Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

CHAP. XIIII. Of the Cerebellum or After-braine.

THat the whole Masse of the Braine is diuided into the Braine & After-braine we haue already shewed. The cause of this diuision Varollius taketh to be this. Whereas of those things which are apprehended by the senses there are two chiefe, differing much the one from the other yet both of them so immedi∣ately seruiceable to the vnderstanding that they cannot be substituted one for the other; wherof one belongeth to the Sight the other to the Hearing; and because there * 1.1 is required to the perfection of sight the mediation of a moist and waterish body as we see in the eyes; therefore for their behoofe especially and of the visible Species which they admit, that part of the braine was made which is the softer and so great that it filleth al∣most the whole Scull; and this is called properly Cerebrum or the Braine. But because those Species which are apprehended by sound, or resounding; do require a kinde of drines in their Organ, as Hippocrates excellently acknowledgeth (for where there is only moysture there is little or no resonance at all): therefore vnder the braine in the backepart of the head there is ordained and scituated a lesser and faster portion which they call Cerebellum we the After-braine which as it is truely harder then the braine it selfe, so is it consequent∣ly dryer. And this is Galens opinion in the 6. chapter of his 8. booke de vsu partium where * 1.2 he saith; that therefore it is harder then the braine because it produceth hard Nerues; albe∣it Vesalius, Columbus and Archangelus wil not admit any difference in their substances. * 1.3 Wherefore the Braine it selfe was especially made for the behoofe of the eyes, & theyr obiects: the After-braine for the vse of resounding species or such things as were to bee * 1.4 represented to the hearing. And because the sight is more excellent then the hearing, ministring vnto vs more difference of things, therefore it is seated aboue the braine.

The Cerebellum or After-braine, called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and by Aristotle 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is after the Braine; is as it were a priuate and small Braine scituated in the backe and lower part of the scull vnder the Braine [Tab. 11. fig. 8. ^{R R}] from which it is separated: it is also couered with both the Meninges or Membranes, and is vnited to the spinal mar∣row for a little space where also it affoordeth a part out of it selfe to make the bulke of the same narrow. * 1.5

In brute Beasts it is round and acuminated or growing sharpe and taketh vp almost all the backpart of the head. It is continuated on eyther hand to the sides of the Braine by two orbicular or round portions: [Table 11, fig. 8. neare ^{H G}.] But to the spinall marrow it is ioyned in the very middest, yet toward the backside, [Table 12, fig. 9. ^•] by the interpositi∣on of the Pia mater: And because the fourth ventricle should not there start open it is com∣passed with the thinne Membrane which is spred as farre as to the Buttocks. [Table 11, fig. 8. betwixt ^{O P} and ^Q] It is separated from the braine that through the thicke Membrane the vessels might be securely conueyed into the depth of the braine.

The forme of it is broader then long or deepe, and in the lower and backpart it resem∣bleth a flat bowle, in the middest whereof there is a sharpe impression ietting out from the * 1.6 bunch of the Nowle-bone; forward toward the buttocks of the braine it runs into a sharpe wedge hauing that figure because the place will admit no other.

It consisteth of three parts, the right, the left, and the middle (which yet are not diuided * 1.7 but continuated) because of the bunch of the Nowle-bone, of which we shall speake more particularly heereafter.

The right and the left parts are like two bowles set together, [Table. 12, fig, 9. ^{B D}] in the middest of which where the bowels do not touch, is placed the third part which is rounde and runneth as it were into a Ring from before backward, & maketh those processes which are called vermiculares. By reason of these parts it hath three-fold impressions, some ouer∣thwart

[illustration]

Table 14. figure 18. Sheweth the Head on the left side somwhat raised from the right side, as also a part of the Brain (the Af∣ter-Braine being remooued) remaining, and a little eleuated and reflected backeward, that the Instruments of smelling might be discerned.

[illustration]

Figure 19. sheweth the Head set vpon the Nowle, that a porti∣on of the Braine hanging backward, the Organs of smelling, the coition or meeting of the Optick Nerues and the Sopora∣ry Arteries might better appeare.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XIIII.

[illustration]

FIG. XVIII.

[illustration]

XIX.

• AA, BB, the brain couerd with the pia mater.
• CC. The swellings of the braine called by some Mamillary processes.
• D, One of the organs of smelling remaining yet in his owne seate.
• E. The other togither with the braine refle∣cted backward.
• F, the sinus: of the left organ of smelling co∣uered here with the thick meninx perforated
• G, The partition of the organs of smelling.
• H. The sixt veine of the braine deriued into the dura meninx.
• I. The fift veine of the braine which goeth into the scull through the hole, ordained for the issuing out of the Nerues of the 5 coniugation.
• K. A part of the Syth groing to the partitiō
• L M N. The place or seate of the Cerebellum or After-brain.
• O P Q. The right, left and middle Sinus of the Dura meninx.
• SSS. The double Tabulature of the scull.

[illustration]

Figure 19.

• AA, BB. A portion of the braine couered with the pia mater.
• CC. Those swellings of the brain which are called the Mamillary processes.
• D, E. The organs of smelling reflected togi∣ther with the braine.
• FFFF. The two vpper shew the bosomes of the scull in which the Mamillary proces∣ses do rest, the two lower shewe the bo∣soms or cauities of the organs of smelling
• G. A partition distinguishing these organes and their bosomes or cauities.
• H. the 6 veine doth here enter into the scull.
• I. The fift veine of the braine.
• K. A vessell like a veine running out of the dura meninx into the Tenuis.
• LL. The beginning of those passages which run by the sides of the dura moninx ioynd to the arteries after the maner of Veines.
• M N. The right and left optick nerues.
• O. Their coition or coniunction.
• P. A branch of the Soporary artery, perfo∣rating the Dura Meninx at the side of the Tunnell.
• Q. A branch of the Arterie reaching to the right ventricle.
• R. Another branch going to the Pia mater.
• S. The Tunnel receyuing the Phlegm of the braine.

and scored along through it; others running right downeward which are ioyned on eyther side as it were vnto a Center. For the lynes it hath are long and almost superficia∣ry, yet diuided manifold and distinguished by the thin membrane running betwixt them. * 1.8 The reason why they runne in the superficies or surface only is, because if they did descend deeper as we see in the Conuolutions of the Braine it selfe, they would perforate the Ce∣rebellum euen vnto the ventricle. They are also manifolde that their plenty might sup∣ply * 1.9 their superficiall course; as for those long and winding contortions which are in the braine, in this After-braine they are not to be found.

The substance of it is almost the same with the substance of the Braine it selfe, if wee take it freed from the Pia mater, excepting in the Basis of the Braine where the spinall mar∣row beginneth, which is harder then all the other parts, yea then the After-braine it selfe. For * 1.10

[illustration]

Table 15. Figure 20. sheweth the head turned vppon the Eare, that the inner Basis of the Skull couered with the dura Meninx might be seene, there is also so much of the Braine and spinall marrow left, as serueth to exhibite the coniugations of the nerues of the Braine.

[illustration]

Figure 21. sheweth the After-braine taken out of the Skull, separated from the spinall marrow, and lying with the lower side vpward: from which also the wormy processes are seuered.

[illustration]

TABVLA. XV.

[illustration]

FIG. XX.

[illustration]

XXI.

• AA, a part of the marrow of the braine, together with the beginning of the spinall marrow.
• BB, a portion of the opticke nerues.
• CC, the Tunnel receiuing the phlegme
• D, a hole out of the third ventricle into the Tunnell.
• EF, branches of the soporarie arteries, at∣taining vnto the skul near the Tunnel.
• G, the second paire of nerues moouing the eies.
• H, the third coniugation, or the greater roote of the third coniugation.
• I, the third paire of nerues, after some the fourth.
• K, the fourth paire of the braine.
• L, the lesser roote of the fift paire.
• M, the fift paire of nerues of the braine.
• N, the beginning and surcles of the sixt paire of nerues.
• O, the beginning of the seuenth paire of nerues.

[illustration]

Figure 21.

• AB, the right and left part of the After-braine.
• CD, the anterior and posterior regions of the middle part of the After-braine.
• E, the anterior wormy processe.
• F, the posterior wormy processe.
• GG, In this place the After-braine did grow to the spinall marrow.
• H, the cauity of the After-braine which with the cauity in the spinall marrow maketh the fourth ventricle.
• IK, the anterior and posterior processes of the braine, called vermi-formes or the wormy processes.

For this spinall marrow neither in colour nor in hardnesse is answerable to the Cerebellum, because the After-braine is yellower or rather more Ash-coloured, being no where white but in the surface of his ventricle; but the spinall marrow is exceeding white, as also is the Basis of the Braine which giueth beginning vnto it.

The quantity of the After-braine is much lesse then that of the Braine. The Braine be∣ing * 1.11 as sayth Fallopius foure times, as Vesalius would haue it, tenne times as bigge as the Ce∣rebellum.

In the middest thereof it hath a broad Sinus or hollownesse not very deepe, which ma∣keth * 1.12 as it were the roofe or vpper side of the fourth ventricle, for the rest of it is couered with the thin membrane; [Table 15. fig. 21. ^H] with in ward it hath no cauities as hath the braine, because it neither aboundeth with so many excrements, and those it doth gather, it easily turneth downe on the out side.

It hath two processes (Platerus reckons foure) [Table 15. figu. 21. CD] which because * 1.13 they are like to wormes in rotten wood, Galen in the 14. Chapter of his 8. Book de vsu par∣tium calleth vermi-formes excrescentias, VVormy processes, one of which regardeth the * 1.14 foreside, the other the back of that ventricle which is common to the After-braine and the

spinall marrow. These processes are diuersly orbiculated or rowled vp, consisting of ma∣ny particles, not oblique or right but transuerse, coupled together by the pia mater or thin membrane, whose end or top is embowed and thinne (which Aurantius calleth the pease) and entreth the cauity which they call the Cisterne, yea into the fourth ventricle.

* 1.15 Archangelus maketh this wormy processe not as Galen would haue it, to be of the sub∣stance * 1.16 of the braine and a part thereof, but a long membranous body, being indeede no∣thing else but the pia mater corrugated or foulded together, which in the dilatation of the braine is necessarily extended: but in the contraction is corrugated or crumpled vp like a worme.

For because (sayeth hee) the braines of those that die are contracted and fall into them∣selues, it necessarily followes that after death the membrane must in that part bee contrac∣ted.

It appeareth also thicker then otherwise the crumpled membrane would, because be∣ing scituated in a low part, it receiueth the moysture there collected and encreafeth with that additament. VVherefore sayth he the worme as it is a worme is of no vse at all. But to returne.

VVe sayde these wormy processes were two, the first which lyeth on the forepart [tab 15. figure 21. C] neare the buttocks is thought by Galen in the 5. Chapter of his 9. Booke * 1.17 of Anatomicall Administrations, to keepe open the passage of the third ventricle into the fourth; albeit Vesalius taxeth Galen for assigning that vse vnto it. Galen also in the 14. chap∣ter of his 8. Booke de vsu partium sayth further, that this processe when it is extended ouer the foresaid passage doth wholly obstruct or stop the same; but if it be reflected backward * 1.18 and rowled vp, his imbowed parts do draw the membrane to them adioyned, and the pas∣sage is so farre opened as way is made by that retraction. For as it is reflected and rowled round, by howe much the length of it is diminished by so much the breadth is encreased; wherefore it behoued not, that these processes should be either too thicke or too thin: not too thicke, for then they could not haue exactly closed the passages because they should haue had no slender parts which might haue insinuated themselues into the narrow straits of the passages. Againe, if they had beene too thin, the passages before said could neither haue bin exactly shut nor well opened.

And least these processes should altogether fall into the passages, Nature hath on ey∣ther side bound and conioyned them to the buttockes with slender bodies which the Ana∣tomists call Tendines proceeding from the thinne membrane; which membrane being ex∣tended to the hinde-most ventricle maketh the end of this processe. And this is Galens Anatomy concerning these processes, and deserueth well to beconsidered of, especially if we make our dissection of the head after the ordinary and accustomed manner.

The other processe [table 15. fig. 21. FD] which is the hinder, and from behinde incli∣neth * 1.19 forward, doeth not beare out as the former did, but his poynt is rather hid in the sub∣stance of the Sinus of the After-braine.

The vse of the first is to vsher the spirits; of the second that the way or passage of the fourth ventricle (which Galen in the 11. 12. and 13. Chapters of his 8. Book de vsu partium calleth the ventricle of the Cerebellum) might not be obstructed by the After-braine pres∣sing * 1.20 vpon it. But we are of opinion that this is the common vse of both the processes, be∣cause this passage (so often now mentioned out of the third into the fourth vētricle) ought neuer to be shut but to remaine alwayes open that the Animall spirit might haue perpetu∣all free insluence into the spinall marrow. Platerus thinkes that this vse is common to all the foure processes (for hereckoneth foure.) But Vesalius assigneth to them no other mo∣tion or office then to the rest of the substance of the Cerebellum, but if you aske his reason, I thinke it was onely that he might gain-say Galen.

At the sides of these processes we meet with two other portions which are continuated to the spinall marrow [table 15. fig. 21. GG.]

The vse of the After-braine (as saith Galen in the 6. Chapter of his 8. Book de vsu par∣tium) is that from it the harder nerues might haue their originall: which notwithstanding Vesalius and Columbus doe deny. Archangelus and Platerus esteeme it to be of the same na∣ture * 1.21 with the braine and adorned with the same faculties. Galen thinketh that the Ani∣mall spirit being contained in the whole substance of the braine, not only in the ventricles thereof, is in great quantity treasured vp in this After-braine, as being to be the original of all the sinewes which were to bee distributed into the whole body: and that those mid∣dle

distances which tye together the parts heereof; are the paths and wayes wherein the Animall spirits disport themselues.

Finally, Varolius conceiueth, (which we partly touched before) that the Braine was e∣specially * 1.22 made for the eyes and the visible obiects. The After-braine for the eares and re∣semblances of sounds to be conueyed vnto them.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The reason of the diuision of the Braine.
• * 1.2

  Galen.
• * 1.3

  Vesalius.
• * 1.4

  Why the braine is a∣boue the af∣ter braine. The after-braine. Aristotle.
• * 1.5

  His connecti∣on.
• * 1.6

  The forme of the after-braine.
• * 1.7

  The parts of it.
• * 1.8

  The Line.
• * 1.9

  Why superfi∣ciary.
• * 1.10

  The substance
• * 1.11

  The quantity.
• * 1.12

  The Sinus.
• * 1.13

  Platerus. Galen.
• * 1.14

  The wormy processes.
• * 1.15

  Aurantius.
• * 1.16

  Archangelus, his opinion of the substance of the wormy processe.
• * 1.17

  The first pro∣cesse.
• * 1.18

  Galens vse of the wormy processes.
• * 1.19

  The 2 pro∣cesse.
• * 1.20

  Their vse.
• * 1.21

  The vse of the Cerebellum.
• * 1.22

  Varolius.