Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. I. Of the other part of the head which is called the Face, together with the vessels and muscles thereof.

HAuing gone through that part of the Head which is couered with a hairy scalfe and therefore by Aristotle in the 7 chapter of his 1. book de historia Animalium called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; it remaineth that we proceed vn∣to the other part which is without hayre called in man 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉; which * 1.1 name it seemeth to haue receiued from the thing itselfe, saith the Philosopher in the first chapter of his third book de partibus Animali∣um, because a man 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, looketh forward; for of all creatures onely man goeth vpright and looketh directly forward. The Latines call it Facies, in the comely conformation and Beauty whereof the elegancy of the humane nature doth most appeare. It is also called Vultus a voluntatis iudicio, because it bewraieth the disposition of the will, and is especially changed according to the variety thereof. We cal it the Face or the countenance.

The parts therefore of the Face are two: the vpper is properly called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 Fro••s •• * 1.2 ferendo, because it beareth in it the Passions of the minde, wee call it the Forehead whose lowest parts are the eye browes. The second and lower part of the Face beginneth at the eye-browes and reacheth to the bottome of the Chinne, in which there are many parts. Both these parts of the face haue also some parts conteining & some conteined. The containing parts are common or proper: common as the cuticle or scarfe-skin & the skin itselfe; which in this face, in the fingers ends, in the Yarde and the Cod is most thin. This skin in the Cheekes for the most part looketh red because of the affluence of blood from the vtter branch of the externall Iugular veine; which is disseminated betwixt it and the * 1.3 fleshy membrane. This skin is furnished with hayres; about the eyes for their security; a∣bout the mouth in men as an argument of their virility and a peculiar beauty of that sex; for in a woman those hayres are an especiall deformity. Hence also (saith Galen in the 14 chap. of his 11 book de vsu partium) * 1.4 a man becommeth more venerable, especially if whē he be grown to a ripe age the haires also do plentifully compasse his mouth on euery side, for which cause also nature hath left the Cheekes and the Nose bare and without haire.

This skin of the face is diuersly perforated for the eyes, the eares, the nosthrils and the mouth; partly that the sensible obiects might haue the freer accesse; partly to intromit ayre and nourishment and to auoide excrements. And these perforations if their actions bee * 1.5 alwayes required are alwayes open. As the nostrhils for respiration; the eares for hearing because these two were alwaies necessary. As for those whose functions were not so in∣desinent, especially in the time of sleepe and for the auoyding iminent dangers, those perforations I say, for more security may be shut as the eyes and the mouth.

The fat of the face is very little and that that is, is about the Cheekes.

The fleshy membrane which in the rest of the body is almost wholy neruous, in the forehead is fleshy and musculous; so close ioyned to the skin that it can hardly be separa∣ted * 1.6 there-from. And it is red because of the muscles of the face which grow vnto it. Be∣twixt this fleshy membrane and the skin the veines before spoken of do runne, where also are many glandules dispersed, as vnder the rootes of the eares in which the disease is bred * 1.7 that we call Parotis, as also betwixt the lower Iaw & the inferior part of the Cheeks where those Tumors arise which we cal Scropuhlae or the Kings euill.

The proper containing parts are muscles, bones and gristles which make the frame of the face itselfe. The muscles are, of the forehead, of the eye-browes, of the eye-lids, of the nosthrils, sometimes also of the eares, of the lips, of the lower Iaw, and of the Cheekes. * 1.8 The bones are, the forehead-bone, the sixe bones of the eyes, three of the Nose, sixe of the mouth, that is to say, two of the vpper Iaw, and two of the nether Iaw, and as many of the Palate. The Gristles are, of the eares & the nose which are diuersly ioyned with the bones.

The parts contained in the face are the seates of the foure sences; whose organs either it containeth as it doth those which haue no place within the skull, or else it prepareth a way for them that lye hid within the Scull. * 1.9

These Organes of the senses are the Eyes, the Eares, the Nose and the Mouth, where∣in are contained the Tongue and the Throttle which are the instruments of the taste & the voyce. And indeede because the Organs of the senses are placed in the face, it is truely called the Image of the minde, for as Laurentius faith truely, in the eye-browes dwels

pride, in the Cheekes shamefastnesse, in the Chinne maiesty, in the Forehead wisedome, finally, in the whole countenance beauty and honesty. But to speake more like * 1.10 a Physitian, in the Face doe appeare the manifest signes of life and death, and therefore Hippocrates in his Prognostiques commands the Physitian first of all to take viewe of the sickmans face, whither his countenance bee like that it was in his health, or whether it be much changed in colour, figure and magnitude.

But before we come to the particulat handling of the Organes of the Senses, it shall not * 1.11 be amisse to giue you in this place a light view of the Vessels of the Face and of the Mus∣cles which mooue the skin of the Head. The Vessels therefore which are deriued through the face are Veines and Arteries. The Veynes are called Iugulars, whereof one is internall, [Tab. 6. lib. 6. SS] of whose distribution we haue spoken in the eight chapter of the prece∣dent * 1.12 Booke. Another externall [Tab. 6. lib. 6. ^TT] which ariseth out of the vpper part of the Subclauian branch, and ascendeth on the sides of the neck vnder the chin yeelding surcles to all the outward parts of the Necke, the Head and the Face on his owne side. But for the most part vnder the roote of the eare, [Tab. 6. lib. 6. V] it is diuided into an vtter braunch [^y] and an inner. [^x] The inner branch reacheth vnto the muscles of the mouth, the chops, and the bone Hyois as before is saide. The vtter creeping along the skin and the Muscles and skin of the head, beeing vnder the eare supported with Glandules, is parted into two branches, whereof one bending vnto the foreside of the face [Tab. 6. lib. 6. Z] attaineth vn∣to the Nose and the Cheekes, and in the middle of the forehead is ioyned with a braunch of the other side, and maketh the fore-heade Veine which in some cases wee vse to open. [Tab. 6. lib. 6. a] The other braunch passeth by the side and sprinkleth his branches partlie

[illustration]

Table 6. sheweth the trunke and branches of the hol∣low veine as they are disseminated through all the three Regions of the body.

[illustration]

TABVLA VI. Lib. VI.

• Q. The double Scapularie, or the veynes of the shoulder-blade.
• RR. The Lower Chest-veine.
• SS. The internall Iugular Veine.
• TT. The externall Iugular Veynes.
• V. The externall Iugular Veine diui∣ded into two vnder the roote of the eare.
• X. The inner branch thereof.
• Y. The outer branch thereof.
• Z. A branch proceeding from the vt∣ter Veyne nexte aboue named, to the Face.
• a. The forehead Veine.
• ae. A branch creeping vppe the Tem∣ples.
• * A surcle reaching to the Nowle or backeside of the head.

[illustration]

Table 13. Fig. 1. sheweth the trunke of the great Artery, to∣gether with his branches as they are disseminated through the three bellies or Regions of the body.

[illustration]

The second Figure sheweth a portion of the Arterie as it is on the backside, from whence it sendeth branches to the distan∣ces betwixt the lower ribbes.

[illustration]

The third Figure sheweth a portion of the great artery; where it yssueth out of the heart it is here shewed open: & by that meanes we may better perceiue his Coates and Fibres.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XIII.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

II

III

• TT. The Artery called Humeraria.
• V V. the remainder of the Axillarie Arte∣ry reaching to the armes.
• X Y. the right and left Carotis or the slee∣py Arteries.
• e e. The coniunction of the Māmary with the Epigastricke Arteries.
• f f. The diuision of the sleepy Arteries at the chops.
• g. The externall branch.
• h. The internall branch which is deriued to the throttle, the chops and the tongue.
• i. This at the Basis of the Skull is distribu∣ted into two branches.
• l. the distribution of the branch g vnto the Cheeks and the Muscles of the face.
• m. The distribution of the braunch g vnder the roote of the eare.
• n. The same branch creeping vp the Tem∣ples.
• o And the backside of the eare.

vnto the Temples [Table 6. Lib. 6. a] partly vnto the occiput or Nowle of the head. Fur∣thermore the branches of this exterior veine both in the face and in the crowne of the head are diuersly mingled, from which certaine small threddy stringes are distributed into the seames of the Skull and the manifold perforations thereof. And so much for the veines of the face.

The arteries called Carotides or the sleepy arteries [Table 13. Lib. 6. ^XY] being on each side one, ascendeth vp on the sides of the necke, togither with the Iugular veines, directly * 1.13 vnto the head, and when they come vnto the chops or Fauces they are deuided [table 13. lib. 6. ^{f f}] into an exterior branch [^g] and an interior [^h].

Of the distribution of the interior we haue spoken in the eight Chapter of the former Booke. Now concerning the exterior. The exterior which is lesse then the interior and is seated without the Fauces reacheth his surcles vnto the cheeks [Table 13. Lib. 6. ^l] and the muscles of the face; afterward when it commeth to the roote of the eares [^m] it is parted in

twaine. One of them creepeth to the backside of the eare at [^o] from which two arteries do vnder the eare passe into the lower iaw, and according to the length thereof are dispersed vnto the rootes of all the lower teeth: but another part yssueth at the hole which is in the chinne, and so creepeth along the neather lip. The other artery of the by-partition at [^p] creepeth vp the temples and the forehead and is consumed in the muscles of the Fcae. And so much of the vessels.

The Skin of the head is in many men mouable, but of the forehead in all men; not one∣ly * 1.14 by the benefite of the fleshy membrane, which degenerateth into a musculous substance hauing right fibres, but also by the help of two muscles; assured so to be, both by the course of their fibres as also by their motions which appeare in these after the manner of other muscles and not like the motion of the fleshy membrane. These are scituated in the fore∣head [Table 6. figure 1. ^A] and doe arise aboue where the hayre determines; sometimes as high as the crowny seame neare the Temporall muscles; the right at the right and the left at the left Temple, (where the fleshy membrane cleaueth so close to the Perteranium or skul∣skinne and the Skull it selfe, that it is altogether immouable: So that the forehead and the Eye-browes are mooued when the membrane is at rest) and toward the common seame which distinguisheth the bones of the head from those of the vpper iaw are implanted with right fibres aboue the eyes and the nose into the skinne at the browes as at the parts which are to be moued.

I sayed these fibres were right and not oblique as some haue thought: and here Chy∣rurgions * 1.15 must obserue that in opening Apostemations in that place they make not their incitions ouerthwart as the wrinckles of the skinne doe goe, but according to the right fibres.

These two muscles are a little disioyned in the middest, and that is the reason why the top of the forehead is not moued. Vpon this coniunction some haue thought them to be * 1.16 but one muscle. Against whome wee shall further dispute in the proper place where wee create of these in our book of muscles. There are also other muscles which draw the skinne of the head backward, but those belong not to this place.

Now we proceed vnto the Organs of the Sences.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The names of the face.
• * 1.2

  The parts of the face.
• * 1.3

  The skinne.
• * 1.4

  The hayres.
• * 1.5

  The perfora∣tions of the face. Their vse.
• * 1.6

  The fat. The fleshy membrane.
• * 1.7

  The vessels and the glan∣dules.
• * 1.8

  The proper contayning parts.
• * 1.9

  The parts contained.
• * 1.10

  How the mind shineth in the Face.
• * 1.11

  Prediction by the Face.
• * 1.12

  The vesselles of the same. The Veines.
• * 1.13

  The arteries of the face
• * 1.14

  The muscles of the fore∣head.
• * 1.15

  A good note for Chyrurgi∣ons.
• * 1.16

  Why the top of the fore∣head is not moued.