as it were into a sinus or cauity, and with a short passage groweth to his substance.

This trunke is seated according to the length of the backe, and runs with a streight course throgh both bellyes that so it might conuay vnto the whole length of the creatures blood

(which is the common Aliment of all the parts) laboured in the Liuer in the rootes [Tab. 3, fig. 4. F F, tab. 4 K K K K] of the Gate-veyne; which rootes are implicated or intangled with the rootes of the hollow veyne, [Tab. 3, fig. 4, C C, Tab. 4, E E E E] dispersed confu∣sedly through the flesh of the Liuer touching one another in many places ouerthwart, [ta. 3, fig. 4, and tab. 4 shew this.] * 1.4 Many rootes also of the Gate-veyne do infix or fasten their extremities or terminations into the middle of the rootes of the hollow veyne, [tab. 3, fig. 4, G G G G Ta. 4, L L L] as on the contrary many ends of the rootes of the hollow veine are fastened into the middle of the rootes of the gate-veine. By which Anastomoses or inoculations the blood is transmitted out of one veyne into another, and so conueyed in∣to the whole body. For the hollow veyne is like a water-pipe full of blood which hath many riuerets some greater and some lesse issuing therefrom and distributed into all the parts. For Nature in this administration is not onely very prouident but also equall & in∣different, and therefore diuideth this veyne into many small parts, that each mēber might haue his due proportion, that is to say, Aliment answerable to the substance that wasteth away. So hot and soft parts and those that are much exercised do suffer great expence as the Lungs, and therefore their veyne is very large: but colder and harder parts which are moderately exercised, are not so easily dissolued, as the bones which therefore haue very small & slender veines. Betwixt these are all the other parts whereof some haue more eua∣cuation and some lesse, and therefore they want more or lesse nourishment.

Table 4 is the same with Table 14. Lib. 3. folio 132.

The hollow veyne for order sake, and perspicuity we diuide into an vpper trunk [ta. 3, fig. 3, ^D fig. 4, ^A ta. 4, aboue ^A] and a lower, [ta. 3, fig. 2, at ^c fig. 4, ^B ta. 4,^DD] the vpper piercing through the midriffe and climing vpward distributeth very many branches into al the su∣pior parts, of which we shall speake in the next chapter.

The discending trunke [ta. 5,^K] is lesser then that which ascendeth, because the vpper parts do require more blood; for that many parts in the lower belly contained receiue * 1.5 branches frō the Gate-veine. It adhereth on the right hand to the bodies of the rackbones (for on the left side [ta. 5,^L] the trunk of the great Artery lyeth vpon them) and before it de∣part altogether from the Liuer, it disperseth certaine small branches into his substance which are not in all men of the same number. After it leaueth the Liuer, it discendeth in∣clining something obliquely inward and disposeth from it selfe many branches of which we will now intreat.

The lower trunke of the hollow veyne [tab. 5,^•] is diuided into a trunke and branches. From the trunke which runneth vnto the great rack bone as Hippocrates cals it, or to the holy-bone, [tab. 5,ⁿ] commonly there issue foure veynes on each side.

The first is called Adiposa sinistra the left fatty veine. [Tab. 5.^g.] It issueth out of the left side of the trunke (although Eustachius be of the contrary minde) and presently being di∣uided * 1.6 sendeth one part to the fat, and to the vpper part of the vtter membrane of the kid∣neyes for their nourishment as farre as to the middle of the kidneys. It sendeth also to the glandule which groweth aboue the kidney and to the midriffe it selfe [Tab. 5.^A.] which veines on the inside are very conspicuous and vnited with the veines of the midriffe.

The other part it distributeth into the lower part of the foresayde membrane.

The right branch ariseth rarely from the trunke, most what from the vpper part of the middle passage of the emulgent [ta. 5.^f.] because the liuer which in this place is som∣what * 1.7 thicke [tab. 5.^{B C}.] & stoppeth vp or intercepteth the way vnto the hollow vein, and therefore the left is for the most part aboue the right, yet it is distributed after the same manner that the left was. And sometimes perforateth the glandule which groweth vpon the kidney with a surcle, which afterward is consumed into the vtter membrane of the * 1.8 kidney. It is very rare if both of them be produced from the Emulgent; more rarely do the two veins issue from the hollow vein aboue and neere the original of the Emulgent. The vpper of them reacheth a small branch vnto the glandule, the lower is by another surcle ioyned to the branch which runneth from the seede veine of the same side.

But if the left Emulgent be the higher, then sometime out of it the left fatty veine taketh his originall and the right from the trunke. So sometimes on the right hand be∣twixt the fatty veine and the Emulgent there issueth another veine which sprinkleth his branches vp into the midriffe, into the vpper part of the substance of the kidny and into the glandule of the same side.

Afterward when the trunke of the hollow veine hath attayned vnto the twelfth Rackbone of the Chest, and the first of the Loynes, then yssueth out of it the Emulgent.

The Emulgent which is the second of the foure we before made mention of, is so cal∣led * 1.9 from his office or function. In like manner because it is inserted into the Kidney, it is called Renalis the Kidney-veine.

[Table 5 is the same with Table 8. Lib. 3. Folio 115.]

It is the largest of all the veines that yssue out of the Trunke [Ta. 9.^d] for it is very thick yet short because they are as it were drawing stomackes and seruiceable to the Kidneyes. In Men and Apes they are on either side commonly but one, [Tabl. 5. vnder^{d e}] notwith∣standing sometimes the right Emulgent is double, euen from his originall as appeareth in the third Table of the fourth Booke the first Figure Char. 1. and 2. Sometimes it is tre∣ble, rarely double on either side, and this variety is not onely found in diuers bodies, but also in one and the same, so as the vesselles of the right side differ much from those on the left.

Their originall is seldome directly opposite one vnto the other, least the function or office of one should be interrupted. But the left is higher then the right in men but not * 1.10 in Dogges, because the left Kidney by reason of the smalnes of the Spleen, standeth high∣er, whereas the right is borne downe into a lower place by the magnitude of the Liuer. [Tab. 5.] The left Emulgent also is larger then the right, because of the Spermatical veine which was to arise therefrom. Sometimes also from the lower part of the left Emulgent where it is implanted into the Kidney, there yssueth a small braunch which is transmitted vnto the lower part of the fat membrane, and is oftentimes ioyned with the Spermaticall. The iourneyes of both the Emulgents is short and oblique, as appeareth in the third Tab. of the fourth booke; and about the middle and concauous Region of the Kidney before * 1.11 they get into their cauity, oftentimes in the very middle of their passage they are deuided into two or three, more seldome into foure or fiue equall braunches, which Hippocrates in his booke de ossium Natura, compareth to Anchors fastned in the cauity of the Kidney. These braunches of the Veine and the like of the Artery are implanted into deuided parts of the Kidneyes not ascending, which is rare and then only when it yssueth out of a lower place, but descending, and those braunches are in great numbers subdiuided into the sub∣stance of the Kidneyes till they become as small as hayres.

The vse of these Emulgents is to suck and draw the whaey or serous moysture from the blood and to drayne it, they conuay also therewith a part of the bloud it selfe for the * 1.12 nourishment of the Kidneyes, but least this bloud and whay should returne backe into the hollow veine, Nature hath placed values or flood-gates, as it is also in the Veines of the Spleene.

The third veine that yssueth from the descending trunke, is called Spermatica, or Semi∣nalis the Seed-veyne.

The right of these [tab. 5 h] which is sometimes double, ariseth with a swelling origi∣nall from the vpper side of the Trunke below the Emulgent rarely close to it, from which notwithstanding somtime it receiueth a small branch. The left ariseth [tab. 5, i] almost alwayes from the middest on the lower side. The reason whereof is because if it should haue stradled ouer the great Artery, [tab. 5, L] so small a veyne would haue beene indan∣gered by his pulsation: for eyther the continuall motion must haue broken it, or at least haue interrupted his office.

There is also somtime ioyned to this left Seed-veyne, a branch issuing from the trunk it selfe. The reason was, because the blood of the Emulgent being waterish, might bee assisted by the purity of the blood of the hollow veyne.

These Seed-veynes descending obliquely, and passing through the productions of the Peritonaeum or rimme of the belly aboue the share-bone, at the head of the Testicles are diuersly contorted and so attaine vnto that which they call Varicosum corpus or the Bodden body leading thether from the whole body the matter of the seede, as we haue she∣wed before in the fourth booke,

But in women although their originall be the same, yet they fall not out of the Peri∣tonaeum, neyther do they reach so farre as to the share-bones, but beeing supported with fat membranes are disseminated part of them vnto the Testicles, part vnto the bottome or soale of the wombe.

Moreouer they affoord slender surcles to the Rimme of the belly and to the coats which inuest the Testicles.

The fourth vessell that departeth from the lower trunke, is called Lumbaris or the Loyne∣veyne. They are two [tab. 5, ^mmm] or three arising from the lower part of the trunk, which * 1.13 is next vnto the spondels betweene foure rack bones of the Loynes, & they passe through the holes made for the out-gate of the nerues in the sides of the racke-bones. Their vse * 1.14 is to water and nourish the spinall marrow.

From these two veynes on each side one ascends into the braine at the side of the spi∣nall marrow which haply are those whereof Hippocrates maketh mention in his booke de * 1.15 Genitura, and it may be they bring a portion of the matter of the seed down frō the brain, whereof Aristotle in his Problemes was so confident that he sayth it hath beene seene.

After the departure of these foure veynes the Trunke descending vnto the holy-bone [Tab. 5, ^u] at the fourth rackebone of the loynes inclineth vnder the great artery, [Tab. 5, charact. 14,] that it might neyther be hurt by the hardnes of the bone, nor offended by the continuall motion of the Arterie, and is diuided into two equall branches called Rami Iliaci or the Illiack branches which resemble the letter Λ or γ inuerted, which run oblique∣ly * 1.16 aboue the haunch and the share-bones vnto the legge. Out of these on eyther side be∣fore the diuision do issue two veynes. The first is called Muscula superior [Tab. 5 ^npnp] the * 1.17 vpper muscle veyne, which ariseth euen in the very diuision frō the vtter side of the branch, sometime it issueth out of the trunke of the hollow veyne before the partition, and is transuersly or ouerthwart disseminated through the muscles of the Loynes of the Abdo∣men and through the rim of the belly; but their originall is not the same on both sides; & in dogs it is more manifest then in men. The second is called Sacra: [tab. 5, ^OO] or the * 1.18 holy veyne. It is but small, somtimes single, somtimes double, and it is conuayed through the vpper and forward holes of the hollye bone to nourish his marrow.

Afterward the Illiacke trunke on eyther side in his progresse [Tab. 5, ^I] is bifarcated into a vtter branch, [Tab. 5, ^S] and an inner, [Tab. 5, p] and the latter is smaller then the for∣mer: from the inner branch proceed two veynes.

The first is called Muscula media [Tab. 5, ^sss] the middle muscle veyne. It is the out∣ward propagation of the inner branch, and is deriued transuersly [Tab. 5, ^P] with many * 1.19 surcles into the muscles of the thigh which occupy the vtter part of the hips, into the skin of the buttocks, and into the neighbour parts.

The second is called Hypogastrica, [tab. 5, ^uu] the veyne of the water-course. It is the * 1.20 inner propagation of the interior branch. A notable veyne it is and sometimes double, & is diuided manifold, because it was to be distributed for the nourishment of al the parts almost in the Hypogastrium or Water-house. One part of it runneth vnto the muscles of the right gut, and maketh the outward Hemrod veynes by which somtimes an abundance of thinne blood, falling hether out of the hollow veyne, is auoyded without payne or * 1.21 torments of the belly; sometime also without paine in the Fundament, wheras the blood that issueth from the internall Hemrods made by the branch of the Gate-veyne is alwaies paineful in the auoyding. Another part runneth out in men vnto the bladder with great & large surcles, into the neck, I say, of the bladder and into the yard. But in women it is but a little lengthened, & beeing sustained with a fat membrane it disperseth some surcles into the bladder but many more into the lower part of the wombe and the necke thereof, by which oftentimes in womē with child, & as some say in Virgins the courses are auoided.

That which remaineth of his interior branch passeth on vnto the share-bone and assumeth vnto it selfe a little rillet from the external branch, which together make a veine [Tab. 5, ^y] which perforateth the Rim of the belly, and after also the tenth muscle of the thigh, and goeth through the hole of the share-bone.

From the vtter branch of the byfurcation of the Illiack trunke. [ta. 5, ^p] which attai∣neth obliquely vnto the thigh do issue three veynes: two before it fail through the Perito∣naeum, * 1.22 and one after.

The first is called Epigastrica. [ta. 5, char. 1 & 2] It issueth from the vpper part of the vtter branch: somtimes also but more rarely from the Crurall, and offereth branches to * 1.23 the rim of the belly and to the muscles and skin of the Abdomen. The chiefe branch of this veyne piercing through the Peritonaeum runneth vpward on both sides vnder the right Muscle distributing diuers small branches into the transuerse and oblique muscles and about the Nauill is ioyned by some surcles to the Mammary veyne that descen∣deth thether, by which Bauhine thinketh that notable consent is made betwixt the

breast and the wombe, for those Veines haue their originall from the same deuision, from whence those other haue it which attaine vnto the wombe and the bosome thereof. For their endes or extremities ioyne with the extremities of the Mammary veines which de∣scend through the capacity of the chest, and runne as farre as to the middle of the right Muscles, and in their descent doe send branches through the distances of the gristles vnto the roots of the Pappes.

The second is called Pudenda. [Tab. 5. char. 15.] It ariseth from the inside of the out∣ward * 1.24 bow after it hath gotten ouer the Coxa, and fallen into the thigh, and perforated the Peritoneum or Rim of the belly. It reacheth ouerthwart to the middle of the share bones, and is distributed with a wonderfull increase, in men into the Scrotum or Cod, and into the skinne of the yard, in women into the place of modestie, and the neighbour parts.

The third and last is called muscula inferior [Tab. 5 char. 1 ^•.] the lower muscle veine. It issueth from the outside of the vtter branch Tab. 5. c.] and running through the ioynt of * 1.25 the hip, is disseminated into the muscles and skin of that place.

The rest of the propagations which issue from both the trunkes [Taq. 5. p s] because they bee no longer called Iliacke but Crurall veines, wee will intermit till the tenth Chapter.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The name of the hollow veyne.
• * 1.2

  His begining
• * 1.3

  Whereof it is made.
• * 1.4

  The inocula∣tions of the gate and hol∣low veine.
• * 1.5

  The descen∣ding trunke of the hollow veine.
• * 1.6

  Adiposa sinistra
• * 1.7

  Dextra.
• * 1.8

  Their origi∣nall diuers.
• * 1.9

  The Emul∣gents.
• * 1.10

  their original
• * 1.11

  Their pro∣gresse & di∣uision.
• * 1.12

  Their vse.
• * 1.13

  Lumbares.
• * 1.14

  Their vse.
• * 1.15

  Hippocrates.
• * 1.16

  The Iliacke branch.
• * 1.17

  Muscula supe∣rior.
• * 1.18

  Sacra.
• * 1.19

  Muscula media
• * 1.20

  Hypogastrica.
• * 1.21

  The outward Hemrod.
• * 1.22

  From the out¦ward.
• * 1.23

  Epigastrica.
• * 1.24

  Pudenda.
• * 1.25

  Muscula infe∣rior.