Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. XXI. Of the Muscles which mooue the head.

THe head is mooued primarily or secondarily. Primarily aboue the second rack-bone of the Necke or aboue the first: aboue the second either bend∣ing forward or extending backward, aboue the first it is moued as a Naue * 1.1 vppon an Axletree, or rather as the Poyse of a Watch vpon his Bridge. All these motions are performed by seuen or rather by nine proper paire, (Falopius in his Obseruations acounteth ten) 7 of which are Extenders and Compassers & are situated on the back part in the neck; & two Benders which are placed in the forepart of the necke. The head is mooued secondarily and by accident when it followeth the mo∣tion of the necke: the muscles therefore of the necke mooue the head but onely vnto the sides. For if the necke be not mooued, wee cannot incline the heade at all to the Shoul∣ders.

The first paire are called Splenij or the splintes, because they are very like the rowled * 1.2 splints which Chyrurgeons vse when bones are broken. [ta. 10. δ δ, their original is mar∣ked with 8. their insertion is with 9] They are long and thicke, and on both sides rest vp∣on the rack-bones, and albeit they are very fleshy yet at their original from the fiue vpper * 1.3 rack-bones of the Chest (for they rarely reach vnto the fixt) they are sinewy. From thence they ascend vpward and grow fleshy receiuing a new original from the Ligaments of the rack-bones of the necke; some thinke they arise onely from hence, some from both pla∣ces; howsoeuer their ascent to the head is not direct but somewhat oblique, & from that part of them which proceedeth out of the spines of the chest are produced two membra∣tions Tendons which are inserted into the transuerse processes of the first and third Ver∣tebrae

[illustration]

TABVLAX.

[illustration]

Table x. Wherein some Muscles of the heade, the chest, the arm, & the shoulder blade are described.

• I, The processe of the shoulder-blade, called the top of the shoulder.
• O, the fourth Muscle of the arme or the greater round Muscle to which Fallopius his right mus∣cle is adioyned, which some cal the lesser round muscle.
• QQ, the sixt muscle of the arme or the vper blade∣rider. X, the 2 muscle of the shoul∣derblade or the Leuator or beauer.
• Z, the second muscle of the Chest or the greater Saw muscle.
• r, the fift muscle of the chest or the muscle called Sacrolumbus.
• α, β. His place wherein it cleaueth fast to the lon∣gest muscle of the backe.
• γγ, the tendons of this muscle obliquely inserted into the ribs.
• ΔΔ, the first paire of the muscles of the heade or of the Splinters.
• Ch. 8, 9. their lēgth whose beginning at 8 & inser∣tion at 9.
• 10, 11, the sides of this Muscle.
• 12, that distance where they depart one from the other.
• 13, the two muscles called Complexi, neare theyr insertion.
• Φ, the second muscle of the backe or the Longest muscle.
• Ω, the fourth muscle of the backe or the Semispi∣natus.
• ♌, the shoulder blade bare.
• p, A part of the transuerse muscle of the Ahdomen.

of the necke, or sometimes of the second, third and fourth, Laurentius will haue them to haue a double insertion; one part of them into the transuerse processes of the second Racke-bone, another part into the Occipitium of the head toward the sides of the Labdall suture, and thither I am sure their fleshy part reacheth. For they are neruous in the Chest, and fleshy from thence forward, their fibres running obliquely vpward from the spine of the lower to the transuerse processes of the vpper racke-bones, all of them al length determining in the Nowle: yet Columbus sayeth they are right as long as the two muscles ioyne, and become oblique but after their diuision. For where they arise at the spine of the Chest they make a sharpe nooke or angle which is dilated as they ascend, and about the third Racke-bone of the necke the right is seuered from the left with a notable distance [tab. 10. character 12.] so as the space betweene them resembleth a triangle [tab. 10. char. 9. 10. 12.]

Their Implantation is broade and fleshy into the Nowle [tab. 10. from 11. to 9.] and so they haue three sides: one from their beginning to their parting asunder; the second from thence to the Nowle; the third from the nowle backe to their originall. Falopius hath obserued that sometimes they are inserted with a neruous particle into the processe called Mammillaris or the Teat-like processe.

The vse of this paire is when they both mooue, to draw and extend the head directly backeward: but when one of them onely worketh then they turne the head to the sides, and the right moueth somewhat backward saith Archangelus.

The second paire are called Complexi [ta. 11. ^ABCDEF] or the brayded Muscles, because * 1.4 they are wouen and brayed together with the third and fourth Muscles of the necke like a flat poynt wouen of diuers threds, or else because of the diuers formes. For their origi∣nals

[illustration]

TABVLA. XI.

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Table 11. sheweth some Muscles of the Head, the Backe, the Ghost, the Shoulder-blade and the Arme.

• AD, the second paire of the Muscles of the head or the two Complexi, the first part is at AD.
• BC the second part, EF, the third part rising vp vnder G and inserted at F.
• G, the fourth part of this muscle or the right mus∣cle of the heade according to Falopius, which Vesalius made the fourth part of the second.
• GG, (Betwixt the ribs) the externall Intercostall muscles.
• L, the originall of the second muscle of the back.
• M, His tendons at the rack-bone of the necke.
• The vpper O the fourth muscle of the arme or the greater round muscle.
• OO, the lower, the sixt muscle of the Chest or the Sacrolumbus hanging from his originall.
• Q the sixt muscle of the arme or the vpper Blade∣rider inuerted.
• V, the third ligament of the ioynt of the arme.
• X, the fourth muscle of the shoulder-blade or the heauer.
• Z, the second muscle of the Chest or the greater Saw-muscle.
• Ξ, the third muscle of the neck called trāsuersalis.
• Π, the fourth muscle of the necke called Spinatus.
• Σ, the first muscle of the back or the Square muscle
• Φ, The second muscle of the backe or the Longest whose originall is at L and his tendons at the vertebrae at MM.
• Ω the fourth muscle of the backe called Spinatus.
• ♌, the backe of the shoulder-blade flayed.

of diuers fashions, and they are diuersly also inserted into the Nowle or occiput. They haue many tendinous parts, and many also fleshy, so that each of them seemes to be compounded as it were of three seuerall Muscles, or rather hath three Originals. The first ariseth farre off with a sharpe originall euen out of the Transuerse processe of the fourth and fift rack-bones of the Chest, this immediately after his springing appeareth fleshy [at A] and of the fashion of a Mouse, when it atteyneth vnto the beginning of the Necke [at B] it ceaseth to be fleshy and endeth as it were in a round Tendon, and hauing ouercome the roote of the necke at [C] it groweth fleshy againe (as the Muscle of the bone Hyois called Digastricus or double-bellied) and so is inserted in the middle of the Nowle-bone. [at D]

The second originall or beginning of this Muscle is shorter, growing round and ner∣uous out of the spine of the seuenth racke bone of the necke. [at C] Platerus addeth som∣times * 1.5 of the first, and sometimes of the second, as it ascendeth it becommeth fleshie and is mingled with the former before his insertion is implanted into the nowle. The third [Ta. 11 from ^E to ^F] is situated in the side and springeth partly fleshy, partly neruous from the transuerse or ouerthwart processes of the second and first racke-bones of the Chest. * 1.6 Platerus addeth from the fiue lower of the necke. From thence it proceedeth obliquely outward and becommeth fleshy and broad and is inserted into the Nowle at the root of the Mammillary processe, but it is not of the same forme in Dogs and Apes. These mus∣cles if they worke together, they extend the head directly drawing it backward, if eyther of them mooue alone the head is drawne round to one side. Archangelus addeth a little also backward by the right and forward by the left.

The third paire (which Vesalius reckoneth for the fourth part of the second Muscle bee∣ing * 1.7 deceyued saith Falopius by certaine fibres of one of the muscles of the backe vvhich grow to the beginning of it) [Tab. 11, ^GG] is not very great or thicke and is situated vnder the second paire. They arise Neruous from the transuerse processes of the six first rack-bones of the necke; sometimes also but rarely from the fiue vppermost of the chest; then it becommeth fleshy and stretcheth obliquely vpward and inward, their Fibres reaching to the spines of the bones, and at their insertion which is to the backewarde roote of the Mammillary processe they end Neruous, receyuing an additament or encrease by two small portions arising from the transuerse processe of the first rack-bone of the Necke. Their vse is when they moue together to lead the head lightly backward; if either of them worke alone it draweth it backward to one side.

The fourth paire which are called Recti maiores the greater right Muscles [Tab. 12, ^{A B}] * 1.8 are yet small, fleshy and slender, arising from the top or height of the spine of the second bone of the necke at [E] where they touch one another, but presently part againe & as∣cend both vpward and end round in the middle of the Nowle or Occipitium.

The fift paire called Recti Minores, the lesser right muscles [Tab. 12, ^FG] are situated vn∣der * 1.9 the former and are like them in substance, forme and progresse. They arise close toge∣ther from the back part of the first Vertebra where the bone should haue ended in a spine but that spine is wanting, because it would haue offended those muscles: presently after their originall they part and ascend vpward, and on either side are implanted round into the middle of the Nowle. The two last paires haue one and the same vse, which is if they * 1.10 mooue together directly to extend the head drawing it backewarde, but if one of them mooue alone, it mooueth it circularly to one side. Nowe the reason why there are so many muscles appointed to draw the head backward, is because the forpart of the head by reason of the face and the neather Iaw is very heauy and weighty, and therefore nee∣ded more helpe to retract it, whereas it noddeth forward very easily.

The sixt paire, according to Vesalius the fift, are called Oliqui superiores the Vpper ob∣lique * 1.11 muscles, [Tab. 12, ^{H I}] they are seated vnder the right, and are like them in forme & substance: small they are and arise out of the middle of the Nowle at the vtter side of the fourth paire, thence they descend downward, and are ouerthwartly inserted into the top [at D.] of the transuerse processes of the first rackbone of the Necke, the right muscle in∣to the right processe, and the left into the left. Their vse is, if they both mooue to nodde gently and directly backward, if one alone then the head enclineth backward to that side the muscle is on which mooueth.

The seauenth paire, according to Vesalius the sixt, according to Columbus the fifte, are * 1.12 called Obliqui inferiores, the lower oblique muscles. [Tab. 12, ^{K L}] They arise from the spine

[illustration]

TABVLA XII. Sheweth the Muscles of the Head and the Necke.

• A, B. The third paire of the Muscles of the head called Recti Maiores. C. the Mamillary processe.
• D. The transuerse processe of the first rackbone of the necke.
• E. The processe of the second rackebone of the necke
• F, G. the fourth paire of muscles of the head called Re∣cti minores.
• H, I. the fift paire of muscles of the head called Obliqui Superiores.
• K, L. the sixt paire of muscles of the head called obliqui Inferiores.
• X. the fourth paire of Muscles of the shoulder blade.
• Λ, the second muscle of the necke cald Scalenus which Falopius maketh the right muscle of the Chest.
• Π, the fourth muscle of the necke called spinatus.
• Σ, the first muscle of the backe called Quadratus.
• Φ, the second muscle of the backe called Longissimus.
• a, The sinus or bosome of this Muscle, whereby it gi∣ueth way vnto the third muscle of the backe, called Sacer.
• b, His Originall.
• Ψ, the third muscle of the backe called Sacer.
• γ, His originall.
• ♌. His end.
• Ω, The fourth muscle of the backe called Semispina∣tus.
• •• His vpper end vnder the fourth Muscle of the necke.

of the second rack-bone of the necke [from ^• to ^D] and passing obliquely vpward are im∣planted into the transuerse processes of the first Vertebra. These, is also the oblique su∣periors, are longish, round and fleshy (farre larger in Dogs and Apes then in men) and do make a triangle of equall sides.

The vse of this seuenth paire is semicircularly to mooue the head (for it hath not per∣fect circular motion) with the second Vertebra vpon the first when one mooueth alone. If they both mooue, either they keepe the head steddy as Fallopius in his obseruations con∣ceiueth, or else do draw it backward a very little, euen so much as may rather giue rest to the second racke-bone then motion; for the motion and rest of the head followeth the motion or rest of that second vertebra or rack-bone.

The eight paire which is the seuenth according to Vesalius are called Mastoidei [Tab. 6 * 1.13 fig. 2 ^R the latter, ta. 7. fig. 2 ^K] They are seated forward toward the face next vnder a mem∣branous and broad muscle in the necke; [Tab. 6. fig. 1 r] strong they are, long and round, and do appeare in leane carkasses vnder the skin before it bee dissected, yea in liuing bo∣dies, and these are they which the Ancients so diligently obserued in their Coynes. They * 1.14 arise from the middest of the top of the brest-bone [at 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉] and from a part of the Clauicle where it approacheth neere the brest-bone [at σ] to be articulated with it: at which their originall they are Neruous and broad, but more neruous where they arise from the brest * 1.15 bone, and from thence ascend obliquely vpward and become fleshy and thicke, and are obliquely inserted with a fleshy and thicke end into the Mamillary processe (which they compasse with their largenesse) and into the backpart of the Nowle. [Tab. 6. fig. 2 the vp∣per ^T] And this muscle by reason of his double originall betweene which there is a kinde * 1.16 of hollownes [between ρ & σ. f. 2] because it seemeth as if it might be diuided into two, som do diuide it into many. Their vse is if they moue together to bend the head forwarde into the bosome as when we nodde, either carrying the necke stiffe or inclining it: if one of * 1.17 them onely worke then the head is mooued forward to the left side if it be the right Mus∣cle, and to the right side if it be the left, which motion we may plainly perceiue in guiding a horses necke with the reines. This paire with the second paire of the bone Hyois [Tab. 6. fig. 2 γ γ] make a crosse in the Necke.

The ninth paire [taq. 13. at the side of ^{A B}] is added by Falopius, described in some sort by Galen, and is situated vnder the gullet in the forepart of the necke: it is a diuerse mus∣cle from the first paire of the necke [ta. 13. ^{A B}] to which it adioyneth. It ariseth neruous from the Ligaments of the racke-bones of the necke, which Ligaments or Chordes doe arise from all the transuerse processes of the racke-bones of the necke, especally from the 7. 6. 5. 4. and third.

After his originall this Muscle groweth somewhat fleshy, and ascending vpward is inserted with a fleshy end into the Basis of the head betwixt the two processes where the head is articulated with the first vertebra. His vse is when we nodde to bend the head somewhat forward. And thus much of the Muscles of the Head.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Nine paire of Muscles.
• * 1.2

  The 1 paire.
• * 1.3

  Originall double.
• * 1.4

  The ••. paire.
• * 1.5

  The second.
• * 1.6

  The third.
• * 1.7

  The 3 paire
• * 1.8

  The 4. paire
• * 1.9

  The 5. payre
• * 1.10

  The vse of the two last pairs.
• * 1.11

  The 6 paire.
• * 1.12

  The 7. paire
• * 1.13

  The 8. paire.
• * 1.14

  Situation.
• * 1.15

  Originall.
• * 1.16

  Insertion
• * 1.17

  Vse.