Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. V. Wherein all the differences of Muscles are showne.

THE Muscles doe differ among themselues in their substance, quantity, fi∣gure, site, originall, insertion, fibres, parts, vse and action. If you consider the substance, some are fleshy all ouer as the sphincters and muscles of the * 1.1 tongue others are almost all neruous or membranous, as that abductor or fro-ward muscle of the Legge which is called Membranosus or fascia••ata, the broad Rowler.

The quantity considereth the dimensions; now dimension is threefould. Length, and * 1.2 hence some Muscles are long, as the right muscles of the abdomen and the abductor of the Legge, and some short. Bredth and hence some are broad as the oblique and transuerse muscles of the abdomen, and the broade muscle which beareth down the arme, and others narrow: the last dimension is altitude whence some are thicke, as the two large muscles called Vasti, and some are thinne or slender; so much for the quantity.

The figures of the Muscles are manifould, some like a Mouse, some like a Snake, some like a Plaice. Againe, some are triangle, some quadrangle, some fiue cornerd, some py∣ramidall * 1.3 or spiry, and some orbicular or round. To this kinde we may referre the Mus∣cles called Deltoides, Rhomboides, Scalenus, Trapezius and such like.

From the situation, the diuision or difference of Muscles is very elegant: this site * 1.4 wee consider in the position of the fibres and in the differences of place: from the posi∣tion or tract of the fibres some muscles are right, some oblique and some transuerse. The oblique are are most fitte for oblique or side motions, the right for more exact flexion or extention.

The differences of the place according to the length doe make the muscles higher or lower: according to the breadth, right and left: according to the height, forward, backe∣ward, internall and external. Those occupy the inside which bend the part and those the out side which doe extend it: and so much for the site.

In respect of the originall some arise from Bones, and these now from their heads or * 1.5 extuberations when they behoued to be greater; now a little lower or from the cauities; sometimes from one bone sometimes from more; others from Gristles, as the proper muscles of the Larynx or throttle; others from a membrane incompassing the Tendons or Chords, as those which are called Vermiculares or the wormy muscles; others from o∣ther parts, as the sphincters.

The difference from the insertion is; that some are inserted into a bone, some into a Gristle, as those of the throttle and the eye-lids; others into a membrane, as those which * 1.6 mooue the eye; others into the skinne, as those of the lippes; others into other bodies: some also there are which hauing distinct originals doe yet end and determine into one part: and some againe hauing but one originall are inserted into diuers parts. And so much of the insertion.

Now if you marke the texture of the Fibres, they are of one kinde almost in all Mus∣cles: and yet there want not some which haue two or three kinde of fibres manifestly ap∣pearing * 1.7 in them, as that which is called Pectoralis and Trapezius, as also the Muscles of the Lippes, from whence come their diuers and different motions.

The eight difference of Muscles, is from the diuersitie of three parts; now by parts in this place I meane both the especiall parts of the Muscle it selfe, and those parts or places * 1.8 wherein such Muscles are seated. The parts of the Muscles are three as we haue sayd, the

Head the Belly and the Tayle. Most Muscles haue but one Head, some two, and some three, from whence they are called Bicipites and Tricipites. The Belly sometimes is one and sometimes two as in the Muscle which shutteth the lower Iaw and that of the bone Hyois which is at the roote of the Tongue, which Muscles from their double bellies are called Digastrici. The Tendon is in some broade and membranous, in others round, in some short, in others long, in some perforated, in others there is none at all, in others but one, and in others many Tendons: sometimes also you shall perceiue diuers Muscles to determine into one Tendon, as in the leg of the Twins & the Soale is made one Chord or Tendon.

From the parts in which the Muscles are seated they haue also names to distinguish them from others, as Crotaphitae or temporall Muscles, Rachitae or Spinati, that is, Thorny * 1.9 Muscles, and Iliaci, that is, Muscles of the Ilia or Flankes. Finally the most necessary dif∣ference of Muscles, as I thinke, is taken from their vse and action. The action of a Muscle is voluntary motion: therefore according to the variety of their actions shall be the diffe∣rences * 1.10 of the Muscles; which I am wont to referre to three especiall ones. The first shall be this. Muscles are either of a kindered, or of an aduerse faction. I call those a kin which do conspire and agree into one and the same worke, as the two Flexors, and the two ex∣tensors, the one of which vseth to occupie the right, the other the left side. Those of the aduerse faction are called Antagonists opposites or Concurrents, which performe actions contrary or succeeding one to another. For euery Muscle almost hath set vnto him ano∣ther, whose action is contrary to his, as to a flexor is set a tensor, to a leuator is set a depressor to an adductor is set an abductor onely we must except the two spincters, and the Crema∣sters or hanging Muscles.

Those that are a kinne are almost alwayes alike in magnitude number and strength, but the opposites are not alwayes so equall, but vary much according to the weight of the part which is to be mooued, or the vehemency of the action. So they are but two which bow the head, but to stretch it out and lift it vp there are twelue. Againe, there are many which close the neather Iaw, and but onely two that open it: for heauy things or parts do easily fall with their owne weight.

Of these Muscles which are of a kinne Galen hath left this rule. As often as those mus∣cles which are of a kinne are in opposite parts equall in number, magnitude and strength, the re∣solution * 1.11 of one makes the conuulsion of the other. And of the opposites or Antagonists he wri∣teth thus in his first booke de motu Musculorum. Of those motions that succeeed one another if one perish the other must needs be taken away. For if that which extendeth bee cut a sunder, the part indeed shall be contracted or bent, but it shall alwayes so remaine because the muscle that should extend is cut asunder.

The second difference of Muscles taken from the variety of their motion or action shall be this. Some Muscles moue themselues, others other bodyes. They which mooue * 1.12 themselues are the spincters of the fundament and the bladder: they which moue another body beside their owne mooue a bone, or some other thing then a bone. Those which moue a bone doe end in Tendons either greater or lesse: they which moue another thing beside a bone, some of them haue Tendons, and some haue none. They which moue such parts as are easily moued haue none, because their motion is not vehement as the Muscles of the Tongue and of the Testicles; but the Muscles of the Eyes haue Tendons, because being continently and perpetually mooued, though it bee but a small part yet it needes a strong moouer.

The third difference of the Muscles taken from the varietie of their actions respecteth their peculiar motions which are diuers; from whence they are called Flexores, Tensores, * 1.13 Attollentes, Deprimentes. Adductores, Abductores, Rotatorii, Circumagentes, Masseteres, Cremasteres, Spincteres. That is, Benders, Stretchers, Heauers, Sinkers, Too-ward, Fro-ward, Rowlers, Compassers, Mangers, Hangers and Binders.

Notes

• * 1.1

  All the diffe∣rences of mus¦cles. The first.
• * 1.2

  The second,
• * 1.3

  The third,
• * 1.4

  The fourth.
• * 1.5

  The fift.
• * 1.6

  The sixt.
• * 1.7

  The seuenth.
• * 1.8

  The eight.
• * 1.9

  Of their place.
• * 1.10

  The ••. from their vse and action. From the va∣riety of ac∣tion three differences. What muscles are a kinne. What are Antagonists.
• * 1.11

  A rule con∣cerning mus∣cles that are a kinne. Another con∣cerning op∣posites.
• * 1.12

  The 2. diffe∣rence of the muscles taken from the actions.
• * 1.13

  The third difference.