Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. XXIIII. Of the Muscles of the arme.

THE Ancients called all that the Hand which is betwixt the toppe of the Slioulder and the Fingers. The first part therefore of the whole Hand is called in Latine Humerus, which we translate the Arme, and it reacheth from the top of the shoulder to the next Ioynt or bending of the Cubit, * 1.1 which we call the Elbow. The Graecians call this part 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, and the ca∣uity which is vnder the Ioynt at the shoulder is called Ala the Arme-pit. The toppe iust against the pitte is properly called the Shoulder. This member that it may more easi∣ly be moued euery way is articulated with the shoulder blade by Enarthrosis (which kind of articulation wee shall make plaine in the Booke of Bones) and mooued by Mus∣cles.

The voluntary motions of the Arme are fiue: forward to the Breast, backeward to∣ward the backe, vpward toward the necke and the head, downeward to the sides of the chest, and finally, it is moued in compasse or circumuerted. For all these motions there are seauen Muscles: some of which as the first and the third are fastned to the Chest, the rest grow vnto the shoulder-blade.

All these we will describe according to the order of dissection: yet first we giue you to vnderstand that Galen in his Booke de dissectione Musculorum and the 18. Chapter, recko∣neth eleuen, three ascending from the Breast vnto the Arme, two from the regions of the handes, and fiue from the shoulder-blade, the eleauenth seaseth vppon the Eopmis. Ves∣salius, Columbus, Archangelus and Falopius in his institutions reckon seauen: the same Fa∣lopius in his obseruations and Laurentius account eight. But wee hold vs to seauen accor∣ding to the Authours aboue named and Bauhine with them.

The first is called Pectoralis the Pectorall Muscle [ta. 17. ^L] so named from his situati∣on, * 1.2 because it occupieth the forepart of the Chest. It is a large muscle and fleshy, and be∣cause of his originall it consisteth of vnequall sides: whence it was that it is called by Lau∣rentius Pentagonus or quinquelaterus as hauing fiue sides. It groweth almost to the whole Breast-bone and the gristle thereto annexed, to the middle of the clauicle where it is nea∣rest to the Breast-bone and to the gristles of the 6. 7. and 8. ribs: so as it may seeme to him that takes but an ouert view thereof, to be compounded of many muscles. [ta. 17. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 doe circumscribe it, and ta. 18. fig. 1.] Yea Galen himselfe in the 18. chap. of his Booke de dissec∣tione Musculorum, and the 13. of the 13. de vsu partium, thinketh it may be deuided into 3. or foure, but Columbus reprehendeth him for it. Notwithstanding for Galen wee may * 1.3 say; that from the clauicles it ariseth with a fleshy originall, and from the middle of the Breast-bone and the gristles of the ribs which are membranous and neruous. Afterward by degrees it becommeth thicker and more fleshy, and is againe by degrees straightned & gathered narrow, reseruing in the vpper part by reason of the short course of his fibres a fleshy body, but below long before his insertion it appeareth liuid and neruous, and the depth and bottome thereof is much slenderer then the vpper part.

[Table 17. is the same with Table 14. Folio 773.]

At length it is Implanted with a short but broad sinnewy and strong tendon [tab. 17. * 1.4 and ta. 18. fig. 1. and 2. ♌••.] to the bone of the arme lengthwise a little below the inner head thereof, betwixt the muscle called Deltoides and that which is called Biceps. [ta. 1••. and ta. 18. fig. 1. ^{H •}] But at his implantation hee bendeth forwards as if his tendon were redupli∣cated. And truely in some men a portion of it is found to grow into a kind of point, im∣mitating a peculiar muscle, whereas indeed it is a part of this muscle wee now entreat of. Albeit Columbus thinketh that Galen in the 18. chapter of his Booke de dissect musc. descri∣beth this production for a particular muscle.

This Pectoroll muscle by reason of his diuers originall hath also diuers fibres: some runne obliquely downward from aboue, others obliquely vpward from below insomuch * 1.5 that a little before the muscle produceth his tendon these fibres seeme to intersect one a∣nother in a decussation, and yet all of them concur together into one angle to forme the tendon. This variety of fibres maketh the different motions which this muscle perfor∣meth.

This office of this muscle is when it contracteth equally all his fibres, especially the mid∣dlemost in euery part of his body, to moue the arme equally and directly forward, incli∣ning on neither hand, and to leade it to the breast. But if all the fibres be not equally con∣tracted, then is it ledde indeed to the Breast but obliquely, more vpward or more downe∣ward as the different fibres are contracted.

The second Muscle of the arme is called Deltoides, from the forme of the Letter Δ: [ta. 17. ta. 18. fig. 1. 2. 4. ^H] some call it Epomis, because it lyeth vnder the lesser head of the arme * 1.6 which is properly called Epomis by Hippocrates, Galen, Ruffus and Oribasius, as Falopius in * 1.7 his obseruations hath very well obserued, thereby clearing no small Controuersie in our Art about the acception of the word Epomis in Hippocrates and the Ancients. Some call it Humeralis or the Arme muscle by a kinde of excelencie.

It is fleshy and triangular, or tetragonall sayeth Archangelus, arising from the middest of the clauicle where it regardeth the shoulder-blade, from the top of the arme where it is ioyned to the clauicle, and from the whole spine of the shoulder-blade [ta. 16. & ta. 18.

fig. 1, ζ ••] But you must not conceyue that it taketh his Originall from the ground of soale of these bones, but from a certaine prominence or thicke line bearing out from them.

Note moreouer, that in the originall this Muscle is broade (as being compounded of diuers yet continued beginnings like so many seuerall muscles) & Neruous: (tendinous * 1.8 sayth Columbus) but presently becommeth fleshy and thicke, and so remaineth till by de∣grees it be angustated or straightned into the toppe or corner of the triangle, and so at length endeth into a strong Tendon which is partly fleshy, to wit, on the outside, and partly Neruous, to wit, on the inside, appearing in our dissections to lye not perfectlie o∣uerthwart * 1.9 yet more then oblique. It embraceth or compasseth the middle thickenesse of the arme, and is inserted in the middest thereof vnder the necke of it. [Table 18. fig. 2, Θ]

This Muscle also hath Fibres somewhat diuers, those of the fore part run obliquelie downward and backward, those of the backe part runne obliquely forward. And some of these do appeare to be a little implicated or entangled one within another: but the mid∣dle * 1.10 Fibres tend directly downward. Wherefore when the anterior Fibres are contracted the arme is lifted vpward and forward towards the face, when the backeward Fibres are contracted, then is the arme lifted backeward toward the Nowle, but when the middle Fibres are equally contracted then is the arme eleuated directly vpward.

The third muscle of the arme is called Latissimus, that is, the broad muscle, and Ani∣scalptor * 1.11 the Pruritan muscle, [Tab. 15 & 16 ^N. Ta. 25 sheweth it separated] because it rea∣cheth neere to the buttockes, for together with his fellowe it couereth almost the vvhole backe, and therefore may well bee called (saith Bauhine) Dor salis Maximus, the Greatest * 1.12 Muscle of the backe. It ariseth with a membranous and broad beginning from the tops of the spines of the Rack-bones which are betwixt the sixt vertebra of the Chest, and the middle of the Holy-bone, [Tab. 16 S, μ] as also from the vpper part of the haunch-bone: thence ascending, when it attaineth to that part of the back where the ribs swell out back∣ward it becommeth more fleshy, and climbing ouer the lower angle of the basis of the shoulder-blade it groweth narrower, and is inserted belowe the vpper head of the arme lengthwise on the inside betwixt the Pectorall and the Round Muscles; his tendon be∣ing * 1.13 strong and short, yet broad and as it were reflected. For betwixt the tendons of those two forenamed muscles there is a distance left for this insertion, in which place also is the cauity of the arme-pit made by this Muscle and the Pectorall.

The figure of it is Triangular, for it hath three vnequall Angles, two long and one short. The sharpest is that which groweth from the Holy-bone: the nexte is at the Chest where the Muscle yssueth from the Ridge of the Rackes. The third is at the arme and end∣eth into the tendon. Moreouer, this Muscle when it attaineth to the lower angle of the shoulder-blade, receyueth sometimes therefrom many fleshy Fibres, as Galen well obser∣ued in his Anatomicall Administrations and in the 12 chap. of his 13 Booke de vsu part. * 1.14 which Fibres do represent a newe but small Originall. Vesalius denies this and holdeth it not to touch the shoulder-blade, but by the interuening of Muscles which arise there∣from, and that it groweth not at all to the bone; but as he reproueth Galen, so Falopius in his Institutions reprooueth him, affirming that in all the bodies that euer hee made dis∣section of he found this Muscle fastened to the blade.

Bauhine reudreth a reason. It groweth (saith he) with certain Fibres to the basis of the shoulder-blade, least when the blade is mooued it should ride ouer the muscle, for these Fibres as it were Ligaments do hold the Muscle and the blade together. Galen also in the filt chap. of his 13 booke de vsu part. saith, that by the benefit of this adhesion or cleauing the blade also is mooued downward by this thirde muscle. Notwithstanding, Falopius da••es not for certaine affirme that it doth mooue the blade, but that it conferreth some∣thing to his motion he is very confident against Vesalius.

The Fibres also of this Muscle do differ according to the inequality of the ribbes; for some are long and lesse oblique, others are short and more transuerse. Wherefore, as these fibres are contracted into themselues, the arme is more or lesse retracted downe∣ward and depressed toward the backe, sometimes higher, sometimes lower.

The fourth Muscle is called Rotundus mator, almost by common consent of all Ana∣tomists, * 1.15 The greater round Muscle. [Tab. 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 25 and Tab. 12. fig. 4 O] Plate∣rus * 1.16 also calleth in the Longer transuerse Muscle because it is seated obliquely on the backe side vnder the arme-hole. It is fleshy, thicke and rounder then all the rest. His Originall

[illustration]

Tab. 18. Sheweth in foure figures the muscles of the arme, the cu∣bit the wrist, the wand and the fingers of the hand.

[illustration]

TABVLA XVIII.

[illustration]

FIG. II

[illustration]

FIG. III

[illustration]

FIG. IV.

• A, 1, 2, 3. The first muscle of the cu∣bit called Biceps.
• B B, 2. 3, 4. The second muscle of the cubite called Brachaeus.
• C. 2, 3, 4. The third muscle of the cu∣bit called Longus or a part therof
• D. 4, The fourth muscle of the cubit or the short muscle.
• E, 1, 2. The muscle in the palme of the hand.
• F, 3. The first muscle of those which bend the foure fingers.
• G, 3, A portiō of the second of those which bend the foure fingers.
• H, 3, The first of those which bend the thumbe.
• I, 3, The clauicle or coller-bone re∣moued from his seate and bored
• K, 1, The coller bone in his owne place.
• L. 1, The pectorall muscle or the first of the Arme.
• α β γ. His circumscription and origi∣nall.
• ♌ ••, 1. and 2. His insertion.
• μ, 1, 2, & 4, The muscle called Del∣tois or the second muscle of the arme.
• ζ μ, His broade originall.
• θ, His insertion.
• ν ζ, The muscle called Deltois separa∣ted and the inner part of it.
• O, 4, The greater round muscle, or the fourth muscle of the arme.
• P, 4, The lower Superscapularis, or blade rider, or the fourth muscle of the arme.
• P, 4, the lower. The first of those mu∣scles which extend the 4. fingers.
• Q, 4. The second muscle of the ex∣tenders of the foure fingers.
• S, 1, 3, The fourth of the extenders of the foure fingers.
• V, 4, The second muscle of those which extend the thumbe. Y, 3, The subclauian muscle or the first muscle of chest. Z, 2, 4, The fourth muscle of the extenders of the thumbe. a, b, 3. The higher processe of the shoulder at a, the lower at b. c, 3, The brode ligament of the ioynt of the sholder blade with the arme. d, 3, The lower round liga∣ment. e, The vpper round ligament. f, 3, The coniunction of these two ligaments. g, 3, The bone of the arme fleade. h, i, 1, 2, Portions of the muscles of the fingers from the vtter seat of the cubite propogated vnto the Tendons of the hands. l, 2, Tendons in the hand reached vnto the outward seat of the forefinger of the Char. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. in the 2. and 4. figure: the tranuerse ligament of the wrist diuided into so many small circles. n. The originall of the first muscle bending the fingers vnder the muscle noted with Ω. o, 3, Fleshy portions of this muscle perforating the foure Tendons at r, r, r, r, p, q, The transuerse liga∣ment of the wrist diuided and led on both sides. r, r, r, r, 3, Foure tendons carryed vnto the fingers. s, 3, The vpper munks hood or cowle muscle, t, His lower seate. u, y, The coniunction of the third & fifth muscle of the cubit which Vesalius doth diuide. x, 4, His insertion and a portion of the Ell fleade δ, 1, 3, 4, The first muscle bending the wrist. θ, 1, The second bending the wrist. Λ, 4, The first muscle extending the wrist. Ε, 2, 4, The 2, extending the wrist. Π. 2, 3, 4, The first supinator of the wand which turnes the hand vpward. Ω, 1, 2, 3, The other pronator of the wand which turns the hand do wneward a. 3. The insertion of the superscapularis, or blade rider.

is but small yet continuall and fleshy which it taketh from the lower ribbe or ridge of the blade at that part which is neare to the basis, thence passing along when it cometh to the middle of that ridge or rib it departeth from the Blade-bone, and arising a litle vpward is inserted into the vpper and inner part of the Arme with a shortbut broad, strong, mem∣branous & neruous Tendon, where also it finds the 1. muscle couched & their Tendons a like. The vse of this Muscle (sayeth Bauhine) is to retract the arme downeward, and so it is

contrary to the second muscle called Deltoides. Galen reckons it among the Turners of the arme, for (sayth he) it turneth the arme outward: Vesalius reprehends him and sayeth that it applyeth the arme directly to the backe. But Archangelus beside that direct motion, ascribeth vnto it an outward motion and a little inward. Laurentius would haue his moti∣on to be onely oblique.

At the lower part of this Muscle or at the lower rib or ridge of the blade we finde a di∣stinct portion implanted with a neruous termination neare the insertion of the 5. muscle which Falopius maketh the eight muscle of the arme, which (sayth hee) is manifestly sepa∣rated * 1.17 from all the rest, as I haue found in all my Dissections, and I wonder much (sayeth he) that our late Anatomists haue ouer-skipt this muscle, which is of great moment as be∣ing together with the seauenth the authour of the same motion, especially because Galen obserued it in Apes in the 18. chapter of his Booke de dissect. muscul. and in the first chap∣ter of the 5. Booke of his Anatomicall Administrations.

The fift Muscle of the Arme is called Super scapularis inferior, the lower Blade-rider, * 1.18 [tab. 15, 16. 25. ^P tab. 18. fig. 4. ^p.] It couereth all the outward and gibbous part of the blade which is vnder his spine and beareth the forme thereof. It ariseth fleshy from the Basis of the blade below the spine, becomming narrow as the blade-bone groweth narrow, & is inserted obscurely semicircular wise to the outside of the Ligament of the arme which holdeth the ioynt.

The vse of it is (sayth Bauhine) to leade the arme in compasse outward, Archangelus addeth vpward also, Laurentius saith it retracteth it backward.

The sixt Muscle called Super scapularis superior or the vpper Blade-rider, is also called Ro∣tundus * 1.19 minor the Lesser round Muscle. [table. 10. 11. 15. 16. 25. ^Q] It is seated aboue the the Arme-hole and filleth all the cauity which is betwixt the vpper ribbe or ridge of the blade and the spine of the same; from which it ariseth fleshy, long and hauing long fibres, for it proceedeth from that Basis of the blade-bone to which it groweth very strongly, and when it attayneth to the vpper part of the neck of the Blade, it runneth vnder a trans∣uerse Ligament which coupleth the arme to the inner processe of the blade, and with a broade and strong Tendon riding ouer the ioynt is obliquely inserted to the Ligament thereof.

The vse of this Muscle saith Bauhine is the same with that which went before and which followeth after, Archangelus sayth it leadeth the Arme vpward and backward, Laurentius backward onely, Vessalius doeth not thinke that Galen makes any mention of this Muscle, vnlesse haply it bee reckoned among the Heauers of the Arme, for none of his descripti∣ons agree thereto, although he make light mention of a muscle riding ouer the vpper rib of the blade.

The seauenth muscle called Subscapularis the Blade-lurker, or Immersus the drow∣ned * 1.20 Muscle, [tab. 7. R] is seated betwixt the Blade-bone and the ribs. Very fleshy it is and continual with the former on the vpper side, occupying the inner hollow part of the Blade-bone, from whence it ariseth. It is like the Blade triangular, straightned by degrees at the inside of the ioynt, and with a broad Tendon is Semicircularly inserted into the in∣side of the arme, (Laurentius sayth into the necke and head of the arme) so that the Ten∣dons of the 3. muscles which leade the arme about do orbicularly incompasse the whole ligament of the ioynt.

His vse is to leade about the Arme inward, Galen in the 18. chapter of his Booke de dissect. muscul. sayeth that it circumuerteth the head of the arme backeward: Archangelus that it moueth the arme vpward and inward, Laurentius that this together with the les∣ser round muscle and that which is called Infra-spinatus doe moue the arme semicircular∣ly backward, for (sayth he) a perfect circular motion the arme hath not from any peculi∣ar muscle, but by the successiue working of them all, for that which is circular is compoū∣ded of all the right and all the oblique.

That notable musculous portion arising from the processe of the Blade-bone which is like an Anchor, and inserted into the arme; Arantius and Placentinus doe esteeme to * 1.21 bee a muscle of the arme; others account it for the first muscle of the cubit. His vse say they is to leade the arme to the processe of the Blade-bone, and indeede the motions of the arme and cubit are neare of kinne, for when the cubit is bent in the Elbow, it is most what necessary that the arme also should be lifted vp, as we may obserue in our selues, and so much of the muscles of the Arme.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The particu∣lar partes of the arme.
• * 1.2

  The first,
• * 1.3

  His original diuers.
• * 1.4

  Implantation
• * 1.5

  His vse.
• * 1.6

  The second
• * 1.7

  his name. What Epomis i••.
• * 1.8

  Originall.
• * 1.9

  Insertion.
• * 1.10

  Vse.
• * 1.11

  The 3. muscle
• * 1.12

  Originall.
• * 1.13

  Insertion.
• * 1.14

  Galen redee∣med from Ve∣salius.
• * 1.15

  The 4 muscle
• * 1.16

  His name.
• * 1.17

  The eight mus¦cle after Falo∣pius.
• * 1.18

  The 5. muscle
• * 1.19

  The sixt mus∣cle.
• * 1.20

  The 7. mus∣cle.
• * 1.21

  The muscu∣lous portion.