M. Blundevile his exercises containing sixe treatises, the titles wherof are set down in the next printed page: which treatises are verie necessarie to be read and learned of all yoong gentlemen that haue not bene exercised in such disciplines, and yet are desirous to haue knowledge as well in cosmographie, astronomie, and geographie, as also in the arte of navigation ... To the furtherance of which arte of navigation, the said M. Blundevile speciallie wrote the said treatises and of meere good will doth dedicate the same to all the young gentlemen of this realme.

The second part of the Spheare. (Book 2)

Of the Elementall part of the world. Chap. 1.

WHat doth the Elementall part containe?

I told you before that as the celestiall part doth containe the eleuen heauens be∣fore described, so the Elementall part con∣taineth y^e 4. Elements, that is to say, fire, Aire, Water, & Earth, which are of them∣selues pure substances, and the first & next beginnings whereof all mixt bodies are compound, and therefore not to be séene with our outward eyes: for as we our selues are bodies compound, so with our outwarde senses we can discerne nothing but that which is compound: and therefore the fire, aire, water or earth which we daily féele or sée, are not the Elements thēselues, but things compounded of them. The natures and properties of which Elements I mind here but briefely to touch, sith the exact handling thereof belongeth rather to naturall Philosophers & to Physitians, then to Geographers, who haue to deale only with y^e situations of the earth with Zones, Paralels, Climes, Longitudes, Latitudes, distances & such like thinges belonging to the measure and description of this earth here which we inhabite.

Define these Elements.

Of the Fire and of his nature and motion. Chap. 2.

THe Fire is an Element most hoat and dry, pure, sub∣till, and so cleare as it doth not hinder our sight loo∣king through the same towards the stars, and is pla∣ced next to the Spheare of the Moone, vnder the which it is turned about like a celestiall Spheare.

Of the Aire and into how many Regions it is deuided. Chap. 3.

NExt to the Fire is the Aire whichis an Element hotte and moyst, & also most fluxible, pure & cleare, notwithstāding it is farre thicker & grosser as some say, towards the Poles thē elswhere, by reason that those parts are farthest from the sun: And this Ele∣ment is deuided of the naturall Philosophers into thrée Regions, that is to say, the highest Region, the Middle Region, and the lowest Region, which highest Region being turned about by the fire, is thereby made the hotter, wherein all fierie impressions are bredde, as lightnings, fire drakes, blazing starres and such like.

The middle Region is extreame cold by contra opposition by reason that it is placed in the midst betwixt two hotte Regions, and therefore in this Region are bred all cold watry impressions, as frost, snow, ice, haile, and such like.

The lowest Region is hotte by the reflexe of the sunne, whose beames first striking the earth, doe rebound backe againe to that Region, wherein are bred cloudes, dewes, raynes, and such like moderate watry impressions, which thrée Regions of the aire with the rest of the Elements this figure doth plainely shew.

[illustration]

• The highest region of y^e ayer
• Midle region
• Loest region
• Earth.

Of the Water, and whether it be round or not. Chap. 4.

NExt to the Aire, is the Water which is cold, moist, and fluxible, and being lighter then the Earth would of his owne nature surmount and couer the whole earth, had not God in the creation of the world deuided waters from waters (as the Booke of Genes. saith) and gathered together those waters that are vnder the firmament into certaine conca∣uities of the earth, leauing other partes of the earth dry, and dis∣couered, that man and beast might inhabite the same, & haue foode necessarie for their behoofe, so as now both water and earth doth make one entire and Sphericall bodie, which is enuironed with the Aire.

Is not the water a round bodie of it selfe without the earth?

Many late writers doe deny the whole bodie to be round, af∣firming onely the Conuere superficies or vpper face of the water to be round, for (say they) the earth being not altogether round the Concaue superficies of the water cannot be round, notwith∣standing the most part of the auncient writers do affirme the whol bodie of the water to be round, saying that the water hath the like shape in his whole, that it hath in his parts: For the parts which are drops, are round, ergo the whole is round. Againe they proue the water of the sea to be round by demonstration thus, suppose a ship to depart from the shore whereon some marke is set, which you may sée with a right leauelled line standing at the stearne of the said shippe, but saying further from the shore, you cannot sée the marke any more standing vpon the sterne, but shall be faine to goe vp to the toppe of the mast to sée it, by reason that the wa∣ter being a round bodie riseth and swelleth in the midst, and so let∣teth your sight as this figure plainely sheweth.

[illustration]

Of the Earth and whether it be all round or not. Chap. 5.

NExt to the Water is the Element of the Earth, which of his nature is thicke, hea∣uie, cold, dry, and not fluxible as is the wa∣ter and aire, but is firme and apt to kéepe his place, and though some deny the earth to bee, round because of the high moun∣taines, and déepe dales and vallyes ther∣in, which are nothing in comparison of the whole earth to alter that roundnes which it hath by nature, yet Aristotle affirmeth in his second booke de coelo & mundo, the fourtéenth Chapter, that the earth of her own nature is round, proouing the same as well for that the Moone when she is eclipsed in part, could not haue such horned shape as this figure representeth.

[illustration]

Vnlesse the earth were also round by the interposition whereof shee is eclipsed, either totally or in part as hath béen said before, Againe he proo∣ueth the roundnes of the earth by the altering of the Horizon, for in going from North to South, our Horizon altereth in such sort as wee discouer those starres which we could not sée before, but were cleane hidden from

our sight, some also deny that the earth is in the middest of the world, and some affirme that it is mooueable, as also Copernicus by way of supposition, and not for that he thought so in déede: who affirmeth that the earth turneth about, and that the sunne standeth still in the midst of the heauens, by helpe of which false supposition he hath made truer demonstrations of the motions & reuolutions of the celestiall Spheares, then euer were made be∣fore, as plainely appeareth by his booke de Reuolutionibus de∣dicated to Paulus Tertius the Pope, in the yeare of our Lord 1536. But Ptolomie, Aristotle, and all other olde writers af∣firme the earth to be in the middest, and to remaine vnmooueable and to be in the very Center of the world, proouing the same with many most strong reasons not néede full here to be rehearsed, because I thinke fewe or none do doubt thereof, and specially the holy Scripture affirming the foundations of the earth to be layd so sure,* 1.1 that in neuer should mooue at any time: Againe you shall finde in the selfe same Psalme these words, Hee appointed the Moone for certaine seasons, and the Sunne knoweth his going downe, whereby it appeareth that the Sunne mooueth and not the earth. But leauing this matter, we will now speake of the com∣passe of the earth, and of the Longitude and Latitude thereof.

Of the compasse of the earth, and of the diuersitie of mea∣sures according to diuerse countryes. Chap. 6.

CAn the whole earth be measured?

Yea very well, for sith the earth and the water (as hath béene said before) doe make together, one whole Sphericall or round bodie, and that euery great Circle as well thereof as of the heauens, containeth 360. degrées, there is no more then to be done, but to allow for euery such degrée 60. Ita∣lian miles, which differ not much from our English miles, so as in multiplying 360. degrées by 60. you shall finde the whole compasse of the earth to be 2160. miles, of which compasse if you would knowe the true Diameter, then hauing multiplyed

the said compasse or circuit of 21600. miles by seuen, deuide the product thereof by 22. and the quotient together with the remain∣der, will shew the true Diameter which is 6872. miles, fiue fur∣longs, and 9/11 of a furlong, and the halfe of that is the semi-Dia∣meter of the earth, which is 3436. miles, and 4/11 of a mile: and as the Italians and we English men doe measure great distan∣ces on the earth by miles, so the French, the Spanish, and the high Almaines, doe measure such distances by leagues both by lande and sea, and euery one differeth from other: for the French league containeth two of our miles, the Spanish league thrée, and the common league of Germany foure, and the great league of Germanie containeth fiue of our miles, yea in some places of Germany, as in Sueuia, the leagues are so long as a man shall skant ride thrée of them in a whole day. Againe the Grecians did measure the distances of the earth by furlongs, the Egyp∣tians by signes, and the Persians by parasanges, all which measures doe greatly differ euen in the smallest partes, from whence all measures doe take their first originall: for as well amongest the auntient men, as amongest them of latter dayes, foure barley kernels couched close together side by side, and not end long, are saide to make a finger breadth, and thrée fin∣ger breadthes an inch, and foure finger breadthes a palme or hand breadth, and thrée palmes or nine inches a span, and foure palmes or hand breadthes a foote, and two foote and a halfe to make a common pace, and fiue foote to make a Geometrical pace, of which kinde of paces, 125. do make a furlong, and eight fur∣longs doe make an Italian mile, and foure such miles doe make a common Germaine league, as hath béene saide before, but by reason that the barley kernels be not in all Countryes of like big∣nesse, neither finger breadthes, inches, hand-breadthes, féete, nor any of the other measures are founde any where to be equall: for the French foote of Paris is longer then ours by an inch, and the Italian foote is longer by two inches and more, and yet their miles are somewhat shorter then ours: and the Germaine foote (according to Stophlerus.) is lesse then ours by two inches and a halfe. But to shew the diuersitie of measures would require a long discourse more intricable then profitable, and therefore I leane to talke any further thereof, wishing you when we speake of

miles, furlongs, paces, or féete, to consider the measure thereof according to the inch or foote of our English standard.

Of the Longitude and Latitude of the earth. Chap. 7.

WHat meane you by the Longitude and La∣titude of the earth?

Longitude is as much to say as length, and Latitude signifieth breadth, for sith the earth is a bodie, it must néedes haue both length, breadth, and depth.

How define you such Longitude and La∣titude, and how is it to be counted?

The Longitude of the earth in generall is that space or vpper face of the earth which extendeth from West to East, and againe frō East to West: And the Latitude in generall is that space which extendeth North & South euen from the one pole to thother. Now to know how such Longitude and Latitude is to be accounted, you must first vnderstand that y^e Equinoctiall Circle girding the earth in the very midst, is deuided into 360. degrées by reason of cer∣taine Meridians which passing through the Poles of the world, doe cut ech halfe of the Equinoctiall in eightéene pointes, which being doubled doe make 36. spaces, euery space containing tenne degrées: and some doe deuide the Equinoctiall with 36. Meridia∣ans, cutting ech halfe thereof in 36. points, which being doubled doe make 72. spaces, euery space containing 5. degrées, which commeth all to one reckoning, for fiue times 72. doe make 360. as well as tenne times 36. of which Meridians, be there neuer so fewe or many (for you may if you will make halfe as many Meri∣dians as there be degrées in the Equinoctiall which amounteth to a 180.) yet according to Ptolomie, that Meridian is saide to be first and furthest Westwarde which passeth through the I∣lands called Insulae fortunatae, for the West Indies were not knowne nor discouered in his dayes, nor yet long time af∣ter, since the discouerie whereof, the late Cosmographers of these dayes doe make the first Meridian to passe through the Ilandes called Azores, which Ilandes, as appeareth by their

Cardes are situated more Westwarde from the foresaid Insulae fortunatae, by fiue degrées, the reason that mooueth them so to do, is because the Mariners Compasse as they say, wil neuer encline to the true North pole, but when they sayle either by the Ile S. Mary or S. Michaell, affirming that in euery other place the Compasse doth varie from the true North, eyther by Northe a∣sting or Northwesting. And by thus altering the auncient pla∣cing of the first Meridian, they must likewise alter all the Lon∣gitudes set downe heretofore by Ptolomie or any other auncient writer, notwithstanding the matter is easilie holpen, for by ad∣ding to euery Longitude Eastward fiue degrées, or by subtrac∣ting fiue degrées from euery Longitude Westward, you shall not greatly vary from those auncient Longitudes that be truely set downe. But to returne againe to my first purpose, I say tha•• wheresoeuer this first Meridian cutteth the Equinoctiall, there beginneth the first degrée of Longitude, which procéedeth East∣ward vntill you come to 180. degrées, which being the one halfe of the earth is as farre as you can goe Eastwarde, for then the earth being round, you must néedes turne againe Westward vn∣till you come to the 360. degrée, which is the last degrée of Longi∣tude, and endeth where the first degrée beginneth: and therefore the Cosmographers measuring alwaies the Longitude by the de∣grées of the Equinoctiall, do define Longitude to be that portion of the Equinoctiall Circle, which is contained betwixt the first Meridian and the Meridian of any place supposed, but the di∣stance betwixt any two supposed Meridians (neither of them be∣ing the first Meridian) is not called of them Longitude, but the difference of Longitude: For suppose the distance of the one Me∣ridian to be twentie degrées distant from the first Meridian, and the other but tenne, these Longitudes you sée are not like but doe differ, and therfore the distance betwixt any such two places may be very well called the difference of Longitude, and not Longi∣tude it selfe, which hath alwaies regard to the first Meridian and to none other.

Define once againe what Latitude is?

Latitude is none other thing but the distance of any place from the Equinoctiall either towards the North pole or towards the South pole, so as there be two kinds of Latitudes, the one Nor∣therne,

and the other Southerne: And such Latitude is measu∣red vpon the Meridian which passeth through any place suppo∣sed. For euery Meridian is also deuided into 360. degrées, and by reason that the Equinoctiall girdeth all such Meridians in the very midst, it deuideth them all into foure equall quarters euery quarter contayning 90. degrées, which is the greatest Latitude that any place can haue, as you may sée in this figure following, whereof the first Meridian on the left hand is put to signifie ac∣cording to Ptolomie, that which passeth through the Fortunate Ilandes, or by the Azores according to the moderne Cosmo∣graphers (if you will haue it so) contayning the degrées of the Latitude both Northward and Southward, and through the midst of all the Meridians passeth the Equinoctiall contayning the degrées of the Longitude.

[illustration]

The figure of the longitude and latitude of the world.

What be the other manifold Circles in this figure deuiding the Meridians on ech side of the Equinoctiall, as well towards the North pole, as towards the South pole.

They be called Parallels, whereof we shall speake in the next Chapter, in the meane time marke well this figure that thereby you may the better conceiue what is the Longitude and Latitude of the earth.

Vnderstanding now the Longitude & Latitude of the whole earth, I am desirous to know how the Longitude and Latitude of euery seuerall place of the earth or sea is to be found out, & how farre any place is distant one from another.

How to know the Latitude of any place, aswell in the day as in the night. Chap. 8.

BEcause the Latitude of any place is more easie to be found (as most men thinke) then the Lon∣gitude, I will first treat of Latitude. The Lati∣tude thē is to be knowne by the Astrolabe, Qua∣drant, Crossestaffe, and by such like Mathema∣ticall instruments, & that diuerse wayes where∣of the most easie is thus: first with your Astro∣labe or Quadrant, or any such like instrument, take the height of the sunne right at noone, when the sunne is in the first point of A∣ries or of Libra, which height if you subtract from 90. that which remaineth is the true Latitude of that place. But if you would knowe the Latitude at any other day or time of the yeare, then after that you haue taken the height of the sunne at noone, other∣wise called the Meridian altitude, you must first learne to knowe the true degrée of the sunnes declination by the Table of the decli∣nations before set downe, together with the vse thereof in the 13. Chap. of the first booke, or by some other Table more lately calcu∣lated, and if such declination be Northernly, then you must subtract that from the foresaid Altitude or height: but if the declination be Southernly, thē you must adde the same vnto the foresaid height, and by such subtraction or addition, you shall haue the height of the Equinoctial aboue your Horizon, which being subtracted from 90. that which remaineth is the true Latitude of that place: and

to be sure in taking the Meridian altitude, it shall be néedefull to take it diuerse times one after another, with some little pawse be∣twixt, to sée whether it increaseth or decreaseth, for if it doth in∣crease, then it is not yet full noone, but if it decreaseth then it is past noone. This last way of finding out the Latitude, is, and hath béene most commonly taught, as well by the auncient, as moderne writers, as a most sure and readie way of finding the Latitude of any place.

What if the sunne doe not shine at noone, nor perhaps all that day?

Then you must tarrie vntill night that some starre appeare, which you perfectly knowe, and such a one as both riseth and setteth. And hauing taken the Meridian altitude of that starre with your Astrolabe or Quadrant, you must learne what decli∣nation he hath, and whether it be Northerne or Southerne. For if the starre hath North declination, then you must subtract his declination from his Meridian altitude, and the remainder shall be the Altitude of the Equinoctiall, which being taken out of nintie, shall be the Latitude of the place, or eleuation of the pole: but if the declination of the starre be Southernly, then you must adde his declination to his Meridian altitude, and that summe shall be the Altitude of the Equinoctiall, which being taken out of 90. the remainder shall be the eleuation of the Pole. As for example, supposing that you knowe the starre called Arcturus, or Bubulcus, and that you finde his Meridian alti∣tude by your Astrolabe or Quadrant to be 59. degrées 30. minutes and also that you haue learned by some Table, that his declina∣tion to the Northwarde is 21. degrées 30. minutes: here by ta∣king his saide declination because it is Northernly, out of his Meridian altitude, you finde the remainder to be 38. degrées which is the Altitude of the Equinoctiall, which béeing taken from 90. the remainder wilbe 52. degrées, which is the Latitude of the place whereas you made your obseruation, and this is a farre more readie waye then to waite all night to take the Me∣ridian altitude, and also the depression of such a starre as ne∣uer setteth, which is séeledome done in one selfe night. And therefore I would wishe all Mariners to acquaint themselues with manie starres that doe both rise and set, and so shall they

be sure to finde one such starre or other, to be at his Meridian altitude at any houre of the night that they desire, if the starres doe shewe.

How to know the true Longitude of any place. Chap. 9.

THough the Longitude may be found out by di∣uers waies not easie for euery mans capacitie, yet because Gemma Frisius thinketh none so sure as to knowe the same by the eclipse of the Moone, (which also as he saith) may sometime faile by reason of the diuersitie of aspects and Latitude of the Moone, and for that cause hath inuented a more readie way to finde out at all times the Longitude of any place, I minde here therefore briefely to shewe you first the order of finding out the Longitude by the Eclipse of the Moone, and then how to finde out the same by that readie way which he hath inuented: the order then to knowe it by the Eclipse of the Moone is thus: First you must learne by some Ephemerides at what houre the Eclipse shall be in some place, where you knowe alrea∣die by some Table the Longitude, that done, you your selfe or some other for you, must the same day of the Eclipse obserue by the Astrolabe at what houre the Eclipse beginneth in that place, whereof you knowe not the Longitude: For if the E∣clipse doe beginne in both places at one selfe houre, then assure your selfe that both places haue one selfe Longitude, but if it beginne sooner or later, then there is difference betwixt them, ac∣cording to the varietie of the time, which difference is thus to be knowne: Take the lesser summe of houres out of the grea∣ter, and there shall remaine either houres, or minutes, or both, if houres, then multiply the same by fiftéene, if minutes, deuide the same by foure, (for in this account fiftéene degrées doe make one houre, and foure minutes doe make one degrée) and adde the difference so found to the Longitude, if the Eclipse doe ap∣peare there sooner: if later then subtract the sayd difference from the knowne Longitude, and that which remaineth will shew the

vnknowne longitude. But note by the way, that if there remaine any minutes after the diuision, you must multiply those minutes by 15. and so shall you haue the minutes of degrees.

Shew the vse of this rule by some example.

For example I finde by the tables of Ptolomey that the longitude of Paris in France is 23. degrées, and by some Al∣manacke or Ephemerides I finde that the Eclipse doth begin there at thrée houres after midnight, now by this I would know the longitude of Tubing a famous citie in Sueuia, which is a region of Germany, at which towne in the verie day of the E∣clipse I cause to bee obserued by Astrolabe at what houre the Eclipse beginneth there, and I finde that it beginneth at 3. of the clocke and 24′· after midnight, then by subtracting the lesser number of time out of the greater, I find the remainder to bée 24′· which béeing deuided by 4′· which doe make one degrée, the quotient shall be 6. degrées, and that is the difference, which being added to the knowne longitude of Paris (because the E∣clipse is sooner there than at Tubing) it maketh in all 9. degrées, whereby I gather that the longitude of Tubing is 29. degrées, by this meanes all the Tables of Cosmographers are most com∣monlie made, and yet manie times they greatly differ in their longitudes for lacke perhaps of vsing diligence in taking the right houre and moment of the Eclipse, and for not dulie conside∣ring the diuers aspects, and what latitude the Moone hath at that instant which may cause great error.

A readie way to finde out the longitude of any place, in∣uented by Gemma Frisius. Chap. 10.

THat way is done by the helpe of some true Horologie or watch apt to bee carried in iournying, which by an Astrolabe is to bée rectified and set iust at such houre as you depart from the place where you are, to goe to any other place whereof you are desirous to know the longitude, in which your going you must bee diligent to sée

that your watch neuer cease going, and being arriued at that place whereof you séeke to know the longitude, you must tary vn∣till the Index do iustlie touch the pricke of some perfect houre, and also at that instant, to sée what houre it is by your Astrolabe, for if your Astrolabe and watch do both agrée in one, then assure your selfe that there is no difference of longitude, but that you haue trauelled still vnder one selfe Meridian eyther towards the North or South. But if they differ one houre or certaine minutes, then reduce them to degrées, or to the minutes of degrées in such order as is before taught, and thereby you shall finde the longi∣tude which you desire to know. But to take the longitude of anie place vpon the sea by this manner of way, most men thinke it were a great deale better to doe it by the helpe of a great houre glasse, made to run 24. houres, which must be watched when it is ready to run out, that it may be immediately turned: for wat∣ches made of Iron or Stéele will soone rust vpon the sea. This way of taking the longitude and many others I doubt not but that M. Borrough hath tryed, & thereby is able to iudge which is best, wherfore in mine opinion hée may do his country great good by setting downe in writing that way which hee by experience knoweth to be best and readiest, for want whereof the Mariners cardes do make the sea men oft to erre in their voiages.

Another way taught by Appian to finde out the longi∣tude of any place with the crosse staffe by knowing the di∣stance betwixt the Moone and some knowne starre that is si∣tuated nigh vnto the Ecliptique line. Chap. 11.

FIrst séeke to knowe by the Astronomicall Ta∣bles the true moouing of the Moone according to the longitude at the time of your obseruation at some certaine place, for whose Meridian the rootes of those Tables are calculated and ve∣refied. Also you must know the degrée of longi∣tude of some fixed Starre nigh vnto the Ecliptique, going ey∣ther next before or els next after the moouing of the Moone, then

you must séeke out the distance of the moouing of the Moone and of the said Starre, which distance once had, apply the crosse staffe to your eye, and mooue the crosse vp and downe vntill you may sée the center of the bodie of the Moone with the one end of the crosse and the foresaid fixed Star with the other end of the crosse, so shall the crosse shew you by the degrées and minutes marked vpon the staffe, the distance of the Moone and of the foresaide Starre aunswerable to the place of your obseruation, which being set downe, set downe also the distance betwixt the Moone and the foresaid Starre that was first calculated, and then take the lesser out of the greater, so shall remaine the last difference, which may be rightly called the diuersitie of aspectes, which difference if you deuide by the moouing which the Moone maketh in one houre, you shall knowe thereby the time in which the Moone is or was ioyned with the first distance of the foresaid Starre, then hauing conuerted that time into degrées and minutes, adde or subtract the product thereof to or from that Meridian, vnto which the Tables (whereby you first calculated the moouing of the Moone) were verefied, that is to say, if the distance betwixt the Moone and the fixed Starre of your obseruation be lesser, then adde the degrées and minutes to the knowne longitude, so shall you find the place of your obseruation to be more Eastward, but if it bée greater, then subtract the degrées and minutes from the known longitude, and the place of your obseruation shall bee more west∣ward. All which rules Gemma Frisius affirmeth to be true, so as the Moone be more westward than the fixed Starre: for if at the time of your obseruation the Moone bee more Eastwarde, then you must worke cleane contrarie, that is to say, if the di∣stance betwixt the Moone and the fixed Starre bee lesser, you must subtract the degrées and minutes from the knowne lon∣gitude, so shall the place of your obseruation bee more West∣ward: but if it be greater, then you must adde the degrées and minutes vnto the knowne longitude, and you shall finde the place of your obseruation to be more Eastward.

How to know the distance of places, that is to say, how ma∣ny miles one place is distant from another, and howe many wayes places are said to differ in distance one from another. Chap. 12.

THe distance may be knowne diuerse wayes, that is, either Arithmetically, Geometrically, or by the Tables of Sinus. But before I shew you the order of any of these wayes, you haue to vnder∣stand that any two places do differ in distance one from another one of these 3. maner of wayes, that is, either in latitude onely, or in longitude onely, or els in both: if two places hauing one selfe longitude do differ onely in latitude, then according to the Arithmetical way you must subtract the lesser latitude out of the greater, and the remainder shall be the difference, which being multiplied by 60. will shewe the number of miles as for example, London and Roan hauing in a manner one selfe longitude, doe differ onely in latitude, for the latitude of London is 51. degrées 32′· & the latitude of Roan is 49. degrées and 10′· which being the lesser latitude and therefore to bee taken out of 51. degrées 32′· there remaineth 2. degrées 22′· which 2. degrées being multiplied by 60. maketh 120. whereunto if for the 22′· annexed to the degrées you adde 22. miles (for euery mi∣nute is a mile) it shall make in all 142. miles, which by a right line is the true distance betwixt London and Roan. But you haue to note that the difference of 2. sundry latitudes is not to be knowne by subtracting the lesser out of the greater, vnles both the places be so situated, as both may haue either North latitude or South latitude, for if the one place haue North latitude and the other South latitude, the difference is to be known by addition, and not by subtraction: as for example, Naples in Italy hath 41. degrées of North latitude, and la Madalena in Aphricke not farre from Manicongo, hath 8. degrées of south latitude, both places hauing one self Meridian, here the difference of these two latitudes is to be knowne by addition, and not by subtracting the lesser out of the greater, for 8. and 41. being added together do make 49. and that is y^e true difference, which being multiplied by 60. maketh 2940. miles. So likewise the difference of the two longitudes is not

alwayes knowne by subtracting the lesser out of the greater, vn∣lesse the two places haue both East longitude or els both West longitude: As for example Lisbona in Spaine hath in East. lon∣gitude 13. degrées and Cap de losslauos in the West Indies hath in west longitude 334. degrées: here the difference of these two longitudes is not to be known by taking the lesser out of the greater, but thus, first take 334. out of 360. and there will re∣maine 26. degrées, wherunto if you ad the East longitude for Lis∣bona, which is 13. degrées, it wil make in all 39. degrées, which is the true difference of the 2. longitudes, for if you should take 13. degrées out of 334. there would remaine 321. which is not the true difference. But to know the distance of two places differing in longitude, this Table here following is needfull.

The Table of miles aunswerable to one degree of euery seuerall latitude.

1	2	3	4	5	6
D	M	S	D	M	S	D	M	S	D	M	S	D	M	S	D	M	S
1	59	59	16	57	41	31	51	26	46	41	41	61	29	5	76	14	31
2	59	58	17	57	23	32	50	53	47	40	55	62	28	01	77	13	30
3	59	55	18	57	4	33	50	19	48	40	9	63	27	14	78	12	28
4	59	51	19	56	44	34	49	45	49	39	22	64	26	18	79	11	27
5	59	46	20	56	23	35	49	9	50	38	34	65	25	21	80	10	25
6	59	40	21	56	1	36	48	32	51	37	46	66	24	24	81	9	23
7	59	33	22	55	38	37	47	55	52	36	56	97	23	27	82	8	21
8	59	25	23	55	14	38	47	17	53	36	7	68	22	29	83	7	19
9	59	16	24	54	49	39	46	38	54	35	16	69	21	30	84	6	16
10	59	5	25	54	23	40	45	58	55	34	25	70	20	31	85	5	14
11	58	54	26	53	56	41	45	17	56	33	33	71	19	32	86	4	11
12	58	41	27	53	28	42	44	35	57	32	41	72	18	32	87	3	8
13	58	28	28	52	59	43	43	53	58	31	48	73	17	33	88	2	5
14	58	13	29	52	29	44	43	10	59	30	54	74	16	32	89	1	••
15	57	57	30	51	58	45	42	26	60	30	0	75	15	32	90	0	0

Describe this Table.

This Table is diuided into 6. collums, euerie collum con∣taining, first the degrées of longitude, and then the miles and se∣conds of miles answerable to euerie degrée, for euerie degree of the verie Equinoctiall it selfe is in value 60. miles, but the fur∣ther you goe from the Equinoctiall either Northward or South∣ward, euery degrée of latitude is lesser in value than other, and containeth fewer miles, as you may easilie sée by the said Table, procéeding from one degrée to 90. which is the greatest latitude that any place can haue.

How to know by the helpe of the foresaide Table the di∣stance of two places differing onely in longitude. Chap. 13.

YOu must multiplie the difference of the longitudes by the number of miles an∣swerable to the latitudes of the said pla∣ces, omitting alwayes the seconds of miles set down in the said Table, because in this account they are of small impor∣tance: as for example, London and Ant∣werp, hauing both in a maner one selfe la∣titude, do differ onlie in longitude 6. de∣grées 42′· which difference being multiplyed by 37. miles an∣swerable to 51. degrées of latitude, as you sée in the Table, doe make in all 247. miles and 54″· of a mile. But in making this multiplication, you must first multiply the 6. whole degrées by 37. and the product thereof will amount to 222. then by the rule of proportion you may find out the value of the minutes annex∣ed to the degrées of the difference of longitude in saying thus, if 60′· which is one degrée, do require 37. miles, what shall 42′· re∣quire. And by working according to the rule of proportion, you shall find the fourth number which you séeke to bée 25. miles and 54″· which being added to the first product 222. maketh in all 247. miles and 54″· of a mile, which wanteth but 6″· to make vp another mile.

How to finde out the true distance of two places differing both in longitude and latitude by the Arithmeticall way. Chap. 14.

HOw is that done?

First, take the difference of the longi∣tudes and latitudes of both places by sub∣tracting the lesser out of the greater, then conuert the same into miles by multiply∣ing the difference of the two longitudes into the miles that be answerable to the latitude of each place, which miles you shall find in the Table aforesaid, and if there be any minutes annexed to the degrées of the difference of longitude, then reduce the same also to miles by the rule of pro∣portion, as before is taught, and hauing added the two products together, halfe the summe, and set it by it selfe. Then multiply the difference of the latitudes into 60. miles, and adde thereun∣to the fraction of minutes annexed to the said difference if it hath anie fraction, allowing for euerie minute one mile, and set that number also by it selfe: that done, square the summes reserued, that is to say, multiplie ech one part by it selfe into it selfe, and hauing added the two products together into one summe, séeke out the square roote thereof, & that shal be the true distance of the two places. As for example, if you would knowe the true distance betwixt London and Venice, first you must knowe by some Ta∣ble the longitude and latitude of both townes, wherefore finding the longitude of London to be 19. degrées, 54′· and the latitude thereof to be 51. degrées, 32′· And the longitude of Venice to be 35. degrées, 30′· and the latitude thereof to be 44. degrées, 45′· Now by subtracting the lesser longitude out of the greater, I finde the difference of longitude to bee 15. degrees, 36′· and by subtracting the lesser latitude out of the greater, I find the diffe∣rence of latitude to be 6. degrées, 47′· Then knowing the latitude of London to be 51. degrées, I resort to the table of miles ap∣pointed for euerie degrée of latitude before set downe, and theer I find that to 51. degrées of latitude do answere 37. miles and cer∣taine

seconds, which being of small moment are not woont to be reckoned. Then in multiplying the difference of the longitudes which is 15. degrées 36′· by 37. miles I find the product of the 15. degrées so multiplied to be 555. and because there bée 36′· annexed to the foresaid 15. degrées, I séeke by the rule of pro∣portion to knowe how many miles that fraction containeth, in saying thus, if 60. require 37. what shall 36. require? and I find 22. miles, which being added to 555. maketh 577. then by séeking in the foresaid table how manie miles be answerable to the lati∣tude of Venice, which is 44. degrées, I find the number of miles to be 43. by which number I multiply once againe the difference of longitude, which is 15. degrées. 36′· the product whereof, together with the fraction annexed thereunto being conuerted into miles by the rule of proportion, as before, doth a∣mount to 670. which sum being added to the former conuerted longitude, which is 577. maketh in all 1247. the halfe whereof is 623. which halfe number I reserue by it selfe, that done I multiply the difference of the latitude, which is 6. degrées 47′· by 60. miles, in saying 6. times 60. maketh 360. whereunto I adde for the 47′· annexed 47. miles, & it maketh in al 407. which sum I reserue also by it self. Then I multiplie the first reserued num∣ber into it selfe, the product whereof is 388129. That done, I multiplie the seconde reserued number also into it selfe, the product whereof is 165649. which two last productes being added together, do make in all 553778. whereof the square roote being taken, is 744. miles, which is the true distance of Venice by a right line from London. And to the intent that the order and working herein may more plainly appeare vnto you, I haue set downe all the particular numbers of the same here by them selues, as it were in a Table.

	longitude.	latitude
London.	19. degr. 54′·	51. degr. 32′·
Venice.	35. degr. 30′·	44. degr. 45′·
The difference of their longitudes and latitudes.	15. degr. 36′·	6. degr. 47′·

The difference of the longitudes conuerted into miles: for London is	577.
For Venice.	670.
The summe of the two conuerted longitudes ad∣ded together, is	1247.
The halfe whereof, which is the first reserued number, is,	623
The second reserued number, which is the diffe∣rence of the latitudes, conuerted into miles, is	407
The summe of the first reserued number mul∣tiplied into it selfe, is	388129
The summe of the second reserued number mul∣tiplied into itselfe, is	165649
The summe or both added together is	553778
The square root whereof, which is the summe of the miles, is	744

How to finde out the distance betwixt two places, diffe∣ring both in longitude and latitude by help only of a demi∣circle deuided into 180. degrees without any Arithmetike. Chap. 14.

BVt now because the way before taught to finde out such distance by the Arithme∣ticall way may séeme perhaps to some folkes very busie and tedious, I haue thought good therefore to set downe this other way which was sent me not long since from my louing friend M. Wright of Cayes colledge in Cambridge who is wel learned in the Mathematicals, & is so apt therunto by nature, as he is like inogh to attain to such perfit

knowledge therein as he may be able thereby hereafter greatly to perfect his country, if for want of sufficient exhibition he bée not forced to leaue so noble a studie, wherefore I wish with al my heart that all Gentlemen of abilitie were minded to shew their liberalitie towards him in that behalfe. But to returne to my matter, I say that the way to find out the foresaid distance is this here following: first hauing drawne a demi-circle vpon a right Diameter (the larger that the demi-circle is the better,) and di∣uided the same into 180. degrees, like vnto this hereafter descri∣bed, and marked with the letters a b c d. whereof d. is the cen∣ter and a. c. the Diameter. Then learne first by some Table to know the longitude the latitude of both places, and the diffe∣rence of their longitudes, as you did before in séeking to know by the Arithmetical way the distance betwixt London and Venice, the difference of whose two longitudes is 15. degrées, and 36′· as you may sée in the former Table: for in working by this way, you haue chiefly to séeke out in the circumference of the demicircle but thrée things, that is, first, the difference of the two longitudes, se∣condlie, the lesser latitude, and last of all the greatest latitude. Knowing therefore the difference of the said two places in longi∣tude to be 15. degrées, 36′· séeke out the same in the demicircle, beginning to count at A. and so proceed towards B. And at the end of those degrées and minutes set downe a pricke marked with the letter e. vnto which pricke drawe a right line by your ruler from D. the center of the demicircle. That done, séeke out the lesser latitude, which is 44. degrées, and 45′· in the forsaid demi∣circle, beginning to account the same from the pricke e. and so procéede towards the letter B. and at the end of the said lesser la∣titude, set downe another pricke marked with the letter g. from which prick or point draw a perpendicular line which by help of your squire or compasses may fal with right angles vpon the for∣mer right line drawne from D. to e. and where it falleth, there set downe a pricke marked with the letter h. That done, séeke out the greater latitude, which is 51. degrées, and 32′· in the foresaid demicircle, beginning to account the same from A. towards B. and at the end of that latitude set downe another prick marked with the letter I. from whence draw another perpendicular line that may fal by help of your squire or cōpasses with right angles

vpon the Diameter A. C. and there make a prick marked with the letter K. That done, take with your compasse the distance that is betwixt k. and h. which distance you must set downe vpon your said Diameter A. C. setting the one foote of your compasse vpon k. and the other towardes the center D. and there make a pricke marked with the letter L. Then take with your Compasse the length of the shorter perpendicular line g. h. and apply that widenesse vpon the longer perpendicular line I. K. setting the one foot of your Compasse at I. which is the end of the greater la∣titude, and extend the other foote towards K. and there make a pricke marked with the letter M. That done, take the distance betwixt L. and M. with your compasse, and apply the same to the demicircle, setting the one foote of your Compasse in A. and the other towards B. and there make a prick marked with the let∣ter N. And the number of degrées contained betwixt A. & N. will shew the true distance of the two places, which you shall find to be 12. degrées and almost 24′· Now by allowing for euery degrée 60. miles, and for euery minute a mile, the summe of miles will agrée with the former distance found out by the Arithmetical way which was 744. miles. And thus you haue to deale to know the distance of any other two places whatsoeuer, differing both in lon∣gitude and latitude. But you haue to note by the way, that if the difference of the longitudes doth excéede the number of 180. then you must subtract that excéeding difference out of 360. and the remainder shall be the difference of the longitudes, and then work in all points as is before taught. And this way is as Geome∣tricall, as that which Appian setteth downe in his booke of Ge∣ographie, to be done by the helpe of the terrestriall Globe, the or∣der whereof here followeth.

	Longitude.	latitude.
London.	19. deg. 54'.	52. deg. 32'.
Venice.	15. deg. 30'.	44. deg. 45'.
The difference of their longi∣tudes and lati∣tudes is	15. deg. 36'.	6. deg. 47'.

[illustration]

How to find out the distance of the places by the Geome∣tricall way. Chap. 15.

HOw is that done?

Most readily and easily by helpe of a terrestrial globe in this maner following. First take the distance of the 2. places by extending your compasse vpon the globe, from the one place to the other, which if you would know how many miles it com∣prehendeth, apply the same distance so ta∣ken vnto the Equinoctiall line, setting the first foot of your compasse vpon the first Meridian in that point, whereas it cutteth the Equinoctiall, then sée how many degrées of the Equinoctial are comprehended betwixt the two féet of your Compasse, and multiply those degrées by 60. & the product ther∣of shall shewe you howe many Italian miles such distance is in length. But if either of the places or both, be wanting and not ex∣pressed in the Globe, then you must learne by the tables of Pto∣lomey or of some others, as of Appian, Gemma Frisius, Oron∣tius or such like, the longitude and latitude of the said places, that done, hauing sought out the longitude of the first place in the E∣quinoctiall, turne the globe about with your hand vntill you haue brought the longitude right vnder the brazen Meridian, which being stayed there, séeke out in the said Meridian the latitude of the said place, and there set a marke vpon the globe, for there the place should stand, and doe in like maner to finde out the seconde place: Then by extending your Compasse from the one marke to the other, you shall haue the true distance, which distance if you apply to the Equinoctiall like as before is taught, the degrées thereof being multiplyed by 60. will shewe you how many miles those two places are distant one from another.

May not the distance of places be found out aswell by an vniuersall Map as by the globe terrestriall?

Yes indéed and more readily by reason that for the most parte euery Map hath his proper skale, so as you néed to do no more but to take the distance of the 2. places with your Compasse, and to

apply the same to the skale shewing the miles or leagues.

What if the Map haue no skale?

Then you must séeke out the distance by such meanes as I do shew in my Treatise of the vse of vniuersall Mappes, and also in my description of Planctius his Map.

I pray you in the meane time proceed in shewing me the third way of finding out of the distance of places which you said was per tabulas Sinuum.

The order of finding out the distance of 2. places differing both in longitude and latitude per tabu••as Sinuum is plainly set down before in the ende of my Arithm••ticke, where as I boe make a plaine description of the said Tables, and do shew the vse thereof aswel by this as by diuers other examples, wherefore I wish you to resort to that treatise and you shal haue your desire. For ha∣uing for this time sufficientlie spoken of the longitude, latitude and distance of places, and how the same is to bee found out, I thinke it méet nowe to treat of the 5. Zones, of Climes and Pa∣rallels, whereinto the amient Cosmographers thought good to deuide the earth, to the intent that euery part thereof night bée the better known how it is situated either Northward or South∣ward, whether it be hot or cold, or betwixt both, and of what length the day and night is in euery place, and what manner of shaddow the Sun yéeldeth euery where, and such like accidents, and first of the 5. Zones.

Of the 5. Zones. Chap. 16.

THe most ancient Cosmographers conside∣ring how the Sun by his oblique, and ba∣riable course did warme with his beames one part of the earth more than another, gathered thereby that the earth had thrée temperatures that is to say, extreame hot, extreame cold, and a meane temperature, that is, neither too hotte, nor too colde: And therefore to shew vs vnto which of these temperatures, any part of the earth was subiect, they deuided the earth into 5. Zones,

answerable to the 5. Zones of the firmament, by helpe of the Equinoctiall and the 4. lesser circles before described in the first part of this treatise, the 20. Chapter, and are there set foorth in figure which figure I thought good to set downe againe in this place, to the intent you might the better remember what was said there touching the Zones.

[illustration]

But other Cosmographers comming afterward, not satisfied with the 5. Zones, because they shewe nothing but the situation and the thrée temperatures of the earth, did deuide the earth into certaine Climes and Paraliels, to find out thereby^• the length of the day and night in euery place, and the true latitude thereof as Ptolomey and many others after him haue done, making such diuisions as we shal speake of hereafter. But trulie I think with Mercator, that the best and most exact way of deuiding the earth to serue all purposes is to bee made by degrées and minutes, wherein is lesse error than in Climes and Parallels, neither can Climes or Parallels be so well described when you drawe night to any of the Poles, for that the spaces as well betwixt

the Parallels as betwixt the Meridians doe growe continually straighter & straighter, as you may sée in the figure of Parallels hereafter following.

I remember that in the 20. chapter wheras you described the 5. Zones, you said that the ancient men did greatly erre in affirming 3. of the Zones to be vnhabitable, that is, the two colde Zones and the hot Zone, I pray you therefore shew me here the cause why they erred?

They erred for lacke of experience, because they had neuer traueled into those regions, but in these latter dayes men of di∣uers nations, specially the Spanish, English, French, & Flem∣mish haue trauelled very farre, some towards the North pole, and some towardes the South pole, and also through the burnt Zone, for those that sayle from the North parres towardes the South pole, or from the South partes towards the North pole, must néeds passe in their voiage through the burnt Zone: and these men doe affirme that they haue found all the 3. Zones, that is to say, the two cold and hotte Zones to be well inhabited. And our late Cosmographers doe not let to render cause why they should be habitable, for (say they) though the cold be very extream in those regions that lie next vnto the Poles, yet the Sun appea∣ring and giuing shine vnto them both day and night, doth great∣lie qualifie and moderate the extreame cold of those regions. But truly, in mine opinion, they haue small comfort of the Sun, sith it striketh almost round about their féet, without yéelding any warm reflexe from aboue, and especially to those that doe inhabite nigh to either of the Poles. Againe, they say that the burnt Zone is habitable, by reason that the night to them is continually as long as the day, the coolenesse whereof doth greatly refresh the extream heat of the day. But now let vs returne to our purpose, and speak somewhat of the Climes and Parallels, & because euery Clime cōsisteth of 2. Parallels, I think it best to speak first of Parallels.

Of Parallels. Chap. 17.

WHat be Parallels.

Parallels be lines either right or circular alwaies equallie distant one from another so as they can neuer méete. And of Parallels that are to be considered in the

Spheare, some make 3. kinds, according to their thréefold signifi∣cation, for some are called the Parallels of the sunne, who in de∣parting from the Equinoctiall towards any of the Poles, maketh euery day throughout the yeare one Parallel, so as in going from the Equinoctiall to the Tropique of Cancer, he maketh 182 Pa∣rallels. And as many againe in going from the Equinoctiall to the Tropique of Capricorne. The second kinde of Parallels are called the Parallels of Latitude, And the third the Parallels of the longest day, which two last are in effect both one, for the fur∣ther that any Parallel is situated from the Equinoctiall towards either of the Poles, the more Latitude it hath, & so by consequent maketh the day longer to those that dwell vnder that Parallel, of which Parallels the auncient Cosmographers do make in all but 21. procéeding proportionally either towards the North pole or South pole, as you may sée by this figure here following the mid∣dle line or Circle whereof is the Equinoctiall.

[illustration]

And euery Parallel procéeding from the said Equinoctiall, ey∣ther Northward or Southward, doth lengthen y^e day by one quar∣ter of an houre in such proportion as this Table here following sheweth, appointing to the first Parallel, and next vnto the Equi∣noctial 4. degr. & 15′· and to the second parallel 8. degr. 30′· and so foorth vntil you come to the 21. Parallel passing through y^e Iland, which Parallel is distant from the Equinoctial 63. degr. 16′· fur∣ther then which Parallel Northward, the Tables of Ptolomie doe not extend, and Southward they extend no further then to that Parallel which hath lesse 20. degrées of Latitude.

The Table of Parallels shewing how many degrees and minutes euery one is distant from the Equinoctiall, made according to the rule of Ptolomy.

Parallels	D	M
the first	4	15
the second	8	30
the third	12	45
the fourth	16	35
the fifth	20	30
the sixth	24	15
seuenth	27	30
the eight	30	45
the ninth	33	40
the tenth	36	24
eleuenth	39	0
twelfth	41	20
thirtenth	43	15
fourtenth	45	24
fifteenth	48	40
sixteenth	51	50
seuētenth	54	30
eightenth	56	30
ninetenth	58	20
twentieth	61	10
the xxj.	63	16

Of Climes both old and new. Chap. 18.

WHat is a Clime?

A Clime is a space of the earth comprehended betwixt two Parallels, in which space the longest day doth vary by halfe an houre.

How many Climes be there?

The auncient Cosmographers deuided aswell that part of the earth which lyeth betwixt the Equinoctiall and the North pole, so much I say as they thought to be habitable, as also the habitable part which lyeth betwixt the Equinoctiall and the South pole, ech of them into 7. Climes, to euery of which Northerne Climes they gaue a seuerall proper name, according to the name of the place through which the midst of the said Clime did passe, for they called the first Clime Diameroes, Dia is a Gréeke preposition signify∣ing

in English By or Through, and Meroes is a Citie of Egypt situated in a certaine Ile enclosed with the flood Nilus, which Ile hath also the like name. The second Clime is called Dia Syenes, which is also a Citie in Egypt situated right vnder the Tropique of Cancer. The third Clime is called Dia Alexandrias, which is another Citie of Egypt situated vpon the West mouth of Nilus, falling into the sea of Egypt. The fourth Clime is called Dia Rhodou, Rhodos is the chiefest Citie of an Ile called Rhodos, standing in the sea called Mare Carpathium, washing the South∣west end of Natolia, sometime called Asia minor, which Ilande, together with the Citie Rhodos, Suliman the great Turke wan not many yeares since from the Christians. The people of this Ile in S. Paules time were called Colossians, to whom he wrote one Epistle, and they were so called of a great brazen Image cal∣led in Latine Colossus, containing in Altitude 105. féete, which was dedicated to the Sunne, or as some say to Iupiter. The first Clime is called Dia Rhomes, that is to say by Rome that famous Citie of Italy, and sometime head of all the world. The sixth is called of the old men Dia Boristhenes, notwithstanding the mo∣derne writers thinke that it may be more rightly called Dia Pon∣tou, Pontus is both a Sea and Country lying Eastwarde right against Constantinople. The seuenth Clime is called of the olde men Dia Ripheos, but of the moderne writers Dia Boristhenes which is a great flood of Scithia in the South part of Sarmatia, which falleth into the sea called Mare Euxinum. To these seuen Climes Appian addeth two others, so as in all he setteth downe nine Climes, making the eight Clime to passe through Ripheos which are mountaines enuironing Sarmatia on the North side, and the ninth through Denmarke.

What names did they giue to the Southerne Climes?

The selfe same that the Northerne Climes haue, sauing that they put before euery such name this Gréeke word Anti, which is as much to say as Contrarie or Right against, as Anti Meroes, Anti Syenes, &c. as you may easily perceiue by this figure of Climes here following, notwithstanding none of those Southern Climes were knowne to Ptolomie more then Anti-meroes, and hardly all that, the furthest part whereof hath not twentie de∣grées of Latitude.

[illustration]

And note that euery such Clime is deuided into 3. parts, that is the beginning, the midst, & the end. And if you would know what degrées and minutes of Latitude euery such part hath, that is to say, how many degrées euery such part is distant from the Equi∣noctiall, then consider wel this Table following, which both brief∣ly and plainely sheweth the same.

	The beginning.	The midst.	The ende.
Degrees and Minutes of houres.	D	M	D	M	D	M
The first Clime.	12	45	16	35	20	30
The second Clime.	20	30	24	15	27	30
The third Clime.	27	30	30	45	33	40
The fourth Clime.	33	40	36	24	39	C
The fift Clime.	39	0	41	20	43	30
The sixt Clime.	43	30	45	24	47	15
The seuenth Clime.	47	15	48	40	50	30
The eight Clime.	50	30	51	50	53	10
The ninth Clime.	53	10	55	30	56	30

May not the North and South part of the world ech of them be deuided into more then 9. Climes?

Yes indéede as our latter writers affirme, for betwixt the Equi∣noctiall and the 66. degrée and 30′· of Latitude in which the lon∣gest day containeth full 24. houres without hauing any night, they make 48. Parallels, and thereby 24. Climes, for euery Clime containeth two Parallels, and euery Parallell maketh the day to increase by one quarter of an houre as hath béene saide before. But from thence forth, though you may continue the Pa∣rallels almoste to the very pole, yet you can make no more but 24. Climes by reason that the spaces of the Parallels towardes either of the Poles, do grow more narrow euery one then other, so as from 66. degrées and 30. minutes of Latitude vnder which the Circle Arctique passeth, the longest day is not to be counted any more by houres, but by whole dayes, wéekes, and monethes, in so much as they which dwell right vnder the North pole, whose Zenith is the pole it selfe, haue sixe monethes day whilst the Sunne abideth in the sixe Northerne signes, and 6. moneths night, the Sunne being in the sixe Southerne signes. And contra∣riwise they that dwell right vnder the South pole haue 6. months day, the Sunne being in the 6. Southerne signes, and 6. months night whilest the Sunne remaineth in the 6. Northerne signes. But because I thinke it a more readie way to account the length of the day by the degrées of Latitude, then by Climes or Paral∣lels, I thought good here to set downe Orontius his Table made for that purpose, which from the 67. degrée of Latitude to the North pole agréeth in all points with the Table of Iohannes de Sacro Busto, in which Table from the saide 67. degrée is not onely set downe the longest day, but also what portion of the Zo∣diaque alwaies appeareth aboue the Horizon, which portion when it containeth one whole signe, then the day is one moneth long, and the night as much, if two signes, then the day is two months long and the night as much, and so foorth successiuely vntill you come to 6 signes, which is the one halfe of the Zodiaque, making both day and night ech of them sixe monethes long, as I haue saide before, and as you may plainely sée with your eye by placing the Spheare on his Horizon at euery such Latitude.

A Table shewing the longest day in euery degree of La∣ditude, proceeding orderly from the Equinoctiall to the North pole, by whole degrees without minutes from one de∣gree to 90.

Degrees of latitude.	The longest day.
D	M	H	M	S
1	0	12	3	28
2	0	12	6	56
3	0	12	10	24
4	0	12	14	0
5		12	17	28
6		12	20	56
7		12	24	46
8		12	28	0
9		12	31	36
10		12	35	12
11		12	38	48
12		12	42	44
13		12	46	8
14		12	49	44
15		12	53	28
16		12	57	20
17		13	1	4
18		13	4	46
19		13	8	56
20		13	12	46
21		13	16	48
22		13	21	4
23		13	25	4
24		13	29	20
25		13	33	35
26		13	38	0
27		13	42	24
28		13	46	16
29		13	51	30
30		13	56	16
31		14	1	12
32		14	6	8
33		14	11	12
34	0	14	16	24
35	0	14	21	52
36	0	14	27	20
37	0	14	33	4
38		14	37	36
39		14	44	56
40		14	51	12
41		14	57	44
42		15	4	24
43		15	11	20
44		15	18	40
45		15	26	8
46		15	34	8
47		15	42	24
48		15	51	4
49		16	0	8
50		16	9	44
51		16	19	52
52		16	30	32
53		16	41	52
54		16	54	8
55		17	7	4
56		17	21	4
57		17	36	16
58		17	52	48
59		18	10	48
60		18	30	56
61		18	53	20
62		19	18	24
63		19	48	40
64		20	24	24
65		21	10	32
66		22	20	40

Degrees of latitude	The longest day	The arch of the Zodiaque alway ap∣pearing aboue the Horizon.
D	M	Daies	H	M	De.	M
67	0	24	1	40	22	50
68	0	42	1	16	40	0
69	0	54	16	25	52	0
70	0	64	13	46	61	26
71		74	0	0	70	26
72		82	6	39	78	22
73		89	4	58	84	56
74		96	17	0	92	12
75		104	1	4	96	20
76		110	7	27	105	16
77		116	14	22	111	20
78		122	17	6	117	6
79		127	9	55	122	46
80		134	4	58	128	22
81		139	31	36	133	50
82		145	6	43	139	6
83		151	2	6	144	22
84		156	3	3	149	36
85		11	5	24	154	42
86		166	11	23	159	50
87		171	21	47	164	52
88		176	5	29	169	58
89		181	21	58	174	58
90		187	6	39	180	0

What things else do the Cosmographers teach to be consi∣dered in Climes and Parallels?

Diuerse things, as first how many Italian miles euery clime hath in breadth and length, also what seasons of the yeare, and what shadowes the sunne yéeldeth to those that dwel vnder diuers Climes and Parallels.

What breadth and length do the auncient writers appoint to euery one of the seuen climes.

They appoint such breadth and length as this Table folowing sheweth, in which also is set downe the degrées and minutes of La∣titude through which the middle Parallell for euery Clime pas∣seth, and also the number of miles answerable to one degrée of euery such Latitude.

Climes.	miles in bredth.	miles in length.	The degrees and minutes of Latitude through which the middle parallell of euerie clime passeth.	The number of miles answerable to one degree of euery such Latitude.
			De.	M.
1	465	20555	16	37	57
2	420	19453	24	15	54
3	370	18398	30	45	51
4	350	17299	36	24	48
5	270	16215	41	20	45
6	225	15136	45	24	42
7	195	14426	48	40	40

How the bredth & length of euery Clime is to be known.

The breadth is to be knowne by multiplying the degrées of difference contained betwixt the beginning & end of euery Clime by 60. miles: And if the degrées of difference haue any minutes annexed thereunto, then you must adde so many miles as there be minutes, to the product of the former multiplication. Nowe to haue the length of euery Clime, you must séeke to knowe by the Table of miles, how many miles be answerable to one degrée of that Parallell of Latitude which passeth through the midst of the Clime, and by that number of miles multiply 360. and the pro∣duct thereof shall be thē length. But if the degrées of that Lati∣tude haue any minutes annexed thereunto, then you must finde out the miles of those minutes by the rule of proportion in say∣ing thus: if 60. doe require so many miles as you founde in the Table of miles, what shall so many minutes require, and adde the quotient thereof to the product of the former multiplication, so shall you haue the true length of the Clime, all which thinges are obserued in the foresaid Table, which Table by obseruing like

order, you may extend (if you will) to the number of 24. Climes, set downe by Orontius and by diuerse other moderne writers.

Of the diuerse seasons and shadowes incident to diuerse Climes and Parallels, and first what seasons and shadowes they haue that dwell right vnder the Equinoctiall. Chap. 19.

THose that dwel right vnder the first Clime, and specially right vnder the Equinocti∣al, which people at one instant may sée both the Poles, haue two sommers and two winters, for the sun hauing to passe right ouer their heads twice in the yeare, which is when he is in Aries, and againe in Li∣bra, then they must néedes haue two som∣mers, because the sunne at both those times is nighest vnto them, but when he is in Cancer or in Capricorne, then he is furthest frō them, and thereby maketh vnto them two Winters. But yet nei∣ther of them so cold as our winter is, whereby it appeareth that our two times of Spring and Autumne are to them 2. sommers, & our two times of sommer and winter are to them two winters.

What shadowes haue those inhabitants?

They haue fiue sundry shadowes, for when the Sunne is in ei∣ther of the Equinoxes, they cast their shadow in the morning whē the sunne riseth towards the West. And at night when he goeth downe towards the East, and at noone day they haue no shadowe at all, but a perpendicular shadowe, which stréeketh right downe from head to foote, because the sunne being then in the Equinocti∣all, must néedes at that time of the day be right ouer their heads, as you may plainely sée in euery material Spheare, hauing a foote with a firme Horizon, and dwely placed to shew a right Spheare, but when the sunne is in any of the Southerne signes, then the foresaid inhabitants doe cast their shadowe towardes the North, And when he is in the Northerne signes, they cast their shadowe towards the South, and because they dwell in a right Spheare, their daies and nights be alwaies equall.

Of the seasons and shadowes which they haue that dwell betwixt the equinoctiall and the Tropique of Cancer. Chap. 20.

THese haue also two sommers and two winters, and 5. shadowes like vnto the others because the sunne passeth twice in the yeare right ouer their heads, first in his declining from the Equinoc∣tiall towards Cancer, and againe in his retur∣ning from Cancer towards the Equinoctiall, vnder which Clime Arabia foelix is said to be situated. For Lu∣can writeth that the Arabians comming to Rome to aide Pom∣pey, meruailed much to sée that the trées did neuer cast their sha∣dowes on the left hand, because in their countrey their shadowe is sometime on the right hande, and sometime on the left, some∣time perpendicular, sometime orientall, and sometime occiden∣tall, but in Rome and in all other places beyond the Tropique of Cancer the shadowe alwayes at noonetide tendeth Northward, the words of Lucan be thus, Ignotum vobis Arabes venistis in orbem vmbras mirati nemorum non ire sinistras.

How is Lucan to be vnderstood here in vsing this speech on the left hand?

As all other Poets are, for they hauing regard to the West, do alwaies make the North part their right hande, and the South part the left. But the Astronomers hauing regard to the South, do make the West their right hand, and the East their left hand: againe the Geographers contrariwise hauing regarde to the North, doe make the East their right and the West their left hand, whereby you may sée that the right hand and left hand may be taken thrée manner of waies, that is according to the manner of the Poets, of the Astronomers, and of the Geographers.

Sith these inhabitants haue seasons and shadowes like to those that dwel right vnder the Equinoctiall, wherein then do they differ?

They differ in that their dayes & nights be not alwaies equall, by reason that their Horizon declineth from the poles of the world, and by cutting the Parallels of the sunne with oblique Angles it deuideth those Parallels into vnequall parts, neither can their

two sommers be so extremely hotte as the others, because the sunne for the most part is further from them.

Of the seasons and shadowes which they haue that dwell right vnder the Tropique of Cancer. Chap. 21.

THey haue but one sommer and one winter, by reason that the sun neuer passeth right ouer their heads but once in the yeare, and that is when he entreth into the first degrée of Cancer: In which time when the sunne riseth, the shadowe tendeth towardes the West, and at noone the shadow is perpen∣dicular enclining on neither side, but fal∣ling right downe. And at night when the sunne goeth downe, the shadow tendeth towards the East: and at all other times of the yeare the shadow at noonetide falleth alwaies Northward, and as touching their daies and nights, they shorten and lengthen accor∣ding as the sunne either approcheth towards Cancer, or retireth towards Capricorne.

Of the seasons and shadowes which they haue that dwell betwixt the Tropique of Cancer and the circle Arctique. Chap. 22.

THey haue also one sommer and one winter as we haue here in England, for the sunne neuer pas∣seth right ouer their heads, by reason that so soone as he hath made his last and highest Parallell in Cancer, he returneth againe Southward, and therefore their shadow is neuer at noonetide per∣pendicular but shooteth Northward, and the dayes and nights do lengthen and shorten according as the sunne maketh his course either through the Northerne or Southerne signes. For whilest he passeth through the Northerne signes the dayes are longer thē the nights, and in passing through the Southerne signes he ma∣keth the nights longer then the dayes.

Of the seasons and shadowes which they haue that dwell right vnder the Circle Arctique, and how long their day is. Chap. 23.

THey haue but one Winter and one Sommer, and their shadow alwaies tendeth sidelong & North∣ward. And because their Zenith being in the cir∣cle Arctique, is at all times of the yeare all one with the Pole of the Zodiaque: the Ecliptique line therefore must néedes be all one with their Horizon, whereby the one halfe of the Zodiaque in a very moment doth rise aboue the Horizon, and the other halfe in the same instant goeth downe, and as the whole Tropique of Cancer appeareth alwayes aboue the Horizon: So the whole Tropique of Capri∣corne is alwaies hidden vnder the Horizon, so as when the sunne entreth into the first degrée of Cancer, their day is 24. houres long and their night but a moment, so contrariwise when the sunne en∣treth into the first degrée of Capricorne, their night is 24. houres long, and their day but a moment, as you may plainely sée by pla∣cing the Spheare at the 66. degrée and 30′ of Latitude.

What seasons, shadowes and length of day they haue that dwell betwixt the circle Arctique and the pole Arctique. Chap. 24.

THese haue like seasōs and shadowes as those that dwell vnder the circle Arctique, sauing that their Winter is colder and longer, because the nigher they approch to the Pole, the further are they frō the sunne, and also haue both longer dayes and nights, for the more that the Pole is eleuated a∣boue their Horizon, the greater portion of the Zodiaque doth al∣waies appeare aboue the same, which portion if it containe one whole signe, then their day is a moneth long, and their night as much, if two whole signes, then their day is two moneths long, and their night as much, and so foorth as hath béene said before.

Of those that dwell right vnder the Pole. Chap. 25.

WHat seasons, shadowes, and length of day haue they that dwell right vnder the Pole, if there be anie such people?

Truely you doe well to doubt thereof, for in mine opinion humane nature is not able to suffer the extreme cold that by reason must néedes be in those parts, neither do I thinke that euer any man either Christian or Heathen did euer sayle so farre as to discouer any land there. Notwithstanding if there by any such people their season is alwayes so extreme cold as no part thereof is worthy to be called a sommer, but rather a continuall winter, and as for their shadow sith the sun when he is at the nighest doth neuer mount aboue their Horizon more then 23. degrées 30′ at the most, their shadow must néedes go round about them nigher, for the most part to their féete then to their heads, for the pole is their Zenith, and the Equinoctiall their Horizon, whereby 6. signes which is the one halfe of the Zodiaque, doth alwaies appeare a∣boue their Horizon, and the other halfe is alwaies hidden vnder their Horizon, and thereby they haue 6. moneths day & 6. moneths night, day I say whilest the sunne is in the 6. Northerne signes, & night, whilest the sunne is in the 6. Southerne signes, and yet the night can not be so darke there as elsewhere, by reason that the sunne is neuer distant from their Horizon aboue 23. degrées 30′· which is only when he entreth into the first degrée of Capricorne. So likewise the day with them can neuer be so cleare as elswhere, by reason that the sunne mounting no higher aboue their Horizon then 23. degr. 30′· which onely is when he entreth into the first de∣grée of Cancer, hath no power to dissolue their grosse, thicke, clou∣die and mistie aire, yet haue they some preheminence in that they may (if their cloudie aire be not the let) alwaies sée all the fixed starres that are placed in the sky betwixt the Equinoctiall and the Pole, because they neuer go down but are alwaies remaining a∣boue their Horizon: whereas in all other parts of the worlde, the said starres can not be séene all at once, for that they both rise and set, more or lesse in number according as the Zenith of the inha∣bitants of euery place is more or lesse distant from the Equi∣noctiall.

By what names certaine inhabitants of the earth are called, as well according to the diuersitie or likenesse of shadowes as of situation. Chap. 26.

YOu shall vnderstand that according to the diuer∣sitie or likenesse of shadowes, the auncient Cos∣mographers haue giuen to the inhabitants cer∣taine Gréeke names, whereof some are called Aphiscij, some Heteroscij, & some Periscij.

Shew what these names do dignifie.

Amphiscij be those that cast their shadowes both wayes, that is sometime towardes the North, and sometime towardes the South, as those that inhabite the burnt Zone.

Heteroscij be those that cast their shadowe onely one way, as those that dwell in either of the temperate Zones, for if they dwell in the North temperate Zone, they do cast their shadow al∣waies at noonetide towards the North. And if they dwell in the South temperate Zone they cast their shadowe at noonetide to∣wardes the South.

Periscij are those that cast their shadow round about them as those that dwell in either of the cold Zones, to whom the Pole is their Zenith: againe they giue them certaine names according to the diuersitie or likenes of their situation and of the seasons in∣cident to those places, whereof some are called Antoeci, some Pe∣rioeci, and some Antipodes siue Antichtones.

What doe these names signifie?

Antoeci be two sundry Nations, the one dwelling towardes the North pole, and the other towards the South pole, hauing one selfe Meridian and one selfe Latitude, that is to say be of like distance from the Equinoctiall, the one Southward and the other Northward, as the letters a. b. in the figure folowing do shew.

Perioeci be those that dwell in one selfe Parallell, how distant soeuer they be East and West as the letters b. c. in the said figure doe shew.

Antipodes be those that dwell féete, so as a right line being drawne from the one to the other, passeth through the Cen∣tre of the world as you may sée by the Letters a. c. in the figure following.

[illustration]

And the first of these called Antoeci haue contrarie seasons of the yeare, for whē it is sommer to the one, it is winter to the other: Againe Perioeci, though they haue like seasons of the yeare, yet because they are so farre distant in length one from an other, it is therfore mid-day to the one when it is mid-night to the other. But Antipodes be contrary in seasons and in all other things, hauing nothing common, more then that they haue one selfe Horizon.

By what names certaine parts of the earth are called by rea∣son of their diuerse shapes. Chap. 27.

NOw besides the foresaid names attributed to the inha∣bitants of the earth for such respect as is aboue said, the Cosmographers doe giue also to diuerse parts of the earth according to y^e diuers shapes therof diuers names also: for if any part of the earth be enuironed round with water ei∣ther salt or fresh, it is called Insula, that is an Iland, as England, Ireland, & such like, but if the water goe round about it sauing in one part, thē it is called peninsula, that is to say, almost an Iland, as Denmarke, Italy, Morea, and such like, and if it be a narrow straight enclosed with y^e sea on both sides, then it is called Isthmus

as the narrow straight of Corinth lying betwixt Boetia and A∣chaia in Gréece which diuers Emperours of Rome haue in vaine attempted to cut, to thintent to make there through a nauigable passage: finally, when it is neither insula, peninsula, nor Isthmus, then it is called Continens, that is to say firme land, as Saxonie, Boemia, Sueuia, and such like, but these be speciall continents, for the Cosmographers of these daies do make but threé general con∣tinents, that is first so much as was knowne to Ptolomie, and to the rest of the auncient writers, secondly the West Indies, lately found out, and thirdly the South part of the world not yet wholly discouered: Againe the auncient men deuided that portion of the world, which was knowne in their daies into 3. parts, that is, Eu∣rope, Asia, and Afrique, whereunto the moderne writers haue added a fourth part called America, containing the West Indies. Now if you would knowe what Kingdomes, Regions, Cities, Townes, Seas with their Hauens, Ports, Bayes, and Capes, Iles, Floods, Marishes, and Mountaines, are contained in euery one of these foure parts, then peruse often the vniuersall Maps, aud Terrestriall Globes, as well of the moderne as of the aunci∣ent Writers, and also the Tables of Ptolomie and of Ortelius, which I wish that they had béene made in such forme as the Ta∣bles of Ptolomie are: for hauing the North alwaies set in the front, it should be the readier to compare the shape or situation of any place or Region to the vniuersall Mappe, and by knowing the Longitude and Latitude of any place, it should be the easier to finde the same, as well in the speciall Table as in the vniuersall Mappe or Globe. The vse of which vniuersall Maps, I haue al∣readie written in a seuerall Treatise by it selfe printed not long since. But now for so much as the knowledge of the windes hath béene alwaies thought a thing méete to be treated of by him that writeth of Cosmography, and specially of the Spheare, I will héere speake some what of them, neither doe I mind to make any great discourse thereof, as naturall Philosophers are woont to doe, but onely to define what the winde is, and to shew into how many parts the same is deuided, as well by the auncient as mo∣derne writers, and by what names they are called, and somewhat of the qualities thereof.

Of the wind, what it is, what motion it hath, and of the diuers names and diuisions thereof. Chap. 29.

FIrst then you haue to vnderstand that Aristotle and the rest of his sect, doe define the wind to be an ex∣halation hotte and dry, engendred in the bowels of the earth, and being gotten out, is caried sidelong vpon the face of the earth.

Why is not his motion right vp & down, aswel as sidelong?

Because that whilest by his heat he striueth to mount vp, and to passe through all the thrée Regions of the aire, the middle Region by his extreme cold, doth alwaies beate him backe, so as by such strife & by the méeting of other exhalations rising out of the earth, his motion is forced to be rather round then right.

What is the cause why he bloweth more sharpely at one time then another, and in one place more then another, and sometime not at all.

As the fumes that rise of new exhalations, & out of flouds and waters, may encrease his force, so lacke of heate and fumes doth diminish the same. Againe the roundnes of the earth is cause that he bloweth somtime more in one place then in another: also moun∣taines, hils, and great woods may hinder his force in some place of the earth whereas vpon the plain or vpō the broad sea he bloweth most sharpely, and as for his not blowing at all, it may chance di∣uerse waies, as either for lacke of sufficient heate to open the pores of the earth to let himselfe out, or for that some extreme frost and cold doth close the pores of the earth so straite as he cannot get foorth, or for that the sunne with his extreme heate consumeth the fumes and vapours that should maintaine him. But leauing to answere any more to these questions, I will shew you how ma∣ny windes were obserued by saylers in old time, and how many are obserued at this present day, and how they were named. True it is that all Nations doe agrée in placing the foure principall winds, according to the foure quarters of the Horizon or Angles of the world, that is to say, East, West, North and South: but in the subdiuisions of the saide foure quarters they differ, for some deuide euery quarter of the Horizon into two, making onely eight winds, and some into thrée, and there by do make 12. winds which

the auncient Gréekes and the Romaines did chiefely obserue, the names of the 8. windes are commonly expressed in the Italian tongue thus: Tramontano, North, Mezzodi, South, Lenante, East, Ponente, West, Griego, Northeast, Garbino, Southwest, Maistro, Northwest, Syroccho, Southeast, which names are often vsed by Christopher Columbus, Albertus Vesputius, and others that sayled first into the East and west Indies, and if you will know the names of the 12. windes vsed by the auncient Greekes and Romaines, then behold this figure here following, wherein you shal find them set downe in English, Gréeke, and La∣tine, that is to say, the English names without the Circle, and the Greeke and Latine names within the Circle, the Greeke vppon the right side of euery line pointing the winde, and the Latine name vpon the left side of euery such line.

[illustration]

Of the nature and qualities of the foresaid 12. windes. Chap. 29.

THe North wind called Septentrio or Aparctias is extremely colde and dry, prohibiting raine, it preserueth health by clensing the Aire of all pe∣stiferous infections, but it causeth drie coldes, and hurteth the fruites and floures of the earth.

2 The Northeast and by North, called Aqui∣lo or Boreas, is also colde and dry without raine, it hurteth the flowres and fruites of the earth, and specially the Vines when they bud.

3 The Northeast and by East, called Helispontus or Caecias, is hotte drying vp all things.

4 The East winde called Subsolanus, is hotte and dry, tempe∣rate, swéete, pure, subtill, and healthfull, and specially in the mor∣ning when the sunne riseth, by whom he is made more pure and subtill, causing no infection to mans bodie.

5 The East Southeast, called Eurus or Vulturnus, is also hotte and dry, he bloweth lowde, and therefore is called of Lucre∣tius, Altitonans vulturnus.

6 The Southeast and by South called Euroauster or Eurono∣tus, is hotte and moyst, and bréedeth clouds and sicknes.

7 The South wind called Auster or Notus, is hotte and moist bréeding thicke cloudes, great raines, and pestiferous aire.

8 The Southwest and by South, called Austro aphricus, is temperately hotte, & yet bréedeth sickens & raine as some write.

9 The Southwest and by West named Aphricus or Libs, is cold and moyst causing raine.

10 The West winde called Fauonius or Zephirus is tempe∣rately hotte and moyst, and wholsome in the Euening, it dissol∣ueth frost, yce, and snow, and maketh flowres and grasse to spring, and some write that it causeth Thunder.

11 The West Northwest, called Corus or Syrus, is cold and moyst without any great rigour.

12 The Northwest and by North called Syrus or Trachias is cold and dry of earthly nature, bréeding snow and windes.

Of the moderne diuision of the windes. Chap. 30.

BVt the Mariners of these our latter daies, to be the better assured of their routes and courses on the sea, do deuide euery quarter of the Horizon into 8. seuerall windes, so as they make in all 32. windes, which of the Spaniards are called Rombes, which win des together with their names, you may sée plainely set foorth in this figure following representing the Mariners Compasse.

[illustration]

A figure of the 32. windes representing the Mariners Compasse.

And note that eight of these windes are called principall windes, that is North, South, East, West, Northeast, South∣west, Northwest, and Southeast, and all the rest are called Col∣laterall windes, but the first foure are chiefest, from whence the names of all the rest are deriued, neither doe the learned Pilots in their Tables, call the first foure windes, Rombes, but will say the first, second or third Rombe from North, from East, South, or West, vnto the number of seuen, for so many Rombes they make in euery quarter betwixt the foure chiefe and principall windes, of which matter I shall speake hereafter in my treatise of Nauigation. In the meane time I heartily pray all those that shall vouchsafe to reade this my treatise of the Spheare, to take my labour therein bestowed in good part, and where any fault is, friendly to correct the same without any skorne or disdaine.

Notes

• * 1.1

  Psal. 104.