Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. XL. Of the muscles of the Toos.

THe foure toes of the foote are moued almost with the same motions that the fingers of the hands are mooued with. But the great or thumbe-toe is not led after the same maner with the thumb of the hand, that is, with a flexion opposit to the other fingers but his first ioynt is bent after the same manner with the first ioynts of the rest of the toes, be∣cause his position is in the same order. The toes therefore are moued directly or side∣long. If directly, then either they are bent toward the earth, euery ioynt being mooued * 1.1 apart, and that either directly onely, as the second and third ioynts of the foure toes, and the second of the thumbe or great toe; or directly & obliquely together, as the first ioynts of all the fiue toes. If they be extended, the extention is made directly or in a right line, and so all the ioynts are moued together. If they moue to one side that motion is eyther outward, as when the foure greater are led to the little toe, and the little toe led from the * 1.2 rest: or inwarde when the thumbe-toe is ledde from the rest and the foure lesser toes moued toward it. All these motions are absolued by three and twenty muscles, whereof some are seated in the leg, that is to say part in his fore part & part in his backpart. Others are placed in the foote it selfe, properly so called.

The first muscle of the toes is called Pollicis tensor, the extender of the great toe or the * 1.3 first extender, [Tab. 33, fig. 8, 9,^o] It is seated in the foreside of the legge, together with that which next followeth at whose inner side it lyeth.

It ariseth fleshy from the outside of the legge where the bone of the leg or the Tibia departeth from the Brace or the Eibula. After it descendeth and groweth in his whole passage to a membranous ligament which commeth betwixt the leg & the Brace bones and so attaineth vnto the foreside of the leg; thence creeping vnder the transuerse liga∣ment [Tab. 31, fig. 1, char. 2] and ouer the foote, it is inserted into the vpper part of the whole length of the great toe to extend it. Sometimes the tendon is diuided into two, one of which is inserted into the last ioynt of the great toe, the other into the wrist of the soote to bend it. And this latter tendon in some bodies seemeth to be a distinct muscle. But that saith Columbus is very rare.

The second extender [Tab. 31, and those that follow fig. 1, 3, 7, 8, 9, P] is placed in the * 1.4 forepart of the leg, but lurkerh vnder the sixt muscle of the foote. It ariseth with an acute and neruous originall [Tab. 33, fig. 8, char. 10.] which presently becommeth fleshy, from the top or extremity of the appendix of the leg, where vnder the knee it is fastened to the Brace; thence it descendeth directly along the Brace and about the middle thereof it * 1.5 casteth off from his outside a fleshy portion, [tab. 31, & those that follow fig. 8, 9,^P] which portion descending downeward, maketh that muscle which Fallopius calleth the ninth muscle of the foote: presently falling yet lower vnder the transuerse ligament which is on the foreside of the leg, [tab. 31, fig. 1, char. 2,] to which it adhereth; at the end of the Fi∣bula or Brace it degenerateth into a tendon, [tab. 33, fig. 8, charact. 12,] which tendon be∣fore it passe the transuerse ligament is diuided into foure round tendons separated & con∣ueyed through the backe of the soale vnto the foure toes, (beside the great toe) which run through their whole length, and becomming broader are inserted into their vpper parts. Their vse is to extend the three ioynts of the foure toes together.

The third muscle of the toes is called Pollicis Flexor, the bender of the great toe, or the * 1.6 first bender, [ta. 31, and those that follow, fig. 2, 7, 16, 17,^Q] and is seated with that which next followeth in the backpart of the leg vnder the muscles, which make the Pulp or Calfe, and it is almost altogether fleshy.

It ariseth [figure 16, character 13,] from the backe-part at the connexion or con∣iunction of the Brace with the Legge-bone, and growing for a time to the Brace, it appro¦cheth to the ende of the Legge-bone, where from his inside there issueth a rounde Ten∣don, [figure 16, 17, character 14,] which may bee seene manifestly to haue his origi∣nall out of the flesh, [Table 36, figure 16, ω] which tendon passeth obliquely vnder the Ankle at the inside of the heele, where a cauity is engrauen for it, and

where also it is couered with a transuerse ligament: thence it inclineth vnder the plant or treade of the foote, at which place sometimes it transmitteth certaine small portions into the tendons of the third muscle with which it is commixed, [fig. 16, cha. 19] and when his especiall tendon is receiued by the transuerse ligament, it is inserted with a broade im∣plantation into the second bone of the great toe after it hath passed the length of the first, which second bone it bendeth. Sometime vnder the soale it is diuided into two tendons the larger wherof it transmitteth to the great toe, the lesser vnto the next, and then the se∣cond bender is diuided onely into three tendons and no more. This tendon before it is in∣serted into the second bone of the great toe hath a great seede-bone set before it with a slippery and smooth surface.

The fourth Muscle of the Toes or the second Bender which is called Digitorumflex, or magnus, the great Bender of the Toes [tab. 36. fig. 16, 17, 18, R] lyeth neare the formet * 1.7 and leaneth rather vpon the Legge then vpon the Brace-bone [table. 36. fig. 18, rather A then B,]

It ariseth fleshy from the Leg-bone vnder the hamme [fig, 16. cha. 8] and descending almost to the heele, it produceth from the inside a round tendon [fig, 16. char. 7.] which passing along vnder the inner ankle, and in a peculiar cauity of the heele [fig, 19, ^••] and vn∣der the transuerse Ligament which groweth from the appendixe of the Legge, it run∣neth vnder the tendon of the third Muscle in the soale of the Foote with which it maketh a decussation [fig. 17. betwixt the 17, and the 15, characters] and in the middle of the foot is deuided into foure tendons, [fig. 17, char. 18.] which being bound with Ligaments and passing through the Section or diuision of the Tendons of the subsequent muscle are in∣serted broade according to the length of the bone into the third ioynt of the foure Toes. The vse of this Muscle is to bend those foure toes, to contract them strongly and to lead them one to another.

The fift Muscle is also the third bender. [ta. 36. fig, 16, 17. S] it is seated vnder the mid∣dle of the soale and ariseth with an originall mixed betwixt a neruous and a fleshy from * 1.8 the lower part of the heele-bone, and the forepart of his protuberation. Presently after his originall it becommeth fleshy and passeth toward the Toes, being by degrees dilated or spread abroad according to the forme of the foote. At the middest whereof it is deui∣ded into foure fleshy parts; [ta. 36. fig. 16. char. 21.] which parts being separated doe each of them produce a round tendon which are receiued at the roote of the first ioynt by the transuerse Ligament, and being deuided (as it is in the hand) with a long section each of them growing broade, are inserted into the second bone of the foure Toes.

The vse of this Muscle is to bend the second ioynt of the foure Toes. There also groweth very strongly a broade tendon [ta. 34. fig. 15. ζ] vnder all the fleshy substance of this Muscle, which serueth insteade of the broade tendon of the hand, and sometimes is the tendon of the third muscle of the Foote which is called Plantaris. This tendon is of exquisite sense the better to forwarne vs vppon the instant of externall iniuries.

[Table 36. is the same with 31. Folio 806.]

The sixt Muscle is called Abductor pollicis inferior, the lower backe-leader of the great * 1.9 Toe. [tab. 31. and those that follow, fig, 1, 2. 7, 11, 16, ^g] It lyeth to the inside of the Foote throughout the length thereof, and resembleth the fashion of a Mouse. His originall is neruous from the heele on the inside neare the muscle foregoing, and becomming fle∣shy it is fastned to that bone of the wrest of the Foote which supporteth the great Toe, & degenerateth into a round tendon which is implanted on the outside into the first bone of the said great Toe to lead it from the rest.

The seauenth Muscle is called Abductor minimi digiti inferior, the lower back-leader of the Little Toe. [tab. 31. and those that follow, fig. 3, 4, 15, 16. V] It is situated in the ex∣ternall * 1.10 part of the Foote and ariseth with a neruous originall from the vtter part of the Heele where there is a protuberation, and becomming fleshy it expresseth the forme of a perfect Muscle, and is affixed to that processe of the wrest-bone which sustaineth the lit∣tle Toe, and determineth into a round Tendon which is infixed into the outside of the first bone of the little Toe to lead it from the rest.

These three are couered or inuested by a thicke and broade tendon as it was in the palme of the hand.

The 8. 9. 10. and 11. Muscles, or the 3. 4. 5. and 6. Extenders, called also Lumbricales, * 1.11

Table 38. sheweth the Muscles of the Foote and the Toes thereof. But the 18. the 19. Figures shew the right Foote as did those two in the 34. Table, but here it is more bared from the Muscles.

[illustration]

TABVLA XXXVIII.

[illustration]

FIG. XVI

[illustration]

FIG. XVII.

[illustration]

FIG. XX.

[illustration]

FIG. XIIX.

[illustration]

FIG. XIX.

• a 16, The backe of the hanch bone bate.
• b 16. A membranous ligament oc∣cupying the greate perforation of the share bone.
• l m 18. The beginning of the fift extender of the Foote at l, his tendon at m 18, & 19.
• n 18. A portion of the Tendon of the first bender of the foot.
• p 16, The tendon of the 3. muscle extending the foote.
• •• u 19. the 2. bender of the foot or the first Peroneus reflected in the foote.
• x x 16. two fleshy partes compas∣sing the Tendons of the tenth muscle of the thigh.
• x 19. The insertion of the 3. ben∣der of the foote.
• A 18, 19, The bone of the leg.
• B 18, 19. the Brace.
• C D 18, The bosome or cauity of the tendons othe 2, and 3, mus∣cle ••f the toes
• E 18, Small bones neare the first ioynt of the great toe.
• F 19. a. igamēt going betwixt the bones of the leg and the Brace.

H 16, the 3, extender of the Foote called Plantaris. I 16. the 4. extender of the foote called Soleus. K 18, 19, the fift extender of the foote called Tibiaeus posticus. M 16, 18, 19. the 2, bender of the foote or the first Peroneus. N 18, 19. the 3, bender of the foot or the second Peroneus. Q 16, 17, 18, the first muscle bending the toes of the foote or the bender of the great toe. R 16, 17, the second bender of the toes or their great bender. S 16, 17, the 3 muscle bending the toes or their other bender. T 16. the lower abductor of the great toe. V 16, the abductor of the little toe. X 17, 18, the foure muscles called Lumbricales. Z 16, the muscles called Interossei or the bone bound muscles. Λ 16, the muscle mouing the Leg obliquely called Popliteus. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 16, the first bender of the thigh called Lumbalis descendens. τ 16, the 2, bender of the thigh called Illiacus internus. φ 16, a portion of the first compasser of the thigh. ψ 16, the first extender of the foot called Gastrocnimius internus. ω 16, the second extender of the foote called Gastrocnimius externus. * 16, the thigh bone bare. 1, 2, 3, Char. 19, three Sinns or bo∣somes made to carry three tendons. 3, char. 16, a ligament hanging from the ioynts of the Toes, doing the office of the broad tendon. 4, 5, char. 16, the originall of the muscle of the ham called Poplitaeus at 4, his insertion at 5. 13, char, 16, the originall of the first bender of the toes. 14, 15, char, 16, 17, the tendon of that muscle at 14, his insertion at the great Toe 15. 16, char, 16, the beginning of the second bender of the toes. 17, cha, 16, 17, the tendon of the same arising there. 18, char, 17, the tendon deuided into foure parts. 19, char, 18, the commixtion of the tendons. 20, 21, char, 16, the third bender of the toes, his originall from the heele at 20, his diuision into foure tendons at 21. 22, char, 16, 17, 18, a fleshy portion growing to the bones of the foote at the great toe,

[illustration]

Figure 20, sheweth the Ligaments growing to the ioynts and the Bones of the Leg & the Thigh.

A B, The thigh bone at A his vpper head at B. C D, the 2 lower heads thereof. E, the bone of the leg. F, his vpper protuberation. G, the lower sinus or cauity. H, the inner ankle. I, the Brace∣bone called Fibula. K, the vtter ankle. L the vpper, a round ligament of the head of the thtgh. L the lower, a muscle in the calfe or the fourth of the foote. M M, a ligament compassing the vpper ioynt of the thing. N, A ligament growing to the greater processe of the thigh. O, A Ligament affixed to the lesser processe of the thigh. P P, a ligament involuing the ioynt of the knee. Q R, a ligament set to the vtter and inner side of the knee. S, a ligament coupling the protuberation of the leg-bone marked with F and the thigh together. T V, a ligament binding the leg-bone and the Brace together aboue and below. X, a membranous ligament sastning together the Leg and the Brace. Y Z, a transuerse ligament gathering the nerues. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 a tendon made of three mus∣cles of the foote and inserted into the heele. a, b, ligaments ioyning the heele to the Leg and the Brace: from the bone of the leg to the heele at a from the Brace to the heele at b. c d, A gristly Ligament running from the inner Ankle into the inside of the Talus at c: another ioyning the Brace to the Talus.

the wormy Muscles [tab. ••6. figu. 17, 18, x] are seated vnder the soale of the Foote, and ari∣sing from the Ligament which compasseth the foure tendons of the perforating Muscle or the second Bender, are implanted round and small into the Tendons of the Muscle ex∣tending the Toes, to extend or streatch forth their second or third ioynts. These Mus∣cles for their farther strength receiue a fleshy portion from the heele, which lyeth vnder the three forenamed Muscles.

The twelfth Muscle called Abductor digitorum superior, the vpper backe-leader of the Toes, [tab. 31. fig. 1, 8, 9, 10, 11, TY] is seated in the vpper and gibbous part of the Foote. * 1.12 It is a broade and slender muscle, and ariseth fleshy from the Ligaments which are at the heele and the bone called Cubiforme or the Dye aboue the wrist and After-wrist of the Foote, and running obliquely toward the toes is diuided into foure fleshy parts euery one of which make a round tendon. The greatest of which is inserted in the vtter side of the great toe toward the height thereof. The second of the next toe. The third of the mid∣dle toe, and the fourth of the fourth toe. Sometimes also but rarely a small part is lent vnto the little toe.

The vse of this muscle is to moue the toes to the sides and to leade them backward & outward. But when it hath onely foure tendons, then the tendon belonging to the little toe ariseth from the third externall muscle of the foote although the lower backe-leader of the little toe of the seauenth muscle will serue that turne.

The thirteenth muscle ariseth with a broade and neruoue original from the ligament of the first ioynt of the little toe, sometime of the toe next vnto it, afterward becomming * 1.13 fleshy, it passeth thwart ouer the first ioynts of the toes and determineth in a broade but short tendon which is inserted a little inward into the first ioynt of the great toe.

The vse of this muscle is double, first that when it worketh wee may better hold our feete as we say in vnequall places, for it maketh a kinde of apprehension. The second that when it worketh not, it might serue the foote in stead of a ligament, least when wee walke vppon euen ground, the soale of the foote should be enlarged beyond that that is fit, and so the toes led one from another. Concerning this muscle saith Bauhine, Iulius Casserius first writ vnto me.

Vnder this muscle lye the ten muscles called Interossei or the bone-bound muscles (for * 1.14 you must giue vs leaue to make english words as our Authors haue done in greeke and latine) [tab. 36, fig. 18, 19, ^•.] which are to be referred to the benders of the toes. These haue their situation in the soale of the foote where they make a rude and indigested lump of flesh diuersified with right fibres, which lumpe proceedeth from the beginning of the after-wrest, and passing throughout his length fill vp the spaces betweene the bones and are inserted two and two into the rootes of all fiue toes or at the ligament of the first ioynt toward the inside, that so when two worke together, they may bend the first ioynt, but when one alone worketh, it leadeth the same ioynt to the side eyther outward or inward as the site and originall of the muscle is. To the short and broade tendons of these mus∣cles do grow for their further strength seed-bones, such as are in the hands, but greater. And thus haue we brought to an end this crooked and crabbed history of the muscles cō∣cerning which, I know not whether I should rather craue pardon or pitty, pardon I pre∣sume * 1.15 I shall not neede to craue of them that vnderstand through what a laborinth I haue led my pen: pitty also will do me little good now the paine is past. Acceptance shall bee better welcome then eyther, and an ingenious mind that measureth my foote by his own Last. One other passage remaineth in this booke, and that is concerning those other kindes of flesh which are found in the body of man, to wit, the flesh of the viscera or En∣trals and that of the Glandules, which two when we haue lightly passed ouer, we will pro∣ceede vnto the booke of the Vessels.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The motion of the toes.
• * 1.2

  Their muscles 23.
• * 1.3

  First.
• * 1.4

  Second.
• * 1.5

  Fleshy parts.
• * 1.6

  Third.
• * 1.7

  The fourth.
• * 1.8

  The fift.
• * 1.9

  The sixt or
• * 1.10

  The seauenth
• * 1.11

  The 8. 9. 10. & 11.
• * 1.12

  The twelfth
• * 1.13

  The thirteen:
• * 1.14

  Casserius. The ten mus∣cles betwixt the bones.
• * 1.15

  The conclusi∣on of the muscles.