Britain, or A chorographicall description of the most flourishing kingdomes, England, Scotland, and Ireland, and the ilands adjoyning, out of the depth of antiquitie beautified vvith mappes of the severall shires of England: vvritten first in Latine by William Camden Clarenceux K. of A. Translated newly into English by Philémon Holland Doctour in Physick: finally, revised, amended, and enlarged with sundry additions by the said author.

[ A]

NORTH-HUMBER-LAND.

NOrth-umber-land, which the English Saxons called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, lieth after a sort enclosed in fashion of a Triangle, but not with equall sides. The South side is shut in with Derwent running [ B] into Tine, and with Tine it selfe, where it butteth upon the Bisho∣prick of Durham. The East side the German sea lieth and beateth upon it. But the West side, which reacheth out from South-west to North-east, is first parted from Cumber-land, afterward with Cheviot and hills linked one to another, and lastly with the river Twede it affronteth Scotland, and so was the limit of both kingdomes: over which were set in this countie two Go∣vernours, the one called L. Warden of the middle Marches,* 1.1 the other of the East marches. The ground it selfe for the most part rough, and hard to be manured, see∣meth to have hardened the inhabitants, whom the Scots their neighbours also made more fierce and hardie, while sometimes they keep them exercised in warres, and o∣ther [ C] whiles in time of peace intermingle their manners among them, so that by these meanes they are a most warlike nation,* 1.2 and excellent good light-horsemen. And whereas they addicted themselves as it were wholly to Mars and Armes, there is not a man amongst them of the better sort,* 1.3 that hath not his little tower or pile: and so it was divided into a number of Baronies, the Lords whereof in times past, before King Edward the first his dayes, went commonly under the name Barons, al∣though some of them were of no great living. But a wise and politicke device this was of our Ancestours, to cherish and maintaine martiall prowesse among them in the marches of the kingdome, if it were nothing else but with an honourable bare title. Howbeit this title came to nothing among them, what time as under King Ed∣ward [ D] the first, those onely began to enjoy the name and honour of Barons, whom the Kings summoned unto the high Court of Parliament by speciall summons. To∣ward the sea and Tine, by diligence and good husbandrie it becommeth very fruit∣full; but elsewhere it is more barraine, rough, and as it were unmanurable: And in many places those stones Lithanthraces,* 1.4 which we call Sea-coales, are digged up in great plentie, to the great gaine of the inhabitants, and commoditie of others.

The hithermore part bending toward the South-west,* 1.5 and called Hexam-shire, ac∣knowledged a long time the Archbishop of Yorke for the Lord thereof, and chal∣lenged unto it selfe, by what right I know not, the priviledge of a Countie Palatine. But after it became of late annexed unto the crowne land, upon an exchange made [ E] with Robert the Archbishop, by authority of Parliament it was laied unto the coun∣tie of Northumberland, that it should be subject to the same jurisdiction, and in all causes have recourse unto the high Sheriffe thereof.

South Tine (a river so called,* 1.6 if wee may beleeve our Britans, for that by reason of his narrow bankes hee is straight pent in, for so signifieth Tin, as they say, in the Bri∣tish tongue) having his spring head in Cumberland, neere unto Alsten-more, where there was an ancient copper mine, holding on his course by Lambley, sometime a Nun∣nerie built by the Lucies, and now with floods for the most part undermined and fal∣len downe: also by Fetherston-Haugh, the seat of the ancient and well descended fa∣mily of Fetherston, when hee is come as farre as Bellister Castle, turning Eastward, [ F] runneth directly forward with the WALL, which is in no place three miles distant from it toward the North.

For the Wall having left Cumberland behind it, and crossed over the Irthing, pas∣sed likewise with an arch over the swift riveret Poltrosse, where I saw within the wall high mounts of earth cast up, as it were to over look and discover the country. Neer this standeth Thirl-wale Castle, which is not great, but strongly built; yet it gave both

habitation and surname to the ancient and noble family, which was first called [ A] Wade: where the Picts and Scottish made their passage into the Province, between Irthing and Tine (and that verily upon good forecast) in that place where they had free entrance by reason of no river in their way,* 1.7 into the inmore parts of England. But you shall better understand this, and the name of the place, out of John Fordon the Scottish Historian, whose words it will not bee amisse, as I thinke, to set downe here, because the booke is not everie where to bee had. The Scots (saith hee) when by conquest they had gotten the possession of those countries,* 1.8 which are on this side the wall, toward Scotland, began to inhabite them, and having of a suddaine raised a sort of the Country people, with their mattockes, pickaxes, rakes, three tined forkes and spades, make [ B] wide gappes, and a number of holes in it, by which breaches they might passe in & out rea∣dily at their pleasure. Of those holes therefore this mound of the wall afterward took the name Thirlwall, which it hath at this day in this place: for in the English tongue that very place is called Thirlwall, which is as much as a wall pierced through. Then saw we Blenkensop, which gave name unto a generous family, as also their habitation in a right pleasant country Southward; which was part of the Baronie of Sir Nicholas of Bolteby, a Baron of renowne in the time of King Edward the first.

* 1.9When you are past Thirlwall, the said wall openeth it selfe unto the raging river Tippall, where in the descent of an hill, a little within the wall, is to bee seene the ground worke of a Castle of the Romans, in forme foure square, everie side whereof [ C] taketh an hundred and fortie paces. The verie foundations likewise of houses, and trackes of streets still appeare most evidently to the beholders. The Ranke-riders, or taking men of the borders doe report, that a great port-way, paved with flint and bigge stone, led from hence through wastes unto Maiden castle in Stanemore. Cer∣tes, it passed directly to Kirkby Thor, whereof I spake. A poore old woman that dwelt in a little poore cottage hard by, shewed unto us an ancient little altar-stone, in testimonie of some vow, with this inscription unto VITIRINEUS, a tutelar God, as it seemed, of the place.

[ D]

DEO VITI RINE— —LIMEO ROV * 1.10P. L. M.

[ E]

This place is now named Caer Vorran; what it was in old time it passeth my wit to find out, seeing that amongst all the stations mentioned along the range of the Wall, there is not one commeth neere to it in name; neither have wee any light out of inscriptions to lead us thereunto. What ever it was, sure the wall thereby was both strongest and highest by farre: for scarce a furlong or two from hence, upon a good high hill, there remaineth as yet some of it to be seene fifteen foot high, and nine foot thicke, built on both sides with foure square ashler stone, although Bede reporteth it [ F] was not above twelve foot in heighth.

From hence the wall goeth forward more aslope by Iuerton, Forsten, and Chester in the Wall, neere to Busie-Gap, a place infamous for theeving and robbing: where stood some Castles, Chesters they call them, as I have heard (but I could not with safetie take the full survey of it, for the ranke-robbers thereabout.) As for Chester,

[ A] the neighbours told us that it was a very great building, so that we may well think it to have been that second station of the Dalmatians, which is called in the old booke of Notice, MAGNA, where this inscriptions was found upon an ancient altar.

PRO SALUTE DESIDIENI AE —LIANI PRAE [ B] ET SUA. S. POSUIT VOT —AO SOLVIT LIBE NS. TUSCO ET BAS SO COSS.* 1.11

[ C] This broken and imperfect altar likewise brought from thence, wee read at Mel∣krig, where now women beat their buckes on it.

DEAE SURI* 1.12 AE SUB CALP UR NIO AG— ICOLA. LEG. AUG PR. PR. A. LICINIUS [ D] —LEMENS PRAEF —III. A. IOR— —

Which if I were able to read,* 1.13 thus would I willingly read it, and the draught of the letters maketh well for it. Deae Suriae, sub Calphurnio Agricola Legato Augusti, Propraetore Licinius Clemens Praefectus; that is, Unto the goddesse Suria, under Calphur∣nius [ E] Agricola Lievtenant of Augustus,* 1.14 and Propraetor, Licinius Clemens the Captaine. This Calphurnius Agricola was sent by Antoninus Philosophus against the Britans, what time as there was likely to be warre in Britain, about the yeere of Christ 170. At which time some Cohort under his command erected this Altar unto THE GOD∣DESSE SURIA, whom with a turreted crown on her head, and a Tabber in her hand, was set in a coach drawn with Lions, as Lucian sheweth at large in his Narra∣tion of the goddesse Suria.* 1.15 Which goddesse also Nero, albeit he contemned all religi∣on, especially worshipped for a time; and soone after so aviled and despised, that he defiled her with his urine.

From hence wee saw Willy••otes-wicke, the seat of a respected family of the Rid∣leyes; [ F] and hard by it the river Alon,* 1.16 tunning with a surging streame and rise of waters into Tine, namely, when both the Alons are met together in one channell. By the Easterne of the two Alons, there is to bee seene a towne, now called Old-towne, but what the old name was, will not easily be found. Now to the wall againe. The next station upon the wall beyond Busie-gap,* 1.17 is called Seaven-shale: the name whereof, if any man would thinke with mee to come from the wing Saviniana or Sabiniana, I might the more confidently say that it was that HUNNUM where the Notice of Provinces reporteth the wing Sabiniana kept watch and ward.

Then beyond Carraw and Walton, stands Walwick, which some conjecturally would [ A] have to be GALLANA in Antonine:* 1.18 in all which places there be evident remaines of old fortifications.

* 1.19Here there runneth through the wall North Tine, which being now come downe amaine out of the mountaines in the marches of England and Scotland, first as hee passeth Eastward,* 1.20 watereth Tindale, a place taking the name of him, and in the end receiving into his bosome the river Rhead, which springing out of Readsquire, a steep mountaine,* 1.21 where oftentimes was the True-place, that is, a place of parley and con∣ference for the East marches (for the LL. Wardens of the East marches to both Kingdomes were wont here to decide matters and controversies betweene the bor∣derers) [ B] giveth his owne name to a dale, too too voide of inhabitants by reason of de∣predations.* 1.22

Both these dales breed notable light horse-men: and both of them have their hils hard by, so boggy and standing with water in the top, that no horsemen are a∣ble to ride through them: whereupon (and that is wonderfull) there be many very great heapes of stone,* 1.23 called Lawes, which the neighbour inhabitants be verily per∣swaded were in old time cast up and layd together, in remembrance of some there slaine. In both of them also there bee many ruinous remaines of old Castles. In Tindale are Whitchester, Delaley, Tarset, sometimes belonging to the Comins. In Rheadsdale are Rochester, Green-chester, Rutchester, and some others, whose ancient [ C] names are abolished and lost by the injury of long time. But seeing that at Roche∣ster which standeth neerer into the head of Rhead, in the brow of a rocky high moun∣taine, that overlooketh the countrey underneath a great way (whence it seemeth to have taken this new name) there hath beene found an antique altar among the rub∣bish of an old castle, with this inscription,

D. R. S. [ D] * 1.24 DVPL. N. EXPLOR. BREMEN. ARAM. INSITVERVNT N EIVS C CAEP [ E] CHARITINO TRIB VSLM.

[ F]

[ A] May wee not hence ghesse that BREMENIUM, for which there hath beene made so long and great search, was here, whereof Ptolomee hath made mention in this very si••e and position of the country, and from which Antonine the Emperor begin∣neth the first journey of Britaine, as from the utmost limit of the Romane Province in Britaine at that time? And the limits or bounds of a Dominion were seas, great ri∣vers, Mountaines, Desert lands, and unpassable, such as be in this tract. Trenches al∣so with their rampires, walls, mounds of trees cut downe or plashed, and Castles especially built in places more suspected and dangerous than others: to all which there are to bee seene remaines here every where about. Certes, when the Barba∣rous [ B] nations, after they had broken through the wall of Antoninus Pius in Scotland, harried all over the countrey, and laid all wast before them, and the wall of Hadrian lay neglected unto the time of Severus, wee may well thinke that even here was set downe the limit of the Romane Empire: and that from hence the old Itinerary which goes about under the name of Antoninus began thus, A limite, that is, From the Bound. As for that which is set to it, id est, A vallo, that is, From the wall or ram∣pier, may seeme a glosse put downe by the transcribers, considering that BREMENI∣UM is foureteene miles Northward distant from the said wall: unlesse it may seeme to have been one of those out Field-stations, which, as I said even now, were placed within the Barbarians ground, beyond the Wall.

[ C] Scarce five miles from old BREMENIUM Southward, standeth Otterburne, where there was a field most valiantly fought betweene the Scottish and English; in which the victory waved alternatively too and fro three or foure times, and fell in the end to the Scottish. For Sir Henry Percy, for his overforward spirit and youthfull heat by-named Hot-Spurre, who had the leading of the English, lost 15. hundred of his men in fight, and was himselfe led away prisoner: William Douglas also the leader of the Scots, with most of his company was slaine, so that the martiall valour of both nations was never more illustrious.

There is also another towne beneath of ancient memory, which Rhead watereth, or rather hath now well neare washed away: they call it at this day Risingham, [ D] which is in the ancient English and German language, The Giants Habitation, as Ri∣singberg in Germany, the Giants Hill. Many shewes are there, and those right evi∣dent of antiquity. The inhabitants report that God Magon defended and made good this place a great while against a certaine Soldan, that is, an Heathenish Prince. Nei∣ther is this altogether a vaine tale. For that such a God was here honoured and wor∣shipped, is plainly proved by these two altar stones lately drawne out of the river there, with these Inscriptions.

[ E] * 1.25DEO MOGONTI CAD. ET. N. DN. AUG. M. G. SECUNDINUS BF. COS. HA••ITA NCI PRIMAS TA— PRO SE ET SUIS POSUIT

DEO MOUNO CAD. INVENTUS DO V. S.

Out of the former of these,* 1.26 wee may in some sort gather that the name of the [ F] place was HABITANCUM: and that he who erected it was * 1.27 Beneficiarius to a Con∣sull, and Primate beside of the place. For certaine it is out of Codex Theodosii, that the chiefe Magistrates of Cities, Townes, and Castles, were called Primates. Now whether this God were the tutelar and appropriate Genius of the Gadeni, whom Ptolomee placed as next neighbours to the Ottadini, I cannot averre, let others sift and search it out. Moreover, these inscriptions also were here found: for which

with others, we are to thanke the right worshipfull Sir Robert Cotton of Connington [ A] Knight, who very lately both saw them, copied them out, and most kindly imparted them to this worke.

D. M. BLESCIVS DIOVICVS [ B] FILIAE SVAE VIXSIT AN. I. ET DIES XXI.

— CUIPRAEEST. M. PEREGRINIUS SUPER TRIB.

COH. I. VANG [ C] FECIT CURANTE JUL. PAULO TRIB.

DEAETER TIANAESA CRUM AEL. TIMOTHEA — P. V. S. LL. M.

HERCU LIJUL. [ D] PAULLUS TRIB. V. S.

VR. ANTONI NI. PII AVG. M [ E] MESSORIVS DILIGENS TRI▪ BVN VS SACRVM.

[ A] DEO. INVICTO HERCVLI. SACR [ B] L. AEML. SALVANVS TRB. COH. IVANGI [ C] V. S. P. M.* 1.28

[ D]

[illustration]

* 1.29

And that which farre surmounteth all the rest for curious workmanship, a long ta∣ble in this forme artificially engraven, set up by the fourth Cohort of the Gauls-Horsmen, and dedicated to the sacred Majestie of the Emperours.

[ E] [ F]

[illustration]

But now leaving these particularities, Rhead a little lower carrieth both his owne [ A] streame, and also other swelling brookes, that hee receiveth unto him by the way into Tine, and so farre reacheth Rhedesdale. Which as we find in a book of the Kings Exchequer,* 1.30 the Umfran Vills held of ancient feofament by regall power and service, that they should keep the vale from theeves and robbers.

Here every way round about, in the * 1.31 Wasts as they tearme them, as also in Gil∣lesland, you may see as it were the ancient Nomades, a martiall kinde of men, who from the moneth of April unto August, lye out scattering and summering (as they tearme it) with their cattell,* 1.32 in little cottages here and there, which they call Sheales and Shealings. Then North-Tine aforesaid passing downe by Chipches, a towre be∣longing [ B] sometime to the Umfranvills, afterward to the Herons, and not farre from Swinborne a little Castle or Pile, which gave name unto a worthy family, and was in old time parcell of the Baronie of the Hairuns, now commonly called Heron, a war∣like generation, now a seat of the Wodering tons; and so commeth to the Wall, running under it beneath Collerford, where a bridge of arches was made over, and where now are seen the ruins of a large castle.* 1.33 Which if it were not CILURNUM, where∣in the second wing of the Astures lay in garrison, it was hard by at Scilicester in the wall: where, after that Sigga a noble-man had treacherously murdred Ethwald King of North-Humberland, there was a Church built by the faithfull Christians in ho∣nour of Saint Cuthbert and King Ofwald; whose name so obscured the light of the o∣ther, that the old name being quite gone,* 1.34 it is now called Saint Oswalds. This Os∣wald [ C] King of Northumberland,* 1.35 being at the point to give battaile unto Cedwall the Britan (for so Bede calleth him, whom the Britans themselves named Caswallon) King, as it seemeth, of Cumberland, erected a Crosse, and humbly upon his knees prayed unto Christ, that he would vouchsafe his heavenly aide unto his devoted ser∣vants: and presently with a loud voice cried unto the army in his wise:* 1.36 Let us all kneele downe, and beseech the Almightie, living, and true God, of his mercie to defend us from our proud and cruell enemie. No signe (saith Bede) doe we finde of Christian faith, no Church, no altar throughout the whole nation to have bin erected, before that this new leader & conducter of an armie, directed thereto by faithfull devotion, did set up this sign [ D] of the holy Crosse, when he was to fight against a most savage & bloodie enemie. For when Oswald perceived in this battell the present assistance of Christ, which he had so ear∣nestly implored, streightwaies he bacame a professed Christian, and sent for Aidan the Scot, to catechise and instruct his people in the Christian religion. The very place of victorie was called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,* 1.37 that is, Heaven-field; which at this day in the same sense, as some will have it, is named Haledon. Concerning which have here these ver∣ses, such as they be, out of the life of the said Oswald.

Tune primum scivit causam cur nomen haberet Heafenfeld, hoc est, caelestis campus, & illi Nomen ab antiquo dedit appellatio gentis [ E] Praeteritae, tanquam belli praesaga futuri. Nominis & caussam mox assignavit ibidem Caelitùs expugnans caelestis turba scelestam. Neve senectutis ignavia possit honorem Tam celebris delere loci, tantíque triumphi, Ecclesiae fratres Hangustaldensis adesse Devoti, Christúmque solent celebrare quotannis. Quoque loci persistat honos in honore beati Oswaldi Regis, ibi construxêre capellam. [ F]

Then wist he first, and not before, why this place tooke the name Of Heafenfield, that is, the field of Heaven; for the same By those that liv'd in alder time unto it given had beene, As if by skill divine they had this future warre fore-seene. And even the reason of this name he there streightwaies expressed,

[ A] For that from heaven an heavenly troupe, a wicked crew suppressed. Now that in time through negligence the same might not miscarry Both of the place so memorable, and this so noble victory, The Monkes of Hangustald-Church in great devoutnesse here, Are wont to be, and Christ to praise duely from yeere to yeere. And that the honour of this place might still remaine entire, In honour of Saint Oswald King, they built a Chappell there.

And another in praise of him wrote in that unlearned age, not unlearnedly, thus.

[ B] Quis fuit Alcides? quis Caesar Iulius? aut quis Magnus Alexander? Alcides se superasse Fertur. Alexander mundum, sed Iulius hostem: Se simul Oswaldus, & mundum vicit, & hostem.

What was to Oswald Hercules? What Iulius Caesar? what Great Alexander? Hercules is named much for that Himselfe he won: Xander the world: Iulius made foes to flye, Oswald at once conquer'd himselfe, the world, and enemy.

[ C] Beneath Saint Oswalds both Tines meet in one, after that South-Tine (which kee∣peth just pace in parallel, as it were, with the wall, about two miles from it) hath pas∣sed by Langley Castle, where sometimes, under King John, Sir Adam de Tindale had his Barony, which afterwards came to Sir Nicolas Bolteby, and of late belonged to the Percies: and at Aidon runneth under the woodden weake bridge, and shaking through the violence of the streame Tine, by this time being now broader and broa∣der, continueth his course in one channell apace toward the Ocean, by Hexham,* 1.38 which Bede calleth Hangustald, but the old English-Saxon 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. That this was named in the Romans time AXLELODUNUM (where the first Cohort of the [ D] Spaniards had their station) both the name implieth,* 1.39 & the high situation upon an hill answerable to the name,* 1.40 when as the ancient Britans called an hill Dunum. But as touching this, heare what Richard Prior of this place saith, who flourished 500. yeeres agoe. Not farre from the river Tine Southward there standeth a towne, now in these dayes verily but of meane bignesse, and slenderly inhabited, but in times past, as the remaines of antiquity do beare witnesse, very large and stately. This place, of the little ri∣ver Hextold running downe by it, and swelling otherwhiles like unto a flood, with a swift streame, is name Hextoldesham: which town Etheldreda the wife of King Egfrid gave unto Saint Wilfrid in the yeere 675. that hee should exalt it with an Episcopall See; who [ E] built there a Church, that for the artificiall frame and passing beauty went beyond all the Minsters in England. Take with you also that which William of Malmesbury wrote: This was Crown-land, when Wilfrid the Bishop exchanged with Queen Etheldreda other lands. It was wonderfull to see what buildings were erected there with mighty high walls, and how they were set out & contrived with divers turning in & out by winding staires, all polished and garnished by the curious workmanship of Masons and Pargetters, whom the hope of his liberality had allured from Rome; so that these buildings carried a shew of the Romanes stately magnificence, and stood very long struggling with time. The fore∣said King Egfrid placed an Episcopall See in this little City. But that dignity, after the eighth Bishop, vanished cleane away, whilest the Danish warres were at the hot∣test. [ F] And so ever since it was counted onely a manour or Township belonging to the Archibishops of Yorke, before the exchange made with King Henry the eighth; wherby they resigned up their right. This place was also renowned by reason of that bloudy battaile wherein John Nevill, Marquesse Montacute, encountred the leaders of the Lancastrian Faction with much courage, and with greater successe put them to flight: and therefore was created Earle of Northumberland by King Edward the fourth. But now all the glory that it hath is in that ancient Abbey, a part whereof

is converted into a faire dwelling house, belonging to Sir John Foster Knight. As [ A] for the Church, it standeth whole and sound, save that the West end onely thereof is pulled downe. and I assure you a right stately and sumptuous building it is: with∣in the quire whereof is to be seene an ancient tombe of a noble-man, of that warlike family of the Umfranvils,* 1.41 as appeareth by his Escutcheon of Armes, lying with his legges acrosse. After which fashion in those dayes were they onely enterred (that I may note so much by the way) who tooke upon them the crosse, and were marked with the badge of the crosse for sacred warfare, to recover the Holy land from the Ma∣hometans and Turkes. Hard by the East end also of this Church, upon the brow of an hill, are erected two most strong bulwarks of free stone, which belong, as I have [ B] heard, unto the Archbishop of Yorke.

From hence we went Eastward, and came to Dilston, a mansion house of the Rat∣cliffes: In old evidence it is found written Divelstone, of a little river running into Tine,* 1.42 which Bede called Divelesburn, where, as he writeth, Oswald having the faith of Christ for his armour and defence, in a set battaile slew Cedwalla the Britan, that wicked and horrible Tyrant, who had already slaine two Kings of Northumber∣land, and depopulated the country all over. On the other banke of Tine lieth CURIA OTTADINORUM, whereof Ptolomee maketh mention; it may seeme by the distance thereof to bee CORSTOPITUM in Antonine, called at this day of the bridg, Corbridge; in Hovedons Annals, Corobridge; and in Henry of Huntingdon, Cure. [ C] It can shew nothing now but a Church, and a little tower hard by, which the Vicars of the Church built, and wherein they dwell. Howbeit there remaine still sundry reliques of antique worke:* 1.43 among which King John searched for ancient treasure, supposed to have beene buried there: But he was overtaken in his owne vanity, and deceived of his great expectation, no lesse than Nero, when hee searched for the hidden wealth of Dido at Carthage. For nothing found hee but stones signed with brasse, iron, and lead. But whoso shall see the heap of rubbish that lieth there∣by, and is called Colecester,* 1.44 will soon say it was some hold of a Romane garrison. For∣ward still upon the same banke, wee saw Biwell a proper faire castle, which in the reigne of King John was the Barony of Sir Hugh Balliol; for which he did owe to the Ward of Newcastle upon Tine, thirty Knights [service.] [ D]

Beneath this Castle there is a very goodly Weare for the catching of Salmons: and two solid piles of most firme stone, which in times past supported the bridge, stand up in the midst of the river. From hence Tine running underneath, looketh up to Prudhow Castle, in ancient bookes written Prodhow, situate very pleasantly upon the ridge of an hill. This may I ghesse to have beene PROTOLITIA, which also is called PROCOLITIA, the station of the first band of the Batavians, till time tell me more, and instruct mee better. But it is famous in this regard, that in King Henry the second his dayes it valiantly gave the check unto William King of Scots laying siege unto it; when, as William of Newborrough writeth, hee had taken great [ E] paines to no purpose, to his losse and hurt. Afterwards it belonged to the Umfranvils, men of great estimation, among whom Sir Gilbert Umfranvill flourishing in the profession of armes, in right of his wife attained the title of Earle of Anguish in Scotland, in the reign of K. Edward the first, and left that honour to his posterity. But Eleanor, daughter to the sister, and heire of the last Earle, was married at length into the family of Talebois: and afterward this castle by the Princes bountifull gift came to the Duke of Bedford.

But to retire to the Wall. Beyond Saint Oswalds there are seene in the wall the foundations of two sorts, which they call Castle-steeds: then a place named Portgate, where there stood a gate in the wall, as may appeare by the word, that in both lan∣guages importeth as much. Beneath this, more within the country, is Halton-Hall: [ F] where flourisheth the family of the Carnabies, in great name for their antiquity and military prowesse: neere unto which is seated Aidon castle, sometimes part of the Barony of that Hugh Balliol before named. But for as much as many places

[ A] about the wall carry this name Aidon, and the very same signifieth a Militare Wing or a troupe of horsemen, in the British tongue, of which sort there were many wings placed along the Wall (as plainely appeareth by the booke of Notices) in their sta∣tions; I would have the reader throughly to consider, whether this name was not thereupon imposed upon these places, like as Leon, upon those townes where the Le∣gions had their standing campe. Well, hard by there was digged up the fragment of an antique stone, wherein is the expresse portrait or image of a man lying in bed, leaning upon his left hand, and with the right touching his right knee, with these in∣scriptions.

[ B]

— NORICI. AN. XXX. —ESSOIRUS MAGNUS FRATER EJUS DUPL. ALAE SABINIANAE.

[ C]

M. MARI US VELLI ALONG US. A QUI SHANC POSUIT V. S. L. M.

[ D]

Then the river Pont, having his spring head more outwardly, and running downe neere to Fenwick-Hall,* 1.45 the dwelling house of the worthy and martiall family of the Fenwickes, for certaine miles together gardeth the wall, and upon his banke had for a defence in garison the first Cohort of the Cornavii,* 1.46 at a place called PONS AE∣LII, built as it seemeth by Aelius Hadrianus the Emperor, now called Pont-eland: at which King Henry the third, in the yeere 1244. concluded a peace; and neere un∣to this the first Cohort of the Tungri had their abode at Borwick,* 1.47 which in the Notice of Provinces is called BORCOVICUS. From Port-gate the wall runneth along to [ E] Waltowne, which, seeing the signification accordeth so well with the name,* 1.48 and that it standeth twelve miles from the East sea, I beleeve verily it is the same royall town which Bede called ADMURUM, wherein Segbert King of the East Saxons was by the hands of Finanus baptized and received into the Church of Christ. Neere unto this was a fortification,* 1.49 called Old Winchester (I would gladly take it to be that VIN∣DOLANA) which that Booke of Notice so often cited, recordeth to have beene the Frontier-station in times past of the fourth Cohort of the Gaules. And then have yee Rouchester, where we beheld very plainly the expresse footings, in form four square, of a garison Castle, that joined hard to the wall. Neere unto it Headon sheweth it selfe, which was part of the Barony of Sir Hugh de Bolebec,* 1.50 who fetched his descent [ F] by his mother from the noble Barons of Mont-Fichet; and had issue none but daugh∣ters, matched in wedlock with Ralph Lord Greistock, I. Lovel, Huntercomb, and Corbet.

Now where the wall and Tine almost meet together,* 1.51 New-Castle sheweth it selfe gloriously, the very eye of all the townes in these parts, ennobled by a notable haven, which Tine maketh, being of that depth, that it beareth very tall ships, and so defendenth them, that they can neither easily bee tossed with tempests,

nor driven upon shallowes and shelves. It is situate on the rising of an hill, very un∣even, [ A] upon the North-banke of the river (which hath a passing faire bridge over it.) On the left hand whereof standeth the Castle: after that, a steepe and upright pitch of an hill riseth: on the right hand you have the Mercat place, and the better part of the City in regard of faire buildings.

From whence the ascent is not easie to the upper part, which is larger by farre. It is adorned with soure Churches, and fortified with most strong walls that have eight gates in them, with many towres, what it was in old time it is not knowne. I would soone deeme it to have beene GABROSENTUM,* 1.52 considering that Gates-head the sub∣urbe, as it were, thereof, doth in the owne proper signification expresse that British [ B] name Gabrosentum derived from Goates, as hath been said before. The Notice also of Provinces placeth Gabrosentum and the second Cohort of the Thracians in it, with∣in the range of the wall. And most certaine it is that both the Rampier and the Wall went through this City, and at Pandon gate there remaineth, as it is thought, one of the turrets of that wall. Surely for workmanship and fashion it is different from the other.

Moreover, whereas it was named before the Conquest Monk-chester, because it was as it seemeth in the possession of Monkes; this addition Chester, which signifieth a place fortified, implyeth that it was anciently a place of strength. But after the Con∣quest of the New castle, which Robert the sonne of William the Conqueror built out [ C] of the ground, it got this new name New-castle, and by little and little encreased marveilously in wealth, partly by entercourse of trafficke with the Germans, and partly by carrying out sea-coales, wherewith this country aboundeth, both into for∣raine Countries, and also into other parts of England. In the reigne of Edward the first a rich man chanced to bee haled way prisoner by the Scottish, out of the mid∣dle of the towne: who after hee had ransomed himselfe with a great summe of mo∣ney, began with all speed to fortifie the same: and the rest of the inhabitants mo∣ved by his example finished the worke, and compassed it with faire strong walls. Since which time it hath with security avoided the force and threats of the enemies and robbers, which swarmed all over the country, and withall fell to trading & mer∣chandise so freshly, that for quick commerce & wealth it became in very flourishing [ D] estate; in which regard King Richard the second granted that a sword should bee carried before the Maior, and King Henry the sixth made it a County, incorporate by it selfe. It is distant from the first Meridian or West line 21. degrees and 30. mi∣nutes, and from the Aequinoctiall line toward the North pole 34. degrees and 57. minutes. As touching the suburbs of Gateshead, which is conjoyned to New-castle with a faire bridge over the river, and appertaineth to the Bishops of Durham, I have already written. Now in regard of the site of New-castle, and the abundance of sea-cole vented thence, unto which a great part of England and the Low Countries of Germanie are beholden for their good fires, read these verses of Master John Ion∣ston, out of his Poem of the Cities of Britaine. [ E]

NOVUM CASTRUM.

Rupe sedens celsa, rerum aut miracula spectat Naturae, aut solers distrahit illa aliis. Sedibus aethereis quid frustra quaeritis ignem? Hunc alit, hunc terrae suscitatista sinu. Non illum torvo terras qui turbine terret; Sed qui animam terris, datque animos animis. Eliquat hic ferrum, as, hic aurum ductile fundit, Quos non auri illex conciet umbra animos? [ F] Quin (aiunt) auro permutat bruta metalla. Alchimus hunc igitur praedicat esse deum. Si deus est, ceu tu dictas divine Magister, Haec quot alit? quot alit Scotia nostra deos?

[ A]

NEVV-CASTLE.

Seated upon high rocke shee sees dame Natures wonders strange, Or else to others wittily doth vent them for exchange. In vaine why seeke yee fire to fetch from heaven to serve your turne? The ground here either keeps it close, or quickly makes it burne. Not that which folke with stony flash or whirlewind grim affrights, But giveth life to earthly things, and mindes to living wights. [ B] This melteth iron, brasse and gold so pliable and soft: What mindes th'allective shade of gold stirres not, nor sets aloft? Nay more than so, men say it doth dull metals change to gold, To say therefore he is a God our Alchymists are bold. If God he be, as thou giv'st out (Great Master) of thy word, How many Gods then doth this place, and our Scotland afford?

Scarce three miles hence (for I over passe Gosseford,* 1.53 which was the Barony in old time of Richard Sur-Teis, who came up under King Henry the first, and lived in great honour) standeth a village named Walls-end. The very signification of the [ C] name sheweth, that this was a station of the second Cohort of Thraciens, which in the booke of Notices is called VINDOBALA,* 1.54 in Antonine VINDOMORA: for it may seeme that in the provinciall language of the Britans, as the latter of them betoke∣ned The Walls-end, so the former the Rampiers-end, considering that long since they tearmed a Wall Mur, and a Rampire Bal, Val, and Gual.

Neither is it credible that the Rampire or Wall reached any farther, seeing that beyond this place there are no tokens thereof: and Tine being now very neere unto the Ocean, with his exceeding deepe channell ferveth in stead of a most strong sense. Yet some there be who thinke,* 1.55 that the rampire, and not the wall, went as farre as to the very mouth of Tine, which is called Tinmouth; and stifly affirm that it was termed [ D] Pen-bal-crag, that is, the head of the rampire in the rocke, whom I will not contradict. But I durst almost avouch,* 1.56 that this was in the Romanes time TUNNOC••LLUM, see∣ing that Tunnocellum soundeth as much as the Promontory of Tunn or Tine, where the first Cohort Aelia Classica, enrolled (as it is probable by the very name) by Aelius Hadrianus the Emperour, was in pay for sea service. For the Romans had certaine light Foists or Pinnaces,* 1.57 tearmed Lusoria, upon the rivers in the marches: as well to represse the outrodes of them that dwelt there by, as to quit them with like inrodes, as we may see in the books of Theodosius his Code,* 1.58 under the title, de Lusoriis Danu∣bii, [ E] that is, touching The pinnaces of the river Danow. Under the Saxons Heptarchy it was called Tunna〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, not of Tunna the Abbot, as Bede writeth, but doubtlesse of the river; and a little Monastery it had, which was oftentimes risted by the Danes: But now it is called Tinmouth Castle, and takes great glory in a stately and strong castle, which, as an ancient writer saith, on the East and North side i•• unpossible to be entered, by reason of a mighty high rocke over the sea, and in other places such is the height of it, that it needs but small defence: Whereupon Robert Mowbray, Earle of Northumberland, made choice of it for his strongest hold, when hee rebelled a∣gainst King William Rufus. But, as commonly it falleth out with rebels, he had but ill successe: who being forthwith very streightly besieged, withdrew himselfe into a [ F] monastery hard by, which was counted a Sanctuary, and therefore not to bee forced and broken; neverthelesse he was drawne out thence, and kept a long time close pri∣soner in misery; a just reward for his so perfidious treachery.

Now must I coast along the shore. On the back side of the Promontory, on which Tinmouth is situate,* 1.59 next unto Seton, which under King Henry the third was part of the Barony Dela-vall;* 1.60 Seghill sheweth it selfe called in old time SEGEDUNUM, a sta∣tion of the third Cohort of the Lergi, by the wall or Rampire: and verily SEGEDU∣NUM in British, is all one with Seghill in English.

Some few miles from hence, the shore maketh roome for the river Blith to fall into [ A] the sea: which river watering Belsey, belonging in times past to the Midletons, and Ogle,* 1.61 a Castle of the Barons Ogle, is here, together with the river Pont, discharged into the sea.

These Ogles, from the very beginning of Edward the fourth his reigne, flourished in the dignity of Barons, enriched by marrying the heires of Sir Berthram Bothall, of Alan Heton, and of Alexander Kirkby. The issue male of these Barons went out lately, and expired in Cuthbert, the seventh Baron of that house: who begat two daugh∣ters, Joan married to Edward Talbot, a younger sonne of George Earle of Shrews∣bury; and Katharine wife to Sir Charles Cavendish Knight. [ B]

* 1.62A little higher the river Wents-beck is swallowed up of the Ocean; it runneth be∣side Mitford, which King John and his Rutars set on fire, when in most grievous manner they over-ranne these Countries. That age called forraine and willing souldiers,* 1.63 Rutars, whom Falques de Brent, and Walter Buc brought out of the Low-Countries, and from other parts, to aide King John. Brent a wilde madbraine, was at length banished out of the Realme: But Buc a more staid man, after hee had done the King stout service, had given unto him by the King possessions in Yorke∣shire and Northamptonshire: and his race flourished there, untill that John Buc was attainted under King Henry the seventh: whose great grand-son is Sir George Buc knight, a man well learned, of great reading, and Master of the Kings Revels; who [ C] (for I take pleasure to professe by whom I have profited) hath observed many things in history, and gently imparted the same to me. This was sometimes the Barony of William Berthram, whose issue male soone had an end in Roger his grand-sonne; and his three daughters inheritrices were bestowed in marriage upon Sir Norman Darcy T. Penbury, and William of Elmeley.

* 1.64From thence Wents-beck passeth through Morpeth, a famous little towne. For on the North banke of the river is the towne situate, and on the South banke standeth the Church, and the Castle by it, upon a shady hill beset with trees; which, together with the town, came from Sir Roger M••rley, whose Barony it was, unto the Lords of Greistock, and so from them to the Barons Dacre of Gillesland. Nothing I have of a∣ny [ D] antiquity to say of this towne, but that in the yeere of Christ 1215. it was set on fire by the inhabitants themselves in spitefull malice to King John. From hence the river Wents-beck passeth by Bothall Castle,* 1.65 and the Barony somtimes of Richard Ber∣thram, from whose posterity it was devolved unto the Barons of Ogle: Upon the bank whereof, I have thought this great while (whether truly, or upon a bare supposall I know not) that in old time GLANOVENTA stood,* 1.66 which was fortified by the Ro∣mans with a garrison of the first Cohort of the Morini, for defence of the marches. Which the very situation doth as it were perswade; and the rivers name, together with the signification of the same, induceth me to thinke. For it is seated within the raunge of the rampire or wall, even where the booke of Notices placeth it: the ri∣vers [ E] name is Wants-beck, and GLANOVENTA in the British tongue signifieth the shore or bank of Venta. Whence also Glanon, a city in France upon the sea-shore, wher∣of Pomponius Mela hath made mention, may seeme to have drawn that appellation.

Not farre hence, to let passe little piles and towres of lesse account, is to be seene neere unto the shore Withrington or Woderington,* 1.67 in the English Saxon tongue of old time called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 an ancient Castle, which gave the name unto the Withring∣tons, Gentlemen of good birth, and Knights, whose valour in the warre hath beene from time to time remarkable.* 1.68 Then the river Coquet falleth into the sea, which springing among the rough and stony mountaines of Cheviot, not farre from his head, hath Billesdun upon it; from whence sprang the ancient family of the Selbies: and somewhat lower Southward,* 1.69 Harbottle, in the English Saxons tongue 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 [ F] that is, The station of the Army, whence the family of the Harbottles descended, that in the ages aforegoing flourished.

A Castle it had in times past, but in the yeere of our salvation 1314. the Scots razed it.* 1.70 Close unto this standeth Halyston, as one would say Holy stone,

[ A] where the report goeth, that Paulinus in the primitive Church of the English nation baptized many thousands.* 1.71 And at the verie mouth of Coquet, Warkworth a proper faire Castle of the Percies standeth and defendeth the shore, where there is a chappell wonderfully built out of a rocke hewen hollow, and wrought without beames, rafters, or anie peeces of timber. This Castle King Edward the third gave unto Henrie Percie, together with the Mannour of Rochburie. Afore time it had beene the Baronie of Roger Fitz-Richard,* 1.72 by the gift of Henrie the second King of Eng∣land, who gave also unto his sonne, Clavering in Essex, whereof at the commande∣ment of King Edward the first, they assumed unto them the surname of Clavering, [ B] leaving the ancient maner of taking their names from the forename, or Christian name of the father: for before that time they were surnamed according to the forename of the father, as Robert Fitz Roger, Roger Fitz Iohn, &c. Part of this inheritance the Nevils entred upon by Fine and Covenant, who afterward were Earles of Westmor∣land; and part of it a daughter named Eve inherited, who was wedded to Sir Th. Uf∣ford; from whose posteritie it came hereditarily unto the Fienes Barons of Dacres. But from the younger sonnes branched the Barons of Evers, the Evers of Axholme, and the Claverings of Kalaly in this Countie, and others. Hard unto this also lieth Morwick,* 1.73 which may likewise boast of the Lords it had, whose issue male had an end about the yeere of our Lord 1258. and so the inheritance passed over by the daugh∣ters [ C] unto the Lumleies, Seimors, Bulmers, and Roscells.

The shore after this openeth it selfe to give passage unto the river ALAUNUS,* 1.74 which being not yet bereft of that name, whereby it was knowne unto Ptolomee, is called short Alne: Upon the bank whereof, besides Twifford, that is, A double fourd (where was holden a solemne Synod under King Egfrid) and Eslington, the habitati∣on of the Collingwoods (men renowned for their warlike exploits) there sheweth also it selfe Alan-wic,* 1.75 in the English Saxon tongue 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉, now commonly called An∣wick,* 1.76 a towne ennobled by the victorie of Englishmen (wherein our ancestors shew∣ed such valour and prowesse, that they tooke William King of Scots, and presented him prisoner unto King Henrie the second) and fortified besides with a goodly ca∣stle:* 1.77 [ D] which when Malcome the third, King of the Scots, had by long siege enfor∣ced to such extremitie, that it was at the point now to bee yeelded up, hee was slaine by a souldier, that making semblance to deliver unto him the keyes of the Castle hanging at the head of a speare, ranne him into the bodie with it. And withall, his sonne Edward, whiles to revenge his fathers death he charged unadvisedly upon the enemie, was so wounded, that hee died thereof shortly after. This was a Baronie sometimes belonging to the Vescies.* 1.78 For King Henrie the second gave it unto Eu∣stach Fitz-Iohn, father to William Vesci, to be held by the service of twelve knights. [ E] Sir John Vescy, of this race, returning out of the sacred warre in the Holy-land, was the first that brought with him into England the Friers Carmelites,* 1.79 and built for them a Covent here in Holme, a desart place, not unlike to Mount Carmel in Syria. Willi∣am, the last of the Vescies, made Antonine Bec Bishop of Durham his feofie upon trust, that he should deliver this Castle, with all the lands lying thereto, unto his base sonne,* 1.80 the onely childe that he left behind him; but the Bishop falsly conveied away from him the inheritance, and for readie money sold it unto William Lord Percie: since which time it hath evermore belonged to the Percies.

From hence the shore making divers angles and points,* 1.81 passeth by Dunstaburge, a Castle belonging to the Duchie of Lancaster, which some have untruely supposed [ F] to be Bebhan; for Bebhane standeth higher, and in stead of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is now called Bamborrow.* 1.82 Our Bede, where hee reports that this Castle was besieged and burnt by Penda King of the Mercians, writeth that Queene Bebba gave it this name: but the Floure-gatherer recordeth, that Ida the first King of Northumberland built it, which hee sensed first with great stakes or piles of timber, and after∣ward with a wall. But take here with you the description thereof out of Ro∣ger Hoveden: Bebba (saith hee) is a most strong Citie, not verie great, but contai∣ning the space of two or three fields, having into it one hollow entrance, and the same

raised on high with staires after a wonderfull manner, and on the pitch of an hill, a very [ A] faire Church, and Westward on the top thereof, there is a well set out with marvailous workmanship, sweet to drink of, and most pure to see to.

But in our age it is counted a castle rather than a city, yet so bigge and large, as that it may seeme to match with a city.* 1.83 Neither went it for any other but a castle, when King William Rufus having raised over against it a tower called Mal-voisin, gave assault continually to Mowbray, while hee rebelled and lurked there, who at length privily stole away, & escaped by flight. The greatest part of the beauty ther∣of was lost long time after, in the civill warre, when Bressie the Norman, redoub∣ted souldier, who sided with the house of Lancaster, exercised his rage against it very [ B] outragiously. Since then it hath beene sore beaten with time, and the windes to∣gether, which have blowne by drifts an incredible deale of sand of the sea into the fortresses.* 1.84 Hereto adjoyneth Emildon, sometime the Barony of John Le Viscont, but Rametta the heire of that house sold away the possessions to Simon de Montfort, Earle of Leicester.* 1.85 In this was borne John Duns, called Scotus, because hee was de∣scended of Scotish bloud, who being brought up in Merton Colledge at Oxford, be∣came wonderfull well learned in Logicke, and in that crabbed and intricate Divini∣ty of those dayes: yet as one still doubtfull and unresolved, he did overcast the truth of religion with mists of obscurity. And with so profound and admirable subtlety, in a darke and rude stile hee wrote many workes, that hee deserved the title of the Sub∣tile [ C] Doctor: and after his owne name erected a new sect of the Scotists. But hee died pitifully, being taken with an Apoplexy, and overhastily buried for dead; whiles up∣on returne of life, nature (though too late) was about to discusse the violence of the disease, and hee, making meanes in vaine by a lamentable noise to call for helpe, after he had a long time knocked his head against the grave stone, dashed out his owne braines, and at last yeelded up his vitall breath. Whereupon a certain Italian wrote thus of him.

* 1.86Quaecunque humani fuerant, jurisque sacrati, In dubium veniunt cuncta vocante Scoto. [ D] Quid? quod & in dubium illius sit vita vocata, Morte illum simili ludificante strophâ. Quum non ante virum vitâ jugularit ademptâ, Quàm vivus tumulo conditus ille foret.

All learning taught in humane books, and couch'd in holy writ, Dan Scotus darke and doubtfull made by subtlety of wit. No marvaile that to doubtfull termes of life himselfe was brought, Whiles with like wile and subtle tricke death on his body wrought. When as her stroke to kill outright she would not him vouchsafe, [ E] Untill the man (a piteous case) was buried quicke in grave.

That he was borne here in England, I avouch it out of his owne manuscript works in the Library of Merton Colledge in Oxford, and upon their faithfull testimony, which conclude in this maner: Explicit Lectura, &c. that is, Thus endeth the Lecture of the subtle Doctor in the University of Paris, Iohn Duns, borne in a certaine little vil∣lage or hamlet within the Parish of Emildon, called Dunston, in the county of Northum∣berland, pertaining to the house of the scholars of Merton Hall in Oxford.

On this shore forward there is nothing to be seene worth relation, but the Holy I∣sland (whereof I will write in due place) untill a man come to the mouth of Twede, which parteth England and Scotland a great way asunder,* 1.87 and is called the East li∣mit: [ F] and thereupon our Necham thus writeth, insinuating that the hither part of Scotland was called Pict-land.

Anglos à Pictis sejungit limite certo Flumen, quod Tuedam pristina lingua vocat.

[ A] The river Twede, a certaine bound, Divides * Pict-land from English ground.

This river breaking forth at a number of Springs out of the mountaines of Scot∣land, wandereth a great while with many a crooked winding in and out, among the ranke-riders and borderers (to give them no worse tearme) whose manner is, as one saith, to try their right by the swords point. But when hee is come hard to a village called Carram,* 1.88 waxing a great deale bigger by reason of many waters fallen unto him, hee begins to distinguish the Confines of the Kingdomes. And when hee hath watered Werke,* 1.89 a Castle often assaulted by the Scottish, belonging in times past to [ B] the Rosses, and now to the Graies, who by feats of armes have wonne much honour, hee is encreased more with the streame of Till, a river that hath two names. For at the head,* 1.90 which is in the innermore part of this country, it is called Bramish, and up∣on it standeth Bramton, a little village, very obscure and almost of no reckoning: from whence it goeth Northward by Bengeley,* 1.91 which together with Brampton it selfe, with Broundum, Rodam (which hath given name to a stock in this tract of good note) Edelingham, &c. was in King Henry the third his time the Barony of Patricke Earle of Dunbar: who also, as we read in the book of Inquisitions, was Inborow and Outborow betweene England and Scotland,* 1.92 that is to say if I mistake it not, he was to allow and observe in this part, the ingresse and egresse of those that travailed too [ C] and fro betweene both Realmes. For Englishmen in ancient time called in their language an Entry, and fore Court or Gatehouse, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉. Higher somewhat stan∣deth Chevelingham, now called Chillingham, hard by the river, which, like as Horton not farre distant from it, had their Castles belonging to the Greies, ever since that those two families of the Greies were conjoyned in one by marriage.

There lyeth neere unto it Wollover,* 1.93 a Barony which King Henry the first gave to Robert * 1.94 Muschampe, who bare Azure three Butterflies or Papilions Argent: of whose race descended Robert, who in Henry the third his reigne was reputed the mightiest Baron in these North parts. But the inheritance was quickly dismem∣bred and parted among the females: one of whom was married unto the Earle of [ D] Stratherne in Scotland, a second to Sir William de Huntercombe, and a third to Odo∣nell Ford. Then the river of Glen from out of the West augmenteth Till with his wa∣ters, and nameth the vale that he runneth thorow Glendale. Touching this little river Bede writeth thus: Paulinus comming with the King and Queen into a Manour or house of the Kings, called Ad-Gebrin (at this day Yeverin) abode with them 36. daies there, emploied wholly in the catechizing and baptising: during all which time he did nothing from morning but instruct the people resorting to him in the saving word of Christ, and being thus instructed, he baptised them to the forgivenesse of their sinnes in the river of Glen, which was hard by. This house was in the time of the succeeding Kings neglected, and another made for it in a place called Melmin,* 1.95 but at this day Melfeld.

[ E] Here within a little of Brum-ridge,* 1.96 by Brumeford, K. Athelstan fought a pitched field with Aulase the Dane, Constantine K. of Scots, and Eugenius or Owein Prince of Cumberland, with so fortunate successe, that this battaile was most famous farre and neere,* 1.97 yea and triumphantly described by the Historians and Poets of that time in the highest degree, with stately stile and lofty verse in the language of that age, in barbarous Latin.

Here Bramish, losing his owne name, comes to bee called Till, and first saluteth Ford Castle,* 1.98 belonging sometimes to the warlike and valiant house of the Herons, now to the family of the Carrs: then Etall, where the family surnamed De Maneriis, or Manours sometimes inhabited, reckoned in the ranke of worshipfull Knights, out [ F] of which flourish the right honourable Earles of Rutland at this day. Many small castles and piles in this tract I wittingly let passe: For an endlesse peece of worke it were to goe through them all one by one, considering it is certaine that in King Henry the second his time there were eleven hundred and fifteene Castles in Eng∣land.* 1.99

Right over against this Ford westward, there mounteth aloft an high hill called [ A] Floddon neere Bramton, memorable in regard of James the fourth, King of Scots, who was there slaine, and his army overthrowne: who, whiles King Henry the eighth lay at the siege of Tournay in France, marched forward in great courage, and greater hope with Banner displayed against England. But Thomas Howard Earle of Surry, arraunged in good order of battaile, valiantly in this place received him: where the fight continued sharpe and hot on both parts, untill the night came upon them, uncertaine as then whether side had the victory. But the day en∣suing manifested both the Conquerour and conquered: and the King of Scots him∣selfe with many a mortall wound, was found among the heapes of dead bodies. And [ B] hereupon was granted a new augmentation unto the Armes of the Howards, as I have formerly specified.

Twede having now entertained Till, runneth downe with a fuller streame by Nor∣••ham or Northam, in old time called Ubbanford, a towne belonging to the Bishops of Durham. For Egfrid the Bishop built it, and Raulph his successour erected a Castle upon the top of an high steepe rocke, and fortified it with a trench: in the ut∣more wall whereof, which is of greater circuit, are placed sundry turrets in a Can∣ton toward the river: within there is another enclosure or wall much stronger: in the midst of which there riseth up the Keepe of great heigth: But the secure peace of our age, hath now a long time neglected these fortifications, albeit they stand in [ C] the borders. Under it lieth the towne in a plaine Westward, and hath in it a Church, wherein was enterred Ceolwulph King of Northumberland, unto whom Venerable Bede dedicated his booke of the Ecclesiasticall history of England; and who afterwards renouncing the world, became a Monke in Lindiffarn Church, and served as a Christian souldier for the Kingdome of heaven, and his body was conveyed after that into the Church of Norham. Also when the Danes harried and spoiled the Holy Iland, where Saint Cuthbert, whom Bede so highly extolleth, both sate as Bishop, and lay buried: and some went about by a devout and religious kind of stealth, to transport his body over;* 1.100 by occasion that the winds were against them, They laid the sacred body downe with due honour at Ubbanford, (whether it were an Episcopall See or no, it is uncer∣taine) hard by the river Twede, and there it lay for many yeeres together, untill the com∣ming [ D] of K. Etheldred. Of this, and of other things, I had information (for I will never conceale by whom I have found any good) by George Carleton borne here, as who was the Castellanes sonne of this place; whom for that I have loved in regard of his singular knowledge in Divinity (which hee professeth) and in other more delight∣full literature, and am loved againe of him, I were not worthy I assure you of love, if I did not acknowledge thus much. Beneath Norham, at Killey a little village hard by, were found, as I have heard old men say, in our grandfathers remembrance, the ornaments or Harnish of a Knights belt, and the hilt of a sword of massie gold, which were presented unto Thomas Ruthall then Bishop of Durham.

A little lower appeareth the Mouth of Twede; upon the farther side whereof stan∣deth [ E] Berwicke, the utmost towne in England, and the strongest hold in all Britaine. Which name some derive from one Berengarius a Duke,* 1.101 whom they never heard of, unlesse it were in a dreame. Leland fetcheth it from Aber, which in the British tongue signifieth the mouth of a river, so that Aberwic should sound as much as The towne by the rivers mouth. But he that knowes what Berwic in the Charters of our Kings sig∣nifieth, wherein nothing is more common than these words, I give C. and D. that is, such and such townes, cum suis Berwicis, surely he must needs understand the true Ety∣mologie of this Berwicke. For mine owne part I cannot conjecture what it mean∣eth, unlesse it be a Village or Hamlet annexed, as it were a parcell of the Demesne, unto some place of greater reckoning. For in the donations of Edward the Confes∣sour, [ F] Totthill is called the Berwicke of Westminster, and Wandlesworth the Berwicke of Patricseie, and a hundred such. But to what end is all this? Surely we doe but lose this labour, if, as some will have it, the name thereof were in old time 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉,

[ A] in the English Saxon tongue, that is, The towne or village of the Bernicians. Now that these countries were named Bernicia, it is better knowne than can bee said, and I have already notified as much. But whence soever it hath the name, it is so si∣tuate that it shooteth farre into the sea, in so much as it is well neere compassed a∣bout with the sea, and Twede together; and seated betwixt two most mighty King∣domes, as Pliny hath reported of Palmyra in Syria. It was the first thing alwayes that both nations tooke care of whensoever they were at any discord: so that since the time that King Edward the first of that name, first wrested it perforce out of the Scots hands, the Scots have oftentimes repossessed it, and the Englishmen as often [ B] recovered it from them againe. But let us here (if you please) abridge the History thereof. Of this Berwicke I have read nothing of greater antiquity than this, that William King of Scots being taken Prisoner in the field by the English, delivered it up unto our King Henry the second for his enlargement out of prison, on this con∣dition, that unlesse by a certaine day appointed hee payd a summe of money for his ransome, it should belong unto the Crowne of England for ever; and presently, as it is in the Polychronicon of Durham, the said King Henry fortified it with a Castle. Howbeit King Richard the first, upon payment of the money released it againe un∣to the Scotish. Afterwards King John, as we read in the history of Melrosse, wonne both the towne and Castle of Berwick, what time as he with his Rutars burnt Werke, Rox∣burgh, [ C] Mitford and Morpath, yea and laid all Northumberland most, because the Barons of Northumberland had done homage at Felton to Alexander King of Scots. Many yeeres after, when Iohn Balioll King of Scots had broken his oath, King Edward the first, in the yeere of salvation 1297. brought Berwick under his subjection: yet with∣in a little while after, when the fortune of warre began to smile upon the Scots, they surprised it standing for-let and neglected, but straightwayes it was yeelded up, and the English became Masters of it. Afterward, in that loose reigne of King Ed∣ward the second, Peter Spalding betraied it unto Robert Bru•• King of the Scots, who hotly assaulted it: and the English laid siege unto it in vaine, untill that our Hector, King Edward the third, in the yeere of Christ 1333. setting valiantly upon it, wonne [ D] it as happily. Howbeit in the reigne of Richard the second, certaine Scottish rob∣bers upon a sudden surprised the Castle: but within nine dayes Henry Pearcy Earle of Northumberland regained it. Scarce seven yeeres were overpassed, when the Scots recovered it againe, not by force but by money: For which cause, the said Henry Percy, Governour of the place, was accused of high treason: but he, with mo∣ney likewise corrupted both their faith and fortitude, and streightway got it in his hands againe. A great while after, when England was even pining by reason of civill warre, King Henry the sixth being now fled the Realme into Scotland, surrendred it up into the hands of the Scot, for to be secured of his life and safety in Scotland. But after twenty two yeeres were expired, Sir Thomas Stanley, not without losse of his [ E] men, reduced it under the command of King Edward the Fourth. Since which time, our Kings have at divers times fortified and fenced it with new works: but es∣pecially Queen Elizabeth, who of late, to the terrour of the enemy, and safeguard of her state, enclosed it about in a narrower compasse within the old wall, with an high wall of stone most strangely compacted together; which shee hath so forewarded a∣gaine with a counterscarfe, a banke round about, with mounts of earth cast up by mans hand, and open terraces above head, that either the forme of these munitions, or strength thereof may justly cut off all hope of winning it. To say nothing all this while of the valour of the garison souldiers, the store of great Ordnance and furniture of warre, which was wonderfull. He that was wont to be chiefe Governour of this [ F] towne (that I may note thus much also) was alwaies one of the wisest and most ap∣proved of the Nobility of England, and withall Warden of these East marches against Scotland. The Longitude of this towne, as our Mathematicians have observed, is 21. degrees and 43. minutes: the Latitude 55. degrees and 48. minutes. And by this in∣clination and position of the heaven, the longest day is 17. houres and 22. minutes, and

the night but sixe houres and 38. minutes: so that that there was no untruth in Ser∣vi•••• [ A] Honoratus,* 1.102 when he wrote thus, Britanni lucis dives, &c. that is, Britain is so plen∣tifull of day light, that it affordeth scarce any time for the nights. Neither is it any mar∣vaile that souldiers without other light doe play here all night long at Dice, conside∣ring the side light that the sunne beames cast all night long: and therefore this verse of Iuvenall is true:

Minimá contentos nocte Britannos. The Britaines who with least night stand content.

[ B]

Concerning Berwicke, have here now for an Overdeale, these verses of Master I. Ionston.

Scotorum extremo sub limite, meta furoris Saxonidum: gentis par utriusque labor. Mille vices rerum, quae mille est passa ruinas, Mirum, quî potuit tot superesse malis: Quin superest, quin extremis exhausta ruinis, Funere sic crevit firmior usque suo: Oppida ut exaequet jam munitissima. Civis [ C] Militis & censum, & munia Martis obit. Postquàm servitio durisque est functa periclis, Effert laetitiae signa serena suae: Et nunc antiquo felix sejactat honore, Cum reddit Domino debita jura suo: Cujus ab auspiciis unita Britannia tandem Excelsum tollit libera in astra caput.

Afront the bound of Scottish ground, where staid the furious broile Of English warres; and Nations both were put to equall toile. Now won, then lost, a thousand turnes it felt of fortunes will, [ D] After so many miseries, wonder, it standeth still. And still it stands: although laid wast it were and desolate, Yet alwaies after every fall it rose to firmer state: So that for strength best fenced townes it matcheth at this day. The Citizens were souldiers all, and serv'd in warres for pay. But after service long performed, and hard adventures past, Of joy and mirth the gladsome signes it putteth forth at last. And now her ancient honour she doth vaunt in happy plight, When to her Soveraigne Lord she yeelds all service due by right. Whose blessed Crowne united hath great Britain now at last, [ E] Whereby her head she lifts on high, since quarrels all be past.

* 1.103That which Aeneas Sylvius, or Pope Pius the second, who when hee was a pri∣vate person was Embassadour into Scotland about the yeere 1448. hath reported in his owne life, by himselfe penned, and published under the name of another, touch∣ing the borderers that dwelt there round about, I thinke good here to put downe, considering that as yet they have nothing degenerated.

There is a river (saith he) which spreading broad from out of an high hill, confineth both the lands: This river when Aeneas had ferried over, and turned aside into a great village about sun setting, where he supped in a country-mans house, with the Priest of the place [ F] and his hoast, many sorts of gruels and pottage, hens and geese, were set on the board, but no wine nor bread at all, and all the men & women of the village came running thither, as it were to see some strange sight: and as our countreymen are wont to wonder at Blacka-Moors,

[ A] or men of Inde, so they stood gasing & gaping, as astonied at Aeneas, asking of the Priest what countreyman he was? upon what busines he came? and whether he were a Chri∣stian or no? Now Aeneas having bin enformed before what scarcity of victuals he should finde in those parts, had received at a certaine Abbey some loaves of white bread, and a rundlet of red wine: which when they had brought forth, the people made a greater won∣der than before, as who had never seen either wine or white bread. There approached un∣to the table great bellied women and their husbands, who handling the bread, & smelling to the wine, craved some part thereof, and there was no remedy but to deale and give all away among them. Now when we had sitten at s••pper untill it was two houres within night, [ B] the Priest and our Hoast, together with the children and all the men, left Aeneas, and made haste away; for they said they were to flye for feare of the Scots unto a certaine pile, that stood a great way off: which Scots, at a low water when the tide was past, used to passe over the river, and fall to boot-haling. But they would in no wise take Aeneas with them, al∣though hee intreated them very instantly; no nor any woman, albeit amongst them there were many both young maids, and wives passing faire: For they are perswaded verily, that the enemies will doe them no hurt, as who reckon whoredome no hurt nor evill at all. So Aeneas remaines there alone with two servants and his Guide, in company of an hun∣dred women; who sitting round in a ring, with a good fire in the mids before them, fell to hitchell and dresse hemp, sate up all night without sleep, and had a great deale of talk with [ C] his Interpreter. When the night was far spent, what with barking of dogs, and gaggling of geese, a mighty noise and outcry was made: then all the women slipped forth divers waies, his Guide also made shift to be gone, and all was of an hurry, as if the enemies had beene come. But Aeneas thought it his best course to expect the event within his bed-chamber, (and that was a stable) for feare lest if he had runne forth of dores, knowing not the way, he should become a prey and booty to him that should first meet him. But see, streightwaies the women returned with the Interpreter, bring word all was well, and that they were friends and not enemies were come thither.

There have been in this countrey certaine petty nations,* 1.104 called Scovenburgenses and Fisburgingi; but to point out precisely the very place of their abode, in so great [ D] obscurity, passeth my skill: Neither can I define whether they were Danes or Eng∣lish. But Florentius of Worcester,* 1.105 published by the right honourable Lord William Howard, writeth, That when there was an assembly or Parliament holden at Oxenford, Sigeferth and Morcar, the worthier & mightier ministers of the Scovenburgenses, were secretly made away by Edrike Streona.* 1.106 Also that Prince Edmund against his fathers will married Alfrith the wife of Sigefrith, and having made a journey to the Fisburgings, in∣vaded Sigeferth his land, and brought his people in subjection to him. But let others in∣quire farther into these matters.* 1.107

[ E] This region of North-humberland being brought under the English Saxons do∣minion by Osca Hengists brother,* 1.108 and by his sonne Jebusa, had first officiall gover∣nors under the fealty of the Kings of Kent. After that, when the kingdome of the Ber∣nicii, whom the Britans call Guir a Brinaich, as it were, Mountainers, was erected; that which reached from Tees to the Scottish Frith, was the best part thereof, and sub∣ject to the Kings of North-humberland: who having finished their period, whatso∣ever lay beyond Twede, became Scottish and was counted Scotland; Then Egbert King of the West-Saxons laied it to his owne kingdome, when it was yeelded up to him. Afterwards King Aelfred permitted the Danes to possesse it, whom Athelstane some few yeeres after dispossessed and drave out: yet after this the people set up Eil∣rick [ F] the Dane for their king, whom King Ealdred forthwith displaced and expelled. From which time forward this countrey had no more Kings over it, but such as go∣verned it were tearmed Earles: Amongst whom these are reckoned up in order suc∣cessively in our Histories, Osulfe, Oslake, Edulph, Walde of the elder, Uchtred, Adulph, Alred, Siward, Tostie, Edwin, Morcar, Osculph, and that right valiant Siward, who as he lived in armes, so would he dye also armed. Then his Earldome and these parts were given unto Tostie the brother of Earle Harold: but the Earldomes of Northampton and

Huntingdon, with other lands of his, were assigned to the noble Earle Walde of his sonne [ A] and heire. These words of Ingulphus have I put downe, because some deny that hee was Earle of Huntingdon. And now will I adde moreover to the rest, that which I have read in an old manuscript memoriall of this matter, in the Librarie of Iohn Stow, a right honest Citizen, and diligent Antiquarie of the City of London. Copso being made Earle of Northumberland by the gift of King William Conquerour, expelled Osculph, who notwithstanding within a few daies after slew him. Then Osculph be∣ing runne through with a Javelin by a thiefe, ended his life. After this, Gospatricke purchased the Earldome of the Conquerour, who not long after deposed him from that honour; and then succeeded after him Walde of Siwards sonne. His fortune was [ B] to lose his head; and in his roome was placed Walcher Bishop of Durham, who (like as Robert Comin his successour) was slaine in a tumultuous commotion of the com∣mon people. Afterwards Robert Mowbray attained to the same honour, which hee soone lost through his owne perfidious treacherie, when he devised to deprive King William Rufus of his royall estate, and to advance Stephen Earle of Albemarle, a sonne to the Conquerors sister, thereunto. Then K. Stephen made Henrie, the sonne of Da∣vid King of Scotland (as wee read in the Poly Chronicon of Durham) Earle of Nor∣thumberland: whose sonne also William, that afterwards was King of Scots, writ himselfe, William de Warrenna Earle of Northumberland: for his mother was de∣scended out of the familie of the Earles of Warren, as appeareth out of the booke of [ C] Brinkburne Abbey. After some few yeeres, King Richard the first passed away this Earldome for a summe of money, unto Hugh Pudsey Bishop of Durham for tearm of his life, scoffing that he had made a young Earle of an old Bishop. But when the said King was imprisoned by the Emperour in his returne out of the Holy-land, and Hugh for his deliverie had contributed only 2000. pounds of silver, which the King took not well at his hands, because he was deemed to have performed but a little, whom hee understood to have raised and gotten together a huge masse of money, under pretence of his ransome and release, he devested and deprived him of his Earldome. After which time the title of the Barledome of Northumberland lay discontinued about an hundred and fourescore yeeres. [ D]

* 1.109But at this day the family of the Percies enjoyeth the same, which family being descended from the Earles of Brabant, inherited together with the surname of Percie the possessions also of Percie, ever since that Joscelin of Lovaine, younger sonne of Godfrey Duke of Brabant, the true issue of the Emperour Charles the Great by Gerberga, the daughter of Charles, a younger brother to Lothar, the last King of France of the line of Charles, tooke to wife Agnes the daughter and sole heire of William Percie: of which William the great grandfather William Percie, comming into England with King William the Conquerour, was rewarded by him for his service, with lands in Tatcaster, Linton, Normanby, and other places. Between this Agnes and Joscelin it was covenanted, that hee should assume the name of Per∣cies, [ E] and retaine still unto him the ancient Armes of Brabant, viz. A Lion azure (which the Brabanters afterwards changed) in a shield Or. The first Earle of North∣humberland out of this family, was Henrie Percie, begotten of Marie daughter to Henrie Earle of Lancaster, who being descended of ancient bloud, and renowned for his martiall prowesse, was rewarded also by King Edward the third with faire possessions in Scotland, created Earle of North-humberland by King Richard the se∣cond on the day of his Coronation, and much enriched by his second wife Dame Maud Lucie (although by her hee had no issue) upon a fine levied unto her, that hee should beare quarterly the Armes of the Lucies with his owne, and lived in great ho∣nour, confidence, and favour with King Richard the second. Yet full badly hee re∣quited [ F] him againe for all his singular good demerits. For in his adversitie hee for∣sooke him, and made way for Henrie the fourth to the kingdome, who made him Constable of England, and bestowed upon him the Isle of Man: against whom with∣in a while, hee feeling the corrosive and secret pricke of conscience, for that King

[ A] Richard by his meanes was unjustly deposed, and besides, taking at the heart indig∣nantly, that Edmund Mortimer Earle of March, the true and undoubted heire of the Kingdome, and his neere ally, was neglected in prison, hee conceived inward enmi∣ty, grievously complaining,* 1.110 and charging him with perjury, that whereas hee had solemnly sworne to him, and others that hee would not challenge the Crowne, but onely his owne inheritance; and that King Richard should be governed during his life by the good advice of the Peeres of the realme: he to the contrary had by imprisonment and terror of death enforced him to resigne his Crown, and usurped the same, by the concurrence of his faction, horribly murthering the said K. and defrau∣ding [ B] Edmund Mortimer Earle of March of his lawfull right to the Crown, whom he had suffered to languish long in prison under Owen Glendour, reputing those traitours who with their owne money had procured his enlargement. After the publication of these complaints, he, confident in the promises of his confederates, who yet failed him, sent his brother Thomas Earle of Worcester, and his courageous sonne Henry surnamed Hot-Spurre, with a power of men against the King, who both lost their lives at the battaile of Shrewesbury. Whereupon he was proclaimed traitour, and at∣tainted; but shortly after, by a kind of connivency, received againe into the Kings fa∣vour (unto whom he was a terrour) yea and restored to all his lands and goods, save onely the Isle of Man, which the King resumed into his owne hands. Howbeit within [ C] a while after, being now become popular, and over forward to entertaine new de∣signes, and having procured the Scots to bandy and joyne with him in armes, him∣selfe in person entred with banner displayed into the field, against the King, as an U∣surper, and on a sudden at Barrhammore in a tumultuary skirmish in the yeere 1408. was discomfited and slaine by Thomas Rokesby the high Sheriffe of Yorke-shire. E∣leven yeeres after, Henry, this mans nephew by his sonne Henry Hot-Spur (whose mother was Elizabeth, daughter to Edmund Mortimer the elder, Earle of March, by Philippa the daughter of Leonel Duke of Clarence) was restored in bloud and inhe∣ritance by authority of Parliament, in the time of King Henry the fifth: which Henry Percie, whiles he stoutly maintained King Henry the sixth his part against [ D] the house of Yorke, was slaine at the battell of Saint Albans, like as his sonne Hen∣ry, the third Earle of Northumberland, who married Aelenor, the daughter of Ri∣chard Lord Poinings, Brian, and Fitz-Pain, in the same quarrell lost his life in the bat∣taile at Towton, in the yeere 1461. The house of Lancaster being now kept under, and downe the wind, and the Percies with it troden under foot, King Edward the fourth made Iohn Nevill, Lord Montacute, Earle of Northumberland: but he after a while surrendred this title into the Kings hands, and was created by him Marquesse Mon∣tacute. After this Henry Percy, the sonne of Henry Percy aforesaid, recovering the [ E] favour of King Edward the fourth, obtained restitution in bloud, and hereditaments; who in the reigne of Henry the seventh was slaine by the countrey people, that a∣bout a certaine levie of money exacted by an Act of Parliament, rose up against the Collectours and Assessours thereof. After him succeeded Henry Percy, the fifth Earle, whose sonne Henry by a daughter and Coheire of Sir Robert Spenser, and E∣leanor the daughter likewise and Coheire of Edmund Beaufort Duke of Somerset, was the sixth Earle; who (having no children, and his brother Thomas being execu∣ted for taking armes against King Henry the eighth, in the first difference about Re∣ligion) as if now that family had beene at a finall end for ever) prodigally gave away a great part of that most goodly inheritance unto the King and others. Some few [ F] yeeres after, Sir Iohn Dudley Earle of Warwick, got to himselfe the title of Duke of Northumberland, by the name of Iohn Earl of Warwick, Marshal of England, Vicount Lisle, Baron Somery, Basset, and Ties, Lord of Dudley, Great Master and Steward of the Kings house; when as in the tender age of King Edward the sixth, the Chieftaines and leaders of the factions shared titles of honour among themselves, their fautors, and followers. This was that Duke of Northumberland, who for the time, like unto a tempestuous whirlewind, began to shake and teare the publicke peace of the

state, whiles he with vast ambition plotted and practised to exclude Mary and Eliza∣beth [ A] the daughters of King Henry the eighth from their lawfull right of succession, and to set the Emperiall Crowne upon Lady Jane Grey, his daughter in law (being seconded therein by the great Lawyers, who are alwaies forward enough to humour and sooth up those that bee in highest place.) For which being attainted of high treason, he lost his head, and at his execution embraced and publikely professed Po∣pery, which long before, either seriously or colorably for his own advantage, he had renounced. When he was gone, Queene Mary restored Thomas Percy, nephew un∣to Henry the sixth Earle by his brother Thomas, unto his bloud, and by a new Pa∣tent created him first Baron Percy, and anon Earle of Northumberland, to himselfe [ B] and the heires males of his body,* 1.111 and for default thereof, to his brother Henry, and his heires males. But this Thomas the seventh Earle, for his treason to Prince and coun∣try, under maske of restoring the Romish religion againe, lost both life and dignity in the yeere 1572. Yet through the singular favour and bounty of Queen Elizabeth, according to that Patent of Queene Mary, his brother Henry succeeded after him, as the eighth Earle; who in the yeere 1585. ended his dayes in prison, and had for his successor Henry his sonne, by Katherin the eldest daughter, and one of the heires of John Nevill, Lord Latimer, the ninth Earle of Northumberland of this family.

[ C]

Parishes in Northumberland about 46.

[ D] [ E] [ F]

Notes

• * 1.1

  Wardens of the Marches.
• * 1.2

  Rank-riders.
• * 1.3

  Very many Baronies in Northumber∣land.
• * 1.4

  Sea-coales.
• * 1.5

  Hexam-shire.
• * 1.6

  The river South-Tine.
• * 1.7

  Joh. Fordon.
• * 1.8

  Scoto-Chroni∣con.
• * 1.9

  Ca••r Vorran.
• * 1.10

  Posuit libens merito.
• * 1.11

  Anno Christ. 259.
• * 1.12

  These two in∣scriptions are yet to be seene in Sir Robert Cottons house at Conning∣ton.
• * 1.13

  The goddesse Suria.
• * 1.14

  Capitolinus. Some will have her to be Juno, others Venus.
• * 1.15

  Suetonius in Nero. cap. 56.
• * 1.16

  Alon River.
• * 1.17

  Seaven-shale.
• * 1.18

  Gallana.
• * 1.19

  North-Tine.
• * 1.20

  Tin-dale.
• * 1.21

  True plane.
• * 1.22

  Rhedesdale.
• * 1.23

  Lawes.
• * 1.24

  i. Duplares Numeri explo∣ratorum Bre∣menii Aram instituerunt Numini cjus Caepione Chari∣tino Tribuno votum solve∣runt libentèr meritò.
• * 1.25

  Deo Mogon∣ti Cadenorum & numini Do∣mini nostri Augusti M.G. Secundinus Be∣neficiarius Con∣sulis, Habitanci Primas tam pro se & suis posu∣it.
• * 1.26

  Primas.
• * 1.27

  Either pro∣moted to that place by him, or by a dispen∣sation exempt from souldiers services.
• * 1.28

  Cohors prima Vangionum.
• * 1.29

  Vetusta••e con∣labsum.
• * 1.30

  Testa Nevilli.
• * 1.31

  In Vastis. Nomades.
• * 1.32

  Sheales and Shealings, Clipches.
• * 1.33

  Cilurnum. Scilcester. Hoveden.
• * 1.34

  St. Oswald.
• * 1.35

  Cedwella, or Caswallo.
• * 1.36

  Bedel. 2. c. 2. About the yeere 634. Christian reli∣gion first be∣gan in Nor∣thumberland.
• * 1.37

  Heafonfield, now Haledon.
• * 1.38

  Hexham.
• * 1.39

  Axelodunum.
• * 1.40

  Dunum.
• * 1.41

  Men buried with their legs a crosse.
• * 1.42

  Bede lib. 3. cap. 1.
• * 1.43

  Treasure in vaine. Hoveden. Tacitus.
• * 1.44

  Colecester.
• * 1.45

  Fenwick.
• * 1.46

  Pons Aelii-Pont-Eland.
• * 1.47

  Borrovicus. Borwic.
• * 1.48

  Walton. Ad-Murum.
• * 1.49

  Vindolana. Old Winche∣ster.
• * 1.50

  Barony de Bolebec.
• * 1.51

  New-castle upon Tine.
• * 1.52

  Gabrosentum.
• * 1.53

  Barons Sur-Teis.
• * 1.54

  Vindobala. Vindomora. Walls end.
• * 1.55

  Tinmouth.
• * 1.56

  Tunnocellum.
• * 1.57

  Naves Lufo∣riae.
• * 1.58

  Code.
• * 1.59

  Seton.
• * 1.60

  Segedunum. Seghill.
• * 1.61

  Barons Ogle.
• * 1.62

  Wents-beck. Barony of Mit∣ford.
• * 1.63

  Rutarii or Ruptarii. Alias de Bre∣ant.
• * 1.64

  Morpeth.
• * 1.65

  Histor. Mal∣rosse.
• * 1.66

  Glanoventa.
• * 1.67

  Withrington.
• * 1.68

  Coqu••da the river.
• * 1.69

  Harbottle.
• * 1.70

  Haliston.
• * 1.71

  Warkworth.
• * 1.72

  Rot. Parlia∣ment 5. Ed. 3. Clavering
• * 1.73

  Morwick.
• * 1.74

  Aulne river.
• * 1.75

  Alnewick.
• * 1.76

  1174.
• * 1.77

  1097.
• * 1.78

  Testa Nevilli.
• * 1.79

  Carmelites.
• * 1.80

  Historie of Durham.
• * 1.81

  Dunstaburg, Bebban.
• * 1.82

  Bamborrow.
• * 1.83

  Male vicina.
• * 1.84

  Viscounts.
• * 1.85

  Jo. Scotus the subtle Doctor flourished in the yeere 1300.
• * 1.86

  Paul. Jovius in Elogiis Docto∣rum.
• * 1.87

  The river Twede.
• * 1.88

  Carram.
• * 1.89

  Werk.
• * 1.90

  River Bramish.
• * 1.91

  Bramton.
• * 1.92

  Inborow and Outborow what they sig∣nifie.
• * 1.93

  Wollover.
• * 1.94

  De Musco Campo. Fin. 35. H. 3. Glendale. Lib. 2. cap. 14.
• * 1.95

  Melfeld.
• * 1.96

  The battaile of Brunford.
• * 1.97

  See Henry Huntingdon. William Malmesbur. and Ingulph.
• * 1.98

  Fort. Etall.
• * 1.99

  Castles 1115. in England.
• * 1.100

  William Malmesbury lib. 1. de Gestis Pontificum In printed books corrupt∣ly ye read Bubbeford.
• * 1.101

  Ingulph ex∣poundeth Ber∣wicke a Ma∣nour.
• * 1.102

  Britaine hath day plenty.
• * 1.103

  The Commen∣tary of Pim Se∣cundus, set forth in the name of Iohn Gebellin.
• * 1.104

  Scovenburgen∣ses. Fisburgenses.
• * 1.105

  1013.
• * 1.106

  Clitonem. Prince of Fis∣burgings.
• * 1.107

  1015.
• * 1.108

  Kings, Dukes, and Earles of Northumber∣land. Bernicii.
• * 1.109

  Percies descen∣ded from Charlemaine.
• * 1.110

  John Harding Manuscript.
• * 1.111

  3. & 4. Philip and Mary.