Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.

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Title
Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author.
Author
Crooke, Helkiah, 1576-1635.
Publication
[London] :: Printed by William Iaggard dwelling in Barbican, and are there to be sold,
1615.
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Subject terms
Human anatomy -- Early works to 1800.
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http://name.umdl.umich.edu/A19628.0001.001
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"Mikrokosmographia a description of the body of man. Together vvith the controuersies thereto belonging. Collected and translated out of all the best authors of anatomy, especially out of Gasper Bauhinus and Andreas Laurentius. By Helkiah Crooke Doctor of Physicke, physitian to His Maiestie, and his Highnesse professor in anatomy and chyrurgerie. Published by the Kings Maiesties especiall direction and warrant according to the first integrity, as it was originally written by the author." In the digital collection Early English Books Online. https://name.umdl.umich.edu/A19628.0001.001. University of Michigan Library Digital Collections. Accessed June 8, 2025.

Pages

QVEST. XXI. How Twinnes, or more Infants are generated.

THe Immortall God of his Diuine prouidence hath giuen almost to all brute creatures a power to bring foorth many young at once least their kindes should be extinguished, for that of themselues they are but short liued & * 1.1 beside serue man for food & raiment, yea prey also one vpon another. Man the most temperate and of longest continuance, by the prescript of Nature breedeth but one infant at once, or at the most but two; because there is but one bosom in the wombe of a woman; but two parts thereof the right and the left distinguished only by aline, not disscuered by any partition; and onely two dugges appointed to nourish two in∣fants which we call Twinnes. And if at any time a Woman bring foorth three or more that seemeth to the Philosophers to be 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, vnnaturall.

Wee haue many Elegant Histories of such manifolde burthens. In Egypt where Nylus that fruitfull Riuer runnes, women bring sometimes six at a birth. Aristotle in his seuenth Booke De Historia animalium affirmeth that one Woman at foure birthes brought into the * 1.2 world twenty al perfect. Tragus reporteth, that in Egyp it hath been known that a woman hath borne seauen infants at once. Albertus telleth a tale of a woman in Germany who ha∣uing two and twenty infants formed in hir wombe suffered abortment, and of another who had at once 150. all of them being a bigge as a mans little finger.

Margaret Countesle of Holland, is saide to haue brought foorth at one burthen 364 li∣uing infants, who were all christned but dyed presently after, the Males were named Iohn, and the Females Elizabeth there remaineth to this day a stately Marble Sepulchre of him in a Monastery in Holland. Ther are also many other Histories of such like burthens as these which I willingly pretermit, being more willing to spend my time in searching out the cau∣ses of them.

Many of the Ancients referre the cause of Twinnes and manifolde burthens to the va∣riety * 1.3 of the bosomes of the wombe, for they make seauen bosomes in the wombe of a Wo∣man, which they call 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or Cels; three in the right side of the VVombe appointed for male children, and three in the left appointed for females, the seuenth in the midst wherin Hermophradytes are engendred, but these are idle conceites, next a Kinne to Olde wiues tales. For in a womans wombe there is but one bosom, as there is but one cauity in the sto∣macke * 1.4 which yet may be diuided into the right side and the left. These sides are diseuered by no partition, whatsoeuer Auicenna Haliabbas & many other Anatomists do auouch, as they are in sheepe, but onely distinguished by a line, which Aristotle calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, A middle Line, which word he tooke out of Hippocrates in his Coacae Praenotiones. Moreouer * 1.5 that the variety of Celles cannot be the cause of the multiplicity of the burthen that among other things may bee an argument, because sometime twenty young ones or more may at once bee conceiued, but no man I thinke will say there are so many bosomes in the womb; neither yet in other creatures are there so many bosomes as there are yong, as appeareth in Fishes who haue an infinit number of spawn yet no partition or distinction between them. Erasistratus referreth the cause of Twins to a repetition of conception. Empedocles vnto the plenty of seede, Ptolomy to the diuerse positions of the Starres.

The true cause Hippocrates acknowledgeth in his first Booke de Diaeta, to be the Diuision of the seede. So it was necessarie that the Seede be diuided equally into both sides of the wombe.

Page 313

For often times in coition all the seede is not at once eiaculated but by fittes or turnes; so saveth 〈…〉〈…〉: neither doth the seed alwayes issue at once but it boyleth had is eiacu∣lated 〈…〉〈…〉 or thrice. A part therefore of the soed falleth into one side of the womb, and another part into another, and so Twins are conceiued.

Asclepiades referreth the cause of Twinnes to the excellency of the seede, which if it bee * 1.6 strong is able to make many Infants. Auicen addeth as another cause the motion of the wombe which draweth vnto it selfe the seede of a man and disposeth it diuersly, bestowing * 1.7 the parts of the seede in this side and that side of the wombe from whence domes a multi∣plicity of Conceptions. And these are all the cause of Twinnes or many Infants. But that their Conception and Conformation may the better bee manifest, wee are to discusse three questions. The first whether at the same coition a Male and a Female may bee pro∣created. Secondly, whether Twinnes are included within the same membranes, and con∣teyned in diuerse places. Lastly, why Twinnes are commonly so like one another, and all these we will resolue out of Hippocrates. For the first wee say that at once two Males, two * 1.8 Females, a Male and a Female may be conceiued at one and the same coition: The man∣ner is thus expressed by Hippocrates in his first Booke de diaeta, and in his Booke de Natura pueri: If from both Parents masculine seed doe issue then are two Males generated, if femi∣nine seede two Females, if both masculine and feminine, then of the masculine is a Male conceiued, and a Female of the feminine.

Moreouer Twinnes that are both Males or both Females do for the most part suruiue, but if they prooue a male and a female, the female doeth scarce suruiue or at least is very weake, because it is not formed and perfected at the same time wherein the Male is formed and perfected. This Aristotle expresseth very plainly in the sixt Chapter of his fourth book de Generatione Animalium. If the Twins be a male and a female they rarely suruiue, because this duplication in men is vnnatural, for that the male & the female are not distinguished in the same time, vnlesse the males conformation bee foreslowed, or the females ouerhast∣ned.

The second question Hippocrates answereth in his Book de superfoetatione: The woman sayeth he, that is with childe with Twinnes, trauelleth of them both in one day, and if they be both of one sex they are conteyned in one after birth. VVherefore the Twinnes of the same sexe are wrapped in the same membranes, yet each of them haue their particular vm∣bilicall vesselles: but if they bee of diuers sexes they haue their diuers coates. Againe, if they be both of one sexe they are carried in the same side of the wombe, two boyes in the right side, and two wenches in the left, but if they bee of different sxes, the male shall bee concluded in the right side of the wombe, and the female in the left.

The third question was why Twinnes are so very like one another. Hippocrates in his first Booke de diaeta acknowledgeth a threefould cause of this similitude. First of all sayeth he the places wherein they receiue their augmentation are equall, whether they be concei∣ued in the right or in the left side of the wombe, because by a wonderful prouidence of na∣ture, the right are equall to the left, that so the whole body might be 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, that is, equal∣ly ballanced. Againe, because they are conceiued together; lastly because they vse the same Aliments, for they sucke the same bloud and enioy the same vitall spirites which they draw from their mother by the vmbilicall arteries. And thus much of Twinnes, now wee proceed to superfoetation.

Notes

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