Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. IIII. Of the diuers Figures of the Head, the Sutures and substance of the Scull.

BEfore we come to entreate of the Bones and Sutures of the scull, which we purpose in this place but lightly to handle, it shal not be amisse to adde a lit∣tle to that which hath beene already saide concerning the whole figure and fashion of the head, because if the figure be changed then must the Sutures or seames needs alter both in scituation and in number, as Hippocrates saith in his booke de Ossibus, and after him Galen in diuerse places, although I knowe that there are some great Anatomists who are not of this minde.

[illustration]

Table 1. sheweth the Figures of the Head. Fig. 1. exhibiteth the Natural and blamelesse conformation of the Heade on oneside, the other foure Figures are all depraued & faulty.

[illustration]

TABVLA I.

[illustration]

FIG. II.

[illustration]

FIG. III.

[illustration]

FIG. I.

[illustration]

FIG. IIII.

[illustration]

FIG. V.

The Figure therefore of the * 1.1 head is double, Naturall and Good, or else depraued. The Naturall Figure [Ta. 1. fig. 1] is that which is like a long sphere, on both sides nere the temples by little and little de∣pressed and made narrower, but at each end shooting out; yet so that the backe parte is more capacious, that so it might stand vppon the Necke equally balanced. For because the fore-part though it be not so much compassed nor so much embowed, yet by rea∣son of the bones especiallie of the vpper iawe is some-what heauy, it was needfull that the back-part should be made as heauy by the capacity therof.

The depraued figure is what soeuer varieth from the for∣mer description. I dare not * 1.2 cal it in opposition to the for∣mer Vnnatural, because some very good Anatomistes haue interposed their iudgementes & determined that all figures of the head are Natural, albeit they vary somewhat from the exact forme: yet Archangelus calleth these depraued figures Praeter Naturam.

This depraued figure Ga∣len in his ninth booke De vsu partium and the 17. chapter calleth by a Generall name 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, for in that place he reckoneth the round and globy head as a kinde of that 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. There be three sortes of them. The first

[illustration]

Table 2. sheweth some bones and sutures of the head.

[illustration]

Figure 6. sheweth the left side.

[illustration]

Figure 7. sheweth the right side, the yoke-bone be∣ing remoued.

[illustration]

TABVLA. II.

[illustration]

FIG. VI.

[illustration]

VII.

• AB, The Coronall suture.
• CD, The Lambdal suture.
• E, the Sagittall suture.
• FGHΩ, the fourth proper circular suture.
• IK, The bones of the Sinciput.
• L, the forehead bone.
• M, the occiput or nowle bone.
• N, the bones of the Temples,
• O, the wedge bone.
• Φ 7, the fourth hole of the wedge bone in the orb of the eie.
• P 7, Foure processes of the wedge bone marked with 2, 3, 4, 5.
• QQQ the first bone of the vpper iaw,
• R, the prominence of this bone toward the tem∣ples,
• SSS, A semicircle in the skull, from whence the temporal muscle doth arise.
• TT, the fourth bone of the vpper iaw.
• VX, the yoke bone.
• Y, A suture in the yoke bone which some haue accounted for the fourth common suture.
• Ω 6, aa 7, the forepart of the fourth proper suture.
• b, the fift proper suture of the skull running ob∣liquely from H to g.
• c 7, A scale growing sometimes to the wedge∣bone
• d 7, A line distinguishing this scale from the bone
• ee, the lower part of the second common suture at the sides of the pallat,
• f 7, the first suture of the vpper iaw in the cheeke.
• ggg, the first common suture in the side of the eie∣brow,
• h 7, A cauity of the temples made for the articu∣lation of the lawer iaw,
• i, the appendix of the temples called Styloides,
• k, the mammillary processe of the temples,
• l 7, the heads of the occiput or nowle bone where it is articulated with the first rack-bone,
• m 6, A suture betwixt the bone of the iaw and the forehead,
• n 6, The third bone of the vpper iaw.

[Table 1. figure 2.] wherein the eminence or out bearing before, shooting from the vpper part of the forehead is wanting, although the backward eminence in the nowle bee faire to be seene.

The second is quite contrary vnto this, in which [Table 1. figure 3.] the backward out∣shoote in the nowle is wanting but not that in the forehead.

The third [Table 1. figure 4.] in which both the eminences or out-shoots are wanting. There may bee another added to these three which many esteeme but onely imaginarie, and that is when the skull swelleth more in compasse toward each eare then it doth either forward or backward. But Galen in the place next aboue named saith and prooueth, or at∣least seemeth so to doe, that this is a meere speculatiue thing, but cannot be indeed in Na∣ture, * 1.3 for then sayth he the fabricke of the braine must needes be ouerthrowne, yea it would proue a Monster and cannot liue. Vesalius is of opinion that Hippocrates maketh mention of this forme, and beside telleth a story of an Innocent as wee tearme them or foole in Ve∣nice, whose braine was of that shape; Falopius gain-sayes him, and auoucheth that Hippocra∣tes made mention onely of three sortes, and that he mistooke the figure of the childs head at Venice of the same minde also is Eustachius.

There may be a fift figure added out of Hippocrates, and that is an acuminated or sharp figure, wherein the left figure is but a little altered. This figure, sayeth hee in his booke * 1.4 de aëre aquiset locis, and the 35. Text, was first made by Art: for the Midwiues vsed to presse

[illustration]

Table 3. Fig. 8. Sheweth the fore-side of the Skull, as also the bones, the holes or perforations and the Sutures both of the Skull and of the vpper Iaw.

[illustration]

TABVLA. III.

[illustration]

FIG. IIX.

[illustration]

IX

• A A. A hole in the fore-head bone.
• B B. The hole of the fourth bone of the vpper Iaw, which is in the Cheeke.
• C. A hole of the second bone of the vpper Iaw in the inward angle of the eye.
• D D. The fourth hole of the wedge-bone in the out∣ward side of the eye.
• E E. the first hole of the same bone,
• G. the second hole.
• H, the third hole of the same bone in the seate of the eye.
• I I. the forehead bone.
• K, the left bone of the Sinciput.
• L, the left bone of the temples.
• M. the mammillary processe of the temples.
• N N, the wedge-bone.
• Γ Γ Γ, the first bone of the vpper Iaw.
• Δ, the second bone of the vpper Iaw,
• θ, the third.
• ΛΛ, the fourth in the eft eye.
• ξξ, the fift bone of the vpper Iaw in the nose.
• O O. the bridge or partition of the Nostrils.
• P, the Suture in the yoke-bone.
• Q, A part of the second common Suture from the first N, to S.
• R S T V Y X Z. the third common Suture drawne obliquely through the Orbe of the eye.
• a D, the first externall Suture of the vpper Iaw in the Cheeke, and from thence through the eye to Q.
• b the third externall Suture of the vpper Iaw from b to c.
• c, the second externall Suture of the vpper Iaw in the eye.
• e, the fourth externall Suture reaching to ξ.
• f, the sixt externall Suture of the vpper Iaw in the middle of the Nose.
• g, the second internall Suture in the Nose.
• h, the seauenth externall Suture of the vpper Iaw.
• i, A bastard Suture of the vpper Iaw at the eye,
• Fig. 9, Sheweth the Basis of the Skull, and many holes and Sutures therein.
• A, the end of the coronall Suture. C C, the lower additaments of the Lambdall Suture on either side. D, the fourth hole of the wedge-bone in the outside of the Orbe of the eye. F, A part of the fourth pro∣per Suture. H, the great hole of the occipitium made for the Spinall marrow. K, A part of the bone called Sinciput. L L, A part of the forehead bone. M M, the lower part of the nowle bone. N, A rift or cleft of the wedge bone which is common to the bones of the temple, drawne on the left side from •• to ••. O O, the wedge bone. P, His foure processes marked 2, 3, 4, 5, A R, the sixt hole of the wedge bone at the bottome of the throte, A, the seauenth hole of the same at R. Γ, the first bone of the vpper Iaw. S Λ, the fourth. π, the sixt, where the cutter betwixt c and π, hath not well expressed the Suture. T T, the bones of the temples on either side. V, the fourth hole of the bones of the temple made for the hearing. σ, the bridge or partition of the nose. X, the first hole of the temple bone in his Basis. Y Y, the yoke bone. a a, the anterior part of the fourth proper Suture. b, the lower part of the fift proper oblique Suture, c, the lower part of the bridge of the nose which is like a coulter where 3 is placed, d the vpper part of the second common Suture. f, the first externall Suture of the vpper Iaw in the Cheeke. g, the first common Suture in the side of the brow. h, the cauity of the temples whereto the lower Iaw is articulated, ii, the appendix of the temple bone called Styloides. k the mammillary processe of the same temples. l l, the knub of the nowle bone, m m, the 6 proper oblique Suture of the Skull, n n, the 7 trāsuerse Suture, o p, A line beginning from the last named Suture which climeth by the temples, & is more like a diuision then a line. q q, the lower part of the 2 commō Suture of the Skull in the hollownes of the nose, r, the line of the hole of hearing, s ae, the stony bones, t v, the 5 externall transuerse Suture of the vpper Iaw, X y, the 7 exter∣nall right Suture, α β, A bastard Suture of the vpper Iaw in the Pallate, γ, the hole of the eare, ♌, the 5 hole of the temples neere vnto •••• processe where Y should be blotted out, B, A hole of the nowle bone which is not alwayes found, E, the 2 hole of the nowle bone made for the 6 coniugation of the sinewes & for the iugular veine & artery, H, the 1 hole of the occipitium or nowle bone for the passage of the marrow, ••, the 3 hole for the outgate of the 7 coniugation, χ Λ, two holes of the nose, μ ν, two holes in the Pallate which is accounted the 4 of the wedge-bone, ξ, Fiue holes in the basis of the wedge-bone, π, the hole of the 4 bone of the vpper Iaw in the Pallate. Note that M, V, at the right side pointeth out the cauity which the yoke bone maketh for the passage of the temporall muscles.

the heads of Infants lightly on euery side to make them rise somewhat toward the crowne, and after so rowled it with bands till that forme was confirmed; the reason was saith Hippa. because the people had an opinion that it was a signe of a generous & noble disposition to be so featured; afterward Nature imitated Art and children were so borne; Quintilian in his second Booke and 17. Chapter, saith that Pericles had an accuminated head and some∣what long, and his words came thronging and thundring out, not peaceably as other mens; so we see, saith Bauhine, that most of the French and low Countrie men haue long heades, because they vse to lie with their heades vppon their Temples or on one side: whereas the Germanes haue most what round heads, because from their very infancie they lye vppon their backes.

Finally, Vesalius maketh mention of a begger of Bononia whose head was foure square, * 1.5 sauing that it was a little broader then long. And my selfe haue seene in Lincolneshire a wondrous small head made very like the ridge of a house neere vnto sharpnes al the length * 1.6 through, that boy was a foole and a wondrous great eater; and so much of the figures and fashions of the head.

The skull or cranium is all that bone which compasseth the braine and after-brain like * 1.7 a helmet, which is not made of one bone, least this brain-pan by one wound should be bro∣ken throughout, as we see a pot will be, the rift running quite through from the top to the bottome. It is made therefore of many bones ioyned together with sutures or seames like the teeth of two sawes set one against the other [tab. 1. and tab. 5. fig. 13.]

These sutures are of two sortes, proper and common. The proper sutures are either * 1.8 true or false, the true sutures are three, two of them transuerse, the third runneth along the head.

The first is that which is in the forepart called Coronalis [Table 2. ^AB table 4. figure 11. ⁿⁿ] and distinguisheth the forehead bone from the bone of the sinciput [Table 2. ^L from ^I to ^K.]

The second suture is in the nowle [table 2. ^CD table 4. ^PP] and is called I ambdoides sepa∣rating the bone of the nowle or occiput [table 2. ^M from ^I to ^K] from the bone of the synciput: this suture is sometimes double, containing in the middle a bone with three corners called Triangulareos.

The third suture is in the middest betwixt these two [table 2. figure 1. ^P table 9. fig. 2. ^CO] and is called sagittalis, it is a straight seame and diuideth the bones of the synciput [tab. 2. fig. 6. ^IK] descending sometimes euen to the nose.

The false sutures are not so conspicuous as the former; some reckon foure.

The first are two, on either side one aboue the eares [table 2. ^FGH] aboue the bones called * 1.9 petrosa or the rockie bones. They are not properly called sutures, but are rather scalie aglu∣tinations. The second two belong to the bone called sphenoides or the wedge bone, on the forepart and the hindpart.

The common sutures are those that belong as well to the skull as to the vpper iaw, and they are fiue. The first is in the outside of the brow. [table 2. figure 6. and 7. ^gg table 3. fig 8. ^R figure 9. ^g.] * 1.10 The second is double, the vppermost is in the outside of the eye & the hol∣low part of the Temples [table 3. figure 8. from ^s to ^Q at figure 9. at ^d table 2. figure 7. at ^d] The lowerwost is at the sides of the pallat. [table 3. figure 9. from ^d to ^c] The third is in the inner and laterall part of the eye. [table 3. figure 8. ^RSTVXYZ]

The fourth runneth through the middest of the iugall bone [table 2. figure 6. ^T table 3. fig. 9. ^Y fig. 8. ^P.]

The fift is in the bredth of the nose and is common [tab. 3. fig. 9. vnder 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉.] to the sphenoides, or wedgebone and the bridge of the nose.

The vse of the sutures is to giue way to the thicke and sooty excrements; againe to tye the dura meninx to the skull, and to giue way for the filaments of the same which make the * 1.11 Pericranium and Periostium as is sayed; and finally to giue ingate and outgate to the ves∣selles.

Beside the sutures, the skull it selfe is crasse; rare and full of holes.

Crasse or thicke for the security of that therein contained.

* 1.12 Rare that it might not be too great a burthen; and full of holes [tab. 4. fig. 11. 12. ^L tab. 7 fig. 14. ^C] to giue way to the transpiration of sooty excrements.

It is also made of a double table as we call it, or of two leaues [table 5. fig. 14. ^ao] which may best be distinguished about the place of the browes, the outward of these may bee ca∣ten * 1.13

away by the French disease, the inner remaining sound.

Betwixt these Tables are conueyed Veines and Arteries for the life and nourishment * 1.14 of the scull, among which vessels there is a kinde of medullous or marrowy substance [tab 5. fig. 14. betwixt ^a and ^{o c}] which some call Meditullium.

These Tables are oftentimes perforated in many places but without order, thorough * 1.15 which perforations small vesselles passe into the inward Cauity euen to the dura Meninx.

On the outside the scull is smooth, but if you turne the bottome vpwarde it is full of inaequalities and protuberations. Of all which we shall entreate more at large in our book of bones.

Notes

• * 1.1

  A double Fi∣gure of the head. Natural.
• * 1.2

  Depraued 5.
• * 1.3

  Difference of Anatomists.
• * 1.4

  A fift Figure.
• * 1.5

  A sixt.
• * 1.6

  A seauenth seene in Lin∣colnshire.
• * 1.7

  The skul.
• * 1.8

  Proper su∣tures. True.
• * 1.9

  False sutures.
• * 1.10

  Common su∣tures fiue.
• * 1.11

  The vses of the sutures.
• * 1.12

  The substāce of the skul.
• * 1.13

  His tables.
• * 1.14

  Meditullium,
• * 1.15

  His perfora∣tions.