Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. III. The differences of veynes.

THere are of the veynes innumerable & almost infinite surcles, yet al of them are saide to flow from fiue trunkes or bowes. For Anatomists doe account fiue especiall veynes. The hollow veyne, the Gate veyne, the vmbilicall veine, the arteriall veine and the venall artery. The Caua or hollow veyne is the largest of all the rest. It issueth out of the gibbous part of the Liuer, and is * 1.1 diuaricated or diuided into the stomacke, the spleene, the guts, and the Omentum or Kell. The vmbilical veine which is the Nursse of the infant runneth from the fissure or partiti∣on of the liuer vnto the Nauill, and whilest the infant is in the wombe it leadeth nourish∣ment vnto it, but after the birth it looseth that vse altogether and degenerateth into a liga∣ment. The arteriall veine hath both the name and office of a veyne, but is indeed an artery, and is all spent into the Lungs. The venall artery hath the coate and structure of a veyne, and might better be called a veine then an artery. The branches of this vessell are diuersly diuided and dispersed through the flesh of the whole Lungs. There are ther∣fore fiue vessels commonly called veynes, which we (because we endeuour to deliuer no∣thing but truth) will referre to two: the Hollow and the Gate veynes. For the vmbilicall * 1.2 veyne is a propagation of the Gate veyne, and is so continuated thereto that I cannot per∣swade my selfe but it is a branch thereof. The venall artery is a shoote of the hollow veine, as may bee prooued by that wonderfull inoculation in the heart of the infant before the birth, of which we spake in the 25 question of the fift booke, and the 15 chapter of the 6. The arterial veyne hath his continuity with the great artery, by the Arterial vessel in those places mentioned, and may rather be saide to be an artery then a veine, because it hath a double and thick coate. There remain therfore but two notable veynes, the Hollow and the Gate veynes. The rootes of both these veynes are confusedly sprinkled through the flesh of the Liuer, yet so that there are many moe rootes of the Gate veyne in the hollow side of the liuer, and fewer in the gibbous or conuex: on the contrary, there are many moe rootes of the hollow veyne which runne through the gibbous part of the liuer, and fewer through the hollow part: so that it seemeth sanguification is made rather in the hol∣low of the liuer, distribution and perfection in the gibbous or embowed part. The rootes of these two vessels (which hath beene obserued but of late yeares) are wonderfully ino∣culated one with another, for the extremities or ends of the rootes of the Gate veyne are * 1.3 fastened into the middle of the rootes of the hollow veynes, and the ends of the hollow veyne into the middle of the rootes of the Gate veyne, that so the bloud might flow and reflow out of one into another of them. Aristotle therefore in his second booke de par∣tibus Animalium saide true, (truer it may bee then hee wist, for haply hee had a Genius at his elbow) that all the veynes were continuall, yet Hippocrates before him hath the same thing in his booke de locis in homine; All the veynes saith he, doe communicate and flow mu∣tually * 1.4 one with and into another.

And this saith Lauren. I haue somtimes proued to be true in childrē new born, for if you put a hollow bugle into the vmbilicall veine and blow it, you shal perceiue that the guts, * 1.5 the branches of the hollow veyne, the heart and the very flesh of the Lungs will be disten∣ded because the vmbilicall veine endeth into the Gate veine. Now in the parenchyma or flesh of the liuer there are many inoculations of the gate and hollow veines. The hollow veine also hath a continuity with the venall artery, which is the proper vessell of the Lungs by a large hole. This therefore shall be the first and most generall diuision of the veines.

The peculiar differences of veynes are taken from their magnitude, number, site, of∣fice, and the name of the parts to which they are deriued. In regard of the magnitude * 1.6 some are great, some middle, some small. Great and large veines Hippocrates calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 hollow and sanguifluent because they yeelde aboundance of bloud if they be eyther wounded, or broken or opened. The lesser veynes are called Capillares, hairy or threddy veines because when they be diuided they yeeld, but slender and small streames of blood, and are easily stanched. Those parts that neede aboundance of nourishment or which are moued continually haue greater veynes. So the Lungs haue notable vessels, so the flesh and all hot and moyst parts haue great veynes; but bones, gristles, & ligaments very small veines.

From the number; some veynes are without companions, as that in the Chest called * 1.7

[illustration]

Table 1. Sheweth the hollow veine, whole and freed from the whole Body.

[illustration]

TABVLA I.

• A, The trunke of the hollow veine. the lower A A, At this place of the Liuer; is seated the left part of the veyne, and distributeth branches to the left side.
• B, Sheweth how the trunke of the hollow veine in the chest, to giue way to the heart, is curued or bowed to the right hand.
• Betwixt A and B; that part of the hollow veine which is betwixt the ••ibbous side of the Liuer and the Midriffe.
• C, the left midriffe veine called Phrenica finistra, from which surcles doe run in a man vnto the pursse of the heart, for the midriffe and it do grow together.
• D, the orifice of the hollow veine which groweth vnto the heart.
• E, the crown-veine called coronaria, which like a crowne compasseth the basis of the heart, and sprinkleth his surcles on the outside thereof as farre as to the cone or point.
• F F, the trunke of the veine, Azygos or non parill descending along the right side of the racke-bones vnto the loynes.
• G G, the lower intercostall veines, or the branches of the veine Azygos, which go vnto the distances betwixt the ribs, and affoord surcles vnto the muscles which lye vppon the ribs and the racke-bones, and the membranes of the chest.
• H, the diuision of the hollow veine into 2 subclauian trunkes neare the Iugulum vnder the brest-bone.
• I I, the subclauian branch tending on ey∣ther side vnto the arme, called by some Axillaris.
• K, the vpper intercostall veine which com∣monly sendeth three slips vnto the dist∣ances of the vpper ribs, vnto which the first intercostall veine sent no branches.

L L, the descending mammary veine: this descendeth vnder the brest-bone vnto the right muscles of the Abdomen, and affoordeth surcles to the distances of the gristles of the true ribs, to the Mediastinum, the muscles that lye vppon the breast and the skinne of the Ab∣domen. M, the coniunction of the mammary with the Epigastricke veine ascending about the Nauill vnder the right muscles. N, the veine of the necke called Ceruicalis, ascending toward the Scull which alloweth surcles to those muscles that lye vppon the necke. O, the veine called Muscula, which is propagated with many surcles into the muscles that occupy the lower parts of the necke and the vpper parts of the chest. P, Thoracica superior, the vpper chest veyne which goeth to the muscles lying vpyon the chest, to the skinne of that place and to the dugges. Q, the double Scapularis distributed into the hollow part of the shoulder∣blade and the neighbour muscles: so also betwixt P and R, sometimes small veines do reach vnto the glan∣dules that are in the arme-holes. R, Thoracica inferior running downeward along the sides of the chest & especially distributed into the muscle of the arme called Latissimus. S, the inner Iugular veine which en∣treth into the Scull after it hath bestowed some surcles vppon the rough artery. T, the externall Iugular veine. V. The diuision of this veine vnder the roote of the eare. X. A branch of the externall Iugular which goeth into the inside of the mouth, and is diuersly diuided into the parts therein contained. Y, the exterior branch distributed neare the Fances into the muscles of the chops and the whole skin of the head. Z, A portion of the branch, y, reaching vnto the Face. α α the veyne of the fore-head, α, Aportion of it creeping through the temples α, * A propagation that goeth vnto the skinne of the Nowle or Occiput. a a The veine called Cephalica, or the externall veyne of the arme which others call Humeraria. b Muscula superior, A propagation of the Cephalica veyne which goeth vnto the backward muscles of the neck. Betwixt b and d on the backeside issueth a branch from the Cephalica which passeth vnto the outside of the blade, and a portion thereof runneth betwixt the flesh and the skinne. d d A veyne from the Cephalica which attai∣neth vnto the top of the shoulder, and is consumed into the muscle that eleuateth or lifteth vp the arme & ••nto his skinne. e e A small veine from the Cephalica dispersed through the skinne and the muscles of the

arme. f, The diuision of the Cephalica into three parts. g, The first branch runneth deepe vnto the mus∣cles which arise out of the externall protuberation of the arme. h The second branch which goeth to make the median veine. i i, The third branch running obliquely aboue the wand and the outside of the arme. k, From this branch certaine surcles are diuided into the skin, the chiefe whereof is marked with k. l, The third branch at the wrist which is ioyned at l, with the branch of the Basilica marked with x. m, The Basi∣lica which or the right hand is called Hepatica, on the left hand Lienaris. n, o, A branch of the Basilica go∣ing to the heads of the muscles of the cubit at n, and to the muscles themselues at o. p, A notable branch of the Basilica running obliquely, and bestowing surcles to the muscles that issue from the externall protu∣beration. This branch descendeth together with the fourth nerue. q, The diuision of the Basilica into two branches, and that that is noted with q, is ouer accompanyed with an arterie. s, A branch of this veine bestowed vppon the skin of the arme. t A branch of the Basilica which together with the branch of the Cephalica marked with h, makes the mediana or middle veine marked with a. n, A branch of the Basilica going to the inner head of the arme. x x, A branch issuing out of the former that creepeth along vnto the wrest and toward the little finger conioyneth it selfe with a branch of the Cephalica. y, A veine running out vnto the skin at the outside of the cubit. Vpper z, a propagation issuing out of a branch of the Basi∣lica marked with t. Lower z, A branch of the Basilica x, going to the inside of the arme. α, The Median or common veine. β, The partition of the median veine aboue the wrest, this diuision should haue beene made aboue γ. γ, The externall branch of the partition which goeth to the outside of the hand. ♌, From which issueth a small branch to the inside. ε, The internall branch vnder ε, which toward the middle and the ring finger is especially disposed. {que}, The veine of the thumb dispersed into his mountenet or hillock which is conioyned with the branch noted with ♌. ζ, The trunke of the hollow veine from which issue branches vnto the parts seated vnder the liuer. n, The farty veine called Adiposa sinistra which goeth vnto the fat of the kidnies. θ ••, The two Emulgents which leade wheyey blood vnto the kidnies. Λ μ, The two spermaticall veines leading the matter of the seede vnto the tessicles. V, The beginning of the bodden ves∣sell called vas varicosum. ξ, The veines of the loynes called Lumbares which are sent in knots or knees to the rackebones, to the marrow of the backe, to muscles that he vppon the loynes, and to the Peritonaum. o, The bifurcation of the hollow veine into the Illiack branches, which bifurcation is not vnlike Λ. π, Mus∣cula superior, a transuerse branch going to the muscles of the Abdomen and to the Peritonaeum. p ••, The di∣uision of the left Illiacke veine into an inner branch a p, and an vtter at σ. τ, Muscula media the vtter pro∣pagation of the branch 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 distributed through the muscles of the coxa and the skin of the but tockes. ν, An inner propagation of the same branch 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 which goeth vnto the holes of the holy bone. φ, The veine called Sacra which goeth to the vpper holes of the holy bone. χ 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, The veine Hypogasirica distributed to the bladder, to the muscles of the fundament, and the necke of the wombe. ω, A veine arising from the vtter branch marked with σ which is ioyned with some branches of the internall veine, neare the holes or perfo∣rations of the share bone, ε••, A veyn which when it hath passed the share bone distirbuteth one branch into the cup of the coxendix & to the muscles of that place. x, Another small branch which runneth vnder the skin at the inside of the thigh. χ, The congresse or meeting of the foresaid veine with a branch marked with char. 2, and distributed into the leg. Γ, The Epigastricke veine, a propagation of the vtter branch σ perfo∣rating the Peritonaeum, whereto as also to the muscles of the Abdomen and the skin it offereth branches, the chiefe branch of this veine is ioyned with the descending mammarie about the nauell at M. Δ, Pudenda an inner propagation of the branch σ, running ouerthwart vnto the priuities. Θ, Saphaena or the ankle vein or the inner branch of the crurall trunke, which creepeth through the inside of the leg vnder the skinne vnto the tops of the toes. Λ, The first interior propagation of the Saphaena offered to the groine. Ξ, The vtter propagation thereof diuided to the foreside or outside of the thigh. Π. The second propagation of the Saphena going to the first muscle of the leg. Σ, The third propagation of the Saphena going to the skinne of the whirle bone, and vnto the Hamme. Φ, The fourth propagation of the Saphena dispersing his surcles forward and backeward. ψ, Branches from this vnto the foreside of the inner ankle, to the vpper part of the foote, and to all the toes. Ω, Ischias minor called also muscula interior, the vtter branch of the crurall trunk diuided into the muscles of the conxendix, and to the skin of that place. 1, 2, And this also may be called mu∣scula. 1, the exterior and lesser which passeth into some muscles of the leg: 2, the interior greater and deeper vnto the muscles of the thigh. 3, 4, The veine called Poplitea, made of two crurall veines diuided vnder the knee. 5, From this a surcle is reached vpward vnto the skinne of the thigh. 6, But the greater part runs by the bent of the knee vnder the skinne as farre as to the heele. 7, Also to the skin of the outward ankle. 8, The veine called Suralis or calfe veine, because it runneth vnto the muscles that make the calfe of the leg. 9, The diuision of the Surall veine into an exterior trunk 9 and an interior 14. 10 11, The diuision of the exterior trunke vnder the knee into an externall branch, which along the brace attayneth vnto the muscles of the foot 11, and in internall, 12, 13. 12, 13, Which descending a long the outside of the legge to the vpper part of the fotte is clouen into diuers branches, and in the backe of the foote mixeth it selfe with Poplitea, or hamme veine 20. 14, The interior branch of the Surall veine which runneth into the backeside of the leg. 15, A branch hereof descending to the inside of the heele and the great toe and is diuided into di∣uers surcles. 17, Isch as maior issuing out of the internall trunke at 14, and running through the muscles of the calfe. 18. A propagation hereof deriued vnto the vpper part of the foot, and affording two surcles to e∣uery toe. 19, The remainder of the inner trunke 14, behinde the inner ankle, approcheth to the bottome of the foote and is consumed into all the toes. 20, the commixtion of the Veine Poplitea with the surall or Calfe-branch at 13.

Azygos or the nomparell. Others haue companions, as almost all the rest. Others againe are solitary, that is, haue no artery accompanying them, as the veine of the arme which is called Humeraria, others haue arteries bearing them company.

This by the way we must obserue, that the veines are more and greater then the ar∣teries, because they containe a thicker Aliment and more cloudy spirit,

From the situation a veine is sayd to bee vpper and lower, ascendent, descendent; right, left; externall, internall, so the splenicke branch is called sinister the left, the mesen∣tericke dexter the right. So Hyppocrates in his booke de victus ratione in acutis, calleth the Basilica venam internam, the internall veine, because it runneth through the inside of the cubit, and the Humerarta he calleth externam, because it runneth on the outside.

In respect of their office or function, some veines are called Emulgentes the suckers because they sucke and separate wheyie humours; others spermaticae, because they giue the seede a rudiment.

In respect of the parts through which they run, the veins haue diuers names, Iugulares, Phrenicae, Renales, Iliacae, Hypogastricae, Epigastricae, Axillares, Humerariae, Crurales, Popliteae, Malleoli, &c. because they run through the sticking place, the midriffe, the kidneyes, the hanches, the watercourse, the lower belly, the arme pits, the armes, the legs, the hammes and the ankles.

But because you might haue, as it were, in one view all the veines of the body, to know their deriuations, we haue to this chapter annexed a table which exhibiteth the course of the hollow veine from the crown of the head to the soale of the foote, and the description adioyned thereto, which wil poynt out euery particular. As for the skin veines how they appeare on the surface of the whole body, you haue also a general view of them in the eight chapter of the second booke, and therefore we will not repeate their Tables in this place, but descend vnto the particular hystory, beginning with the gate veine.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Fiue vessels called veines.
• * 1.2

  Two veines onely.
• * 1.3

  Their inocu∣lations.
• * 1.4

  Hippocrates.
• * 1.5

  Laurentius his obseruation.
• * 1.6

  The peculiar difference of veynes from the magni∣tude.
• * 1.7

  Number.