Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. XXXII. Of the Tongue and his Muscles.

THE Tongue is called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 in Latin Lingua, of licking, or because it is as it were tyed within the pale of the Teeth sayeth Varro. It is a notable * 1.1 instrument both of the Taste and of the Voyce; because in the Mouth it is pla∣ced next vnder the Palate [Table 13. fig. 4. I] in the way, sayth Cicero 2. de Nat. Deorum, which Nature prepared for the passage of meats and drinks. The Ba∣sis * 1.2 of it resteth vppon the bone Hyois aboue which it is mooued, and neare the Epiglottis it maketh an angle or corner, and from thence hangeth and walketh freely in the mouth.

It was fit (sayeth Galen in the fift chapter of his 8. Booke de vsu partium) that it should be placed neare the braine as are the rest of the instruments of the Senses, because it is the principall instrument of the Taste. Wherefore Nature for the Tongues sake placed the Mouth in the Head that it might haue a den or caue or chamber to moue in, that it might bee a conuenient instrument both of the Taste and of the Voice, as also might helpe the chewing and swallowing of the meat.

The figure of the Tongue is not alike in all Creatures, in some it is Tri-fanged as in Ser∣pents, in others Bi-fanged as in Lizards; some haue two Tongues as the Sea-Calfe. In * 1.3 Fishes it is fastned all along, in Lions and Leopards it is rough and furrowed, but in man it is somewhat long, thicke at the roote for strength, and broade that it might bee fit both for Taste and Speach. In the end it becommeth by degrees sharpe for quicker motion sayeth Galen in the 10. chap. of the 11. book de vsu partium. Archangelus compareth it to a Pyramis.

The vpper and rough part called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is hollowed on either side, those they call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.

It is soft, broade and loose or at liberty that it may be conuayed, produced, dilated and diuersly disposed; for in those that are tongue-tyed wee see a manifest defect of vtterance. We may also obserue out of Aristotle in the 17. chapter of his second Booke de partibus A∣nimalium, that those Birds which can bee taught to prattle haue broade Tongues aboue o∣ther birds: and the reason why bruite beastes cannot deuide or articulate their voyce is be∣cause their Tongues are hard, thick and not at liberty.

The magnitude of the Tongue is not all one in all creatures, but proportionable for the kinde whereof they are. Neither is the quantity of it all one in all men; but it is lon∣ger * 1.4 then broade, and broader then thicke, and also proportionable for the amplitude of the Mouth, sayeth Galen in the tenth Chapter of his eleauenth booke de vsu partium, that it might reach into euery corner and nooke thereof, and not hinder the receiuing of meate. But it is faulty sometimes in magnitude, sometimes in the very substance toge∣ther with his muscles. For if it be bigge it filleth vp the spaces of the mouth and the Chops, and then it cannot mooue so deliuerly or nimbly as otherwise it would, and such men are * 1.5 called blaesi and balbutientes, that is Lispers and Stutters, especially if (as it happeneth most what) it bee also too soft or moyst. Hence it is that Infants and those children that are * 1.6 moyster then ordinary doe speake slower then others, because of the softnesse and loosenes of their Tongues and the muscles thereof, till when their heate by their age encreasing the ouer aboundant moysture be consumed. The Tongue also sometimes is too short when the Bridle thereof is not enough cut, so then it is hindered that it cannot apply it selfe on e∣uery side to the Mouth; or because the muscles being little it is mooued too swiftly and so implicateth or doubleth the speach and maketh the words come hudling together.

It is tyed to the Larynx, to the bone Hyois vpon which the rootes thereof resteth as vp∣pon * 1.7 a Basis and by which it is supported, to the Choppes also, and on both sides to the Al∣monds; below it is fastned with a ligament.

The Tongue is compounded of a proper flesh, a coate, nerues, veines, arteries, mus∣cles * 1.8 and a ligament.

The ligament is [Table 14. fig. 3. II] very strong, membranous and broade, and is vn∣der the middest of the body thereof.

The vse of this ligament is manifould: for the solidity and strength thereof lifteth vp the Tongue, and not onely so but auaileth much to lill it foorth. For were it not for this

[illustration]

Table 14. Figure 1. and 2. sheweth the tongue cut from the bodie, and the Muscles thereof. In the first the right side of it, & in the second his Muscles somewhat vncouered.

[illustration]

Figure 3. steweth the bodie of the Tongue diuided according to the length of it and his Ligament.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XIIII.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

[illustration]

FIG. III.

[illustration]

Tab. 14. figure 1. sheweth the Larynx, hauing the Shielde Gristle cut into two parts, but one part of it together with the Epiglottis is inuerted as by the Letters may be perceiued.

[illustration]

Figure 2. exhibiteth the Larynx shewing the Glottis.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

• AAA. The Tongue inuested with a Coate common to the mouth.
• BB. A portion of the coat compas∣sing the mouth cut frō the mouth according to the sides of the low∣er iaw.
• C A part of the same coat cut from the inner part of the Palat toge∣ther with the tongue.
• D. The Muscles caled Basi-Glossi, a∣cording to Vesalius the first, but in our account the fourth, or the sixt of the bone Hyois according to Falopius.
• E. The Muscles cald Ceratoglossi, or the second Muscle according to Vesalius, and in our account the fifte.
• F. The Muscles called Styloglossi or the third Muscle.
• G. The Muscles called Myloglossi, or the fourth Muscle according to Vesalius.
• H. The flesh consisting of the Glā∣dules, or the ninth Muscle of the Tongue according to Vesalius.
• II. The Ligament of the Tongue.
• KK, LL. The Musculous substance of the tongue, & the fibres thereof.

[illustration]

The Second Figure.

• a 1. The Shield-gristle Dissected.
• b 1. The Epiglottis or After-tongue.
• c, c. The Arytaenoides or the Ewre∣gristle.
• 1, 2. The glottis or small clefte of the Throttle.
• ee, 1. The internall Muscle forming this cleft or the internall Shield∣gristle.
• f. 2. The opening Muscle or the lat∣ter Crycoarythaenoides.
• g. 2. The transuerse Muscle or the Arytaenoydes.

ligament the Tongue would be too much gathered backward, neither when it is shot out of the mouth could it bee easily retracted or drawne in againe. Moreouer, if it were on euerie side free and loose it had not beene so firmely established and fastened in his pro∣per seate. This Ligament also receyueth the insertion, saith Vesalius, of the proper Mus∣cles of the Tongue which otherwise would easily haue bene relaxed or loosened or else parted asunder. At the end of this Ligament toward the tip of the tongue there grow∣eth a little Chord which Arantius and Lawrentius call the Bridle of the Tongue. For a mans Tongue in new borne infants is fastened euen vnto the end with a Tye which the Midwiues do vse to teare with their Nailes, sometimes it is faine to be cut, because it is a hinderance to their speech, yea to their sucking, because it cannot lappe it selfe so well a∣bout the nipple. The tongue therefore beeing naturally nimble and voluble least that it should bee alwayes importunately pratling, is restrayned by this Tye, as it were by a Bridle. Wherefore, by the helpe of the Ligament and the Bridle and of manie Muscles working together and contracted towards their originall, the Tongue becommeth nar∣row

and pointed, lifted vp and diuerslie mooued, and withall restrained from moouing too farre on any hand.

It is inuested with a coate common to it with the Mouth, the Pallate, the Gullet and * 1.9 the Larynx [Tab. 14. fig. 1. ^AA. ^BB. ^C] least the laxe and rare substance thereof shoulde part asunder. This Coate is all verie fine and thin, that the sapors might more easily pierce through it into the pulpe and substance of the tongue, into which coate as also into the flesh certaine Nerues of exquisite sense are disseminated.

The substance of it is soft, loose, rare and like a Sponge that it might bee the sooner moistened with the humour which carrieth the Sapor in it, and so fitter to discerne of the diuersity of Tastes, for of them it is the competent iudge. Hence it is, that in diseases * 1.10 it is diuersly affected, for as the humour is that it imbibeth so is the sense of Tasting de∣praued, as we may see in those that are sick of the yellow Iaundise or of Agues. The flesh therefore of the Tongue is proper and peculiar to the Tongue, there being none such in the whole bodie: toward the Basis it commeth neerer to a Glandulous substance then to a Musculous, because it is much softer and looser; yet hath it all manner of fibres, but those so intertexed and wouen together that they cannot be separated one from ano∣ther which may be done in Muscles.

Againe, the Fibres runne through the length of the Muscles, which is not so in the * 1.11 Tongue; for it hath no Ligamentall Fibres to strengthen it as Muscles haue, vnlesse it be a middle one which runneth vnder the tongue. Finally, no Nerues from the Braine that should giue it the power of motion do runne through the substance thereof, wherefore it cannot be called Musculous, although I know some men are of opinion that it is made of two Muscles arising out of the bone Hyois, and determining in the tip of the Tongue seuered by a white line: some say also there are two other Muscles of which the pulp of the Tongue is compounded: but if it were made of Muscles it should onely mooue not taste, for what Muscle doth taste? Wee resolue therefore that the flesh of it is not Mus∣culous.

At the rootes of the Tongue, besides the Muscles inserted thereinto, there adhereth a * 1.12 great quantity of hard fat.

The tongue receiueth two kinds of Nerues, one soft which carieth sense vnto it from the third and fourth coniugations, yet so that one branch is disseminated into the coate that inuesteth the tongue to be an instrument of Touching, for the Tongue is apprehen∣siue * 1.13 of all the Tactile qualities, as cold, heate and such like. The other Nerue is sprinck∣led into the flesh of the Tongue which is the instrument or organe of Taste, and by that meanes the Tongue is made apprehensiue of Sapors.

The other kinde of Nerues is hard, that is, Nerues of motion, to witte, the seauenth coniugation, which with many surcles is disseminated into his muscles that the tongue * 1.14 might be mooued with voluntary motion; and because this Nerue is placed in the low∣er part of the Tongue, the Chyrurgion or Midwife must be verie carefull lest when they cut the Ligament they do not also cut the Nerue.

It hath also two notable Veynes called Raninae, not because they are like Frogges, but because they are of the colour of a Frogge. They issue out of the inward braunch of the externall Iugular Veynes and runne vnder the Tongue, as it will appeare vnto anie * 1.15 man that lifteth it vp. These Veynes in the diseases of the mouth, the heate of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉 the Squinsie and such like, are opened for deriuation; after the blood is euacuated and re∣uelled by the opening of the Humerarie Veine of the Arme.

It hath also two large Arteries on either side one from the sleepie Arteries which ac∣company the Veynes. These are allowed to the tongue to maintaine the life of it, as the * 1.16 Veines were to supply it with nourishment.

The body of the Tongue although it bee continuall not diuided by any partition, whereby it becommeth fitter to Taste with, to breake the meate, and to articulate the voyce: yet it is diuided or rather scored thorough the middest with a white line, which * 1.17 Hippocrates in Coacis first called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, the Median, which Line runneth thorough the verie middest of the surface of the tongue diuiding it into a right side and a left, yet not as it is in Lizardes whose Tongues are forked; so that the Tongue as all other the Instruments of the Senses is double, and therefore Galen calleth it a Double Member.

The Vses of the Tongue, although it be but a little Member yet it is of great vse be∣cause it expresseth all the conceites of the minde, wherefore our wise Creator hath de∣fended * 1.18

it with many Teeth, with Lippes, and restrained it with a Bridle, that beeing so carefully attended it might not runne before the minde, which first ought to consulte and deliberate before the Tongue pronounce any thing.

The vse therefore of the Tongue is either primary or secondary. The primarie vse is, that it might be a conuenient and fit organ or instrument both of the Sense of Tasting & * 1.19 of the Speech. Of the Taste (which vse of the Tongue is common to Man and beast) to distinguish betweene all the varieties of Sapors; wherefore Aristotle in the 11. chapter of his first booke de Historia Animalium saith, there is in the mouth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, A Tongue which is the Sensator of Tastes. The taste which the Tongue hath it receyueth especiallie from the Coate which inuesteth the mouth, and particularly from that part of it which couereth the tongue. For whilst wee chew our meate the Tongue rowleth it selfe on euerie side of the mouth and applyeth it selfe to the Viands to take a say or Taste of them.

Moreouer, because we can thrust or lill out our Tongues, we are able to discerne of the Sapors of those things also which are without the mouth if the Tongue do but touch them, especially with the very tip, for there saith Aristotle the taste is most quicke in the 27 * 1.20 chapter of his second booke De partibus Animalium, and therefore saith he, in Fishes one∣ly the very tippe of the tongue is loose, the rest is fastened downe vnto the Soale of the mouth.

Concerning the vse of the Tongue in the voice, Hippocrates hath made mention in * 1.21 his Booke De Carnibus. As also Aristotle in the eight chapter of his second booke De A∣nima, for it is the very organ of Articulation, so we saide before that those Birdes which haue broad tongues may easiest be taught to prattle, as we see in Parrats. Euripides there∣fore calleth the Tongue 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, The Messenger of the Speech. And therefore a mans Tongue which is the best proportioned and most at libertie, attaineth to the greatest per∣fection in the deliuery and variety of the voice. For although a Parrat, a Stare, and such like Birds can moderate their Tongues to a kinde of faigned distinction of Sounds, yet in man the sound is more expresse and better articulated. Beside, sayeth Hippocrates in his * 1.22 Booke of the Epilepsie, the Tongue of a man is the messenger of the Braine, that is, as Bauhine well enterpreteth it of the Vnderstanding and the Wil; but in other Creatures it de∣liuereth onely the affections of the Sensatiue soule which Galen calles Rationem delite scen∣tem, A silent shadow of reason, which he attributeth to all creatures deuoyde of reason. So we see euen in the tongue of a man, sometimes it expresseth onelie those things that fall vnder the Sense, as when wee crie for paine, or for Foode and succour; sometimes those things that fall vnder our vnderstanding as in Discourse.

The Secondarie Vse of the Tongue is for mastication or chewing, or breaking of the meate, and for diglutition or Swallowing. * 1.23

By this motion of the Tongue those Creatures that want Teeth doe swallow their meate whole, as Birdes; and those that haue Teeth doe with theyr Tongues mooue their Viandes vnto their Teeth whereby they are mittigated and broken, and so receyue in the mouth a good preparation for the Stomacke, which otherwise woulde not nor coulde not so easilie concoct them, for shredde meate is more easiler boyled then a vvhole Ioynt.

Againe, the Tongue helpeth the Diglutition by turning the meate ouer it towards the Gullet. By the Tongue also wee can licke and whistle, or varrie the sounde of anie * 1.24 Fife or Pipe, or such like. All these good offices the Tongue dooth in a man, in other Creatures but one or at least not all. For in the perfection of Creatures (sayeth Galen in the Fifte Chapter of his seconde Booke De Semine, Nature proceedeth by degrees * 1.25 from a Plant. The first Degree, is of those Creatures which haue onelie the Sense of Touching; more perfect are those that Taste, yet more that Smell, then those that Heare: and finally, she addeth the Sense of Seeing which is the vtmost perfection of the sensatiue Soule.

The Muscles of the Tongue are assistant vnto it in the performance of all his Fun∣ctions * 1.26 of Speaking, Tasting and Rowling of the Meate: and therefore there are three kinde of Muscles belonging vnto it which wee may call Locutorij, Gustatorij and Cibi re∣uolutores, the Speaking, the Tasting and the Rowling Muscles.

[illustration]

Table 14. Figure 1. and 2. sheweth the tongue cut from the bodie, and the Muscles thereof. In the first the right side of it, & in the second his Muscles somewhat vncouered.

[illustration]

Figure 3. steweth the bodie of the Tongue diuided according to the length of it and his Ligament.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XIIII.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

[illustration]

FIG. III.

[illustration]

Tab. 14. figure 1. sheweth the Larynx, hauing the Shielde Gristle cut into two parts, but one part of it together with the Epiglottis is inuerted as by the Letters may be perceiued.

[illustration]

Figure 2. exhibiteth the Larynx shewing the Glottis.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

• AAA. The Tongue inuested with a Coate common to the mouth.
• BB. A portion of the coat compas∣sing the mouth cut frō the mouth according to the sides of the low∣er iaw.
• C A part of the same coat cut from the inner parte of the Palate to∣ther with the tongue.
• D. The Muscles cald Basi-Glossi, ac∣cording to Vesalius the first, but in our account the fourth, or the sixt of the bone Hyois according to Falopius.
• E. The Muscles cald Ceratoglossi, or the second Muscle according to Vesalius, and in our account the fifte.
• F. The Muscles called Styloglossi or the third Muscle.
• G. The Muscles called Myloglossi, or the fourth Muscle according to Vesalius.
• H. The flesh consisting of the Glā∣dules, or the ninth Muscle of the Tongue according to Vesalius.
• II. The Ligament of the Tongue.
• KK, LL. The Musculous substance of the tongue, & the fibres thereof.

[illustration]

The Second Figure.

• a 1. The Shield-gristle Dissected.
• b 1. The Epiglottis or After-tongue.
• c,c. The Arytaenoides or the Ewre∣gristle.
• d, 1, 2. The glottis or small clefte of the Throttle.
• ee, 1. The internall Muscle forming this cleft or the internall Shield∣gristle.
• f. 2. The opening Muscle or the lat∣ter Crycoarythaenoides.
• g. 2. The transuerse Muscle or the Arytanoydes.

The chiefe vse of it in man is speech, the chiefe vse in Beasts is tasting, because they want hands to gather and apply their meate vnto their mouthes as men haue: but both men and beasts when their meate is in their mouths doe rowle it with their tongue, or turne it ouer into their Gullets. The tongue must therefore be mooueable & haue Mus∣cles, which Muscles are of two sorts, some Common, others Proper. Those are accoun∣ted common Muscles which belong vnto the bone Hyois, and those proper which haue their originall from other where, and do determine into the substance of the Tongue, & they are accounted siue paire called Styloglossi, [Tab. 14. fig. 1, 2.^F] Myloglossi, [Tab. 14. fig. 1, 2.^G] * 1.27 Geneoglossi, [Tab. 14. fig. 1, 2.^H] Basiglossi or Ypsiglossi, [Ta. 14. fig. 1, 2.^Do] & Cera∣toglossi. [Tab. 14. fig. 1. 2.^L] But of these we shall entreat particularly in the Book of Mus∣cles, heere it is enough to haue pointed them out.

These Muscles being remooued, at the roote of the tongue there appeareth a kinde of * 1.28 flesh made of many glandules and fat mixed together, which saith Archangelus doth not deserue the name of a Muscle, so saith also Columbus, yet hee reckons it for the 11. Mus∣cle,

because the Anatomists before him accoūted it for a muscle. But a muscle is not made of glandules but of fleshy fibres.

This heape of Glandules [Table 14. figur. 1. 2. H] groweth to the roote of the Tongue that it might continually be moistned, for without moisture there can be no Gustation. So * 1.29 in the stomacke there can be no concoction without Elixation or boyling, wherefore Na∣ture ioyned to the Stomacke the Pancreas or Sweete-bread a glandulous body, that from thence might continually steame moyst vapours, that so the concoction of the stomacke might be made by Elixation or boyling. Beside, the moysture which the Tongue receiueth from these glandules makes it more glib and easily to be moued; for if it be dryed it wil not mooue so readily, as wee may see in those that are very drie, & in hot burning Agues when the humour or moysture of the Tongue is exhausted. Beside the Glandules, the Almonds also of the throat (as we remembred before) do continually moysten the Tongue and help his motion. And thus much of the Tongue.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The names.
• * 1.2

  The place.
• * 1.3

  The figure.
• * 1.4

  The magni∣tude.
• * 1.5

  Blaesi Balbi.
• * 1.6

  What childrē speak slowly.
• * 1.7

  The connexi∣ons of the tongue.
• * 1.8

  Whereof cō∣pounded. The ligament
• * 1.9

  The coate of the Tongue.
• * 1.10

  The substāce of the tongue
• * 1.11

  That it is not Musculous.
• * 1.12

  The Fatte at the rootes.
• * 1.13

  The Nerues of two kinds.
• * 1.14

  A Caution.
• * 1.15

  The Veines.
• * 1.16

  The Arteries.
• * 1.17

  The bodie of it.
• * 1.18

  The vses of the tongue.
• * 1.19

  The primarie vse. For Tasting.
• * 1.20

  The tip of the Tongue.
• * 1.21

  For Speech.
• * 1.22

  A mans toung the Messen∣ger of the Braine.
• * 1.23

  The Secon∣darie vse Chewing.
• * 1.24

  Swallowing.
• * 1.25

  Degrees of perfection in Creatures.
• * 1.26

  The Muscles of the tongue
• * 1.27

  Fiue paire.
• * 1.28

  The roote of the Tongue.
• * 1.29

  The vse of the kernels.