The arte of nauigation conteyning a compendious description of the sphere, with the making of certayne instruments and rules for nauigations, and exemplifyed by many demonstrations. Written by Martin Cortes Spanyarde. Englished out of Spanishe by Richard Eden, and now newly corrected and amended in diuers places.

¶ The seconde part, intreating of the motions of the Sunne, and the Moone, and of the effectes caused thereby. (Book 2)

¶ The fyrst Chapter, of the course of the Sunne in the Zodiacke, and the effectes caused by the same.

WE haue briefly spoken of the Sunne,* 1.1 and of the other heauens. But for as muche as the Sunne must bee our marke, guide, and gouernour in Naui∣gation, whereof we intend to geue per∣fect instructions, it shalbe necessarie espe∣cially, and preci••ely, to declare the course and motions thereof.

Therefore (as we haue sayd) the Sunne is mooued vnder the Zodiacke,* 1.2 and vpon his poles in the lyne Eclipticke, passing by the xii. signes, beginning in the fyrst degree of Aries, where he ma∣keth

Equinox, that is to say, he maketh the day equall vnto the nyght in all places. Then from Aries, he entreth and mooueth into Taurus, approching nearer and nearer vnto vs on the North part, whereby the length of the dayes are increased with vs, and the nyghtes are shortened. Then entreth he into Gemini, and from Gemini into Cancer, where in the beginning of the first de∣gree he maketh Solstice, and toucheth the Sommer or Estiuall Tropike,* 1.3 and then are the dayes longest with vs, and the nightes shortest. Then declyneth he no farther from the Equi∣noctiall: but returning towarde it, passeth by this signe, shorte∣ning the dayes to vs, and lengthening the nightes. From thys signe of Cancer, it entreth into Leo, and passeth by it into Uir∣go, and by it entreth into the first degree of Libra, where he is in the Equinoctiall, and then he maketh the other Equinox, so that the nyght is then equall vnto the day ouer all the worlde. And passyng by this signe, goeth declyning from the Equinoctiall to∣warde the pole Antartike, increasyng the nyghtes to vs, and shortening the dayes: and so entreth into Scorpio, and from thence into Sagittarius. And passyng by it, entreth into the fyrst degree of Capricorne, to the Hyemall or Winter Tro∣pike:* 1.4 and then are the longest nyghtes vnto vs, and the shortest dayes. From hence he returneth towarde the Equinoctiall, shortening vnto vs the nyghtes, and lengthening the dayes. He passeth by thys signe of Capricorne, and entreth into Aqua∣rius: and passyng by it, entreth into Pisces: and passyng from thence,* 1.5 returneth to hys fyrst poynt of the Equinoctiall of A∣ries, wh••••e he beg••n. Heereby it followeth, that as the Sunne goeth the halfe of the Zodiacke on thys part of the Equinoctiall, and the other halfe on the other part of it, and in these halfes hath diuers declinations, is caused the increasing or decreasing of the dayes and nyghtes, to one more, and to another lesse, accordyng as euery one with his Horizon discouereth of the course of the Sunne, by the lytle or muche that he is departed or distant from the Equinoctiall, or as the pole is raysed aboue his Horizon. So that when as to them that are on this part of the Equinoc∣tiall, is the longest day and the shortest nyght: euen so to them

on the other part, is the longest nyght, and shortest day. And con∣trarywise, when vnto vs is the shortest day, vnto them is the longest, which shall further appeare by euident demonstration in the last Chapter of the thyrd part.

The discreete Reader shall heere note,* 1.6 that the Sunne is not mooued regularly in the Zodiacke, making so much by his pro∣per motion in one day, as in the other, because his reguler motion is in respect of the center of his owne proper sphere or orbe where∣in he is mooued, whose center is distaunt without the center of the world, toward that part of Cancer, so that the greater part of his orbe eccentricke, is toward the septentrionall part, where the Sunne passyng by the septentrionall signes, is more distaunt from the earth, and hath more to goe of his orbe eccentricke, then being in the South signes: for passyng by the North signes, he ••aryeth nyne dayes more, to describe that halfe of the Zodiacke, then the other halfe toward the South part, and for that cause the Sunne is more swifter in his motion in the Zodiacke one time then another, for his motion in one day in the South signes, shall be greater then it is in one day in the North signes, as shall ap∣peare in the table that foloweth: whose vse is, for the fynding of the motion and true place of the Sunne in the Zodiacke for euery day of the yeere. And hereby it foloweth of the sayd vnequall moo∣uing of the Sunne, and by the obliquite of the Zodiacke, certayne dayes of Wi••ter, with their ••yghtes, are longer then certayne other of Sommer, with their nyghtes: that is to say, that the day naturall in the Winter, doth surmount that in the Sommer, be∣cause the ryght assension, which answeareth to one dayes mo∣tion of the Sunne, being in the South signes, is greater then the assension for one dayes moouing, being in the North signes.

The ij. Chapter, of the true place of the Sunne in the Zodiacke.

THE true place of the Sunne is a poynt or prick in the Zodiacke,* 1.7 which is thus found: that dra∣wyng a ryght lyne from the center of the world, to the center of the sunne, and carying the same continually right foorth vnto the Zodiack, where this lyne sheweth or toucheth, that is the true place of the Sunne. This place is found in three maners. One way, by a table: an••ther way, by an instrument: and the thyrde way, by a certayne rule, to be borne in memorie. To fynde the true place of the Sunne by a table,* 1.8 seeke in the table folowing, the moneth that you are in, in the front or head of the table, and the dayes of the moneth, on the left syde of the table. Then directly against the dayes, vnder the litle of the monethes, you shall fynde two numbers, which are the degrees and minutes of the signe which you shall fyrst fynde, named ouer the head, or aboue the sayde numbers. T••en to the degrees and minutes whiche you shall fynde, you shal adde the equation, that is directly of the yeere in the which you are, or seeke to knowe. And this shall you seeke in the table of equations, which is after this: and that which doth amount or rise thereof, shall be the true place of the Sunne. And heere is to be noted, that in the com••on yeeres (which are they that haue not the bisextile or leape yeeres) from the ende of Februarie, vntyll the ende of the yeere (I say of De∣cember) shal euer one degree be diminished or taken away: and the degrees and minutes that shall remayne, is the true place of the Sun. How to knowe this by an instru∣ment and by memorie, shall be said in the seuenth Chapter.

The Table of the true place of the Sunne.

Months	Ianuary.	February.	March.	Apryll.	May.	Iune.
Signes.	Caprico.	Aquarius.	Pisces.	Aries.	Taurus.	Gemini.
Dayes.	G	M	G	M	G	M	G	M	G	M	G	M
1	20	22	21	53	20	55	21	24	20	21	19	55
2	21	24	22	54	21	55	22	22	21	18	20	52
3	22	25	23	54	22	54	23	21	22	16	21	49
4	23	26	24	55	23	54	24	19	23	11	22	46
5	24	27	25	55	24	53	25	17	24	13	23	43
6	25	28	26	56	25	53	26	16	25	8	24	40
7	26	30	27	56	26	52	27	14	26	6	25	37
8	27	31	28	56	27	52	28	12	27	3	26	34
9	28	32	29	57	28	51	29	10	28	0	27	31
10	29	33	☉♓	57	29	50	☉♉	8	28	58	28	28
11	☉♒	35	1	57	☉♈	49	1	6	29	55	29	25
12	1	36	2	58	1	48	2	4	☉♊	52	☉♋	22
13	2	37	3	58	2	47	3	2	1	50	1	19
14	3	38	4	58	3	46	4	0	2	47	2	16
15	4	39	5	58	4	45	4	58	3	44	3	13
16	5	40	6	58	5	44	5	56	4	41	4	10
17	6	41	7	58	6	43	6	54	5	38	5	7
18	7	42	8	58	7	42	7	52	6	36	6	4
19	8	43	9	58	8	41	8	49	7	33	7	1
20	9	44	10	58	9	39	9	47	8	30	7	58
21	10	45	11	58	10	38	10	45	9	27	8	55
22	11	46	12	58	11	37	11	43	10	24	9	52
23	12	47	13	57	12	36	12	40	11	21	10	49
24	13	48	14	57	13	34	13	38	12	18	11	46
25	14	48	15	57	14	33	14	36	13	15	12	43
26	15	49	16	56	15	32	15	33	14	12	13	40
27	16	50	17	56	16	30	16	31	15	10	14	37
28	17	51	18	56	17	29	17	28	16	7	15	34
29	18	51	19	56	18	28	18	26	17	4	16	31
30	19	52			19	27	19	23	18	1	17	29
31	20	52			20	25			18	58

The Table of the true place of the Sunne.

Months.	Iuly.	August.	Septēber.	October.	Nouēber.	Decēber.
Signes.	Cācer.	Leo.	Virgo.	Libra.	Scorpio.	Sagittari••
Dayes.	G	M	G	M	G	M	G	M	G	M	G	M
1	18	26	18	••	18	4	17	39	18	49	19	24
2	19	23	1••	••	19	2	18	39	19	50	20	26
3	20	20	19	58	20	1	19	38	20	51	21	27
4	21	17	20	55	21	0	20	38	21	52	22	29
5	22	14	2••	53	21	58	21	38	22	53	23	30
6	23	11	22	51	2••	57	22	38	23	54	24	31
7	24	8	23	48	23	56	23	38	24	55	25	33
8	25	5	24	46	24	55	24	38	25	56	26	34
9	26	2	25	44	25	54	25	39	26	57	27	36
10	27	0	26	42	26	53	26	39	27	58	28	37
11	27	57	27	40	27	52	27	39	28	59	29	39
12	28	54	28	38	28	51	28	39	☉♐	0	☉♑	40
13	29	51	29	36	29	50	29	39	1	1	1	42
14	☉♌	48	••♍	34	☉♎	49	☉♏	39	2	3	2	43
15	1	46	1	32	1	48	1	40	3	4	3	45
16	2	43	2	30	2	47	2	40	4	5	4	46
17	3	40	3	28	3	46	3	40	5	6	5	48
18	4	38	4	26	4	45	4	41	6	8	6	49
19	5	35	5	24	5	45	5	41	7	9	7	51
20	6	32	6	22	6	44	6	42	8	1••	8	52
21	7	30	7	21	7	44	7	42	9	11	9	54
22	8	27	8	19	8	43	8	43	10	12	10	55
23	9	25	9	17	9	42	9	43	11	13	11	57
24	10	22	10	16	10	42	10	44	12	14	12	58
25	11	20	11	14	11	41	11	45	13	15	13	59
26	12	17	12	13	12	41	12	45	14	16	15	1
27	13	15	13	11	13	41	13	46	15	18	16	2
28	14	12	14	10	14	40	14	47	16	19	17	3
29	15	10	15	8	15	40	15	47	17	20	18	5
30	16	7	16	7	16	39	16	48	18	22	19	6
31	17	5	17	5			17	49		22	20	7

The Table of the Equation of the Sunne.

The yeres of our lord	The equation to be added.	The yeres of our lord	The equation to be added.	The yeres of our lord	The equation to be added.	The yeres of our lord	The equation to be added.
	G	M		G	M		G	M		G	M
1545	R1	0	1581	1	16	1617	1	32	1653	1	48
1546		45	1582	1	1	••618	1	17	1654	1	33
1547		30	1583		46	1619	1	2	1655	1	18
1548		15	1584		32	1620		47	1656	1	3
1549	1	2	1585	1	18	1621	1	33	1657	1	49
1550		47	1586	1	3	1622	1	18	1658	1	34
1551		32	1587		48	1623	1	3	1659	1	19
1552		18	1588		33	1624		49	1660	1	4
1553	1	4	1589	1	••9	1625	1	35	1661	1	51
1554		49	1590	1	4	1626	1	20	1662	1	36
1555		34	1591		49	1627	1	25	1663	1	21
1556		19	1592		35	1628		51	1664	1	7
1557	1	05	1593	1	21	1629	1	37	1665	1	53
1558		50	1594	1	••6	1630	1	22	1666	1	38
1559		35	1595		51	1631	1	7	1667	1	23
1560		21	1596		37	1632		53	1668	1	9
1561	1	7	1597	1	23	1633	1	38	1669	1	55
1562		52	1598	1	8	1634	1	23	1670	1	40
1563		37	1599		53	1635	1	8	1671	1	25
1564		23	1600		39	1636		54	1672	1	10
1565	1	9	1601	1	25	1637	1	40	1673	1	56
1566		54	1602	1	10	1638	1	5	1674	1	41
1567		39	1603		55	1639	1	10	1675	1	26
1568		25	1604		40	1640		56	1676	1	12
1569	1	11	1605	1	26	1641	1	42	1677	1	58
1570		56	1606	1	11	1642	1	27	1678	1	33
1571		41	1607		56	1643	1	12	1679	1	28
1572		26	1608		32	1644		8	1680	1	13
1573	1	12	1609	1	28	1645	1	44	1681	R2	☉
1574		57	1610	1	13	1646	1	29	1682	1	45
1575		42	1611		58	1647	1	14	1683	1	30
1576		28	1612		44	1648	1	0	1684	1	15
1577	1	14	1613	1	30	1649	1	46	1685	2	2
1578		59	1614	1	15	1650	1	31	1686	1	4
1579		44	1615	1	10	1651	1	16	1687	2	32
1580		29	1616		46	1652	1	2	1688	1	8

This Table of the Equation of the Sunne, serueth from the yeere of 1545. where it hath hys roote or beginning, vntill 1680. and in the yeere of 1681. it shal returne to the roote, adding there∣vnto one degree more. As for example. In the yeere of 1681. adde one degree vpon the other degree that the roote hath, and so shall the yeere of 1681. haue two degrees of Equation, and the yeere of 1682. shall haue one degree, and 45. minutes, which is to adde one degree vpon 45. minutes, that had the yeere of 1546. &c. And hauing passed other 136. yeeres, you shall returne to the roote, ad∣ding two degrees.

The iij. Chapter, of the declination of the Sunne.

THE declination of the Sunne, is the arcke of the greater Circle,* 1.9 whiche passeth by the Poles of the worlde, included betweene the Equ••noctiall and the Zodiacke. And heere is to be noted, that whatsoeuer foure poynts or prickes which are equally distaunt from the poynts of equinoxes (which are the beginnings of Aries and Li∣bra) shall haue equall declinations.

Whereof if foloweth, that the foure quarters of the Zodiacke haue equall declinations. And to auoyde prolixitie, I will adde heerevnto a Table of the declinations of onely one quarter of the Zodiacke, so that all hauing one selfe same maner of declinations, it may serue for all, and the order of it is this. The signes whose declination in∣creaseth, are in the head or front of the Table, and the degrees of these signes descend by the left side thereof. And the signes whose declination decreaseth, are in the foote of the Table, and the de∣grees of these signes, rise by the right side of the same. The dispo∣sition of the Table being vnderstood: then to knowe what decli∣nation the Sunne hath in euery degree of the Zodiacke, you ought

Signes	♈	♎	♉	♏	♊	♐	Signes
G	G	M	G	M	G	M	G
0	0		11	30	20	12	30
1	0	24	11	51	20	25	29
2	0	48	12	12	20	37	28
3	1	12	12	33	20	49	27
4	1	36	12	53	21	0	26
5	2	0	13	13	21	11	25
6	2	23	13	33	21	22	24
7	2	47	13	53	21	32	23
8	3	11	14	13	21	42	22
9	3	35	14	32	21	51	21
0	3	58	14	51	22	0	20
11	4	22	15	10	22	9	19
12	4	45	15	28	22	17	18
13	5	9	15	47	22	25	17
14	5	32	16	5	22	32	16
15	5	55	16	23	22	39	15
16	6	19	16	40	22	46	14
17	6	42	16	57	22	52	13
18	7	5	17	14	23	57	12
19	7	28	17	31	23	3	11
20	7	50	17	47	23	8	10
21	8	13	18	3	23	12	9
••2	8	35	18	19	23	15	8
••3	8	58	18	34	23	19	7
24	9	20	18	49	23	22	6
••5	9	42	••9	4	23	24	5
26	10	4	19	18	23	••6	4
27	10	26	••9	32	23	28	3
8	10	47	19	46	23	29
29	11	9	19	59	23	30	1
30	11	30	20	12	23	30	0
Signes ♓		♏	♒	♌	♑	♋	Signes

to know the true place of the Sunne (as in the Chapter past is decla∣red) for the day of the de∣clination which you de∣sire to knowe, and the signe which the Sunne shalbe found in that day, shall you seek in the front or foote of the Table. And if it be in the front, you shall seeke the num∣ber of the degrees on the left side. And if it shalbe at the foot of the Table, you shall seeke it on the ryght syde. Then aboue or vnder the signe, in the front of that degree of the sayd signe, you shall fynde twoo numbers, whereof the first is of de∣grees, and the second of minutes: and those de∣grees and minutes of declination the Sunne hath that day. And thys is vnderstoode without hauing respecte to the odde minutes aboue the degree, which the true place of the Sunne hath.

And if you desyre to veryfie this more pre∣cisely, note the declinati∣on of that degree, and of the degree folowing: and take the lesse from the

more, and that wh••ch remay••eth, shalbe the difference of the de∣clination from the one degree to the other, of which difference yee shall take a part propo••tio••ally, as are the minutes of the place of the S••nne vnto 60. And this part of minutes must be added to the fyrst declination of it, and be lesse then the second, or must be taken from it if it shall be g••eater, and then that riseth thereof, shalbe the precise declination for that signe, degree, and minute. As for example. In the yeere 1546. the tenth day of Septem∣ber, the Sunne shalbe in 26. G. 38. M. of Virgo, & to the 26. G. precise, shall correspond 1. G. 36. M. of declination. And to veri∣f••e the declination that commeth to 38. minutes, which is more of the 26. G. you must marke the difference that is from the de∣clination of 26. G. (which is one G. 36. M.) to the declination of the 27. G. which is 1. G. 12. M. The difference is 24. M. Of these you must take such part proportionally, as the 38. minutes beareth vnto 60. which are almost two terces of a degree. Then the two terces of 24. are 16. which must be taken from one de∣gree 36. M. which correspond to the 26. G. of Virgo, because the declinatio••s goe decreasyng, and remayneth 1. G. 20. M. and if the declinations increase, you must adde thereto, as you take away when they decrease.

An other example for this yeere of 1561.

Example for the yeere 1561. the 20. of Apryll, I fynde the true place of the Sunne at noone, in 9. degrees 54. minutes of Taurus: then in the Table of the signes present, I seeke for 9. degrees of Taurus, to whiche doth answeare for the declination 14. degrees. 32. minutes, & to the next degree folowing, doth an∣sweare 14. degrees 51. minutes: then take the lesser out of the more, so resteth 19. minutes. Then from a rul•• of 3. & say, if 60. minutes geue 54. mi••utes (which 54. minuts doth rest before of the 9. degrees of Taurus) how many doth 19. minutes geue? which 19. minuts are the diuersitie of the 9. & 10. degrees of Tau∣rus. S•• I finde, that 19. minutes geueth 17. minutes, and 6. se∣co••des, which 17. m••nutes, and 6. secondes, I adde to the 14. de∣grees 23. minuts, which answeareth to the 9. degrees of Taurus.

And it commeth to fourteene degrees. 49. minutes, and syxe se∣condes, which is the true declination for the twentie day of A∣pry••l. Anno. 1561.

It is also to be noted, that I adde these seuenteene minutes and sixe secondes, because the declination doth encrease: for if it decreased, it were to be taken out so much, and the rest is the de∣clination. So is the declination for the twentie of Apryll in the yeere 1561. fourteene degrees. 49. minutes, and syxe secondes.

The iiij. Chapter, of the encrease of the Sunne into the twelue Signes. And of the Equinoctials and Solstitials which deuide the foure tymes of the yeere.

OF that is sayd in the Chapter before,* 1.10 it fol∣loweth that the sunne entring into the foure principall signes, causeth the foure tymes of the yeere. For entring into Aries, it chaun∣geth the time to vs from winter to the spring time. And entryng into Cancer, it chaun∣geth the tyme from spryng to sommer. And entring into Libra, from sommer to Autumne. Likewise en∣tring into Capricorne, it chaungeth from Autumne to Winter. So that when to vs that be on the part of the North, is sommer, then is it winter to them that are on the South part. Or contra∣rywyse, being sommer to them on the South, it is winter to them on the North. The en••rance of the sunne into these signes, and all other of the Zodiacke, hath not been euer at one selfe same tyme of the yeere. The cause of this is, that the Latine y••ere is not equall with the moouing of the s••nne in the Zodiacke,* 1.11 as shalbe sayd in the x. Chapter,* 1.12 where we wyl entreate of the yeere. In the tyme that Christ our redeemer was borne, were the E∣quinoctialles. The one at the eyght of the ••ale••des of Apryll,

and the other at fyue of the kalendes of October: So that they had the Equinoctiall of the Spryng, at the xxv. of Marche, and the Equinoctiall of Autumne, at the xxvii. of September, as writeth Iohn Baptist Capuano, vppon the seconde Chapter of the Sphere of Iohan. De sacro bosco. They iudged then the Solsticialles,* 1.13 as that of the Somme••, at the eyght day of the kalendes of Iuly, whych is the xxiiii. of Iune: the other of the Wynter, they iudged at the eyght day of the kalends of I••nu∣arie, which is the xxv. of December. And heere wyll I not omit to say how in those times, at these foure dayes (that is to meane, in the two Solstitialles and two Equinoctialles) were celebra∣ted, or dyd chaunce foure marueylous thynges in the worlde.

For in the spring Equinoctiall, which was at the xxv. of March, the Sonne of GOD was inca••nate, and afterwarde borne of the Uirgin Marie in the Solstitiall of Wynter,* 1.14 whyche was at the xxv. of December.

In the Equinoctiall of Autumne, whiche was the xxvii. of September, was conceyued blessed Iohn Baptist, the cryer and precursour of Christ: and was borne in the sommer Solsti∣ciall, that was the xxiiii. of Iune. And this is the syxth Moneth whereof Saint Luke speaketh in the Gospell. Whiche thyng also Iohn Chrysostome doth veryfie, saying that S. Iohn was borne when the dayes beganne to decrease, and our Lorde when they began to increase. And it may certaynely seeme woorthie to be had in memorie, that in the sayde Equinoctiall of the spring, Christ suffered, Adam was created and loste the estate of innocencye, Abel was slayne, Melchisedech offered bread and wyne, Isahac by Abraham was brought to be sacrificed, Iohn Baptist was be∣headed at Macherunta, Peter delyuered out of pryson, Saint Iames beheaded by Herode, the good Theefe enioyed Paradise, and the bodyes of many Saintes rose wyth Chryste. And who so further desyreth more precisely to knowe the entraunce of the Sunne into Aries,* 1.15 and into the other principall signes, shall in the thyrde parte of thys woorke, in the eyght Chapter, fynde rules whiche shall bryng hym to the knowledge thereof. B••t ••o

returne to our tyme, I say that thys present yeere of 1545. the Sunne entreth into the fyrste degree of Aries, at the tenth of Marche, at foure of the clocke at after noone, and into the fyrst degree of Taurus the nynth of Apryll 2. houres, and 7. minutes, and into Gemini the 11. of May 2. houres and syxe minutes, into Cancer the 11. of Iune. 14. houres. 44. minutes, into Leo the 13. of Iuly. 3. houres. 50. minutes, into Virgo the 13. of August 9. houres 56. minutes, into Libra the 13. of September 4. houres 4. miuutes, into Scorpio the 13. of October. 7. houres 13. minutes into Sagittarie the 12. of Nouember iust at noone, into Capricorne the 11. of December 8. houres 16. minutes, into Aquarius the 9. of Ianuarie. 2. houres, one minute, into Pisces the 8. of Februarie 1. houre 30. minutes after midday (that is to say) from noone 1. houre 30. minutes.* 1.16 And that we may in the yeeres to come, knowe the day, houre, and minute, in the whiche the Sunne entreth into euery signe, we will followe this order.

Upon the dayes, houres, and minutes, that the Sunne entreth into euery signe thys sayde yeere. 1545. we must adde for euery yeere fyue houres and 49. minutes, which with the 365. dayes, which euery yeere conteyneth, shalbe the tyme in the whiche the Sunne accomplysheth his Reuolution.* 1.17 And because that in the yeere of the Bisextile or Leape yeere, is added to Februarie one day more to his 28. which he hath once in foure yeeres, from 6. to 6. houres, yf we shall take from the computation that whyche we haue geuen hym, turning one day backward (as shalbe in the yeere 1548.) and vppon that that remayneth shall returne in the yeere folowyng of 1549. to adde fyue ho••res 49. minutes, and as much more euery other yeere folowing, shalbe a certayne rule for euer.

And it is to note, that the degrees and minutes which wee haue touched before, are properly for the Citie of Cadiz. And yf we desyre to applye them for other Cities or places more East∣warde: then for euery xv. degrees that they are distaunt from

Cadiz in longitude, we must adde one houre. And yf for Cities, or places more W••stward••* 1.18 in lyke maner for euery xv. degrees we must take away one houre, by reason of the course of the Sun by his rapte moouing from the East to the West. For it is cer∣tayne, that when with vs in Cadiz it is xii. houres of the clocke, t•• them that are xv. degrees Eastward from vs, it is one of the clock, and to them that are from vs xv. degrees toward the West, it is xi. of the clocke.

Nowe that we haue Rules to knowe the entraunce of the Sunne into the xii. signes, thereby may we also knowe his en∣traunce into the foure C••••dinall or principall signes, whiche are they that determine and ende the Equinoctialles and Solstiti∣alles, whereby are caused the foure tymes of the yeere. And for∣asmuch as the generall chaunge of tymes, is by reason of the Sunne,* 1.19 who by his comming neare, warmeth, by hys remay∣ning dryeth, with his departure, cooleth, and by his long tarying away, causeth maystnesse, we will shew the qualities of the princi∣pall windes, elements, regions, humours, and ages, in one briefe Table: and then consequently in an other will we describe the be∣ginning, middest, and ende of the foure times of the yeere, aswell in the monethes, as in the heauenly signes.

The Table of the qualities of the Elementes.

Qualities.	Hot & dry	Hot & moyst	Cold & moyst	Cold & dry
Partes of the yere	Sommer	Spryng.	Winter.	Autumne.
Principall windes	East.	South.	West.	North.
Elements.	Fyre.	Ayre.	Water.	Earth.
Regions.	East.	South.	West.	North.
4. Humours.	Choler.	Blood.	Flegme.	Melancholy
4. Ages.	Youth.	Mans state.	Aged.	Age.

The Table of the foure tymes of the yeere.

Tymes.	Beginning.	Myddest.	Ende.
Spryng.	Marche. Aries.	Apryl. Taurus.	May. Gemini.
Som••er.	Iune. Cancer.	Iuly. Leo.	August. Virgo.
Autumne.	Septem••. Libra.	Octob. Scorpio.	Nouemb. Sagit.
Wynter.	Decemb. Capricor.	Ianua. Aquar.	Februa. Pisces.

The v. Chapter, of the Moone, and of her motions and properties.

IN the Chapters past of this seconde parte,* 1.20 wee haue entreated of the Sunne, and of his motions and effects, as the most noble and principall lumi∣narie. In this present Chapter we wyll entreate of the Moone, which is the second luminarie, al∣though in the order of the heauens she is the first, and nearest vnto vs of all other Planets or Starres.

The M••one therefore is a round body, of heauenly substaunce, solide and darke in respecte of the Sunne, hauing no proper light of his owne, but is apt to receyue light. She is mooued from the West into the East, according to the order of the signes, euery day 13. degrees litle more or lesse, and somewhat more then 10. minutes,* 1.21 by the proper motion of the heauen or sphere vpon the Ares and Poles of the Zodia••ke. I sayd more or lesse, because that ouer and beside the moouing of her deferent or circle, which is moued euery day the aforesayd 13. degrees and 10. minutes, almost 11. she hath an Eclipse where the Moone is fixed: at the motion whereof, sometimes she is moued more sw••ftly, and some∣times more slowly: Neuerthelesse, according to her selfe motion, she maketh her course in 27. dayes and almost 8. houres:* 1.22 and ha∣uing no light of her owne, she is lyghtened of the Sunne, as mani∣festly appeareth hereby, that being in coniunction with the Sunne, or neare vnto him, we see her not lyghtened: because the lyght which she then receyueth, is onely her vppermost or highest parte, whereby she directly beholdeth the Sunne, forasmuche as he is

in the fourth heauen, and she in the first. And departing from the Sunne by her prop••r moouing,* 1.23 the Sunne remayneth on the West part. Then toward that part we begyn to see a lytle of the part of the Moone lyghtened, and so more and more by lytle and lytle, as she departeth farther from the Sunne. And at thys tyme she hath her hornes or corners towarde the East, because the Sunne is in the West. During this tyme also, she is sayde to in∣crease, or that she goeth increasing vnto the opposition whiche we see,* 1.24 by the part of her, which the Sunne directly beholdeth. And so do we see her altogeather lyghtened, and call it the full Moone. Then passyng from the opposition, she commeth nearer the Sunne by lytle and lytle, beyng darkened and hyd f••om vs, and lyghtened onely by her hyghest part: and this tyme is cal••ed the decreasing or wane of the Moone. Then also hath she her hornes toward the West, because the Sunne is in the East: and this vntyll she turne agayne in coniunction with the Sunne, and that we see her not lyghtened at all.

The Moone is lesse then the Starres or other Planets, except Mercurie,* 1.25 and lesse then the earth. And yf any shall affirme the contrary, saying, that it is written in the fyrst of Genesis, that God made two great lyghtes: the greatest to geue lyght to the day, and the lesse to lyghten the nyght, (as Dauid also affirmeth.) To this I answeare, that the Moone beyng nearest vnto the earth, appeareth vnto vs greater then she should do, yf she were further distaunt from vs. And although she be great of lyght (receyued as we haue sayde) and bigge of body, yet is she not great in respect of the other Starres. And therefore the words of Genesis aforesayd,* 1.26 may be vnderstoode to be spoken in such ma∣ner and phrase as holy Scripture often vseth, to humble and apply it selfe to the weakenesse of our vnderstanding, and grosenesse of our senses.

The vi. Chapter, of the coniunctions and oppositions of the Sunne and the Moone.

THE Sunne and the Moone are mooued vnder the Zodiacke with diuers motions. The Moone with a swifter motion then the Sunne foloweth hym,* 1.27 ouertaketh him, and goeth before him, vntill she place her selfe in Diameter with him. And when she hath thus ouertaken him, so that they are both in one selfesame degree of the Zodiacke, then is the con∣iunction.* 1.28 Then departing from him, and being in equall degrees of the signes opposite according to the Diameter, is the opposi∣tion. To knowe the times of these coniunctions and oppositions,* 1.29 is very profitable and necessarie for Mariners. These times may be knowen in two manners.* 1.30 One way, by the Ephimerides or Almanacke, or other tables, or Luna••ie instrumentes. And by these meanes is knowen precisely the day, houre, and minute of the coniunction and opposition. It may lykewyse be knowen by the rules of computation, whiche are the rules that are knowen by memorie, although not precisely, as by the bookes aforesayde. And heere is to be vnderstoode, that from one coniunction to an∣other, accordyng to the halfe moouings of the Sunne and the Moone, there passeth 29. dayes, twelue houres, and 44. minuts. And consequent••y from coniunction to opposition, and from op∣position to coniunction, the halfe thereof, which is fourteene dayes 18. houres, and 22. minutes. To knowe the••e coniunctions by rules of computat••on, is presupposed to knowe the golden num∣ber, and by it, the concurrent or Epacte.

The golden number,* 1.31 is the number of nienteene yeeres. In which time, the coniunctions of the Sunne and the Moone make all their varieties in the times of euery yeere: so that yf the con∣iunction were the twelfth day of Marche in this yeere of 1545. from this yeere in the nienteene yeeres folowing, which shalbe in the yeere of 1564. the coniunction shall returne to be at the twelfth day of M••••che. It was fyrst called the golden number by the Egyptians, who fyrste found the vse thereof, and sent it to

Rome written in golden Letters. To fynde this number, it is needfull to know his rootes, which is this. In the yeere that Christ our Lorde and redeemer was borne (whereby we make this ac∣compt) the golden number was the number of one,* 1.32 which was the yeere of the roote or begi••••••ng: and the fyrst yeere of the byrth of Christ, was two of the golden number. So that ioyning to the yeeres of our Lord one of the roote or beg••••ning, and from all take away the nienteene, then the rest shall be the golden number. And yf you desyre to make computation by a nearer roote, take for the roote the yeere of 1500. when nienteene was the golden number, and in the yeere of 1501. did begin one of the golden number, and so consequently euer taking away the nienteene.

This present yeere of 1545. we haue seuen of the golden num∣ber. And in the yeere of 1546. we shall haue eyght. &c.

* 1.33The golden number being knowen, it is necessarie for thys computation of the Moone to knowe the concurrent. The concur∣rent of euery yeere, is the number of the dayes passed of the con∣iunction of the Moone at the beginning of Marche. And the••e grow of the difference of the Solar yeere to the Lunar:* 1.34 As the Lunar yeere hath 354. dayes, and the Solar yeere 365. so hauing euery yeere eleuen dayes of difference, which are added euery yeere vn∣tyll they come to the number of thyrtie, and passyng thyrtie, those that do passe are of the concurrent.

* 1.35The number of the concurrent of euery yeere, is founde in this maner.

And the better to beare it in memorie, you must imagine three places: and these commonly are assigned on the thumbe. As the fyrst place at the roote of the thumbe, the second in the middle ioynt thereof, and the thyrd and last, in the toppe of the thumbe. Then ••n the fyrst place put tenne, in the second twentie, and in the thyrd thirtie. Then by the order of these places shalbe compted the golden number: As one in the fyrst place, two in the second, and three in the third, returning foure to the fyrst place. &c. vnti•••• the golden number of that yeere for the whiche the concurrent is sought. And the number of that place where the golden number endeth, must be ioyned with the number of the golden number: and that doth amount thereof, shall be the concurrent, so that it

passe not 30. But if it passe 30. then that that is more then 10. is the concurrent of that yeere.

And heere is to be noted, that the yeeres of this computation of the Moone, begin at the first day of March, and last vntyll the last day of Februarie, so that this present yeere of 1545. by computa∣tion of the golden number, we haue seuen: which accompted by the sayd places, endeth in the first, which is 10. which also ioyned with the golden number of seuen, make 7. and so much is the con∣current of this present yeere.

Likewise, this number of Epacte,* 1.36 or concurrent, is found in multiplying the golden number by 11. & deuiding the summe by 30. then that remayneth, is the Epact or concurrent.

The concurrent being thus knowen,* 1.37 then to knowe the dayes of the Moone, it is necessary to knowe three numbers. The fyrst•• is the concurrent. The second, the number of the moneth in which you are, beginning at March. The thyrd, the dayes past of the same moneth. And ioyning th••se three numbers, if they come not to 30. so many dayes olde is the Moon••. And if they be 30. it is the coniunction. And if they passe 30. they also that passe, are the age of the Moone.

This is vnderstoode in the monethes that haue 3•••• dayes, for in them that haue onely 30. dayes, the coniunction is at the 29. day, and they that passe of 29. are the age of the Moone. As for ex∣ample.

The fyrst day of August, of the concurrent 17. of moneths from March 6. and of dayes of the moneth 〈◊〉〈◊〉 make 24. and so much is the age of the Moone.

An other example. The tenth of September, of concurrent 17. of monethes seuen, of dayes ten, which are in all 34. And because that September hath onely 34. dayes, we must take away 29. of the 34. and so rest fyue dayes, whiche are the age of the Moone. And in lyke ma••ner shall w•• geue to Februarie 29. dayes of the Moone.

It followet••,* 1.38 that the dayes of the Moone beeyng knowen, then vnreckon••••g or disreck••ning backewarde, wee fynde

for example. The 20. of Iuly, the Moone hath 12. dayes taken from the 20. remayneth 8. Then the eight day was the coniunction.

The day of the coniunction is lykewyse knowen by ioyning the monethes (beginning in Marche) with the concurrent, and if they come not to 30. then at so many dayes of that moneth as lacketh of 30. shalbe the coniunction.

Example.

In August 6. of the monethes, and 17. of the concurrent, are 23. which of 30. lacketh 7. Then at the seuenth day was the con∣iunction, and if they passe 30. then taking them that passe from the number of the dayes which the moneth had next before, and then that which remayneth, doth shew the day of the coniunction. Lyke as the Moone of September of the yeere 1546. we shall count the concurrent 28. of monethes 7. which are 35. Then taking away the 5. from 30. and one which August hath, remay∣neth 26. and so the 26. of August, of the yeere to come of 1546. the Moone shall make coniunction.

The vij. Chapter, of the declaration and vse of an Instru∣ment, by the which is found the place and decli∣nation of the Sunne, with the dayes and place of the Moone.

* 1.39IN the seconde and thyrde Chapter, I haue geuen rules to knowe the true place of the Sunne, and his declinati∣on. In this Chapter I will describe an instrument, whereby may be knowe•• the declination and place of the Sunne, and knowing by the Chapter past, the dayes of the Moone, shall also bee knowen her place in the Zodiacke, and how much of her is lighte∣ned, and what aspect she hath with the Sunne.

This Instrument is in square fourme, and hath by the sydes 23. degrees and a halfe, of the which the 23. and a halfe that descende from the myddest downeward,* 1.40 is the declination of the South signes: and the other from the myddest vpwarde, are the declinat••ons of the North signes. Within this quadrature is de∣scribed a circle, by the circumference whereof, are the twelue signes and their degrees, ioyned to the circumference: and fur∣ther within, is the number of them, and then their names. Yet further within this, is another circle, where are the twelue mo∣nethes, with their numbers and dayes.

Then to the center of this circle, are annexed two rundelles, whereof the greatest and lowest is called the rundel of the Sunne.

This hath an I••dex or shewer, in which is paynted the Sun, and in the circumference of it are the dayes of the age of the Moone. In the other circle, in the circumference thereof, is a round hole, representing the Moone: directly from the which, is another Index comming foorth of the circumference of thys rundell, in which rundell are all the aspectes which the Moone maketh with the Sunne.

Hauing described the Instrument, let vs declare the vse there∣of, which is this.

Fyrst to fynde the true place of the Sunne,* 1.41 we must put the Index of the rundell of the Sunne, vppon the day of the moneth in which we are, or desire to knowe the place of the Sunne. Then in the circle of the signes, it shall shew the signe and degree in the which it is: and in like maner, resting styll vpon the degree, loo∣king in the paralels that touch in the circumference, and procee∣ding by that line that toucheth the Sunne which the Index doth note, ye shall see in the syde of the Instrument, the number of the degrees of the declination which the Sunne hath at that day.

To fynde the place of the Moone,* 1.42 we must holde the Index of the rundell of the Sunne, fast vpon the day of the moueth in the which we desire to knowe the place of the Moone. And accomp∣ting in the rundell of the Sunne, the dayes that haue passed from the day of the Coniunction (as I haue sayde in the Chapter be∣fore) and where endeth that number of the dayes, yf there wee

apply the index of the Moone, it shall shewe in the circle of the signes, the place where she is. And so shall she appeare in the in∣strument lightened, or darkened, more or lesse as in heauen. In lyke manner, consydering the place of the Sunne and the Moone, shall be seene what aspect they haue, by the lynes that trauerse the superficiall of the Lunar circle of the Moone.

[illustration]

The aspects which the Planets haue one to another, or wher∣by they behold one another, are fyue.* 1.43

Coniunction is, when two Planets be vnder one selfe same degrée and minute in the Zodiacke,* 1.44 whos•• charact is this. ♂

Opposition is,* 1.45 when betwéene the place of the Planetes is halfe a circle, which are 180. degreés, and is thus figured. ☍

Trinall aspect is,* 1.46 when betwéene the Planettes shalbe foure signes, which are 120. degrees, and is figured thus. ⊦

Quadrine aspect is,* 1.47 when one Planet is distaunt from ano∣ther by thrée signes, which are 90. degreés, whose charact is this. □

Sextile aspect is,* 1.48 when two signes are betweéne them which are threéscore degrees, and is marked thus. ✶

And yf by memorie you desyre to knowe the true space of the sunne,* 1.49 without respect of minutes (whiche may sufficiently be done with the Astrolabie) bea••e in memorie these numbers, 10.9.10.11.12.13.14.13.14.13.12. Of the which the first serueth for Ianuarie, the seconde for Februarie, with theyr signes: and so of the rest. Then to knowe in what degree the sunne is, you shall take away the dayes that are applyed to e∣uery Moneth, according to the sayd numbers of the dayes for the which you desyre to knowe the true place of the sunne, and in them that remayne, in so many degreés is the sunne of the signe into the which it entreth the Moneth. And yf the dayes past of the Moneth, shalbe lesse then the dayes applyed to the same Moneth: you shall ioyne thirtie with those dayes past of the Moneth, and of the summe that amounteth, you shall take away the dayes applyed to the sayd Moneth, and the rest shalbe the degrées in which the sunne shalbe of the signe of the Mo∣neth past, as for example.

Example.

Ianuarie.	10	♒
Februarie.	9	♓
Marche.	10	♈
Apryll.	10	♉
May.	11	♊
Iune.	12	♋
Iuly.	13	♌
August.	14	♍
September.	13	♎
October.	14	♏
Nouember.	14	♐
December.	13	♑

The 22. of October, taking away four••∣teéne that were applyed, remaine eyght de∣grées of Scorpio, where the Sunne is.

Another Example.

The syxe of December, whiche are lesser then twelue whiche is applyed vnto it, yf we ioyne syxe to thyr••ie, whiche are the dayes of the moneth next afore, they make 36. and from them we take away the 12. rest 24. So in 24. degreés, is the sunne, of the signe of the moneth before, whiche is Sagittarie.

The viii. Chapter, of the Eclipse of the Moone and the Sunne.

THe Eclipses of the sunne and of the Moo••e, is a thyng that causeth great feare and admiration among the common and ignoraunt people, and ••o them that vnderstand the cause thereof, no∣thing at all. And therefore haue I thought g••od to declare the effectes thereof.

* 1.50The Eclipse of the Moone, is the interposition or beyng of the Earth betweéne her & the sunne. And whereas the Moone hath no proper lyght of her owne, and the earth, being darke and not transparent, maketh his shadow on the part opposite to the sunne: the Moone by her proper motion doth passe by this sha∣dowe, and is Eclipsed or darkened eyther in the whole or in part, according to the portion of her that passeth by the shadow. More••uer (as we haue sayde) that onely the sunne is mooued in the lyne Eclipticke, and the Earth being in the center of the world, the poynt or pricke of the shadowe shall be vnder the E∣clipticke. The Moone decli••eth from the Eclipticke sometimes to the one part,* 1.51 and sometymes to the other, because her Eccen∣tricke wherin she is mooued, doth cut the Eclipticke equally in∣to two halfes, so that the one halfe of the Eccentricke, doth de∣cline from the Eclipticke toward the North part, and the other

halfe toward the South, and the greatest declination of it from the Ecliptike, is 5. degreés. In that maner, the Moone shalbe at no time in the Eclipticke, but only when she shalbe in eyther of the intersections where the Eccentricke doth cut the said Eclip∣ticke.

[illustration]

That intersetion where she passeth & goeth ••oward the North part, is called the head of the Dra∣gon,* 1.52 and is marked thus. ☋ The other where she passeth and declineth towarde the South part, is called the tayle of the Dragon,* 1.53 and is marked thus. ☊ And the Sunne moouing by his proper motion, and comming to the head, then shall the shadowe of the earth be in the tayle, because it is the poynt opposite. And yf then the Moone come thy∣ther,* 1.54 of her proper motion she pas∣seth by the shadowe,* 1.55 and lacking lyght of the Sunne, she is eclipsed. And yf the Sunne come to the tayle, the shadowe is in the head, and then lykewise shall the Moone be eclipsed, if she passe by the head.

It is to vnderstand, that the sunne is much bigger then the earth, and by perspectiue, the shadowe of the earth in howe muche the farther it parteth from it, becommeth shar∣per and sharper, vntyl it come to a poynt: so that the shado•••• of the whole earth, is piramidally sharpe. And as the Moone is lesse then the earth, yet (although his shadowe goeth sharpning) it suffiseth to e∣clipse the Moone, if she passe by the middest thereof.

* 1.56The Eclipse of the Sunne, is the interpos••tion of the Moone betweéne vs and the Sunne, as yf the Sunne be in the fourth heauen, and the Moone in the fyrst, she beyng a darke body, and by her proper motion ouertake the Sunne, then putting her selfe betweéne him and vs, she couereth him in part, or in the whole, and this is the Eclipse of the Sunne. As the Sunne al∣so goeth euer vnder the Ecliptykes, at that time that he com∣meth to the head or tayle of the Dragon, if then the Moone make coniunction with him, shalbe the Eclipse of the Sunne, for as much as they are both vnder the Ecliptyke.

* 1.57The Eclipse of the Sunne can not be vniuersall in the whole earth, I say, vnto all them that may seé the Sunne at the tyme of the Eclipse, as is the Eclipse of the Moone vniuersall. For yf the Moone haue one part Eclipsed, all that may sée her, shall seé her Eclipsed: But the Sunne some may seé al wholly Eclipsed, and other in part, or other also not at all Eclipsed: and this all at one selfe same time. The cause whereof, is the diuersitie of the ••specte, which is, to seé the Moone in the Zodiacke out of her place: as yf the Sunne and Moone should make coniunction in the beginning of Aries, and in the head of the Dragon, they that then should be in the Equinoctial, vnder the Sunne and the Moone, or that the Sunne and the Moone should be in theyr Zenith, they should seé the Moone hyde all the Sunne.

And they that should be in the North Climates, shoulde seé, that the Moone hydeth or darkeneth onely the South part of the Sunne,* 1.58 and not al. Againe, they on the South part, should seé the Moone hyde the North part of the Sunne, and not all. And yf at the tyme of the coniunction, she haue a lytle passed the head of the Dragon, or lacke a lytle to come to the tayle, so that she be in the North latitude: they that then should be in the North Climates, shoulde seé the Moone Eclipse all the Sunne: and they of the Equinoctiall shoulde seé onely the North parte of the Sunne Eclipsed, and they of the South shoulde see hym nothyng at all Eclipsed. So that

although the Eclipse of the Sunne shalbe totall or perticuler, it can not be vniuersall in the whole earth.

And note, that for the quantitie of these Eclipses,* 1.59 the Astro∣nomers deuide into twelue equal partes, aswel the Diameter of the Sunne, as of the Moone, and these partes they call figures, punctes, or prickes, and according to ••he p••nc••es of the Dia∣meter of the Moone, whiche is couered by the shadowe of the earth, or the partes of the Diameter of the Sunne, whiche the Moone doth couer, so many fingers or punctes shalbe sayd to be Eclipsed. As yf 6. the halfe, yf 3. a quarter, yf 4. a terce, or

[illustration]

thyrde parte, yf 6. threé quarters, yf 8. two terces.

It is also to be noted,* 1.60 that although the Sunne be bigger then the Moone, yet at sometyme the Moone seemeth greater then the Sunne. And thys shall beé, when the Sunne is in the Auge of the Eccentrike, and the Moone in the opposite of the Auge of the Epicicle.

And when it so appeareth, he may be all Eclipsed. Sometymes also the Moone seemeth lesse. This is when the Sunne is in the opposite of the Auge of the Eccentricke, and the Moone in the Auge of the Epicicle. Then although we shoulde seé the cen∣ter of the Moone in the center of the Sunne, she can not hyde hym all whol∣lye, because the Sunne shall appeare greater.

Of this that we haue sayd,* 1.61 it folow∣eth that all the Eclipses of the Sun••e, must of necessitie be in the coniunct∣tion, and the Eclipses of the Moone, in the opposition: whereby is inferred, that the Eclipse of the Sunne in

••••

By the description of other, the great yeére is when the eight sphere ioy••tly with all the A••ges,* 1.62 make one perfect reuolution at the moouing of the nyenth Sphere. And this shall be in the space of xlix. thousand yeéres.

The solar yéere,* 1.63 is a reuolution of the Sunne, carried by the proper moouing of his heauen vppon the Axis and Poles of the Zodiacke, ending where it began, and returnyng an other yeére by the selfe same course, as the Poet Vi••gil affyrmeth, saying.

Atque in se sua per vestigia voluitur annus.

That is to say, The yeére turneth agayne to hym selfe by his owne proper steppes.

* 1.64The Egyptians lackyng the vse of Letters, and hauyng the same consideration, paynted the yéere lyke vnto an Adder, by∣tyng her owne tayle: and heéreof was a ryng called Annulus, as it were Annus (that is, a yeére) because a ryng turneth round in it selfe,* 1.65 as doth the yeére. Of the quantitie of this yeére were diuers opinions and computations among them of auncient tyme. The Arabians and Persians accompted it regulerly by xii. Moo••es, which are 354. dayes. Romulus gaue to his yéere x. monethes, because that tyme suffiseth to a woman to bryng foorth her byrth, and also for that duryng so much tyme, it was not lawfull for a W••ddow to marrie after the death of her hus∣bande. Numa Pompilius added two monethes, to make it vp twelue monethes in 350. dayes,* 1.66 whiche was the m••st auncient yeére of the Hebrues, accordyng to the which, they accompt at this day. The Greékes and Egyptians,* 1.67 consydering the course of the Sunne, made the yeére of 365. dayes. Then by the com∣maundement of Iulius Caesar* 1.68 (whose order we now obserue) were added syxe houres, to the ende to make equall this number of dayes with the course of the Sunne: and hereof the Bisextile or Leape yeére had his beginning,* 1.69 from foure to foure yeéres. But to say the trueth, they erred: The one, by somewhat too much, and the other by somewhat too litle.

* 1.70This y••ere conteyneth 365. dayes. 5. h••ures, & 49. minutes.

Lykewyse at the fyrst, the yéere had diuers begynninges. Numa Pompilius began it from the Winter solsticiall,* 1.71 be∣cause th••t then the Sunne beginneth to rise toward vs,* 1.72 as Ouid aff••rmeth in these verses:

Brum•• noui prima est,* 1.73 veterisque nouissima Solis. Principum capiunt Phaebus & Annus idem.

Which may thus be englyshed.

Brume is the fyrst of the newe yéere, And last day of the olde: The Sunne and yeére beginne at once, As Ouid hath vs tolde.

Romulus began it at Marche, at the Equinox of the spring, because that then all thyngs reuiue and floryshe: and by the opi∣nion of the D••ui••es,* 1.74 it seémeth good reason to begyn the yeére at Marche, because the world was created the 25. of the Kalen∣des of Apryl, which is the 18. of the moneth aforesayde. Lyke∣wyse, God speaking of this moneth to the people of Israel,* 1.75 sayd vnto them, This shalbe the fyrst of the monethes of the yeére. The Arabians begin from the Sommer solsti••iall, whose opini∣on is, that the Sun••e was made in the signe of Leo. Other be∣gin the yere in September, about the Equinoctial of Autumne, as do the Iewes, resting in the aucthoritie of Genesis, where it is wrytten thus: Let the earth bryng foorth greéne hearbes, to haue fruite agréeable to theyr kynde. &c. And because Autumne is a fruitefull tyme, they beganne from thence to accompt their yeére. The Greékes, Persians, and Egyptians, accompt it from October. The Christians,* 1.76 some from the Incarnation of Christe, other from his byrth, and other from the fyrst daye of Ianuarie.

In lyke man••er,* 1.77 is great diuersitie in beginning the num∣ber of yeéres, whiche we call Era, that is, the date. The Greékes beganne their date, from the death of great Alexander. The Egyptians, from the death of Nabuchodonosor. The Per∣sians,

from Gesdargit. The Arabians or Moores, from the preaching of M••chomet,* 1.78 who was after the byrth of Christ 626. yeéres. Other also from the Romane Emperours. The Christi∣ans began the accompt of our Sauiour Iesu Christ 500. yeéres after his byrth,* 1.79 as writeth Cardinal Cusanus. And héere it shall not be from my purpose, to shewe how iustly and ryghtfully was commaunded by Don Iohn King of Spayne, the fyrst of that name, that i•• the Courtes and Parliamentes whiche he helde in Sego••ia, in the yeére of 1383. leauing the dates that they had begun from the Emperour Octauian, for tributes and other payments specifyed in Wrytynges and Priuiledges, they should no more put the date of the Emperour, for as much as the day in the which the Sonne of God became man, and was borne by the blessed Uirgin, was so excellent a thyng, and most worthie to be had in memorie. So that in Spayne, since that tyme, in all common Writynges, the date is made from the Natiuitie of our Lorde, begynnyng there the fyrst day of the yeére, and commonly the fyrst day of Ianuary. Some Astrono∣mers begyn it the fyrst of Marche.

We haue in this Chapter entreated of the great yeére, and of the Solar yeére, with his quantitie, beginning, and date. In the Chapter folowyng, we wyll entreate of the Lunar yeére, which we call a moneth.

¶ The xi. Chapter, of the moneth, and of his differences.

* 1.80COnsydering the moneth ••bsolutelye•• without hauing respecte to the Solar yeére, it may be called a yéere, according to the diuision we haue made in the Chapter of the yeére. For it is a reuolu∣tion of the heauen of the Moone whic•• moueth slowly in compar••son of the first heauen. And yf we consyder the mo∣neth

as part of the yéere, then is the name of a moneth more proper vnto it. For this word Mens mensis, in Latin, is deri∣ued of Mensur••, which signifieth measure. And so the moneth and yeére referred to tyme, all may be called moneth: forasmuch as all is the measure of tyme, as we haue touched in the sayd Chapter of the yeére.

The moneth is to be consydered in two maners: eyther (as it is) part of the Solar yeére, or is caused by the course of the Moone. The moneth that is part of the Solar yeére, is that which at this day we vse. And into xii. o•• these monethes,* 1.81 is the yeere di••ided: as Ianuar••e, Februarie, Marche, Apryll, May, Iune, Iuly, August, September, October, Nouember, De∣cember.

They are not all of equall dayes, Apryl, Iune, September, and Nouember, haue 30. dayes: all the other haue 31. except Februarie, which hath 28. and when the Bisextile or Leape is, it hath 29. The names and numbers of these monethes were as∣signed at the wyll and pleasure of men, and the cause why they haue remayned so long time, is the aucthoritie of the Empe∣rours, that ordeined them for the common people, who accepted them by the Romane Church, which admitted the vse of them.

The Lunar moneth hath two consyderations.* 1.82 The one is the tyme whiche the Moone tarieth from that sheé commeth foorth from one poynt of the Zodiacke, vntyll she returne thy∣ther by her proper moouing, and this is called the moneth of the peragration,* 1.83 in which reuolution she spendeth 27. dayes, and almost 8. houres. The other consyderation is, hauyng re∣spect to the tyme whiche the Moone taryeth, from that she is in coniunction with the Sunne, vntyll another coniuncti••n. And this is called the moneth of Consecution,* 1.84 and is more then the moneth of Peragration, by two dayes 4. houres. 44. minutes. For the Sunne and the Moone beyng in coniunction vnder one punct of the Zodiacke,* 1.85 and moouing both by theyr proper moouinges, towarde the East, as the moouyng of the Moone is swifter then the moouing of the Sunne, she leaueth hym behynde.

And when she had ended her moneth of peregrination, she retur∣neth to the poynt from whence she departed, and not findyng the Sunne there (because in the meane tyme the Sunne of hys proper motion hath gone almost 27. degreés) the Moone pas∣seth from this poynt, and in the sayde 2. dayes. 4. houres 44. minutes, ouertaketh the Sunne: and so commonly hath this moneth of consecution 26. dayes. 12. houres, and 44. mi∣nutes. So that whatsoeuer is sayd of the Lunar moneth, is to be vnderstood of this moneth of consecution, whiche all they vse that accompt by Moones: as doo the Hebrues, Arabians, and Persians.

The Mariners ought not to neclect this computation, be∣cause it is conuenient for them to knowe the tydes,* 1.86 and other ef∣fectes caused by the aspectes of the Sunne and the Moone, for their aspectes do correspond to the partes of this moneth, as the coniunction to the beginning, the opposition to the middest, and the quartile aspect to the quarter, and so of the other. Lykewise in this moneth, is considered the illumination of the Moone,* 1.87 and the dayes that the lyght fayleth her: so that neyther by day nor by nyght weé may sée her, for beéyng burnt vnder the beames of the Sunne. The tyme that sheé is so, is called In∣terlunium (that is) the chaunge or hydyng,* 1.88 whyche is some∣tyme more, and sometyme lesse. When the coniunction shalbe from the beginning of Capricorne vntyll the ende of Gemini, and the Moone hath North latitude, and her moouing swyfte: then shall the newe Moone soone be seéne, and so ••hall the In∣terlunium be but lytle. And when the coniunction shalbe from the beginning of Cancer, vntyll the ende of Sagittarius, and the Moone hath South latitude, and her moouing slowe, the longer will it be or the new Moone shew her selfe to vs: and certaine of the cau∣ses concurring, and not all, so shall the Interlunium be in a meane betweéne both.

The xii. Chapter. Of the weeke.

THe weéke is a tyme of seuen dayes,* 1.89 the beginning whereof is Sunday, and so did the Iewes count their first day, say∣ing, Prima Sabati, secunda Sabati, (that is) the first of the Sabboth, the se∣conde of the Sabboth. &c. to the sixth of the Sabboth, and then the Sabboth. The Romanes that called the Planets Gods,* 1.90 forasmuch as the sunne was principall among them, called theyr fyrst day, the day of the sunne, the seconde, of the Moone, the thyrde, of Mars, the four••h, of Mercury, the fyfth, of Iupiter, the syxth, of Uenus, the seuenth, of Saturne.* 1.91 The Christians solemnising the sun∣day, began their accompt from it: as, on such a day our Lorde was borne:* 1.92 on such a day he rose: and on such a day he sent the holy Ghost vpon hys Apostles. &c. They also accompt the dayes of the weéke for Ferias.

The xiii. Chapter, of the day, and of the nyght.

THE daye is of two sortes, as, the naturall day, and the artificiall day. The naturall day,* 1.93 is the space of tyme, wherein, the sunne is caryed by the fyrst moueable about the earth, from the Meridian, to the Weast, and from the Weast vnder the earth, comming to the East, and from thence returning agayne to the sayde Meridian: and this time hath the Equinoctiall geuen one whole turne, and more, suche parte of it as correspondeth to the proper mo∣uing of the sunne: or otherwise, the naturall day is a circle de∣scribed with the center of the sunne, at the mouing of the first mouable. The Romanes began this naturall day, from mid∣night, and ended it in the mydnight folowing,* 1.94 and so do we ac∣compt

it for fasting dayes: and from euening to euening, in celebrating of festiuall dayes. The Athenienses began it at the Sunne set, or going downe of the Sunne. The Babylonians, at the risyng of the Sunne. The Umbria••s, and Ethuscos, from the mydday, or noone, and ended it the noone day folowing. In ••his manner do the Astronomers begyn it, and fynde that the day sh••ll euer begyn at one selfe same houre for the qualitie of the Meridians. And yf they had begun it from the rising or fall of the Sunne, it should not be euer at one selfe same houre, be∣cause the Sunne riseth and falleth at sometymes sooner, and at other times later:* 1.95 and so should the beginning of the day beé variable. And it is to vnderstand, that when we commonly say•• at the tenth day of such a moneth: the same ••enth day doth ende the same day at noone, and the houres that runne from that noonetyde forward, are of the eleuenth day: and so do the Astro∣nom••rs accompt them.

* 1.96The day artificiall, is part of the day natural, and is the tyme that the Sunne tarieth from that it riseth in the East, vntyll it fall in the Weast, And the nyght is that part that lacketh or fay∣leth for the naturall day,* 1.97 which is the time that the Sunne tary∣eth from that he hydeth hym selfe in the Weast, vntyl he returne to appeare in the East: and so the day artificiall and the nyght, make one naturall day. And accordyng heéreunto, it is written in Genesis, that of euening and morning was made one day. Isodorus defining this artificiall day, sayth, that the day is the presence of the Sunne, or the beyng of the Sunne aboue the earth: as it is nyght vnto vs when he is vnder it. Or otherwise, the night is the shadowe of the earth, extended diametrally op∣posite to the Sunne. The quantitie and differences of these dayes artificiall, and theyr nyghtes, and how they increase and diminishe, we haue largely declared in the fyrst Chapter.

The xiiii. Chapter of houres.

AS there is two differences of the day, as the naturall day, and artificiall: so is there two differences of houres, as houres naturall, which correspond to the naturall day,* 1.98 and houres artificiall which correspond to the artificiall day. Hora or Ora is a Greéke name, and signifieth ende. And so say we Ora ma∣ris, for the ende or brymme of the sea, or the list or edge of appar••ll, as sayth Isodore in his Etimola∣gies. The houre natural or equall,* 1.99 is a 24. part of the day natu∣ral, a••d is the time of pass••ng fyfteéne degreés of the Equinocti∣al. These 24. houres that make one naturall day, the Astrono∣mers doth begin the day at the Meridian, compting the houres after the order of the fyrst mooueable, which is from the sayde Meridian, in the angle of mydnyght, where they accompt twelue houres, and from thence toward the East, and come to ende the 24. houres in the same Meridian where they began: and this they vse for the computation of the tables of the mo∣uings of the heauens. The Astronomers vse the same in theyr instruments, as in the Astrolabie, and Dials Horizontall, and verticall, and in all other instruments for houres. In Spayne also we vse to accompt these 24. in two tymes twelue, begyn∣ning at noone, and ending twelue at mydnight: and agayne, beginning at mydnight, and ending other twelue at noone. And to distinct the one from the other, they call the one afternoone houres, and the other forenoone houres: and commonly we say syxe houres of the morning, and syxe of the euening. In Italie they accompt them from the falling of the Sunne, vntyll the next fall the day folowing.

The artificial or temperal houre,* 1.100 is a twelfe part of the day arcke, or the nyght arcke.

They are called temperall houres, because they ••a••••e in the tymes that the day varieth: For in the time that the dayes shall be great, so shalbe the houres: and when the dayes shalbe short, so lykewise shall the houres be, and in lyke maner of the nights. So that, as the artificiall day, great or lytle, is deuided into twelue houres: euen so the nyght great or litle, is deuided into other twelue. The auncients deuide the day into foure partes,* 1.101 and the nyght into other foure, geuing vnto euery quarter part threé houres. At the rysyng of the Sunne, which was the fyrst houre of the fyrst quarter, they called the fyrst houre: and thrée houres passed, they called the thyrd houre, and syxe houres pas∣sed of the day, they called the syxth houre, which was the midday or noone tyde. Also the nienth houre, they named at niene houres past of the day. And the Sunne set, or goyng downe of the Sunne, they called the Euening: as sayth the Poet Uirgil in this verse.

Ante diem clausam componet vesper olimpo.

* 1.102And according to this computation, is to be vnderstoode that wryteth Saint Matthewe: That the labourers came to the Uineyarde at the eleuenth houre, whereby is meant the fyfth houre, one houre before the Sunne was set. And when we reade in S. Iohn: The ague left hym the seuenth houre. &c. By this accompt it was one houre after noone, when Christ healed the sonne of the Ruler that was diseased in Capernaum. In lyke maner by these houres, the auncients deuided the nyght into foure quarters,* 1.103 geuing threé houres to euery quarter. And in these foure partes of the nyght were Souldiers appointed to watche. In the fyrst quarter, whiche they call Canticinium, (and we the fyrst sleépe) they watched all. In the second, which they called Intempestiuum, being the turne of midnyght, the young men watched. In the thyrd, which they called Gallicini∣um, of the crowing of Cockes, watched the Souldiers of middle age. In the fourth and last quarter, called Matutinum, or Anti∣lucanum (that is, the spring of the day) the old Souldiers wat∣ched. And thus is vnderstood the fyrst, the seconde, and thyrde

watch of the nyght, in lyke maner ought the Mariners to keépe watch and warde,* 1.104 to auoyde aswell the peryll of the sea, as also the daungers of Rouers: and to deuide the nyght by quarters, after the maner of Souldiers, as dyd also the Mariners in olde tyme.

The xv. Chapter, of the making and vse of an vniuersall Dyal for the day.

WHereas in the Chapter before, we haue intreated of houres, and theyr differen∣ces, we entend héere to describe the ma∣king of an Instrument general,* 1.105 to know the houres of the day by the beames of the Sunne, which is done in this maner. Take a round plate of Laton, and let it be called the Equinoctiall circle, the circumference whereof, you shall deuide into 24. equall partes by both the sydes, and from the center to euery of these partes, you shall drawe a right lyne: one of the which shalbe a Meridian. And in the one part of that, write twelue, whiche shall be the houre of the mydday or Noone. And in the other part write other twelue, which shall be for Mydnyght. In the highest part, turnyng vpon the center, towarde the ryght hande, write one, two, three, foure•• &c. In the lower, or neather part, you shall count towarde the left hande, turnyng it vppon the cen∣ter: so that the one houre of the one parte, come vppon the lyne of the one houre of the other parte, in lyke maner two vppon two, threé vppon threé, and so foorth of the other. And note that in the lyne of syxe at after Noone, and at the lyne of syxe in the Morning, there remayne certayne rounde péeces, corners, or endes, after the maner of Axis, of the thicknesse of the selfe same plate. Then make a halfe circle of the same mettall, as bygge as the halfe circumference of the plate, and of the thicknesse of a peéce of foure ryalles of Plate, or somewhat more, euen as the plate it selfe, and of the breadth of halfe a

fynger, if the instrument shalbe great: or lesse, if the instrument shalbe lesse. This halfe circle, shall you graduate or diuide into 180. degrées, beginning at the one ende, one, two, threé, and so foorth, vnto 90. in the myddest, and the lyke shall you doo from the other ende vnto the same 90. Also, you must number them in the breadth of the same halfe circle: and this halfe circle, shall you make fast on the neather part of the instrument, so that the endes thereof may be fixed in the endes of the Meridian line. Then through the center of the plate or Equinoctiall circle, shal passe a rounde steéle or wyre of the same mettall, made fast or so∣dered in it, so that it rise and come foorth equally from euery side of the pla••e the fourth part of the Diameter of the same, and this shalbe called the Axis or exiltrée of the world. The instrument being thus made, you shall place it, or set it in a frame, hauing two armes, standards, or arches, so that it change betweéne the sayd arches, borne vp by the ronnde peéces or endes of the plate, left therof at the endes of the line of the syxe houres aforesayd, in such sort, that being thus stayed, it may be directly turned. And in the middest betweéne these two armes, beneath in the foote of them, or where they are placed, you shal rayse a prick, or poynt: so that the plate which signifieth the Equinoctial, being perpen∣diculer, the brimme or edge thereof may fall vpon the poynt or pricke, and consequently the plate standing playne or flatte, the nientie degreés of the halfe circle, must shew or touche the sayde prick, as shal also the end or extremitie of the Axis of the world, and the other ende shall shewe the Zenith or vertical poynt.

This instrument must be so placed, that the Meridian line be North and South:* 1.106 which you shall finde in this maner. In an open and playne place, where the Sunne shyneth for the most part of the day, you shall make a circle with a payre of compas∣ses, in the middes whereof, you shall set a steéle or wyre, so vp∣right, that it declyne not, or bend not, eyther one way or other, and the same no longer then the fourth part of the Diameter of the circle.* 1.107 Then in the morning when the Sunne ryseth, the shadowe shall be very long, and as it ryseth hygher and hygher, so the shadowe waxeth shorter and shorter. Then must you ob∣serue

the tyme, when the extremitie or ende of the shadowe tou∣cheth in the circumference of the Circle, and where it toucheth you shall make a pricke. Then goeth the shadowe shortnyng vn∣to the mydday or noone tyde, and as from thence the Sunne declineth, so doeth the shadowe encrease, and whē it shall come a∣••aine to the circumference of the Circle, you shal make another prycke. Then shall you part in the myddest, the arke that is be∣tweéne the one pricke and the other, and from the middle pricke•• draw a ryght lyne to the center of the Circle: And that shall be the Meridian line, whereupon you shal set the instrument. Fur∣thermore, in the foote of the frame of the instrument, you shall set a compasse or Dyal, which shall shewe the Meridian lyne, This done, vpon the arches of the frame, and corners of the sixe houres, you shall turne the Equinoctiall so far, that it passe so much of the halfe circle by the middle pricke, howe many degrees the Pole is raysed aboue the Horizon of that region or place where you are,* 1.108 and then the shadow of the wyre or steele, shal iustly shew in the Plate, the houre, and what a clock it is.

Heere foloweth the Figure of the Instrument.

[illustration]

The xv. Chapter, of certayne particuler Dyals, Mural, and Horizontall.

AMong sundry manner and fashions of perticuler Dyals, there are two princi∣pall. Whereof the one is Horizontall,* 1.109 which is placed in the superficiall of the Horizon: the other is verticiall, and must be made or set on a wall perpendi∣culer, and directly against the South or mydday, from the true leuant or East, to the true ponent or West,* 1.110 the whiche the Mariners call East & West. To make any of these two Dials, you must drawe a right lyne, and call it the Axis of the poles of the world, vpon the which you shall drawe an halfe circle, and deuide it in 90. equall partes. And where the halfe circle is cut with the lyne of the Axis, must be accompted by the circumfe∣rence, the altitude of the pole for the citie or place for the whiche you intende to make the Dyall. And in the poynt of the circum∣ference where endeth the altitude of the pole, you shall make a marke, and write there, The altitude of the pole. And from that poynt draw a ryght lyne vnto the poynt where you began to ac∣compt the altitude of the pole, which lyne shalbe called the Se∣midiameter, or halfe Diameter of the verticall circle. And from the same poynt of the altitude of the pole, drawe another ryght lyne to the other extremitie or ende of the Axis, and this shall be called the Semidiameter of the Horizon: and likewyse from the same poynt of the altitude of the pole, draw a ryght lyne perpen∣diculer vntyl it touche in the Axis, and this shalbe called the Se∣midiameter of the Equinoctial. Hereby is consydered a Trian∣gle,* 1.111 which hath by the sydes thereof the Semidiameter of the vertical, the Semidiameter of the Horizon, and the Axis of the worlde, which Triangle shal serue afterwarde. These thrée Se∣midiameters, of the vertical, the Equinoctiall, and the Horizon, being founde, you shall make the Dyall in this manner.

Drawe a ryght lyne somewhat long, and call it the lyne of contingence.* 1.112 This sh••ll you cut with an other ly••e i•• ryght angles•• after the maner of a crosse, whiche sh••lbe the Meridian lyne. Then with your compasse, ••ake ••rom the Triangle the Semidiameter of the Equinoctiall, and of this bygnesse drawe a circle vpon the Meridian lyne: so th••t the edge or brymme of the circle, touche in the lyne of continge••ce. Then with a com∣passe, take the Diameter of the verticall circle, yf you wil make a mu••all Dyall, or the Semidiameter of the Horizon, yf you wyll make a Horizontall Dyall, on a play••e or flatte fourme. Therefore with such Semidiameter as you desyre, you shall drawe a circle vpon the other part of the Meridian lyne, so that the circumference thereof touche in the lyne of contingence. Then shall you deuide the Equinoctiall circle into foure equall partes, and the quarter that is towarde the lyne of contingence, shall you deuide into syxe equal partes. And settyng the ende of the ruler in the center of the Equinoctial, and vpon euery poynt of them that deuide ••he syxe equal partes, from thence shall you drawe certayne ryght lynes, vntyll they touche in the lyne of contingence. And from these poyntes of the line of contingence, you shal draw other ryght lynes, to the center of the Horizontal circle, which lynes shalbe the determiners of the houres. And neére vnto the Meridian lyne, where it toucheth in the lyne of contingence, you shal wryte twelue, and consequently towarde the East, you shal wryte one, two, threé, foure, fyue, syxe: and from the syxth houre, you shal drawe a ryght lyne, which shall passe by the center of the H••rizontal circle equally distant from the lyne of contyngence. The one quarter of the Horizontal be∣yng drawne by the selfe same, and of the same measure and byg∣nesse shal you drawe the other, in suche sorte, that the same byg∣nesse that is from twelue to one, the selfe same shall you geue from the twelfth, to the eleuenth: and the same bignesse and measure that is from one to two, shal you geue from eleuen to twelue, and so foorth of the other.

And note that the Horizontal Dyall, after the syxth houre of t••e euenyng, shall haue the houres of seuen and eyght,

and in climates farre North xi. also, and more if néede shall re∣quire, and consequently must haue the houres of fiue and foure of the morning,* 1.113 and in climates farre North, threé also: and these also must be so marked, that from syxe to seuen, may be the same that is from fyue to syxe, and from seuen to eyght, the same that is from foure to fyue: also, foure and fyue of the mor∣ning, as seuen and eyght. The Dyal being thus drawen in pa∣per, or on a table,* 1.114 or any other thyng, must be painted (on a table, or in stone, or in what so euer you desyre to make the Dyall) a circle, of the same bignesse as is the circle horizon∣tall, and in that must be translated the lynes and numbers of the sayd circle horizontall: Then must you make a triangle of metall, of the selfe same bignesse and fourme that is made in the myddle circle: and the syde of this triangle (which is cal∣led the halfe diameter of ••he horizon) must be fixed vppon the Meridian lyne of the horizon Dyall, so that the syde of the tryangle (which is the Axis of the worlde) and extremitie or ende thereof, may fall in the center of the horizontall Dyall, and must stand so perpendiculer, that it declyne neyther to the one part, nor to the other. The Dyall being thus made, you shall set it vppon a Meridian lyne,* 1.115 so that the Meridian lyne of the Dyall may stand or rest vpon it, and so shall the shadowe of the triangle shewe the houre: and yf for this place we desyre to knowe it, we must fixe it there. And if for any other place, so setting it, we shall haue a certayne houre. So may we in any instant remooue it to ano∣ther place, and likewise set it there, to make cer∣taine & true demon∣stration of the houre.

¶ Heere foloweth the Figure of this Demonstration.

[illustration]

* 1.116In like maner as is made the Horizontal Dyal, must be made the verticall, taking from the Triangle the Semidiameter of the Circle verticall.

And note, that for the Circle verticall, it shall not be néede∣full

of more then sixe houres before noone, and other sixe after noone. And the triangle must be fixt in the meridian lyne vp∣pon the side that is called the Semidiameter of the Circle ver∣tical. And yf you will not make a triangle of metall, but that a wyre of Iron may gyue the shadowe, then must you make the sayd triangle of paste or paper. And according to the forme or paterne thereof make the wyre of Iron, and cause the same to be set in all sortes of Dials, as is before.

The xvii. Chapter, of the composition and vse of an instrument generall for the houres of the nyght.

WHere as in the Chapters past, I haue descri∣bed the manner and forme to make two Dials for the houres of the day, me séemeth that for the more perfection of this worke, it would be conuenient héere to teach the making of a Dyal to knowe the houres of the nyght,* 1.117 by the Circle which the two Starres, called the Guardians, or the mouth of the horne, doo describe by the moouing of the fyrste moo∣ueable. But for as much as it is a common opinion, that in the myddest of Apryll it is mydnyght when the Guardes be in the head, whereof they take the begynnyng of the yeare, I wyll declare how it ought to beé vnderstoode.* 1.118 Certayne it is, that to be mydnyght, is none other thyng but the Sunne to beé by the moouing of the fyrst moueable, to euery one in that part of his Meridyan that is to hym vnder the earth, euen as is to hym mydday,* 1.119 or noone, when to hym it is in that parte of the Meridyan that is aboue the earth. And in this present yeére of 1545. (to be out of doubt heéreof) I made experience with a precise Astrolabie, so that the fyrst or foremost Guard Starre, beyng perpendiculerly ouer or aboue the North Starre, I found in the Meridyan, where the Sunne maketh mydnyght, the ix. degreé of Taurus, whereby it foloweth, that the Sunne being in thys degreé, which is at the xix. of Apryl, the same Guard Starre shall be perpendiculerly ouer the North starre,

which is the lyne of the head, and consequently the Sunne beé∣ing in the nienth degreé of Scorpio, which is at the xxii. of October, the guard starre shalbe in the lyne of the féete: and by thys calculation may be knowen when it shalbe in the ryght or in the lea••t,* 1.120 and in all the other lynes: so that they manyfest∣ly erre, that accompt the mydnyght at the xv. of Apryll, when the fyrst guard starre is in the lyne of the head, accompting a terce or thyrde parte of an houre sooner and more then they should doo.

* 1.121H••uing thus geuen principles for the instrument, you shall proc••éde in the making thereof, as foloweth. In paste, or on a plate of ••aton, make a circle of the quantitie of a spanne, or of the bignesse that you desyre the instrument or Dyal to be: then make an other circle somewhat lesse, so farre distaunt from the greater, that betweéne the one and the other may be a space, in the which may be signed or marked the dayes and monethes. Likewyse shall you make another lesse circle, leauing space to set the numbers of the dayes of euery moneth. And vnder this circle, shal you make an other, leauing space to write the names of the moneths: then shall you deuide the first and greatest circle into eyght equal partes, so that the xix. of Apryl may be in the highest or vppermost part of the instrument, which is where they say the lyne of the head to be, and the xxii. of October must be in the neather part. Also, the xiii. of Ianuarie, in the ryght arme: and in the leaft arme, the xvii. of Iuly: and so the other dayes that doo fall to the other lynes, accordyng as they an∣sweare to the ryght assension of the Sunne, as you may sée in this figure.

This being thus diuided, you must also diuide the spaces that are betweéne the one lyne and the other, into the dayes whiche be numbred in euery space: so that betweéne the xix. of Apryll, and the thyrde of Iune, are 45. dayes, and that space shal you deuide into 45. partes. And whereas the instrument beyng small, it can not in so lytle space receyue so many partes, you shall deuide it from fyue, to fyue partes, and so shall you de∣uide the other spaces by the numbers that are signed in them.

Then one day more before the x. toward the left hand you shall make a strike, and there shalbe the xx. of Apryl. And fyue dayes more before, make another stryke, and there shalbe the xxv. A••d yet other fyue dayes more before, whiche shalbe the xxx. of Apryl, make another strike ouerthwart vnto the neathermost circle, and there shall May begyn: And from these dayes shall you begyn to accompt the dayes of May from fyue to fyue. And in the last space you shall put syxe, which shall make the xxxi. dayes that May hath.

[illustration]

And there shall you make another strike, which shall trauerse or ••uerthwart vnto the lesse ci••cle. And in this maner you shal de∣uide the other monethes, geuing to euery of them the number of his dayes.

This being done, vpon the outward part of the great circle, you shal cut downe the paper, paste, or plate of laton, leauing of the same for a signe or marke a floure Deluce vpon the 19. of A∣pryl, for that it must be the head: and lykewyse at the 22. of Oc∣tober, may be left a handel to holde it by. Then must you make a rundel to the same paste or laton, of the bignesse of the lesse cir∣cle, without the circumference whereof, shalbe left a tooth or in∣dex, in the which you shall wryte, Tyme. And from the one syde of this index towards the left hand, you shal draw a ryght lyne, that may passe through the center to the circumference, and this shalbe the Meridian lyne. Also to this rundel you shal geue a cir∣cle, so muche lower from the circumference, that there may be left a space where the number of the dayes may be written. And this rundel you shall deuide into 24. equall partes, begyn∣nyng at the Meridian lyne of the index at the twelfth houre of the nyght. Then in the next space towarde the left hand, you shal make the number of one. Likewise in the second space the num∣ber of two, in the thyrde, the number of threé, and so foorth of the residue, vnto the other twelue of the day, in the opposite or con∣trary part of the index. So consequently proceeding i. ii. iii. &c. vnto the twelue of the index, which shall be the xxiiii. houres of the naturall day.

Furthermore also you must make another peéce, of the same substaunce of past or metal, in maner of a horne,* 1.122 in forme and or∣der as are in heauen the seuen starres, whiche make the lesse beare: And this of such quantitie, that the first or formost guarde starre, may reach without the great rundell close to the circum∣ference thereof, hauyng the North starre his center, with the center of the instrument. And from this starre or center vnto the fyrst and formost guard starre, must be a right lyne, by the whiche the horne must be cut néere from the center, vnto the dis∣couering

or shewing of the houres. Also, from the fyrst guarde to the seconde, must be two partes of niene, of that that is from the Starre, whiche signifieth the North, to the fyrst guarde. Agayne, the second & last guarde, must be toward the left hand, ouer or aboue the fyrst, threé quarter partes of one halfe Circle, which hath for the Semidiameter the two partes of niene, (whereof we haue spoken before) geuen vpon the right line that goeth from the North to the fyrst guard. These two guarde Starres, must be boared through with holes, of the bygnesse of an Aglet of a poynt, and lykewyse the North Starre, with also the two rundelles through the center, and by that, al threé peéces annexed, so that there remayne a hole in the myddest, lyke the holes of the guardes•• so that by it, and by the other of the guardes, may be seéne the Starres in heauen, in suche sorte, that the lesse rundell and the horne may be turned round about the Axis, as doth appeare in the demon∣stration folowing.

[illustration]

* 1.123The instrument thus ended, and brought to perfection, when you desire to know the houre, you shal turne the index of the lesse rundell in the which is written, Time, to that part of the great rundell where is marked the day in the whiche you desyre to knowe the houre: and directing your face towarde the North, you shal make the head toward the height of heauen, at the 19. of

Aprill. And seéyng in heauen by the hole in the myddest the starre of the North, holdyng the instrument in suche compasse of the face, that by the circumference of the greater rundell, may be seéne the guarde starre in heauen, you shall turne the horne rounde about, vntyll in fall vppon the Guardes: so that by the two holes of the mouth of the horne, the two Guard starres may be seéne, and by the hole in the myddest, the North starre, and all threé with one eye: then the right ly••e that goeth from the North to the fyrst Guarde, shall shewe in the lesse rundell, the houre that shalbe.

The xviii. Chapter, of the tyme of Tydes, or rysyng and fallyng of the Sea.

GReat accompt ought Pilottes and Ma∣ri••••rs to haue of the Tydes, to take Port, enter vppon Barres, passe by Flattes, and finally, for al maner of Na∣uigations. For beyng ignoraunt heére∣of, great hurt and inconuenience myght chaunce vnto them, as did of late to the valiant Captayne, Don Iohn Gusman the Earle of Niebla, in the yeére of 1436. who was drowned be∣fore the Citie of Gibraltar, for that the Mariners kept no••e accompt, neyther had consyderation of the Tydes. By reason whereof, not onely he was drowned, but also with hym dyed many woorth••e Gentlemen, and valiaunt Captaynes of Spayne.

The Mariners hold for a certaine rule,* 1.124 that the Moone being in the Northeast, or in the Southwest, is ful Sea: and being in the Southwest, or Northwest, to be lowe Water. They affirme also, that at the fyrst day of the newe Moone, the Sunne beyng at Northeast, and a quarter to the East (that is Northeast, and by East) the Moone shall be Northeast, and then shall be full Sea, and thrée houres, and threé quarters.

And at the seconde daye of the Moone, when the Sunne shalbe at East Northeast, the Moone shalbe at Northeast, and then shall be full sea, and foure houres, and two quarters. &c. Theyr accompt is, that the Sunne beéyng in the North, is mydnyght: and béeyng in the Northeast, they accompte, thrée:* 1.125 and in the East, syxe. So that they accompte, threé houres from wynde to wynde, by the eyght pryncipall wyndes, or lynes, whyche the Spanyardes call Rumbos. These wyndes must beé imagined vppon the North, placed in the Angle, vnder, or beneath the Earth: and the Sunne and the Moone at the moouing of the fyrst mooueable, and they ought not to be imagined in the Horizon, as the compasse sheweth. For speaking by the tearmes of Astronomie, you must vnderstande, that the Moone touchyng in the circle of houres at the number of threé, is euer full Sea: and touchyng in the same circle at the number of niene, is euer lowe water. No lesse ought they to obserue iuste accompt of the houres, by quarters of houres. For to geue 30. dayes to the Moone, it shalbe necessarie to accompt by the fyftes of houres, as shalbe sayd heéreafter.

Heére is to be noted, that the Spanyardes thynke (be lyke) that a Northeast and Southwest Moone, maketh a full Sea in all other places, as it dooth in Spayne. But in that they be greatly deceyued, and therefore the rule that they haue set foorth for the Tydes, serueth onely for suche places where it flo∣weth Northeast and Southwest Moone a full Sea.

And the better to vnderstand the increasyng and decreasyng of the Ocean Sea,* 1.126 it shall be conuenient to knowe the cause thereof, wher••vnto we say, that the Moone is the cause of eb∣byng and flowyng, or rysing and falling, increase or decrease of the Sea: not onely by her lyght, but also by her secrete or hyd propertie. The Moone compasseth about the earth,* 1.127 from the East into the West, vntyll she returne to the place or poynt from whence she departed: and in this course wasteth or spendeth so muche more then one naturall day, in howe muche her pro∣per moouing is more then the Sunne against the fyrst mooue∣able,

so that she maketh her turne or course about the four quar∣ters of heauen in xxiiii. houres, and foure fyfthes of one houre, whiche are the twelue degreés that she goeth more then the Sunne. And in this tyme the Ocean increaseth and decreaseth twyse, so that this increasing and decreasing, answereth direct∣ly to the course of the Moone: whereby it foloweth, that the sea increaseth syxe houres and one fyfth part, and decreaseth other syxe houres, and one fyfth. And yf this day at the twelfth houre, was full sea, the lowe water shalbe at the syxth houre and one fyfth part: and at the twelfth houre and two fyfth partes it shall returne to be full sea: and at the syxth houre and thrée fyfthes, shalbe lowe water agayne: and at the twelfth and foure fyfthes of the other day, shalbe ful sea. So that from one day to another, the tide doth shorten foure fyfthes of an houre,* 1.128 which is the time that the Moone slacketh or carieth more then one natural day, to returne to the poynt from whence she departed by the twelue de∣greés, whereof we haue spoken. Whereby it manifestly appea∣reth, how they beguyle them selues that say,* 1.129 that the sea increa∣seth syxe houres, and decreaseth other syxe. For yf it were so, the tydes should euer be at one selfe same tyme and houre. But for as muche as there is more then xxiiii. houres,* 1.130 by the saide foure fyfth partes, thereby is caused the variation of the tydes: so that if this day, the tyde be at one of the clocke, to morow it shalbe at one and foure fyfth partes, and the day folowing, at two of the clocke and thrée fyftes. &c.

For this accompt, I wyl describe a Table in circular figure,* 1.131 although not precise, for the causes which we haue touched be∣fore in the fyfth Chapter, speaking of the Moone: who some∣tymes in her mouing is swyft, and sometyme s••acketh as much, because the coniunction is not euer in one selfe same poynt of the Zodiacke, as y^e Mariners presuppose for their rule. This figure shall haue two circles, in the lesse (whiche shalbe the fyrst, and next vnto the center) shalbe the dayes of the Moone, from one to thirtie, which we count the coniunction. And in the seconde and greatest circle, shalbe founde the houres of the tydes. So that, who so desyreth to knowe when the tyde shalbe, where it floweth Southwest and Northeast, let hym at that houre take

héede to the dayes of the Moone, how many they are: as if ••heé beé in the coniunction, or if it beé the fyrst or seconde of the Moone. &c. And the day beyng knowen, then in the second circle which answeareth directly to the day, shall heé fynde when shalbe hygh water, or full sea: and consequently, the ebbe, or low water, which shalbe syxe houres and one fyfth, after the full sea, and so lykewyse may he iudge when shalbe the halfe tyde: an•• this aswell at the time when it encreaseth (which shalbe threé houres and halfe a fyfth part of an houre, before the full sea) as also when it decreaseth, which shalbe the halfe ebbe, threé houres, and halfe the fyfth of one houre, after the full sea.

¶ The Table foloweth.

[illustration]

This increasing and decreasing of the Tydes, is not euer in equall quantitie. In the coniunctions and oppositions, they in∣crease and decrease much, which the Mariners cal hygh spring tydes, and the greatest increase of al, they cal the hygh springes. In the quarters of the Moone (which are at the 7. and 22. of the Moone, or neére there about) they increase and decrease but litle: which the Mariners cal nepe tydes, low water, dead waters, or lowe flooddes.

The xix. Chapter, of certayne signes, which progno∣sticate tempestes, or fayre weather.

A Good Pilot or Mariner, ought not to be ignorant of certayne signes or tokens which the naturall Philosophers de∣scribe of tempests. For as they signifie vnto him, so shall he leaue his porte, or enter into it: which yf he can not, then ought he with patience and hope, to tary the tyme that God hath appoynted for hym, who mooueth and troubleth the Seas, when it pleaseth hym, and appeaseth them agayne at his pleasure. Lesse hurteth and damageth the stroke whiche we seé comming, or foreseé, then that which hath stricked vs, and taken vs carelesse. When the Sunne ryseth fayre and cleare, it signifyeth a fayre day: but yf it shewe yealowe, or deadly, tempest is lyke to folowe. Agayne, yf at the rysing of the Sunne his beames shewe them selues contract,* 1.132 or geathered togeather, and short, you shal haue rayne: if the mistes or cloudes make a circle about the Sunne or Moone, how much the greater that circle shalbe, so much grea∣ter shalbe the tempest to come: and yf ••here shalbe two circles, the tempest shall increase the more. And yf it chaunce, that at the rysyng of the Sunne the cloudes be turned ••edde, it is a signe of no small tempest. When the Sunne or the Moone shall haue a circle, looke towarde the part where it breaketh, and from thence shall wynde come: yf it depart, or dispearse equally, fayre weather shall follow. When the Moone ryseth bryght and 〈2 pages missing〉〈2 pages missing〉

by the whyche they passe. We seé that in some o••e region it rayneth with one wynde, and the selfe same wynde in other places disperseth the cloudes. The N••rthwest wynde is drye in Spayne, yet in Lybia it is very moyst and rayny. The South wynde in Europe, causeth rayne in most places, and therefore the Poets named it the wynde of waters, and this wind in Palestina or Iurie is drie. The cause of this diuersitie, is, that when the wynde bloweth in Palestina, it passeth by hot and drye regions, as by the desarts of Affrike, and passeth not by any sea at al. But when it bloweth in these partes of Europe, it must of necess••tie passe by, and ouer the waters of the sea Me∣diterraneum, or the Leuant sea, where it gathereth moysture and causeth rayne. The Leuant or East wynde, in Malaga, and Gibralter, is moyste, and in Sheres De la Frontera, is hot as Hell.

The xx. Chapter, of the bright and shynyng exhalations that appeare in the tempestes, which the Ma∣riners call Santelmo, or Corpus sancti.

IGnorance is the mother of errours, and therefore will I not omitte to shewe the naturall cause héereof, al∣though among certayne simple and ignoraunt people, it is accounted for a myracle, that in certayne tempestes on the Sea, the Maryners seé cer∣tayne shynyng and bright fyres, which with great superstition they kneéle downe vnto, and pray vn∣to, affyrming that it is Santelmo that appeareth vnto them,* 1.133 and not contented héerewith, some sweare that they haue seén•• drops of gréene w••xe fall downe. Other affyrme that this waxe is of such heate, that if it fall from the top of the Ship, it doth melt the rosen and pitch of the hatches of the Ship, with such other foolish imaginations, and therefore it shall be good briefly

to speake héereof, to stop the mouthes of such fond and ignorant persons. The exhalations or vapoures of the grosse ••umes or smokes that ryse from the ea••th,* 1.134 are constrayned or geathered togeather by the coldnesse of the nyght, and the ayre, and are thickned in the fyrst region of the ayre, next vnto the earth. This may, and is wont to be inflamed or kindled, and yf it finde a body whereunto it may cleaue, it abydeth in that vntyll it be consu∣med. This fyre is cleare, and shyneth, and yet burneth not. The Greékes call it Polyduces,* 1.135 and the Latines call it Castor and Pollux. It is accustomed to appeare vpon the shrowdes, and oftentymes is séene vpon the pykes of souldyers, in the ar∣mies of men of warre, as Plinie wryteth, and this, aswell by reason of continuall smoke, as also by the heate of muche peo∣ple. Certayne it is,* 1.136 that smoke is none other thyng then fyre dispearsed: as flame is an exhalation or euaporation that ry∣seth in maner of smoke, from a grosse or fat body, and at the tyme that it ryseth, being geathered togeather, is constrayned into flame, inuestured with fyre. This resplendence or shy∣••yng, is also often tymes seéne,* 1.137 not onely in iourneying by lande, but also in sayling by ryuers: and when it appeareth on the lande, it ryseth of the smoke that is geathered togea∣ther with the colde ayre of the nyght, and on the bankes of ry∣uers: this smoke is geathered of the exhalations of the water, and consequently beyng kyndeled, appeareth bryght and shy∣nyng. But nowe let vs come to the Shyps that sayle by the Sea, and to the Mariners ••hat are accustomed to tempestes. To them there••ore I saye, that that lyght,* 1.138 or suche other lyghtes as they seé, is engendred of the fumes and smokes of theyr Shyp, with the heate of men couched close and neare to∣geather in a narrowe place, and when a tempest ryseth, the sayde smoke is thickned, prest togeather, and beaten downe by the wyndes, in suche sorte, that beyng tossed from one syde to another, it is set on fyre by moouing, and taketh holde sometyme on the shroudes, and sometymes on the toppe, and sometyme also in the poupe, or in the foreshyppe: So that to seé this lyght, or the same to appeare, is a naturall thyng, and not supernaturall.

When Captayne B••zerra was at Corron, in the Emperours Nauie, with his company of Souldyers, he chaunced to be in a tempest, and sawe the sayde fyre of Santelmo, which short∣ly after descended so lowe, that the Captayne might easily come to it: and taking it in his cloke, he found it to be a litle drop of water. Some haue thought it to be a certayne shyning Flie,* 1.139 called Taros, whiche the sea men some time see in a calme in the Sommer season: and thus Santelmo appeared no more. The Captayne remayned astonished at the mockerie, and the other perceyued it to be no miracle. The opinion of the Maryners that affirmed it to be Santelmo,* 1.140 may ryse of Sainct Erasmo, Byshop of Naples, who (as they say) not only in his life tyme, but also after his death, was a patrone and helper of Mariners that called vpon him in tempests. This name of Erasmo, they of Naples call Ereemo: and processe of time taking away one e. by the figure of Sincope, remayned the name of Santermo. And the Spaniardes, who neuer can long keépe any strange vocable, call it Santelmo, turning r. into l. Yet of this San∣telmo, whereof the Maryners speake, there is neither scripture that maketh mention, nor auctoritie that confirmeth it. I heare say that the Frier preachers hadde a religious man,* 1.141 of com∣mendable life, and good conuersation, named Frier Pero Gon∣zales, borne in Galizia, and that in his lyfe time our Lorde did certayne miracles by him, and that this is he that shyneth and geueth lyght in tempests. No doubte, but GOD worketh myracles in his Saintes, and by his Saintes, as sayth Dauid. But yf this seruant of GOD was Pero Gonzales,* 1.142 how then shall he be Santelmo? Another difficultie there is, as touching this lyght: for there are wrytyngs of more antiquitie then the lawe of grace and comming of Christ in fleshe, whiche geue testimonie heéreof. For the Poet Uirgyll, in the second of hys Aeneidos, wryteth, that this fire appeared vpon the head of Iulius Ascanius. And Titus Liuius in his first booke, affirmeth, that it appeared vpon the head of Seruius Tullius, the sixth King of the Romanes.

Pomponius Articus sayth, that Rome began to be buylded in the thyrd yéere of the thyrde Olimpiades,* 1.143 that is, in the tenth yeére of Ionathan kyng of the Iewes, and from the creation of the worlde 3201. yeéres, and 729. yeéres before Christ our Sauiour was borne. The Kyngs of Rome were seuen, and raigned 244. yeéres.* 1.144 Eusebius saith, they raigned 246. Seruius Tullius raigned 44. yeéres. Tarquinus Superbus 25. yeéres after him. So that discountyng these yeéres, it shall appeare clearely as I say. Although the yeéres were not discounted, let them reade Diadorus Siculus, an auncient wryter, let them reade Plutarchus, Aristotle, and other olde Auctours that haue wrytten héereof, and they shall fynde, that yf tempestes be neare vnto the Sea, these fyres and lightes appeare in them: and ap∣peared not onely to the Gentiles, but at this day also appeare to the Turkes and Moores in tempestes. When onely one lyght appeareth, it is taken for an euyll signe: And héereof sayde Propertius thus.

Candida foelici soluite vela toro.

And why it is an euyll signe,* 1.145 this is the cause: that if the tem∣pest that ryseth be great, it choketh the exhalation, although yet by the part least troubled, it appeareth. When there are two lyghtes, it signifyeth that it is sufficient to consume the matter of the tempest, or that the tempest beginneth to ceasse, and the grosse humour hath the maisterie. But sometyme it chaunceth, that two lyghtes appearing, there may be a tempest, and one appearyng shall not be so great, and often tymes there is a tempest without any lyght at all seéne. The blynde Gentilitie called these Castor and Pollux,* 1.146 and placed them in heauen in the signe of Gemini.

Nowe remayneth to aunsweare to one obiection of the Marrines,* 1.147 who saye, that neuer man that hath séene these Fyres, hath peryshed. To this I say, that many may seé, and haue seéne these lyghtes, of whome, some haue beén in pe∣ryll, and some drowned: Notwithstandyng, no man can af∣firme,

that yf the drowned myght speake, they woulde say that they haue seéne them. Therefore the wyse Christian Ma∣ryner ought to haue a cleare conscience, and to call for the helpe of almightie God, lyfting vp his eyes and handes vn∣to heauen,* 1.148 and say wyth the Prophet, Saluum me fac Deus, quoniam intrauerunt aquae vsque ad animam meam. Saue me, oh my God, for waters haue en∣tred euen vnto my soule.

Heere endeth the second part.

Notes

• * 1.1

  The Sun••e is the guyde in Nauigation.
• * 1.2

  The moouing of the Sunn•• vnder the zo∣diack••.
• * 1.3

  The Sommer Tropicke.

  Declination of the Sunne.
• * 1.4

  The Winter Tropike.
• * 1.5

  The cause of increasing and decrea∣sing of the day and nyghtes.
• * 1.6

  The moouing of the Sunne in the center of his Sphere.
• * 1.7

  To fynde the true place of the 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.8

  The equ••••ion of the ye••re.
• * 1.9

  VVhat is the declination of the Su••••e.
• * 1.10

  The entrance of the Sunne into the fou•••• principall signes.
• * 1.11

  The Latin•• yeere.
• * 1.12

  The E••uinoc∣tialles in the y••ere of Chri∣st••s byrth.
• * 1.13

  The Solsti∣••••••ls.
• * 1.14

  ••our notable thyngs.
• * 1.15

  To knowe more precisely the entraunce of the Sunne into the foure principall ••ign••••.
• * 1.16

  To knowe when the Sunne entreth into euery of the xii. Sign••••
• * 1.17

  Leape ye••r••.
• * 1.18

  Variation of houres by the rapte mouing of the Sunne from the East to the VVest.
• * 1.19

  The entrance of the Sunne into the iiii. principall signes, cau∣seth the chaunge of tyme.
• * 1.20

  The Sunne and Moone are the princi∣pal luminaries
• * 1.21

  The Eclipse of the Moone
• * 1.22

  The coniunc∣tion of the Moone with the Sunne. The Moone receyueth her lyght of the Sunne.
• * 1.23

  The aspect of the Moone to th•• Sunne.
• * 1.24

  The increa∣sing and op∣position of th•• Moone.
• * 1.25

  The bignes of the Moone.
• * 1.26

  The Moone is ••earest vnto the e••••th.
• * 1.27

  The motion of the moon••.
• * 1.28

  The coniun∣ction.
• * 1.29

  Th•• opposit••.
• * 1.30

  To know th•• times of op∣positions and coniunctio••s.
• * 1.31

  To know the golden num∣ber.
• * 1.32

  The rootes of the golden number.
• * 1.33

  The concur∣rent.
• * 1.34

  The Solar and Lunar yeeres.
• * 1.35

  To fynde the number of the concurrent.
• * 1.36

  Epact.
• * 1.37

  To know th•• dayes o•• ag•• of the Moon••.
• * 1.38

  To know t•••• day of the coniunction.
• * 1.39

  To know the place of the Moone in the Zodiacke, and what aspectes she hath with the Sunne.
• * 1.40

  The descripti∣on of the In∣strument.
• * 1.41

  The vse of the Instrument to fynd the tru•• place of th•• Sunne.
• * 1.42

  To fynde the place of the Moone.
• * 1.43

  Fiue aspecte•• of the Pla∣nets.
• * 1.44

  Coniunction.
• * 1.45

  Opposition.
• * 1.46

  Trinall.
• * 1.47

  quadrine.
• * 1.48

  Sexti••e.
• * 1.49

  To know th•• place of the Sunne by th•• rule of me∣morie.

  To knowe in what degree the Sunne is.
• * 1.50

  The Eclipse of the Moone.
• * 1.51

  The moouing of the Sunne in the Eclipse.
• * 1.52

  The head of the Dragon.
• * 1.53

  The tayle of the Dragon.
• * 1.54

  The Sunne is bigger then the earth.
• * 1.55

  The shadowe of the earth.
• * 1.56

  The Eclipse of ••h•• Sunne.
• * 1.57

  The Eclipse of the Sunne is not vniuersall.
• * 1.58

  ••ow ••h•• Sunne is eclip∣sed in the whole, or i•• par••.
• * 1.59

  Of the quan∣titie of the Eclipses.
• * 1.60

  why the Moone see∣meth somtime bigger, and sometime lesse then the Sunne.
• * 1.61

  The Sunne is Eclipsed in coniunction, & the Moone in opposition.
• * 1.62

  The reuo••uti∣on on o•• the ••ight Sphere.
• * 1.63

  The Sol••r yeere.
• * 1.64

  how the E∣gyptians pain∣ted the yeere.
• * 1.65

  The quantitie of the yeere.
• * 1.66

  The yeere of the hebrues.
• * 1.67

  The Greekes.
• * 1.68

  Iulius Caesar.
• * 1.69

  L••••pe yeere.
• * 1.70

  Dayes of the ye••r••.
• * 1.71

  Beginning of the yeere.
• * 1.72

  Ouid.
• * 1.73

  bruma is the stay of the sunne in win∣ter, the winter solstitiall, and shortest day of the yeere.
• * 1.74

  The Creation of the world.
• * 1.75

  Exod. xii.
• * 1.76

  VVhere the Christians be∣gin the yeere.
• * 1.77

  Diuersitie in the number of the yeeres or the date.
• * 1.78

  Machomet.
• * 1.79

  The date of the Christians
• * 1.80

  The Lunar yeere, or mo∣••eth.

  Reuolution of the moone.
• * 1.81

  The deuisio•• of the yeer•• into twelue monethes.
• * 1.82

  The Luna•• moneth.
• * 1.83

  The mone•••• of peragratio••
• * 1.84

  The moneth of consecutio••
• * 1.85

  The mouing of the Su••ne and moone in coniunction.
• * 1.86

  To know the tydes by the aspectes of the Moone.
• * 1.87

  The illumina∣tion or change of the Moone.
• * 1.88

  Interlunium, is the space of tyme in the which neither the olde Moone doth appeare, nor the newe Moone is seene.
• * 1.89

  The weeke of the Iew••s.
• * 1.90

  The Roman••••.
• * 1.91

  The Christi∣ans.
• * 1.92

  Ferine, signi∣fieth vacant daies, or som••∣time holy or f••stiuall 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
• * 1.93

  The na••••••all day.
• * 1.94

  The begin∣ning of the naturall day.
• * 1.95

  The ende of the na••u••all day.
• * 1.96

  The artificiall day.
• * 1.97

  The nygh••.
• * 1.98

  houres natu∣ral and artifi∣ciall.
• * 1.99

  The hour na∣tural or equal.
• * 1.100

  The houre artificial or temperal.
• * 1.101

  The day and nyght diuided into foure partes.
• * 1.102

  Interpretation of certayne places of the Gospell.
• * 1.103

  The night diuided into ii••••. quarters. Four watches of the nyght.
• * 1.104

  how Mariners ought to watch.
• * 1.105

  To know the houres of the day by the Sunne.
• * 1.106

  The placing of the instru∣ment.
• * 1.107

  The fynding of the Meri∣dian lyne.
• * 1.108

  The eleuation of the Pole.
• * 1.109

  Dyals hori∣zontall and verticall.
• * 1.110

  East & ••est.
• * 1.111

  The Triangle.
• * 1.112

  The making of the Dyall.
• * 1.113

  houres of the horizontall Dyall.
• * 1.114

  Placing of t•••• Dyall.
• * 1.115

  The Meridian line of th•• Dyall.
• * 1.116

  The making of the verti∣cal Dyall.
• * 1.117

  The Guard•• starres.
• * 1.118

  what is myd∣nyght.
• * 1.119

  Noone, or mydday.
• * 1.120

  An errour.
• * 1.121

  The making of the ••nstru∣ment.
• * 1.122

  The horne of the seuen star∣res, whiche make the lesse beare.
• * 1.123

  To fynde the hour with the instrument.
• * 1.124

  The Mariners opinion of ••bbyng and flowing of the sea, or tyd••s.

  Obseruation of the Moon•• to know the tydes.
• * 1.125

  Eyght princi∣pall wyndes.
• * 1.126

  The Moone causeth the ebbing and flowing of the Ocean Sea
• * 1.127

  The moouing of the Moone.
• * 1.128

  The shortning of the tydes.
• * 1.129

  An errour.
• * 1.130

  The variation of the tydes.
• * 1.131

  A Table to knowe th•• variation of the tydes.
• * 1.132

  Signes of fa•••••• and sowle weather.
• * 1.133

  Some cal these the fiers of S. Elin and S. Nicolas.
• * 1.134

  wandring fyers engen∣dred of exha∣lations and vapours.
• * 1.135

  Castor and Pollux.
• * 1.136

  what is smoke and flame.
• * 1.137

  Exhalations of the land and water.
• * 1.138

  Exhalations and vapours engendred in Shyps.
• * 1.139

  A shining flye
• * 1.140

  A superstiti∣ous opinion of the Mari∣ners.
• * 1.141

  A lye of the fryer prea∣chers.
• * 1.142

  Psalm. 67. Testimonie of auncient auc∣thours.
• * 1.143

  The buildyng of Rome.
• * 1.144

  The Roman•• kyngs.
• * 1.145

  One lyght or fyre is an euill signe.

  Two lyghtes.
• * 1.146

  Castor and Pollux.
• * 1.147

  an errour of the Mariners.
• * 1.148

  Psalm. 68.