M. Blundevile his exercises containing sixe treatises, the titles wherof are set down in the next printed page: which treatises are verie necessarie to be read and learned of all yoong gentlemen that haue not bene exercised in such disciplines, and yet are desirous to haue knowledge as well in cosmographie, astronomie, and geographie, as also in the arte of navigation ... To the furtherance of which arte of navigation, the said M. Blundevile speciallie wrote the said treatises and of meere good will doth dedicate the same to all the young gentlemen of this realme.

A plaine and full description of Plancius his vniuersall Mappe, set foorth in the yeare of our Lord, 1592. written in our mother tongue by M. Blundeuill.

IN this Mappe, as you sée are drawne with redde inke two lines or Diameters crossing one an other with right Angles in the verie midst of the Mappe, whereof the perpendicu∣lar Diameter passing through the Iles Azo∣res, and also through the Iles of Capo verde, signifieth the first Meridian and Axletrée of the world, at the vpper end whereof is set the North pole, and at the neather end the South pole. And the other ouerthwart Dia∣meter signifieth the Equinoctiall, & also the line of East & West, that is to say, East on the right hande, and West on the left hand. And in this line are set downe the degrées of Longitude, which are to be counted from the foresaid first Meridian vpon the saide Equinoctiall towards your right hande from one degrée to 180. set downe in Arithmeticall figures thus, 10. 20. 30. and so foorth vntill you come to 180. which is the East Longitude of the world, and the West Longitude beginneth on your left hand whereas is set downe 190. and then 200. and so foorth vntill you come to 360. degrées, which is the whole circuit of the Equinoctiall, and of the whole earth. And in the first Meridian are set downe the degrées of Latitude, which doe procéede from the Equinoctiall to eyther of the Poles from one degrée to 90. written in A∣rithmeticall figures thus, 5. 10. 15. and so foorth to 90. which degrées doe procéede with equall distances from the Equinoctiall to eyther Pole, and the like degrées of Latitude are also set downe vpon the two outermost Meridians, aswell on the right hande as

on the left. And on ech side of the Equinoctiall are drawne with redde inke the two Tropiques, that is to saye, the Tropique of Cancer, and the Tropique of Capricorne, ech one being distant from the Equinoctiall 23. degrées 28′· which is the greatest decli∣nation of the sunne, and towardes ech Pole are also drawne with redde inke the two Circles both Arctique & Antarctique, whereof the circle Arctique passeth through the Northernly part of Island, hauing in Latitude 66. degrées 30′· and the Circle Antarctique passeth through the like degrées of Latitude towardes the South pole, and the distance of each of those Circles from eyther Pole is equall to the greatest declination of the sunne. And these foure Circles are Parallels to the Equinoctial, bounding the 5. Zones that is, the two cold, the two temperate, & the hotte Zone which lyeth in the midst of the world betwixt the two Tropiques. And on the left hand or West part of the Mappe are set downe from the Equinoctiall vpward towards the North pole, what number of miles and secondes of miles doe belong to euery degrée of the North Latitude, procéeding from the Equinoctiall towards the North pole: for though that euery degrée of the Equinoctiall be∣ing a great Circle containeth 60. miles, yet the further that you goe from the Equinoctiall towards either of the Poles, the lesser and lesser are your Parallel Circles in compasse, and therefore one degrée of euery such Parallel must néedes containe the fewer miles, but because the sea men doe commonly make their account on the sea by leagues, and not by miles: Plancius here right vnder the former Table of miles, setteth downe the number of leagues incident to euery degrée or Parallel, in descending from the E∣quinoctiall to the South pole, appointing thrée miles to a league, and therefore he setteth downe vppon the very Equinoctiall 20. leagues, which is 60. miles, and next to that he setteth downe 19. leagues 59′· and so procéedeth foorth diminishing still the quanti∣tie of the leagues, euen till you come to the very South pole, and on the right hand of the Map hard by the outmost Meridian are set downe the nine Climes, and the longest day in euery degrée of Latitude, procéeding aswell from the Equinoctiall to the North pole, as also from the Equinoctall to the South pole, from 12. houres to 187. dayes and 7. houres, which maketh the longest day to those that dwell right vnder the North Pole to be halfe a

yeare and the night asmuch. Besides the Circles and lines be∣fore mentioned, there are set downe in this Mappe certaine flyes of the Mariners Compasse, each one containing two and thir∣tie lines, which doe signifie the two and thirtie rombes or windes of the Mariners Compasse to knowe thereby howe one place beareth from another, and by what winde the Mariner hath to sayle to any place whereunto he would goe: In euery which fly the line of North and South may serue in stead of a Meridian, and the line of East and West may serue as a Parallel, by helpe whereof you may the more readily take with your Compasses the Longitude and Latitude of any place contained in the Mappe in such manner as is taught in my first Treatise of Vniuer∣sall Mappes. Also in the very front of his Mappe he setteth downe the numbers of foure and twentie houres, euery houre containing fiftéene degrées of the Equinoctiall, which houres doe beginne on the right hande, and so procéede to the left, where∣of the twelfth houre is placed at the ende of that Meridian which passeth through the Fortunate Iles. Nowe betwixt the 72. and 86. degrées of North Latitude hee setteth downe two long Ilandes extending from the West towardes the East somewhat beyonde the first Meridian, and from the saide Me∣ridian more Eastwarde he setteth downe other two long Ilandes, affirming that the North Ocean sea breaking in betwixt these Ilandes with ninetéene gates or entrances, maketh foure straites and is continually carryed vnder the North Pole, and there is swallowed vp into the bowels of the earth, and he sayth further that right vnder the North pole there is a certaine blacke and most high rocke which hath in circuit thirtie and thrée leagues, which is ninetie and nine miles, and that the long Ilande next to the Pole on the West is the best and most healthfull of all the North partes. Next to the foresaid Ilandes more Southward he setteth downe the Ilandes of Crockland and Groynelande making them to haue a farre longer and more slender shape then all other mappes doe: At the East ende of the third long Ilande, is a straite hauing fiue gates or entrances, which by reason of their narrownesse and swift course of streame are ne∣uer frozen, if this be true, I marueile howe any shippe durst enter through any of those straites to discouer the North sides

of any of those Ilandes, and how and where it came out againe. Moreouer at the East ende of the last Ilande somewhat to the Southwarde, he placeth the Pole of the Lodestone which is called in Latine Magnes, euen as Mercator doth in his Mappe who supposing the first Meridian to passe through Saint Marie or Saint Machaell, which are two of the outermost Ilands of the Azores Eastwarde, placeth the Pole of the stone in the seuen∣tie fiue degrée of Latitude, but supposing the first Meridian to passe through the Ile Coruo, which is the furthest Ile of the Azores Westwarde, hée placeth the Pole of the Lodestone in the seuentie seuen degrée of Latitude, I thought good to se∣uer the Ilands last before mentioned from the bodie of the Mappe as partes belonging rather to the North pole, then to Europe, Asia, Africa, or America: for if Virgill did not let to say that Englande was Penitus exclusa ab orbe, mee thinkes that I may much more rightly say the like of these Ilandes, notwithstanding Plancius maketh the first two long Ilandes, and also Groynelande and Crockelande to be part of Mexi∣cana, which mée thinkes is not méete, sithe they be deuided by the North Sea, likewise hée maketh the lande which is vnder the South pole, and is not as yet discouered, to bee part of Magellanica, which (in mine opinion) ought not to bée so, sith it is not onely deuided from Magellanica, by the straight Magellanicum, but also from Afrique, and from the East Indies by the great Southerne Ocean, and I beléeue that when the South lande shall bee all discouered, it will con∣taine twice so much lande as Magellanica doth, and then I doubt not but that the Geographers will giue it some other name, and make many diuisions thereof: In the meane time I will followe Plancius his owne diuision of the worlde, which greatly differeth from that of Mercator, and of all other mo∣derne Geographers, for they doe deuide the whole earth but into foure partes, that is to say, Europe, Afrique, Asia, and America, but Plancius by deuiding America into thrée partes that is, into Mexicana, Peruana and Magellanica, deuideth the whole earth into sixe partes, that is to say, Europe, Asia, Afrique, and into the thrée partes of America last mentioned, according to which diuision, he describeth the earth in the french

tongue in sixtéene pages, set downe at the foote of his Mappe, the foure last pages whereof doe onely containe the interpreta∣tion of the seuentie one little Tables or Inscriptions written in the Latine tongue, dispersed throughout the whole Mappe, expressing therein such thinges as hee thought most méete to bee noted in diuerse partes of the worlde, all which Tables or in∣scriptions, I haue héere also set downe in our mother tongue: And although that to the foresaide Tables or Inscriptions Plancius hath attributed certaine numbers for the more easie finding out of the sayde inscriptions, yet not easie inough by reason that one selfe number is set downe in diuerse Tables, and therefore to the intent that you might the more readily finde out euery Table that is proper to the matter whereof it maketh mention, I haue here following ioyned to the num∣ber of euery such Table, his proper Longitude and Latitude, which with your Compasse you may quickly finde out, and more certainely, then by his numbers, if you remember the order thereof set downe in my Treatise of vniuersall Mappes. But now I will declare the contentes of the foresaide sixtéene pages in order as followeth.

The title of the first page is thus.

A briefe declaration of the diuision, forme or shape, and of the particularities of the world.

The Contents of the first page.

THat the earth and the water doe make both to∣gether one rounde bodie, which the Cosmogra∣phers doe inuiron with fiue Circles, that is the Equinoctiall, the two Tropiques, and the two Polar Circles, and thereby doe deuide the worlde into fiue Zones, two colde, two tem∣perate, and one extreme hotte: and though that the auncient Geographers doe affirme that thrée of those Zones were vn∣habitable, the one for extremitie of heate, and the other two for extremitie of colde, yet within these hundred yeares last past

it is knowne by good experience that those thrée Zones are well inhabited as the manifolde Countryes therein placed and great∣ly replenished with people of sundry languages doe well testifie, of all which thinges I haue written at large in my Spheare. And therefore I make this page the shorter.

The Contents of the second Page.

TO knowe the true situation of the Prouinces and places contained in this Mappe, it is necessa∣rie first to knowe their Longitudes and Lati∣tudes. The degrées of Latitude or of the ele∣uation of the Pole, which is all one thing, are counted from the Equinoctiall to eyther Pole, which is 90. degrées, and the degrées of Longitude are counted vpon the Equinoctiall from the Iles of Capo Verde towardes the East, and so round about the earth vntill you come to the number of 360. degrées. The Prouinces and Townes that are situated vnder one degrée of Longitude, haue at one selfe time like houres of the day, but those that are situate vnder diuerse degrées of Longitude, doe differ in number of houres, for when it is in one Towne noonetide, it is in an other Towne that is di∣stant from thence towardes the East 30. degrées two of the clocke in the afternoone, and so consequently for euery 15. degrée of di∣stance they differ one houre. Likewise they that dwell vnder one selfe degrée of Latitude haue equall quantitie of dayes and nightes, but yet so as they which dwell on the South side of the Equinoctiall haue the shortest day when wee haue the longest, and haue Winter when we haue Sommer. But those that are situate vnder diuerse degrées of Latitude, haue inequalitie of dayes and nights, for the nigher that any place is situate to∣wardes any of the Poles the more houres the longest day of the yeare in that place containeth. But those that dwell right vn∣der the Equinoctiall haue alwayes their dayes and nightes of like quantitie, and I vnderstande here by the daye, the space betwixt the sunne rise and the sunne set, and you shall finde the quantitie of the longest day of the yeare in euery degrée of La∣titude set downe in the Northeast part of this Carde. As for ex∣ample

to those that haue 30 degrées of latitude, the longest day is 13. houres 57′· and so the nigher that you go to the Pole the lon∣ger is the day, in so much as to those that dwell right vnder the Pole, the yeare is but a day and a night, that is to say, they haue 6. moneths day, & 6. months night. Moreouer the Geographers do diuide the earth into 9. climes for to distinguish therby the prouin∣ces and regions by the quantity of the longest day, the middlemost parallel of euery clime increasing by halfe an houre, and you haue to consider that the degrées of latitude are in all places of like big∣nes euery degrée contayning 15. Almain leagues, or 60. Italian miles, but the degrées of longitude procéeding from the Equinoc∣tiall towards any of the 2. Poles are vnequall, that is to say, eue∣rie one containing fewer leagues or miles than other, but the degrées of the Equinoctiall it selfe are equall to the degrées of la∣titude, euerie one containing 15. Germaine leagues or 60. Ita∣lian miles, as you may plainly sée in the Table set downe in the Northwest part of this Map. And you haue to note that one Al∣maine league doth contain 4. Italian miles, and we haue descri∣bed the degrées of longitude in the Southwest part of this Carde by the houres of the ships way, euery one decreasing lesse than o∣ther from the Equinoctiall to the Pole, whereby you may con∣ceiue that two ships being right vnder the Equinoctiall 150. degrées distant one from another, and are to saile with like gate towards the North pole: when they shall come to the 60. degrée of latitude, their distance shall be no more but 75. leagues. And the further they goe towards the Pole the lesse distant they shall be one from another, in so much as when they be right vnder the Pole it self, they shall both méete, as you may sée in the 2. rounde figures contayning the description of the earth, and set downe in the 2. nether corners of the Map. This matter is to bee conside∣red of the Mariners that they may thereby the better perceiue the imperfections of their sea Cardes. Moreouer, in the se∣cond page Plancius setteth downe the diuision of the earth as well according to the ancient as moderne Geographers, making first thrée generall continents or firme lands, whereof the first is so much as was knowne to Ptolomey and to the ancient A∣stronomers, as Enrope, Afrique, and Asia, the second conti∣••ent is called America, and the third continent is the South part

of the world, not yet fullie discouered, called of Plancius Magel∣lanica, and he diuideth the second continent called America into thrée parts, that is, Mexicana, Pervana, and Magellanica, and by adding those thrée parts to Europe, Afrique, and Asia, he di∣uideth the earth into sixe partes, and first he setteth downe the description of Europe together with her boundes or limittes, and then the commodities thereof, as followeth.

Of Europe.

EVrope is farre lesse than all the rest, and yet exceedeth all others in noblenesse, in magnificencie, in multitude of peo∣ple, in might, puissance, and renowne, the which in times past hath commanded both Asia and Afrique as Quéene, by reason of the Monarchies of the Gréekes and of the Romans, and at this day is of great force by the power of the Turkes and Muscouites. Moreouer it commandeth many prouinces in Mexicana and Pervana by the power of the Spaniards and Por∣tugals, and of other Christian Princes.

Europe is seuered from Asia and Afrique by the sea Mediter∣raneun••, and by the sea called Marmagior, and by the Marish or sea called Palus Meotis, and by the Flood Tanais and Dwi∣na. The chiefest prouinces of Europe are these, Almanie, Italy France, Spaine, Denmarke, Norway, Swethland, Muscouia, Polonia, Hungaria, Sclavonia, and Greece. The chiefest I∣landes of Europe are these, England with Scotland, Ireland, Sardinia, Corsica, Sicilia, Candia, Nigro Ponte sometime called Euboia, and Stalimene sometime called Lemnos. And in this second page hée setteth downe also the discription of Alma∣nie thus.

Almanie is reputed to bee the greatest prouince in all Eu∣rope, and is situated in the middest thereof, which is bounded on the East with Polonia and Hungaria, on the South with Dalmacia, and Italia, and on the West with France, and on the North with the North Sea, and with the Sea called Mare Balticum. The inhabitantes of this Countrey warre•• in olde time with the Romanes for their libertie, and since manie hundred yeares past it hath holden the imperiall Scepter.

About the time of Christ his birth, it was a rude countrey, as Cornelius Tacitus saith, full of Wood, bushes, and marishes, but at this day it is so adorned with great magnificent Townes and well fortified, and is furnished with such a number of Ca∣stles, and Villages, and with such a number of people, and with such pollitique gouernement, as it is to bee compa∣red to any prouince whatsoeuer in all the worlde. The soyle thereof is verie fruitfull both for corne and Wine, and hath manie nauigable Floods stored with plentie of Fish. It hath most excellent Fountaines, and hotte bathes, greate mines of Golde, of Siluer, copper, Tinne, Lead, and Iron. The inha∣bitants doe exercise as well nowe as they haue done in times past the Art military, and it hath manie learned men verie skilful in all sciences, and in Mechanicall artes, they were the inuenters of Artillerie, of Gunpowder, and of the noble Arte of printing, and of making artificiall dials and horologies.

The chiefe merchandizes that are transported out of Alma∣nie into other countreys are these, Golde, Siluer, Copper, Tinne, Leade, vitrioll, Allum, Quickesiluer, Collours of di∣uers sortes, Slates to couer houses, Wheat, Wine, Fish, wool∣len cloath, Linnen cloath, Bombasine, Fustian, Suile, Armour, all sortes of workes made of Iron, or brasse, and other merce∣ries.

The Contentes of the third page.

IN the thirde Page hée describeth the 17. Prouinces of the lowe Countries, also Italie, France, Spaine and Denmarke, as followeth.

THe 17. Prouinces of the lowe Countries are counted a part of Almanie, by reason that the most part of the inhabitantes haue as well their originall as their language from the Al∣manes. But those of Artoys, of Henough Namures, and parte of the inhabitantes of Brabant, Flaunders, Lymburgh, and Liezenburgh doe speake the French tongue. These prouinces are situated partly within the ancient limits of Almany, that is to say, beyond the Orientall part of the Flood Rhenus, & partly in Gallia Belgica, as also are the prouinces of the 4. princes electors

and of manie other prouinces of the Empire. In these prouin∣ces are manie nauigable Floods and rich in fish, namelie the Rheane, Mosella, Mosa, and the Escaut, and there is great a∣boundance of all sorts of corne and cattell meete for mans vse, there is also a number of great Townes rich, mightie, and well peoplished, also of fortresses well fortified, faire Villages, but chieflie of braue and commodious portes and hauens, and an in∣credible number of shippes, and the continuall warres that they haue had and haue at this day do witnesse to all the world their great force, might, and riches. The inhabitantes in time of the Romaine Monarchie were and also are at this present great∣lie renowmed for their skill in the arte militarie, and besides that, they are most excellent and industrious in all sciences and mechanicall artes, and they haue a great number of Mariners and Pilots well practized in the arte of Nauigation, and to these prouinces is attributed the inuention of the Mariners Compasse, according to the opinion of manie learned men, which trulie is one of the noblest inuentions that euer was found out since the world beganne. In the towne of Brughesse was in∣uented the Arte of Painting with Collours tempered with Oyle.

The Prouinces of Belgia doe sende vnto other Prouinces all sortes of Cloathes made of Woolle and Flaxe, linnen cloath of Cambria, Skarlettes interlaced with golde, Siluer, and Silke, Taffatas, Borattas, Grograines, single Buffin, Sayes of Leyden, and Howscot, Worsteds, and halfe Worsteds, Fu∣stianapes of Vellures, and of Wool, Bayes, silk, parchment lace, Sarcenet and inkle, all manner of twisted thred silke ready drest, purified Sugar, Buffe, Shamoyes, stryped Marokines, pain∣ted Pictures, Bookes, Armour, Cables, Ropes, and other Munitions belonging to Shippes, Kniues, Pinnes, and all sortes of Mercerie or Haberdash ware, and Fish dri∣ed and salted.

ITalie being the mother of eloquence and of al Latine erudition doth extende it selfe like an arme towards the Southeast, lying betwixt the Tuscane sea and the gulfe of Venice, & is bounded on the west part with France, & on the north part with Almany

being seperated from the sayd two prouinces by the Flood Varo and the Alpes, and al the rest is inuironed with the sea, at the time of the natiuitie of Christ and since, she most flourished, being a∣dorned with the fourth Monarchie, and with the most mightie towne of Rome, which at that time was Quéene of many pro∣uinces, of Europe, Asia, and Afrique, which citie in the time of the Emperour Vespasian, had in circuit 13. Italian miles and 200. paces, as Plinie writeth in his third booke and fift chapter, Flauius Vopiscus reciteth that this towne was inlarged by the Emperour Aurelius to 30. Italian miles, which is 10. houres of way or gate, allowing thrée mile for an houre. This Pro∣uince hath brought foorth, as it doth at this present, inhabitants of great industrie and wit, and it contayneth many noble cities and of great renowme, as Rome, which hath bene sometime the head of the world, Venice the rich, Rauenna the ancient, Naples the gentle, Florence the beautifull, Genua the proud, and Mi∣laine the great. In a town called Amalphe situate vpon the sea, betwixt Naples and Salerno, the Mariners Compasse was in∣uented, in the yeare 1300. according to the opinion of some, by one Iohn Goia, citizen of the same towne: notwithstanding Iohn Gorop Becanus doth attribute that inuention to Flaunders which séemeth the more likelie, for so much as al the Pilats & Mariners of France and Spaine and other places do name the 32. windes or rombes of the Compasse by the Belgicke names. The chiefe marchandizes that are sent out of Italie into other countries are these, Rice, Silke, Veluet, Satten, Taffatas, fine péeces of Linnen, Grograines, Rash, Stamin, Bombasins, Fustians, Feltes to make riding cloakes, plentie of rich armour, Wiar of golde and siluer, Allum, Galles, drinking glasses and looking glasses of Venice.

FRance hath bene alwayes estéemed to be the chiefest realme of all Europe, whose soyle is most fertile, and bringeth forth all kinde of Graine, and euerie other thing that is ne∣cessarie for mans sustenance, there is great store of wine, and great plentie thereof is distributed to other Prouinces nigh adioyning. The Prouince doeth abounde in oyle Oliue, and in Corrall, and in many other noble fruites. In France are many

great townes well walled, as Paris, Roan, Amiens, Orliens, Tours, Nantes, Poicters, Burghes, Tholous, Lyon, Na••bona, & Marcelles. It hath 15. Archbishoprickes, and 108. Bishop∣rickes, and a great number of townes and villages, and 132000 parishes, it is greatlie peopled, and hath not such desertes or heathes as are in other prouinces of Europe, the French men haue bene, and are at this present renowmed in the Arte militare, and there be manie learned men in all faculties and sciences.

The chiefe Merchandizes that are caried out of France into other prouinces are these, Wheate, Rie, Beefs, Hogges Swine, and other cattell, Salt, wines, wilde Oliue, Chessnuts, Almonds, Prunes, Corrall, Diers wadde, Clothes, linnen, Canuas and Skinnes.

SPaine is inuironed round about with the Sea, sauing that on one side it is seperated from France by the mountaines Perenei. This countrey was sometime diuided into thrée Prouinces or kingdomes, that is, Taraconensis, Lusitania and Betica, but now it is subdiuided into many Realmes, that is to say, Castilia, Aragon, Portugall, Gallicea, Lyon, Navarra, Toledo, Valentia, Murcia, Granado, Cordoa, and Algarbia, the which Realmes if they had bene reduced to one bodie of a Realme, as France is, and as they be at this houre subiect to one only king and Lord, it should bee without doubt one of the most mightie and puissant kingdomes of Europe. The inhabitantes of Spaine haue bene and are at this present much renowmed in the art militare, and in feates of warre, and it hath brought forth in times past many great Clearkes, as Seneca, Quintilian, Lu∣can and Martial, and in our time it had Iohannes Lodovicus Viues, Iohannes Osorius, and Benedictus Arias Montanus. The prouinces of Spaine are become verie rich and mightie, by reason of their nauigatiō into America, Africa, Arabia, Persia, India, the Iles Moluecas and China, in which Prouinces (Chi∣na excepted) the king of Spaine possesseth manie countries that be rich and of great power, and many townes and fortresses in a manner round about the earth.

The chiefe Merchandizes that grow in Spaine, and are car∣ried into other Countries are these, wines, Oyles, Rice, all sorts

of fruites of Spaine, Liquoras, Silke, great quantity of wolle, Lambe skinnes, Corke, Rosin, Stéele, Iron and Armour.

DEnmarke and Norway are verie great Regions, and are as large as the countries of Almany, bordering vpon Almany towardes the South, they extend towards the North to 71. degrée 30′· of North latitude, and towards the East they border vpon Swethland, and on the west and North side they are inuironed with the sea. These two Realmes are at this day vnder the gouernment of one only king, who also is lord of Island and of the Iles of Fero, Hitland, and Gothland. Iuthland was sometime the habitation of the Cimbres, who in times past made cruell warres against the Romanes.

The Merchandizes sent from the two forsaid realmes into o∣ther prouinces are these, Oxen, Barly, Malt, stockfish, tallowe, nuttes and Filberds, hydes of Oxen, and Bucke skinnes, Mastes for shippes, planckes, and the toppes of Wainscot, Soliues, and firewood to burne, pitch and tar, Sulphur and such other things.

The Contents of the 4. page, wherein he describeth Sweth∣land. Polonia, Hungaria, Sclauonia, Greece, England, and Scotland as followeth.

SWethland is a great and mightie realme, borde∣ring towards the East vpon Russia, and towardes the South vpon the East sea, called Mare Balti∣cum, diuiding Swethland from Almany and Po∣merania, and towards the west vpon Norway and Denmarke, and towards the North vpon Finmarke. Stock∣holme is the Metropolitane citie in this realme, wherein the king kéepeth his court. From this realme is transported into other prouinces these Merchandizes, that is to say, Copper, Iron, lead costlie Furres, hydes or skinnes of Elkes, of Oxen, of Buckes, of goats, tallow, tar, barly, malt, nuts and Filbirds, and such like.

The description of Muscouia which should follow next, is set downe in the third table or inscription, which standeth in the verie front of the table, written in Latine, the interpretation whereof hereafter followeth in his place.

THe kingdome of Polonia containeth Lituania, Podolia, the lesser Russia, Volhinia, Massouia, Samogitia, Prus∣sia, and in a manner all Liuonia, which two last Prouinces did belong not long since to Almania. Polonia is boun∣ded on the East with Muscouia and with the Tartaries, Pero∣copsiques, and on the South with Moldania, and Hungaria and towards the West with Almania, and towards the North with the sea Baltique and Muscouia.

The chiefe merchandizes that go out of this realme into other Prouinces are these, Wheate, Rie, and other graine, Spruse or Danske Beare, yellow Amber, Waxe honie, a certaine drinke made of Hony which we call Meade, hydes of Oxen dryed and salted, Flaxe, Hempe, Pitch, and Tarre, Ashes, Clauellees, wood Mazier, and of Cuvelier, and other such like merchandizes.

HVngarie is a verie fruitfull Realme, rich and mightie, and it is bounded on the East with Moldauia, and Valachia, and on the South with Bosnia and Croacia, & on the West with Almania, and on the North with Polonia, it hath manie na∣uigable riuers, wherein are great store of fish, that is to say, Da∣nubius, Dravus, Savus, and Tibistus. The chiefe townes are these, Buda, Gran, Weissenburgh, Rab, Prezburgh, Agria, Colocza, and Belgrada. The inhabitants of this countrey are warlike and hardie, and haue bene long time heretofore a most faithfull Rampyre and Bulwarke to all Christendome, but in the end by reason of their ciuill warres, the better part of them haue bene subdued in our time, and are made most miserable slaues to the Turke.

The Merchandizes which goe out of Hungarie into other Prouinces are these, Golde, Siluer, Copper, and diuers sorts of Collours, Salt, Wine, Wheat, Beefs, and fresh fish of the riuer salted.

SClauonie is bounded on the East with Bulgaria, and Greece, and on the South side with the Gulfe of Venice, and on the West, with the North parte of Italie, and on the North side with Almanie and Hungarie. This Region containeth manie particular Prouinces as Liburnia, Croacia Bosnia, and Balmatia, the chiefe townes whereof are these, Ra∣guza,

Salona, Sabenica, and Zara. Sclauonie at this time is diuided into manie iurisdictions, for one great part thereof is subiect to the Turke, another part to the Emperour of Almany, and the rest situated vpon the sea coast is subiect to the Seniorie of Venice. At this day there is no tongue (the Arabie tongue excepted) that extendeth further than the Sclauonie tongue, for as it is the Vulgar tongue of Sclauonie, so is it familiar to them of Histria, Bohemia, Morauia, Sileucia, Polonia, and to the large Prouinces of the great Duke of Muscouia, Circassia, Pe∣rihoka, Georgiana, Mengrelia, Moldauia, Valachia, Bulga∣ria, Russia, Seruia, Albania, and to part of Hungarie, that is also familiar in the Court of the great Turke, and among his souldiers that serue in Asia and Afrique.

GReece sometime the mother of all science and erudition, is on the East, South and West side inuironed with the sea, but on the North side it is bounded with Seruia and Bul∣garia, it hath in times past valiantly fought with and bea∣ten the Monarchie of Persia for the libertie of their countrie, and finallie by Alexander the great hath triumphed ouer the same, and thereby erected the third Monarchie, by meanes whereof it came to passe that the Gréek tongue was made common through∣out Asia, Syria, and Aegypt, vntill such time as the Saracens and the great Turke did corrupt and change the same. The Empe∣rours did rule in Greece from the time of Constantine the great vnto the yeare 1542. in which yeare Mahomet the great Turke forced the towne of Constantinople, and abolished the Empire of Greece in such sort, as euer since this magnificent and strong imperiall towne of the Christians, hath bene the seat of the Em∣perour of Turkie, and all the countrey made slaues to the Maho∣metanes.

The chiefe merchandizes that come from this countrie to o∣ther Prouinces are these, Gold, Siluer, Copper, Vitrioll, diuers sorts of collours, wines, Oyle, Veluets, Damasks, Grograins, Turquesques and Wood.

ENgland together with Scotland making both but one I∣land is the greatest and mightiest of all Europe. And Eng∣land

is enuironed on all sides with the sea, sauing on the North side, which bordereth vpon Scotland. The aire according to the situation is indifferent temperate, for though it be more North∣ward than Flaunders, yet it is not subiect to such hard frostes and cold winters. The soyle is verie fruitfull, bringing foorth great plenty of wheate and of other corne, it hath great plenty of fruit trées, and there be many large and faire woods, swéete fountaines, floods and riuers full of fish, and a number of good hauens, also it hath many ritch Mines, as of Golde, Siluer, Lead, Iron, and chiefly of fine Tinne, wherefore it may be wor∣thily counted amongst the most puissant and richest Ilandes of the world. This Iland nourisheth also a great nūber of cattel méet for mans vse, and chiefly of shéepe, which yéeldeth fine and good wooll, in which partly consisteth the profite and riches of the countrey, in such sort, as the golden Fléece ought to haue bene sought for in this Iland, and not at Cholcos. The inhabitants most commonly are tall of stature, beautifull and white of vi∣sage, couragious and méet for the warre, also they are ingeni∣ous and studious in the Arte of nauigation, in so much as in these dayes they haue traffique into verie farre countreyes, as into Greece, Natolia, Syria, Aegypt, Barbarie, Muscouia, and into manie other prouinces. London being situated vpon the Thames is the Metropolitane and chiefe towne of this Realme, and the Staple of the trade of Merchandizes, and the Courte royall, but Cambridge and Oxford are Vniuersities.

The Merchandizes sent from England into other prouinces are these, broad Cloaths, Carsies, Stamines, Bayes, Sayes, Saffron, Tin, Leade, Wheate, Barley, Malte, Beare, red Hea∣ring, sea Cole and wood.

SCotland is the North part of this Iland, and is likwise in∣uironed round about with the sea, sauing on that side with which it bordereth vpon England. This Countrey is not so fruitfull as England, notwithstanding it is sufficiently pro∣uided of all things that is néedfull for mans nutriment, it is wa∣tred with diuers armes of the Sea, and is indued with many mountaines full of grasse, which serueth to féede their cattell. E∣denburgh is the Metropolitane citie of this realme, wherein the

kéepeth his court. The Scottishmen are good Souldiers, which can endure scarsitie and the iniuries of the aire, and are very desi∣rous to win honour. The inhabitants of the South part thereof doe speake the English tongue: but those of the North, and those of the Iles Hebrides doe vse the Irish tongue, and those of the Orcades doe vse the Norway tongue.

The Merchandizes which Scotland sendeth to other countries are these, course clothes, Karsies, Stamins, Freeses, Wool, Bar∣lie, Malt, Fish, Hydes, leaden Owre, and Smithes cole.

The contents of the fift page.

IN this page hée describeth Ireland, the Iles A∣zores, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicilia, Candia, nigro Ponte, Stalimene, all which Ilandes doe belong to Europe, and in the latter end of this page hée beginneth to describe Asia.

IReland is nigh vnto England and Scotland, and is very rich in meddow ground, and hath great plentie of cattell as well tame as wilde, and fish as well of the sea, as of fresh riuers, and greate quantity of foule and birdes, but it hath scarsitie of corne by reason of the great moistnesse of the ayre. This Ile is frée from all venemous beastes, the inhabitantes are wilde people, great and strong, and swift in running, and by little and little they waxe euery day tamer than other, vnder the gouerne∣ment of the English men.

THe Iles of Azores are called of the Flemish Pilots & Mar∣riners the Flemmish Iles, because those of Burghes were the first that discouered those Ilands, & albeit that at this present the inhabitants thereof are Portugales, there is yet a remnant of Flemmish families, as of the Bruines, of the Vltrickts & others. These Iles are fruitfull, and bee 9. in number, that is to say, the Ile of S. Marie, S. Michael, Tercera, Graciosa, S. George, Pico, Fayal, Flores, and Coruo.

Tercera amongst all the rest is the strongest, & bringeth foorth diers Wad. The Ile of S. Michael bringeth foorth Sugar, and great aboundance of good Diers Wad.

COrsica is situate in the sea Mediterraneum, and bringeth foorth most excellent wines, rough Horses, and great hun∣ting dogges: and this Ile is gouerned by the Genueses.

SArdinia is a verie fruitfull Ile, and chiefly of Wheat, which is transported from thence into Italie and into Spaine, like∣wise it hath very good Wine, both red and white, and verie good Salt, it hath also certaine mines of siluer, but not of so profitable yéeld as in times past. The inhabitantes are strong, and able to indure great labour and trauell. In great townes they speake the Spanish tongue of Aragon, but in small townes they speake the vulgar tongue of the Ile.

SIcilia hath bene alwayes famous, and is called of Diodo∣rus the Paragon of Iles, also the Gréekes and the Latines haue greatly celebrated this Ile in their writings. This I∣land hath great aboundance of Wheat and of al other grain, also of wine, Sugar, waxe, Honey, Saffron, Silk, and of all things els appertaining to the vse of man. Wherefore this Ile, together with Aegypt was sometime called the Grange of the Romanes. In this Iland is the hil Aetna, which alwayes burneth, and in the sea of Sicill nigh vnto Drepano, as Plinie writeth in his 32. booke and second chapter, there groweth verie faire redde Corall, in shape like to such a trée or bush as is here figured, which while it is vnder the water is gréene and tender, but so soone as it com∣meth into the aire, it waxeth hard like a stone, and is red, there is found thereof also nigh vnto the sea coast of Prouince, also in Italie nigh vnto Monte Alto, and to Naples, likewise in the red sea, and in the Gulfe of Persia, and there be three sorts of Corral, that is, red, blacke, and white.

CAndia sometime called Creta, was in olde time enritched with the famous Labyrinth, and with a hundred cities, it had also a great number of good ships and expert Pilots, this Ile together with the others, as the Ile of Zante, Ce∣phalonia, Corfue, and diuers others, be at this present gouerned by the Senate of Venice.

The Merchandizes transported out of Candia into other pro∣uinces

are these, noble wines, as Malmsey, Muskadine, Corrants graine of Scarlet, Sugar, Christall of the mountaine, Cotton, and Buckeskins.

NIgro Ponte, sometime called Euboia, is a verie fruitfull Ile in Wheate, Oyle and Wine.

STalimene sometime called Lemnos, is an Ile which hath aboundance of wheate, and most excellent Wines. In this Ile they digge out in the moneth of August a certaine medi∣cinable earth called of the Physitians Terra sigillata. There be manie other Iles besides these in Europe, as the Iles of Den∣marke, the Iles of Zeland in Flanders, the Ile Frumentera, Iui∣ca Maiorica and Minorica, and a number of Iles that are in Sclauonie and Greece.

ASia is seperated frō Europe by the floods Tanais & Dwina & from Afrique by the narrow part of land, which is nigh to Aegypt, betwixt the Mediterrane sea, & the red sea. Asia far excéedeth in greatnes both Europe, Afrique, and Per∣vana, and also in riches, as in pearles of great price, and precious stones and spyces it excéedeth all the other countries of the world.

This region hath bene alwayes renowmed by the first and se∣cond Monarchie of the world, obtained by the Syrians & the Per∣sians, as also it is at this day by the mightie Princes of China, and of Persia, and by the puissancie of the Tartarians.

In this part of the world man was created of God, placed in Paradice, seduced by Sathan, and redéemed by our Sauiour Ie∣sus Christ, and in this region, were done in a maner all the histo∣ries and actes mentioned in the old Testament, and a great part of those of the newe Testament. The most celebrated prouinces of Asia are those that belong to the great Duke of Muscovia, also Tartaria and China, the rich prouince of India, as Guzarette, Corasan, Sigistan, Chirmania, Parthia, Persia, Media, Assy∣ria, Armenia, Natolia Syria, and Arabia. The principall Iles of Asia are these, Iapan, Luconia, Mindanao, Borneo, Suma∣tra, Ceilan, and Cypres, for as for the Iles of Gilolo, Moluccas Banda & Celebes, they belong to that part of the world which is

called Magellanica.

The most mightie Potentates of Asia are these, the king of China, the king of Persia, the great Turke, and the Empe∣rour of Russia, otherwise called the great Duke of Muscouia, according to which Seniories all Asia is diuided into sixe partes, that is to say, the Asiaticall prouinces, belonging to the great Duke of Muscouia 1. Tartaria 2. China 3. the Indies 4. the Prouinces of the king of Persia 5. and those of the great Turk 6. And as touching the Asiatical Prouinces of the Emperour of Russia, and of the prouinces of Tartaria, we shall make men∣cion thereof hereafter, when wee come to translate the Tables or Inscriptions written in Latine, marked with the numbers 3. and 4.

The Contents of the 6. page, wherein he describeth China, and the plant of pepper there growing, with the shape thereof.

CHina or Sina is the thirde part of Asia, somtime called of Ptolomy Sinacum regio, which on the East side is enuironed with the sea called of the ancient Geographers Oceanns Sicicus, or the east Ocean, and on the West it is bounded with the Indies and with Brumas, & on the North with Tartaria. This countrey is for many causes estéemed to bée the most ample, the richest & most mightie Realme of all the world, for it extendeth from the 18. degrée to the 55. de∣grée of North latitude, and it containeth in longitude 450. leagues of Almanie, and it is diuided into 15. great prouinces or Realmes, that is, Quincii, otherwise called Paquin, Xanton, Xiancii, Sancii, Suchuan, Honao, Nanquii, Chequiam, Foqui∣em, Cantam, Quancii, Suinam, or Huinam, Quiecheu, Fu∣quam, or Hucquam, and Quiancii. This Realme is adorned with manie nauigable Floods, and full of Fish, it is verie fruit∣full, and bringeth forth great aboundance of all kinde of graine and amongst the rest, of Rice, euery yeare thrée or foure times in a yeare. It hath goodly woods & forrests, wherein do kéepe a num∣ber of wilde Boares, Foxes, Hares, Conies, Sables, and Mar∣tins. The monntaines are full of grasse, seruing to féede in∣finite heardes or troopes of Cattell, both greate and small. There bée also manie mines of precious stones, of Golde, sil∣uer,

Copper, Stéele, and Iron, and a great number of pearles, but not verie round, and great aboundance of silke. The townes there are very great, fortified, and well peoplished, which is easilie knowne by the greatnesse of Cantan, which is one of the least Metropolitane cities of the Realme, and yet it contayneth in circuite 12. Italian miles, and 350. Geometricall paces, which is more than foure houres iourney, not reckoning the sub∣urbs, which are verie large and full of people. The principall Metropolitane towne where the King kéepeth his court, is na∣med Paquine, or Suntie, that is to say in their tongue, the cele∣stiall or heauenlie citie, touching the greatnesse whereof, the Por∣tugals and the Castilians doe write many incredible things, and according to the opinion of manie, that is the selfe same towne which Marcus Paulus Venetus calleth Quinzay, as that which hath diuers names in diuers languages. The like may be said of a towne in Flaunders, which the French men call Lile, the Fleminges Russill, and in Latine it is called Insulae. In these prouinces bée manie good Portes and Hauens vppon the Sea, and a greate number of shippes: by reason whereof the Inhabitantes are mooued to say, that amongst them, there are as manie that dwell in Shippes vpon the Sea, as bee of them that dwell in houses vppon the land, and that their King might easilie make a bridge to passe from China to the towne of Ma∣laccha, which is distant from them 300. Almaine leagues. But aboue all there is one thing worthie of great admiration, and that is a wall which hath in length 400. Spanish leagues, which the King of China caused to be built, to defende the countrey a∣gainst the inuasion of the Tartarians, of which thing if the an∣cient men had had any knowledge, they woulde haue counted this worke amongst the seuen woonders of the world. The inha∣bitantes are men of Spirite, and geuen to labour. There was also inuented by them such a kinde of writing, that euery man of what nation so euer hee were, béeing some what exer∣cised therein might pronounce in his mother tongue, euen as it were ciphered: They inuented also certaine Charri∣ots, wherein they might sayle by the Winde vppon plaine grounde, as they doe in shippes vppon the sea. There are also men amongst them that are well learned in all Sciences

and especially in Architecture, wherein they excell all others, they are great louers of learning, and those that doe excell others therein are promoted to the most honourable estates: they haue good municipall lawes, and will suffer no Stewes, and they for∣bid that any man shall marrie any woman with whome he hath li∣ued before in adulterie, and they gréeuouslie punish all offences, & do forbid idlenes as the mother of manie euils, yea they constrain blind men to get their liuing, by turning with their hands, milles made to grinde corne, or any other things, and in their warres a∣gainst the Tartarians, they get the victorie more by fine polli∣cie and stratagems, and by multitude of people, than by prowesse or feates of Armes. The Portugals doe report that the King bringeth to the field 300/000. footmen, and 200/000. horsmen. Now as touching their religion they be Paynims and supersti∣tious Idolaters, sauing that ther are in many places some Chri∣stians, as Marcus Paulus Venetus testifieth.

The chiefest Merchandizes transported out of China into o∣ther prouinces are these, Golde, precious stones, Pearles, Muske, Rubarbe, the medicinable root, China, Purslane, aboundance of silke, Sugar, Rice, and all sorts of graine. The plant of Pep∣per is sowne at the roots of other trées, but specially at the roote of that Indian trée, which is called Faufell, and at the roote of the Date trée, to the tops whereof it climeth vp, much like as Iuie doth vpon a trée, or like to that which is called in Latine Clematis in English Perwinkle, which will winde about euery hearbe that groweth nigh it, the root is but small, and his leaues thinlike vnto Citron leaues, but somewhat lesse, and sharpe pointed, gréene and biting in the taste, the graines doe grow nigh one to another, like the long grape, and are alwayes gréene vntil they be through ripe and drie, there be two kinds thereof, that is, white and blacke, but the plants of both are much like to our white and red Vines. Pep∣per groweth in places neere the sea side of Malacha, and in the Iles of Sunda and Cuda, situated nigh vnto the Ile Iaua maior, but the best kind of Pepper most plentifully groweth in the pro∣uince of Malabar, betwixt the Cape Comori and the cape Ca∣nonar, but long Pepper is found in the realme of Bengala, and is another kind of plant, altogether vnlike to this.

The Contentes of the seuenth page: wherein he first descri∣beth the red figge tree of India, and setteth downe the shape thereof, then he describeth the East Indies, and last of all hee sheweth the nature of the Elephant, whose shape he setteth downe in the same page.

THe Indian figge trée groweth round about Goa, the bodie thereof is high and great, and exten∣ding his braunches in a round forme, which like yellow or golden fillets do stoope down towards the earth, and so soone as it toucheth the earth, it bringeth foorth a newe generation of trées, which differeth nothing at all from the mother but onely in thick∣nesse, des Souches, and the branches of those doe bring foorth new trées in like manner, in so much as the mother with her off∣spring will in short time spread as much grounde as containeth an Italian mile in circuit, the fruites are small Figges, and red as blood, as well without as within.

India tooke his name from the Flood Indus, which bordereth towards the East vpon the Realme of China, and towards the South vpon the great Ocean of India, and towardes the West vpon the sea of Arabia, and also vpon the Flood Indus, and to∣wards the North vpon the sea Mare Euxinum, or Mar maior, and vpon Bramas.

This countrey is iudged at this day, as it hath bene long since to be the noblest and richest countrey in all the whole world, and it is diuided by the Flood Ganges into 2. partes, whereof the West part is called Indostan, or India intra Gangem, and the East part is called India extra Gangem, and it containeth many pro∣uinces and Realms, as Cambaiar, Delli, Decan, Bisnagar, Ma∣labar, Narsingar, Orixa, Bengala, Sanga, Mogores, Tipura, Gouros, Aua, Pegua, Aurea, Chersonesus, Sina, Camboia, and Campaa. These prouinces are watred with a number of goodly ri∣uers, amongst the which Indus and Ganges are the most renow∣med riuers of the world. Moreouer, these prouinces do abound in al things that may grow either within the earth or vpon the earth, except it be copper and lead, as Plinie affirmeth, also al manner of Plants that grow there are very great, braue and excellent good

India exéedeth all other countries in precious stones and in spi∣ces, furnishing therewith almost all the worlde. It hath many rich mines of Gold, and great store of faire pearle, also greate multitude of all manner of cattell, horses onely excepted, which are brought thither out of Persia and Arabia. It is not long since that Callicute was the chiefe towne of Merchandize in India, but at this present Goa is the chiefe: there is also great trafique vsed at Dio, at Cananor, at Cochin, at Bengala, at Pegu, at Malacha, and at Sian.

Of the Elephant.

THe Elephant amongst all other foure footed beastes is the greatest saue the Dragon and the Crocodyle, he is very ingenious, in so much, as it is incredible that which the an∣cient men write of him, and also the moderne, which haue sought more diligently to know his nature and disposition, hée is of force incredible, and méete to drawe shippes and boats both out of the water and into the water, and to drawe artillery and ordinance, hée is also méete for the warre, his téeth that shoot out of his mouth are Iuorie, there is great number of them found in the Indies, and in Afrique, but the greatest and fittest for war, are found in the Ile of Ceiland, nigh to Calicute.

The Contents of the 8. page, in which he describeth the beast called Rhinoceros, and setteth downe his shape, and he describeth the Sinamon tree, shewing the shape of the trunke and of the leaf therof, and also the Muske Cat, with her shape, and in the latter end of the page he describeth the Realme of Persia.

THe beast called Rhinoceros, is as long and as large as the Elephant, but not so high, for his legges are shorter, hee is armed not like a Tor∣toise (as Plancius saith) for that is couered a•• ouer with one shell, whereas this beast is armed with manifold strong, hard, & thick skales, whic•• are yellow and spotted with purple, he hath a strong horne or bon••

vpon his nose, whereof he taketh his name, and hee hath another little horne vpon his backe, and he is a great enemie by nature vn∣to the Elephant, he is found in the Realmes of Cambaia, and of Bengala.

The Sinamon tree.

THe Sinamon trée, is as big as the Oliue trée, the bran∣ches and griftes whereof are verie right, his leaues in col∣lour are like to those of the Laurell trée, but in shape like to those of the Citron, his Flowers are white, and the fruites there∣of are blacke and round, like a hazell Nut, the Sinamon it selfe is no other but the barke of the sayd trée, which groweth in the Prouince of Malabar, and in the Iles of Iava and Mindanao, but the best is found in the Ile of Ceiland.

The Muske Catte.

THe Muske Cat, is like in shape to a common Cat, but shée is greater than either Catte or Foxe, her muzzell is somewhat long and armed with sharpe téeth, and with harsh haire, which haires (béeing angry) she will set vp as a Swine doth his bristles, she is in collour like a Wolfe, but that she is spotted with blacke spottes, the nether part of her Muzzel and the haires of her beard are white, her féete are blacke, her flanckes are whitish, and doe waxe whiter and whiter towardes her bellie, and next to her genitories, shee hath a little bagge like to a bladder or purse, into the which doeth fall the precious greace or humour, which they call Ciuet and Zibeth, which Ciuet is gathered out from thence with a spoone, if shee bee in mans kéeping, but when she is abroad and at her owne libertie, her bagge being full, shee will voyd that Ciuet of her selfe, and it will yéelde such a swéete sauour, as all they that sayle by that coast may smell it a farre off, as I haue heard. These musk Cattes are brought from the Realmes of Pegu and Tarnassary.

The description of Persia.

AS those in Persia haue enioyed in times past the second Monarchie of the world, so at this present they be stil very

mightie, for the king of Persia is one of the greatest Potentates in the whole world, as hée which commandeth all the great pro∣uinces that doe border towards the East vpon the Flood Indus, and towards the South vpon the sea called Mare Caspium, and vpon the Flood Oxo, within which limittes, are comprehended all the greatest Realmes and landes, which the ancient Geogra∣phers were woont to call by these names, Assyria, Media, Susia∣na, Persia, Parthia, Hircania, Margiana, Bactriana, Pa••opa∣nisa, Aria, Drangiana, Arachosia, Caramania, and part of Ar∣menia maior, the which at this present are called by other names as you may sée in the Map.

The Persians are a hardie and warlike people, and thought to be the best ryders or horsinen in all the worlde, they haue verie hard warres with the Turks, they be of most frée and gentle na∣ture, louers of ciuility, they make great account of learning and Sciences, they honour Nobilitie, wherein they greatly differ from the Turkes. Now as touching their religion, they be Ma∣hometists, and yet in such sort, as both they and the Turkes doe count each one the other as Heretiques in that religion.

From the prouinces of Persia are transported into other parts of the world these Merchandizes, stones called Turquesses, very faire and excellent pearles, great quantity of silke, Veluet, Da∣maske armour, and a great number of most excellent horses.

The Contents of the 9. page.

IN this page he describeth and setteth downe the shape of the precious stone named Bezar, and the Dominions of the great Turk in Asia, and the ci∣tie Aden in Arabia, also hée describeth the beast called Cameleopardalis, and setteth downe his shape, also he setteth down the shape of thrée of the greatest Pyra∣mides that are in Aegypt.

Of the stone Bezar.

THe stone Bezar or rather Pazar (for that is his right name) groweth in Persia in manner de Boucz, named Pazan, which are of diuers collours, but most commonlie redde.

This stone Bezar groweth in a concauitie in manner of a gir∣dle about two handfull long and thrée inches broad, it is medi∣cinable, and of great efficacie against all manner of poysons and venoms, and many other maladies, there is to be found of them in the entrie of Malacha and also in Pegu, but the best of them are in Persia.

Of the dominions which the great Turke hath in Asia.

THe great Turke doth possesse in Asia, Natolia, sometime called Asia minor, and almost all Armenia, Mesopota∣mia, called at this present Diarbech, or Diarbekir, Sy∣ria, and a great part of Arabia, the most notable Mer∣chant townes of this countrey are these, Trapezunda, Alepp. and a porte vpon the sea called Tripoli, also Aman, Damasco, with his port Barutti and Mecha.

The Merchandizes that are sent from these Prouinces into o∣ther countries are these, great quantitie of silke, Veluet, Damask Turkie Carpets, Cotton, and grain of Skarlet.

The Citie Aden.

ADen is the chiefe Merchant towne of the vpper part of Arabia, which is gouerned by diuers Kinges, and this towne sendeth into other Prouinces of the fayrest Pearles, the true Baulme, Frankenscence, Mirrhe, and Horses.

The Beast called Camelopardalis.

THis beast is called of the Arabians, Gyraffa, but the name Camelopardalis is compounded of Camel and Pardale, which is a Leoparde, hée hath a verie long necke like vn∣to the Cammell, and is spotted with many spots, as is the Pardale or Leopard, he is a faire beast, and of gentle nature, as the shéepe, his head is like vnto the heade of a Hart or Stag, but greater, his hornes are small topped, and couered with haire, and are about a handfull and a halfe long, hee hath eares tongue and féete like to an Oxe, his forelegges are long and

tall, and his hinder legges are short, whereby he séemeth alwaies to stand right vp, his head is somewhat higher than the Cam∣mell, and this beast is to be found in Arabia, Aethiopia, and India.

The Pyramides.

IN Aegypt are manie Pyramides, whereof the two greatest are counted amongst the seuen woonders of the worlde, the greatest of them (as witnesseth Peter Belon) who most di∣ligentlie viewed the same, is at the foote foure square, and euerie square containeth in length 324. paces, and in height 250. degrées or steppes, and euerie steppe hath in breadth 45. inches, which is thrée foote and 9. inches, but hée setteth not down what depth euerie steppe hath, which must not bée ouer déepe: for then how can anie man easilie mount vp to the toppe there∣of, for hée saith it is plaine in the toppe, and so large as 50. per∣sons may stand thereon. It is found by writing that 360/000 men wrought 20. yeares in building this Pyramides.

The second great Pyramides is somewhat lesse, and smooth on the outsides without any degrées or steppes, and the toppe thereof is sharpe pointed.

The contents of the 10. page.

IN this page hée describeth the Crocodyle, and set∣teth downe the shape thereof, secondlie, hee sheweth whereof the Mummie is bred. Thirdly, he describeth the Vnicorne, and setteth down his shape.

The Crocodyle.

THe Crocodyle is found in Aegypt, in the flood Nilus, and in India in the flood Ganges, and in the two Prouinces Mexicana and Pervana in manie riuers. This is a foure footed beast, which hath a horrible head, sharpe téeth, a verie small tongue, and a thicke tayle, and his skinne is hard and armed with hard scales, the nether parte of his mouth is

immooueable, and the vpper part mooueable, contrarie to all beastes, hée doth deuoure both men and beastes, and doth kéepe more in the water than on the land, and that which is greatly to be woondred at, hée is ingendred of an Egge, as great as a Goose egge, and hee groweth by little and little vntill hee come to the length of 18. cubites, or as some say to 22. cubites, which ma∣keth 33. foote.

Of Mummie.

MVmmie is made of bodies embaulmed, which they bring from Aegypt, whereas manie such embaulmed bodies were buried, about foure houres iourney beyond Cayre, whereas was sometime the great citie of Memphis, for before the natiuitie of Iesus Christ the Egyptians béeing Pay∣nims did spare no cost to kéepe the bodies of their Parents from putrifaction, and therefore they are great palpable lyes, whereby fooles are perswaded, that the Mummie procéedeth of those bodies which do perish in the sands that be in the deserts of Arabia, as though it were possible that those bodies could bee preserued in those sands without stench or putrifaction.

Of the Vnicorne.

THe Vnicorne, as Lewes Vartiman testifieth, who saw two of them in the towne of Mecha, is of the height of a yoong horse or colt of 30. moneths old, which is two yeares and a halfe olde, hée hath the head of a Hart, and in his forehead he hath a sharpe pointed horne thrée cubites long, hée hath a long necke, and a mane hanging downe on the one side of his necke, his legges are slender, as the legges of a Goat, and his féete are clouen much like to the Goate, his hinder féete are hairy, and his haire in collour is like to a bay horse. This beast in countenance is cruell and wilde, and yet notwithstanding mixt with a certaine swéetnes or amiablenes. His horne is of a merueilous greate force and vertue against Venome and poyson. The Vnicorne is founde in Aethiopia, like as the Indian Asse is found in India, which hath likewise one onely horne in his forehead,

The Contentes of the 11. Page, wherein hee first descri∣beth Afrique, and then certaine fruites and spices, as Nut∣megs, Mace, & cloues, & setteth downe the shape of them, then he sheweth which bee the mightiest Princes in Afrique, and thirdly he describeth Mexicana, which is the first north part of America.

AFrique being the third part of the World, is sepe∣rated from Europe and Asia by the sea Mediter∣raneum and the red Sea, and by the land straight which is betwixt Aegypt and Palestina. The chiefe Prouinces of Afrique are these, Aegypt, Barba∣rie, Biledulgarid, Sarra, Aethiopia, Nubia, the large Prouin∣ces of the Abassines, falsly called the lande of Prester Iohn, and also Monomotopa. The most renowmed Iles belonging to Afrique are these, Socotora, Madagascar, S. Thomas, the Iles of Capo Verde, and the Iles of Canarie and Madera.

The Nutmegge tree.

THe Nutmeg trée groweth in the Ile of Bada, and diffe∣reth not much from the Peach trée, sauing that the leaues of the Peach trée are shorter and rounder: The fruit is couered with a thicke bark or huske, which when it is ripe cleaueth in sunder, and sheweth the Nut together with the shell, which is couered with Mace, the which at the first viewe is as red as Skarlet, and pleasant to behold, but when the Nut wax∣eth drie, the Mace do seuer from the Nut, and loosing by little and little their Skarlet collour, do waxe nigh vnto the collour of an Orange.

Of the Cloue tree.

THe Cloue trée groweth in the Iles of Moluccas, which in greatnes and shape is like vnto the Lawrell trée, sauing that the leafe thereof is somewhat narrower. It hath many branches, and a great number of flowers, first white, afterward gréene, and then red, but being dried, they become black. The cloues do grow vpon the outermost ends of the branches, one hard by another and

whilest the flowers are gréene they excel all other flowers in swéet odour.

The chiefest Princes of Africa

THe most puissant Princes of Afrique are these, the Empe∣rour of the Moores or Ethiopians, which of the Arabians and of the Mahometistes is called Aticlabassi, and of his owne subiects, he is called Acegue and Neguz of the Abassines, that is to say, Emperor and King of the Abassines and Mores. Then the king of Monomotapa, the king of Morocho, the king of Fez and Sus. The great Turke also possesseth many prouinces in Afrique.

The chiefest Merchandizes that come from Afrique into Eu∣rope are these, Gold, Iuory, wood of Ebony, Aloes, Baulme of Aegypt, Mummie, Mirrhe, Anil feathers, Sugar, Ginger, Dates and wines of Madera, and of the Ile of Canarie.

Mexicana.

MExicana which is the fourth part of the world, is on all sides enuironed with the sea, sauing that nigh vnto Nom∣bre de Dios it is ioyned by a land strait to Peruana. The chiefe prouinces of Mexicana are these, the prouince of Mexico, otherwise called nova Hispania, terra Florida, Norum Bega, nova Francia, Estotiland, Saguenay, Chilaga, Tocon∣teae, Marata, California, Tolm, Quivira, Agama, and Anian. The chiefest Iles lying on the North & Northeast part of Mex∣icana are these, Groynland, Crockland, Island, Freezland, Ba∣calaos, and Cuba.

The cheife Merchandizes that come from Mexicana into Eu∣rope are these, Gold, Siluer, Pearles, Cochenilles, to die with, Baulme, Salsaparillia, the root Mechoicana, Brimston, hydes of Oxen and Molue.

The contents of the 12. page.

IN this Page he first describeth the beast called in that tongue Aiotochli, in Spanish Armadillio. Then he describeth the 2. Prouinces Peruana, and Magella∣nica, then hee sheweth which hee the most mightie Princes of the world, and finally the diuers qualities of the people inhabiting the world.

THe beast Armadillio is found in the Realme of Mexico, and he is no bigger than a cat, hee is headed like a Swine, and hath the féet of a Herison, and a long tayle, he is armed with scales, whereof he taketh his name, he keepeth for the most part within the ground, and as some suppose, doth liue by the earth, by reason that he is neuer seene to eat abroad out of his den, the bones of his tayle are medicinable, and do remedie the paine and deaffnes of the eares.

Though Plancius saith that this beast is armed with scales, yet my countryman William Greenway, who is a proper seruiter both by sea and land, and hath bene in the West Indies, and hath eaten of this beast, affirmeth his flesh to be white & verie delicate, and that he hath no scales, but that his skin is white and smooth like to a pig new scalded, and that sometime hée will shrinke vp the skin vpon his backe into diuers plates, and specially towards his fore partes and hinder partes, in such sort, as hee will make them almost to méete, and the former plates do hang downe vpon his shoulders like vnto two Poldrons, and his haire is white and short, growing thin here and there one, and he is eared and tailed like a rat, euen as he is here portraide, sauing that he is through∣out of one selfe collour, and without scales.

Peruana.

PErvana being the fift part of the world, is also enuironed on all sides with the sea, saue wheras the foresaid landstrait doth ioyne the same to Mexicana, and the chiefe prouinces which it containeth are these, Brasilia, Tisnada, Caribana, Cartha∣gena, Peru, Charchas, Chili, Chica, & the land of the Patagones▪ The most renowmed Iles are these, Hispaniola, otherwise called S. Domingo, Boriquen, & Margarita, which is the Ile of pearls.

The Merchandizes which are transported out of Pervana in∣to Europe are these, gold, siluer, Emeralds, Pearls, the medicina∣ble stone called Bezoar, Baulme, Ginger, Sugar, wood of Brasill, wood of Guaicum, called Lignum vitae, long Pepper, Pepper of Brasill, Cassia solutiva and hides of Oxen.

Magellanica.

THis is the sixt part of the worlde, which as yet is but little knowne, in such sort as we cannot write any thing touching

the prouinces of the same, notwithstanding it is thought the pro∣uince of Beach is verie rich, and hath aboundance of Golde, the chiefe Iles of Magellanica are these, Iava maior, and Iava minor, Timor, Banda, the Molucques, Romeros, the Iles of Salomon.

From the Ile Timor doth come into Europe, the white and pale medicinable simple called Sandalum.

From the Iles Banda doth come Nutmegs and Maces.

And from the Iles Molucques Cloues.

Which be the great Princes of the World?

THe most mightie Princes of the world are these fiue, that is, the King of China, otherwise called the great Cham 1. the king of Persia 2. the great Turke 3. the Emperour of Aethiopia 4. the Emperor of Russia, otherwise called the great Duke of Mus∣covia 5. amongst which the king of China is a Pagan or Hea∣then: and the great Turke and the king of Persia are Mahome∣tists: but the Emperour of Aethiopia and the great Duke of Mus∣covia do make profession of the Christian religion. Now as tou∣ching the king of Spaine, his puissance should bee much greater than it is, if his prouinces were not so seperated, and so farre di∣stant on from another.

The qualities of diuers people in the World.

AS touching the qualities of peoples, though God almigh∣ty hath created al men of one selfe blood, and that all do take their beginning from the Arke of Noah, and that all men be of one selfe qualitie and shape of body, yet they differ in greatnesse, in proportion of members, and in collour: for the Pa∣tagones doe excéede all other creatures in greatnes. Againe, the men of China haue most commonly broad faces, little cies, flatte noses, and little beards, and those that haue smallest féete, are counted amongst them to be most beautifull, those of Africa haue grosser and thicker lippes than other people, the inhabitants of Agysimba, and of Guinea, and speciallie of the lands that be nigh vnto Cape de bona esperanza, are blacke, from whome the Ori∣entall Indians do not much differ.

The Abassines or Moores of Aegypt, be of a duskish collour lyke to the Oliffe, the Inhabitants of Barbarie, be called white Moores, and those that dwell betwixt them and the Nigrites or blacke Moores be of a yellowish collour, the Spaniardes haue not found eyther in Mexicana, or in Pervana any Nigrites or Blackmoores, but onely in certaine villages nigh vnto Carque, the other nations vnder the hotte Zone, bee of collour browne bay, lyke a chessenut, and the nigher that they dwell to eyther of the Poles Arctique or Antarctique, the whiter most common∣ly they be, and as touching the rest all are like in qualities, shape, and fashion of bodie, as hath bene said before, wherfore they are méere lies that are woont to be told of the Pigmeans, in that they should bee but a foote and a halfe high, and likewise that which hath bene spoken of people, that shuld haue their heads their noses, their mouthes, and their eies in their breastes, or of those that are headed lyke a dog, or of those that haue but one eie, and that in their forehead, or of those that haue but one foote and that so great, as that it couereth and shadoweth all their bo∣die, or of those that haue greate eares hanging downe to the ground. All these are méere lyes, inuented by vaine men to bring fooles into admiration, for monsters are as well borne in Eu∣rope, as in other partes of the world.

NOwe in the foure pages following, hee setteth downe an interpretation of the Latine inscriptions dispersed throughout the Mappe, euerie which inscription hath his number added, which I doe also heare set downe in the same order, ioyning to euery number his longitude and la∣titude, to the intent you may the more easilie find out the said in∣scriptions, of which inscriptions there be in all 71. diuided into fiue partes, whereof the first parte conteineth 21. inscriptions, be∣longing partlie to Europe, but most to Asia, the second part containeth 12. inscriptions belonging to Afrique, the thirde part contayneth 11. inscriptions, belonging to Mexicana, the fourth parte contayneth 6. inscriptions belonging to Peruana, and the fift part containeth 21 inscriptions, belonging to Magel∣lanica.

The 21. inscriptions belonging to Europe, but most to Asia.

The number of inscrip.	Longitude	Latitude	North or South.
1	5.	85.30′·	North.
THis arme of the sea doth take his course through 3. places running continually towards the North pole, and is frozen 3. moneths of the yeare, and it containeth in breadth about 37. leagues.
2	38 0′·	86.30′·	North.
It is said that this Countrey is inhabited of Owarttes called in Latin Pigmei, being in height foure foot as those be of Groin∣land, which are called Serelinges.
3	81. 0′·	77. 0′·	North.
Muscouia is bounded on the North side with the sea Puzo∣rique, called of the ancient Geographers Mare Glaciale, that is, the frozen sea, and towardes the East it bordereth vpon Tar∣taria, and towards the South vpon the sea called Mare Caspi∣um and also vpon the Turkes, and Tartaries Perocopsiques, and towardes the West, it bordereth vpon Lituania, Livonia, and vpon the Realme of Swethland: as touching their religion they obserue the Faith and ceremonies of the Gréeke Church, all their Bishops called in their language Vladiques, and also their Metropolitane are vnder the obedience of the Patriarch of Constantinople. The people is wise and subtill, and yet lo∣uing seruitude more than libertie or fréedome, and they all con∣fesse themselues to be the sernants and slaues of the great Duke, hauing seldome or neuer peace, for either they haue warres with those of Lituania, or with those of Livonia, or with those of Swethland, or with the Tartarians, or if they haue no warres, then they lie in garrison nigh vnto the 2. floods Tanais and Dwi∣na, to defend their bounds from the depredations and inuasions of the Tartaries, they sharply punish robbers and stealers, and yet priuie theft and murder is seldome punished with death: their sil∣uer money is not rounde, but hath the forme of an egge, their countrey is euery where ful of woods, and they haue great aboun∣dance of rich furres, they send into all countries of Europe very

good Flaxe and hempe to make Cables and ropes, and a great number of hides, as well of Oxen as of Elkes, great balles of Waxe, much salted Fish, and Whales grease. The great Duke, called of his seruantes the Emperour of Russia, is rightly ac∣counted amongst the most mightie Monarches of the world.
4	98. 0′·	82. 0′·	North.
This arme of the sea hath 5. mouthes or entries, and by reason son that it is so straight and hath so violent a course, it is neuer frozen.
5.	123. 30′·	58. 0′·	North.
Vnder the name of Tartarie at this day are comprehended all the prouinces that border towards the East vpon the sea of China & towards the South, are limitted with the prouinces of China, of India, with the flood Oxio, with the sea Mare Caspium, & with the lake or marish called Palus Meotis, & towards the West they are bounded with the flood Boristenes, & with the limits of Mus∣couia: for the Tartarians haue conquered all the countries which they possesse at this present, so as Tartary comprehendeth all that countrey which the ancient men were woont to call Sarmasia, Asi∣atica, and also the Scythias, that is, intra Imaum and extra Ima∣um, they began first to bee renowmed in Europe, in the yeare of Christ 1212. The Tartarians are diuided into certaine commo∣nalties, and Colonies, called of them Hordes, but for so much as they dwell in diuers prouinces, that do extend far, and be farre di∣stant one from another, they differ also in their manners and trade of life, they be men of a square stature, hauing broade and grosse faces, their eies hollow sunke into their heads, and looking some∣what a squint, and thick beards, they be strong of bodie and hardy, they eat horses and all other beastes howe so euer they are slaine, sauing hogges, from which they abstaine, they are able to endure hunger, thirst, watch, and all discommodities, and when they are distressed in their voyages with hunger and thirst, they let their horses blood, and with that blood quench their hunger and thirst, which kind of meat they cal in their language Besermannen, they call theyr Emperour Cham, that is to say, Prince, and there∣fore

Cambalu is interpreted to be the seat or towne of the prince.
6	125. 40′·	50. 0′·	North.
This round lake in the prouince of Sancii, tooke his first origi∣nall and beginning in the yeare 1557. by reason of an inunda∣tion or flood, which carried away 7. townes, besides villages and other places nigh adioyning, & a great multitude of people, wher∣of none were saued but onely one infant, sitting vpon a trée.
7	124 0′·	37. 0′·	North.
The inhabitantes of China, are of good spirit and ingenious, insomuch as they haue inuented certaine kinde of carts, where∣in they may sayle vpon euen ground, hauing wind, and sayle as they doe in shippes vpon the sea.
8	171. 30′·	80. 30′·	North.
Plancius in this inscription setteth downe the opinion of Mer∣cator, touching the beginning of longitude, and touching the A∣damant stone, otherwise called the Lodestone, in Latine Magnes. Frances of Diep, a most skilfull Pilot, doth witnesse that the néedle of the Mariners compasse, doth turn directlie to the North Pole, being in the Ilands of Capo Verde, that is to say, the Ile of Sal, the Ile of Bonauista, and the Ile of Mayo, whereunto those doe agrée very nigh, which do say that the néedle doth the like in the Iles of Tercera, and of S. Marie, which are part of the Flemmish Iles, otherwise called the Azores: but some others do affirme, that the néedle sheweth the North pole best, being in the Ile of Corvo, which is the furthest Ile westward of the said Azo∣res, and because the longitude of places by most liuely reasons, ought to take his beginning from the common Meridian of the world, and from the rocke or Pole of the Adamant stone, we here following the opinion of those that are most skilfull in this mat∣ter, haue set downe the first Meridian betwixt the Iles of Capo Verde, and the Azores, and because the néedle in al other places, declineth either more or lesse from the Pole of the world, ther must néeds be another Pole in some one place wherunto the néedle doth

incline from all coastes of the worlde, and I haue found by the declination of the néedle obserued at Ratisbone, otherwise cal∣led Regensberg, that is the same place, which I haue set down in the Mappe, and I haue likewise marked in this Carde, the situation of the Pole of the stone, in respect of the Ile Corvo, to the intent that according to the outermost places limitted by the first Meridian, the outermost boundes, betwixt which, this Pole ought to bee found, might be knowne, vntill the diligent and curious consideration of the Pilots shall bring vs somthing of more certaintie. Thus farre Mercator.
9	162. 0′·	71. 0′·	North.
These are the plaine fieldes of Bargu, whereof the inhabi∣tants are called Mecriti.
10	154. 30′·	62. 0′·	North.
The Mount Askai, in which are to bée séene the sepulchers of the Kings of Tartary.
11	171. 30′·	70. 0′·	North.
Vpon this Mountaine are set by the Tartarians two trum∣petters of brasse, for a perpetuall memorie of their freedome gotten.
12.	175. 0′·	67. 0′·	North.
The Prouince Vng, which of our men is called Gogg.
13	170.30′·	65. 20′·	North.
The Realme of Tendus, which in the time of Marcus Pau∣lus Venetus, which was in the yeare 1290. was gouerned by those Christians, which descended from the king Vncham.
14	165. 30′·	65. 0′·	North.
The Castell of King Vncham was builded in this place, against the inuasion of the Tartarians.

15	157. 0′·	65. 30′·	North.
The Prouince Mongul, which of our men is called Magogg.
16	159. 20′·	66. 0′·	North.
The desert Belgian, which is very great, all sandie and bar∣raine.
17	159. 0′·	61. 30′·	North.
In this Countrie of Cergutha, is found the best sort of muske, which groweth like as an impostume or bagge, nigh vnto the na∣uell of a certaine beast.
18	165. 30′·	58. 0′·	North.
Campion is the Metropolitane Towne of Tanguth, wheras the inhabitants are partly Christians, partly Idolaters, and partly Mahometists.
19	158 30′·	53 0′·	North.
This wall hath in length 400. Spanish leagues, and was built betwixt the mountaines by the King of China, against the inua∣sions and excursions of the Tartarians.
20	176. 0′·	40. 0′·	North.
Iapan hath thrée Ilands much renowmed, separated one from another by a straite of the sea, whereof the first and greatest is de∣uided into 53. Prouinces or Realmes, of which Meaco is the Metropolitane citie, the second is called Xima, which hath nine Prouinces or Realmes, the third is called Xicoca which contai∣neth but foure Prouinces or Realmes.
21	71 0′·	29. 0′·	North.
Medina Talnabi, is the towne wherein is to be séene the Se∣pulchre of Mahomet.

The 12. Inscriptions belonging to Afrique.

The number of inscrip.	Longitude	Latitude	North or South.
1	67. 0′·	26. 0′·	North.
Coptos is a trim Marchant Towne, whereto are brought the Marchandises of India, and of Arabia, in which towne are dwel∣ling many Christians.

2	58. 0′·	21. 0′·	North.
The flood Nilus, which by his inundations doth yearely wa∣ter and fatte the Countrie of Egypt, and maketh it meruailous fruitefull.
3	55 0′·	17 0′·	North.
The flood Nubia, taketh his originall from the lake Nuba, as Ptolomie sayth.
4	50. 0′·	15. 0′·	North.
The flood Niger, here taketh his course, running vnder the ground 50. leagues.
5	62 0′·	5. 0′·	North.
In this place is the ample iurisdiction of the Emperour of Aethiopia, wrongfully called of those of Europe, the lande of Prester Iohn, the Arabs and the Moores doe call him Aticla∣bassi, but his owne subiects doe call him Acegue, and Neguz, that is asmuch to say, as Emperour and King.
6	58 30′·	2. 30′·	North.
The mount Amara, whereas are most carefully kept with continuall watch and ward of souldiers, the children and Grand∣children of the Emperours of Aethiopia.
7	53. 0′·	7. 0′·	South.
It is said that this countrie is inhabited of Amazones, which are women that make warre.
8	55. 40′·	15. 30′·	South.
In this place the King of Monomotopa, hath his great and ample iurisdictions.
9	42. 30′·	15. 40′·	South.
This South part of Afrique, vnknowne to the auncient wri∣ters, is called by those of Persia and of Arabia, Zanzibar.
10	45. 30′·	1. 0′·	South.
Heere is digged out of the Mines, great aboundance of golde.

11	30. 20′·	20. 0′·	North.
Libia or inwarde Afrique, is at this day called Sarra, or the deserts.
12	19. 0′·	15. 30′·	North.
The people Azanagi, are of colour blacke graye, and they couer their mouthes as a member of shame, and doe neuer vnco∣uer them but when they eate.

The 11. Inscriptions belonging to Mexicana.

The number of inscrip.	Longitude.	Latitude	North or South.
1	301. 30′·	81. 0′·	North.
This Ile is thought to be the best and most holesome of all the North parts.
2	301. 0′·	74. 0′·	North.
The Ile of Crockland, the inhabitants whereof say that they had their originall from Swethland.
3	311. 0′·	61. 30′·	North.
In the yeare of our Lorde, 1500. one Gaspar Corteri∣ale a Portingale, entred into these Regions, hoping to haue found some passage on the North towardes the Iles Moluc∣ques, but arriuing at the Riuer, which by meanes of the abun∣dance of snowe there falling, is called Rio Neuado, which hath in North Latitude 62. degrées, he did leaue to sayle any further towardes the North, by reason of the great colde there, and turning to the South did fetch in all the sea coastes vntill hee came to Capo Razo, which hath in North Latitude about 48. de∣grées: and in the yeare 1504. the Britaines were the first that discouered all the sea costes of new France in America, nigh vn∣to the Golfe of Saint Laurence, which hath in North Latitude about 50. degrées and in the yeare 1524. Iohn Verazzan a Florentine, did part from the Port of Diep, the 17. of March, in the behalfe of Frances king of France, and sayled towardes the South sea coast of newe France, whereas he arriued at the 34. degrée of North Latitude, and from thence sayled towardes the East, viewing all the Sea costs vntill he came to Cape Bri∣taine, which hath in North Latitude about 46. degrées.

3	311. 0′·	61. 30′·	North.
And in the yeare 1534. new France was againe visited by the Admirall Iaques Cartier, and in the yeare next following, it was conquered to the vse of the King of France, also in the yeare 1577. Martin Furbosher Englishman, arriued at ye north straite which is betwixt Groinland & Estotiland, that place hauing by this Map in the North latitude 65. deg. séeking passage by the North vnto Cathay, wheras he found certain Iles, & a mine of gold, wherwith hauing loden his ships, he returned into England with great hope of profite, but his successe was not answerable to his hope.
4	275. 20′·	70. 0′·	North.
This daungerous beast is called Sucaratha, which being cha∣sed of Hunters, doth take her young ones vpon her backe, to saue both her selfe and them by flight.
5	271. 0′·	64. 30′·	North.
This is a great lake or sea of fresh water, the limits whereof are vnknowne as they of Canada doe say, and as they haue heard by relation of those of Saguenay.
6.	293. 30′·	52. 0′·	North.
Alongst this Riuer a man may saile very commodiously, to∣wardes the countrie of Saguenay.
7▪	287. 0′·	47. 40′·	North.
All those that dwell betwixt Terra Florida, & Terra de Labo∣rador be called by one cōmon name Canadois, but there be many diuers Nations as those of Hochelada, Honqueda, & Corterea∣lia, they are all very courteous to strangers, they liue cōmonly by fish, & they are clothed with skins of wild beasts, as they be also that dwell further towards the North, this countrie is also called new France, because the Britaines which are French men did first dis∣couer it in the yeere of our Lorde 1504. the conquest wherof was atchieued by the Admirall Iaques Cartier in the yeare of our lord 1535. to the behoofe & vse of the French king. In the mountaines towardes the South, doe dwell many and diuers Nations, which be cruell people, liuing without any law, & do séeke by continuall warre, to vexe and oppresse one an other, as the people Auanares,

Albardi, Calicuares, Tag••••es, Apalcheni, Mocose, Capaschi, Chilage, and many others, amongst which there be some of such agilitie and swiftnesse, as they may contend with horses, who can run fastest, they eate as those of Florida, certaine kind of Spiders, Ants or Pismires, Leazards, Adders & other venemous beasts. The land of Baccalaos, is so called of the fish Baccalaos, which is there taken. Terra Florida is so called of Easter day, because Iohn Ponce of Lion did discouer it on Easter day, in the yeare 1512. the which day is called of the Spaniards Pasqua du flo∣res: this is a fertile countrie and rich in gold.
8	271. 0′·	39. 0′·	North.
Marcus Nizza testifieth that this Prouince called the seuen Cities, is a very good countrey with whom Frances Vasker doth not agrée, for he saith they be places of no value, and like to Vil∣lages, and be vnder the iurisdiction of Ceuola, which at this pre∣sent is called of the Spaniards Noua Granada.
9	211. 40′·	82. 0′·	North.
The North Ocean sea, entring with 19. mouthes betwixt the Iles of the North, doth make foure straites of the sea, and run∣ning floods, which continually take their course towards ye North, & there are swallowed into the bowels of the earth, like to springs of fountaines and floods. In mine opinion this Inscription would haue béene one of the first of Mexicana, and not one of the last, sith it is no small leape, to turne so sodenly from the middest of America to the North pole.
10.	223. 0′·	55. 40′·	North.
This Countrie is desert and plaine, in which are many wilde Horses, and Oxen with high backes like Camels, and wild shéepe like vnto those which Boetius writeth (in his description of Scot∣land) to be found in one of the Iles of the Hebrides.
11	240. 20′·	40. 30′·	North.
New Spaine was brought by force of armes vnder the obe∣dience of the Spaniard, in the yeare 1518. by their generall,

Ferdinando Cortes who conquered the same with great losse of his souldiours, but with greater ruine to the inhabitantes, who fought for the libertie of their Countrie, the soile is very fertill, and the Countrie is rich in golde and siluer, for in the floodes are found great sands of gold, and in the mountaines is drawne out of the mines great quantitie of siluer, and alongest the sea side they take to their great profite an infinite number of Oysters, wherein are found very faire pearles. In this Prouince there are many sault lakes, the water whereof by force of the sunne is turned into sault: there groweth also great abundance of Cas∣sia fistula, and an other kinde of fruite, which the inhabitants call in their tongue Cacao, it is like to an Almonde, they haue it in great price, for of it they make a certaine drinke, which they loue meruailous well. The sea and floods which doe wash this Prouince, doe furnish them with great plentie of fishe, and in those floodes are many Crocodiles, whose flesh the inhabitants doe eate, and this beast will grow to be twenty foote long and a∣boue. This Countrie is full of great mountaines and high rocks, there is great diuersitie of languages, in so much as one vnder∣standeth not an other without an interpretor. Mexico is the Me∣tropolitane and Royall towne, or rather the Quéene of all the principall Townes in the worlde, it is situated vpon the side of a lake or marish, yea the very foundation of it is a very marish, in such sort, as you can neither enter into it, nor come out of it, but by bridges, and it is aswell peoplished with inhabitants and Mer∣chants, as any renowmed Merchant towne in Europe, the towne is very great, for it containeth in circuit 3. Spanish leagues.

The 6. Inscriptions belonging to Peruana.

The number of inscrip.	Longitude.	Latitude.	North or South.
1	333. 0′·	3. 30′·	South.
This great flood Maragnon, is called of some Oreigliana, and also the flood of the Amazones, it was discouered by Vincent Iohn Pinsonio, in the yeare 1499. and was sayled in a manner

from the head spring euen vnto the sea, by Francisco Oreigia∣no in the yeare 1542. the which voyage he perfourmed in eight monethes, hauing sayled 1660. leagues. This riuer kéepeth his water still fresh after it is entred certaine leagues into the sea, by reason that his course is so swift and violent.
2	330. 30′	22. 0′·	South.
Peruana is the South part of America, and is deuided by the Spaniardes into fiue goodly Prouinces, that is to saye, Castiliador, that is to say, the golden Castilia, Pompaiana, Peru, Chila, and Bresille: The Prouince Peru (before the arriuall of the Spaniardes) did extende a great deale further, when as their Countrie was yet vnder the gouernement of their naturall King, which then was called Ingas, as Giraua and others doe write. At this present it is limited on the North with the Towne Quito, and towardes the South with the Towne of Plata, that is to saye, the siluer Towne, and it was called Peruana as some write, of the flood and Port of the sea called Peru. It is at this present deuided (according to the si∣tuation of the Countrie) into thrée partes, that is to say, Sie ras, Andes, and the flat or plaine countrie. The playne Countrie is that which lyeth alongest néere to the Sea-coast. Sierras is that part which is full of mountaines. And Andes is that part of the Mountaines which tendeth towardes the East. Of all the Prouinces in the worlde this is the richest in golde, and in Emeraldes, the Metropolitane Towne of this Prouince, is the Citie Lyma, otherwise cal∣led the Towne of ••inges. Castillelledor tooke his name of the great abundance of golde that is there. The Prouince Po∣paiana tooke his name of the renowmed Towne Popaian, Chi∣la is a colde countrie by reason that it is so nigh vnto the South pole. The Prouince Brasilia tooke his name of the woode called Brasill, which groweth there in great abundance. To these Pro∣uinces were méete to be ioyned these other Prouinces, that is to say, Caribana, Charcas, Chica, and the lande of the Patagones.

3	329. 0′·	28. 0′·	South.
This beast is called of some Haute, but of a certaine people of Brasill, it is called Haye, which beast was neuer séene to eate or drinke, as some write, and therefore some thinke that she li∣ueth without meate or drinke, onely by the aire.
4	328. 0′·	35. 20′·	South.
This kind of beast is found in the Prouince of Parias, which in his fore parts is like to a Foxe, and behinde he is like to an Ape, sauing that he is footed like a man, and hee hath the eares of an Owle, and vnder her ordinary belly, she hath also ano∣ther belly, which openeth and shutteth, wherein she lodgeth her young ones, vntill they are able to get their owne liuing, and she neuer suffreth them to goe out but onely to sucke, Gesner calleth this beast an Ape-foxe, or a Foxe-ape.
5	325. 30′·	36. 30′·	South.
This is the land of the Patagones, the inhabitants whereof are Giants nine or ten foote high, which doe paint their visages with diuerse colours, made of herbes.
6	335. 0′·	51. 30′·	South.
In the yeare 1582. the king of Spaine commaunded here to be built certaine fortresses, at the entry or mouth of the straight called Mare Magellanicum.

The 21. inscriptions belonging to Magellanica.

1	188. 30′·	17. 20.	South.
This land is new Guinea, so called of the Nauigants and Pi∣lots, because the sea coast and situation thereof, is like to that of Guinea in Afrique, and it was called by Andrew Corsali the Florentine, the land of Piccinacoli, and perhaps it is that which Ptolomy calleth the Ile Labadia, if it may be called an Ile, for it is not yet knowne whether it be any part of the South firme lande or no.

2	209. 0′·	31. 30′·	South.
It is not vnknowne to all those that are exercised in Geogra∣phy, that the degrées of Longitude do diminish and decrease from the Equinoctiall to either of the Poles, eyther North or South, whereby it falleth out, that the Prouinces which are next vnto the two Poles of the world, do differ greatly from that naturall shape which they haue by the roundnes of the earth, and for that cause we haue briefely drawne a description of the whole world in two round figures or Circles at the end of this Mappe, to the intent that euery man might sée their naturall situation so farre as may be shewed in Plano, that is to say, in flat forme.
3	231.	72.	North.
These Prouinces at this present are little knowne, yet it is sayd, that they are full of many kindes of wilde beastes. You shall finde this inscription in the round figure on the left hande nigh to the North pole, which indéede belongeth to Mexicana, and not to Magellanica.
4	247. 20′·	14. 0′·	South.
These two infortunate Ilandes were so called by Magellane himselfe, because he could find in them neither men, nor any thing else that was méete for mans sustenance.
5	283. 0′	61. 20′·	South.
These Prouinces were discouered by a Spaniarde, who being separated by tempest of sea, from the fléete or armie, ranne wan∣dring here and there, through this great Southerne sea.
6	350. 40′·	85. 20′·	South.
In the yeare 1493. when as the desire to saile into farre coun∣tryes increased more and more amongest the Castilians and Por∣tugales, and that with great contention who should discouer most, Pope Alexander ordeined, that the Meridian which is 100. leagues distant towards the West, from euery one of the Ilands aswell of Capo Verde, as of those which they call Azores, should be the boundes and limits to eyther partie, for their nauigation, determining their rightes in such sort, as the Castilians should

haue the West part of the worlde, to finde out vnknowne coun∣tries, and the Portingales the East parte, but there was such strife and contention betwixt them afterwarde touching the boundes of Nauigation, as this ordinance of Pope Alexan∣der, pleased neither partie, and therefore in the yeare 1524. it was fully determined, that the Meridian which is distant 370. leagues towards the West from the Ile Saint Anthonio, being the most Westerne Ile of all the Iles of Capo Verde, should by the common bound of Nauigation to both parties.
7	19 0′·	54. 30′·	South.
Here vnder the Latitude 42. degrées, & distant 450. leagues, from the Cape de bona speranza, and also 600. leagues distant from the Cape Saint Augustine, was found the Promontorie of the South lande, as Martin Ferdinando Denciso hath noted in the Epitome of some of his Geographie.
8	22. 0′·	65. 0′·	South.
In this our Geography, we haue in such manner described the circuit of the whole earth, as all the Countries are situa∣ted vnder their proper Meridians, which could not haue béene done, without extending them more or lesse from the West to∣wardes the East, notwithstanding béeing desirous to satisfie those that are practised in the arte of Nauigation, wee haue described the North Prouinces of Europe in this our Geogra∣phie, in such sort as their situation wholly agréeth with the per∣ticular Mariners Cardes.
9	57. 20′·	54. 0.	South.
The 9. Inscription is intituled to the louers of Geographie. We haue in this Inscription of the whole earth, employed all diligence to describe all the Seas and Prouinces, in such sort as euery place may haue his true Longitude and Latitude, in which matter, we haue spared neither labour nor cost, for we haue di∣ligently conferred together the Sea Cardes, as well of the Castilians as Portingales, which they vse in their Nauigations to America and to India, and amongest others wee obtayned

from Portingale a Mariners Carde, describing the whole earth very correctly, and besides that 14. other particular Cardes, in the which likewise all the Seas and Prouinces of the whole world, with their situation were comprised, all which Cardes be∣ing compared together, wee doe here nowe set foorth this newe description of all the Prouinces and Seas in the whole worlde, and that as correctly as may be, according to the consideration and obseruation which hath béen vsed by the most expert Geogra∣phers and Pilots, euen vnto this present houre: for in this Carde we doe describe all the sea coastes, Promontories, windinges in and out, Iles, Portes deapthes, sandes, showlds and rockes, also we haue added thereunto in place conuenient, the Mariners com∣passe, and the lines of the windes, which wee haue set downe as correctly as was possible for vs to doe, for the commoditie of Na∣uigation: and for so much as the true Longitude of the places can not be well obserued, without extending or enlarging too farre those Prouinces that are nigh vnto the North or South pole of the world, we haue therefore briefely comprehended the same in this our description of the world, in two rondles or circles, vnto the which we haue added another little Geographicall Carde, comprehending the north Prouinces of Europe, to the intent that in them euery man may sée with his eyes, the naturall situation of those Prouinces as well as it may be done in plano, as is more amply declared in other inscriptions of this Mappe. And this little Septentrionall Map last mentioned, is placed at the foote of this map, in the very midst thereof comprehending all the North parts that lie betwixt the 52. degrée, and 72′· of Latitude.
10	79. 30′·	56. 0′·	South.
Here is a very strong current of the sea, which ruuneth East & West, betwixt Madagascar and the Ile Romoros, in such sort as Nauigation there is very troublesome and laborious, as Marcus Paulus Venetus testifieth in his third booke & 40. chap. whereof it must néedes follow of necessitie, that the sea coasts of this coun∣trie are not far distant from Madagascar, in such sort as the great Orientall sea doth ebbe and flowe through this straite with great

violence into the West Ocean sea, whereunto agréeth the letter missiue of a Candiot, who was Embassadour for the Venetians to the king of Portingale. In which letter hee writeth that the men of this Countrie goe all naked.
11	91. 0′·	35. 0′·	South.
To this place arriueth a Portingale shippe called S. Paul.
12	212.	36	South.
The South firme lande, is called of some Magellanica, of Ferdinando Magellanus, who first discouered the same. This Inscription, together with the foure next following, are to be found in the rondle on the right hand.
13	146.	46	South.
Marcus Paulus Venetus, and Lewes Vartiman doe testifie in their bookes of perigrination, that here be very great and am∣ple deserts.
14	75	52	South.
Betwixt the Ile of Saint Laurence and the Iles Romeros, doe fall a most violent fluxe and refluxe of the Sea, East and West.
15	46	55	South.
This is the lande of Popeniayes, so called of the Portingales, because those birdes in that Countrie are of incredible bignes.
16	15	46	South.
This Promontory of the South land, is situate 450. Spanish leagues from the Cape de bona speranza, and 600. leagues from the Cape of Saint Augustine.
17	148. 0′·	34. 0′·	South.
As we haue in the first rondle on the left hande set downe the description of that part of the worlde, which extendeth from the Equinoctiall to the North pole: so in this other rondle, wee haue set downe a description of that part of the worlde which extendeth from the Equinoctiall to the South pole, in such sort as this rondle containeth all Magellanica, and almost all Peruana to∣gether

with a great part of Afrique, and a great number of the most noble and renowmed Iles of the world, and herein you may plainely sée with your eye, the naturall situation of those Prouin∣ces that are nigh vnto the South pole.
18	148. 30′	20. 30′·	South.
The Realme of Maletur, which aboundeth in all manner of spices.
19	148 0′·	15. 40′·	South.
The Countrie of Beach is rich in golde, but little frequented by Marchants of other Countries, by reason of the crueltie of the people.
20	161. 0′·	20. 0′·	South.
Iaua minor, bringeth forth diuerse spices which haue not yet béene séene in Europe, as Marcus Paulus Venetus testifieth in his third booke 13. chapter.
21	170. 40′·	3. 0′·	North.
The Iles Moluccas are much renoumed for the great aboun∣dance of spices, which are sent from thence into all countries of the world: The chiefest of those Iles are these, Ternarie, Ti∣doris, Motir, Machian, and Bachian, vnto which some doe adde Gilolo, Celebes, Burro, Amboino, and Bandar.

Besides all these Inscriptions, Plancius at the foure corners of his Mappe, setteth downe foure rondles, two aboue and other two beneath: and in that aboue on the left hand, representing the Northerne halfe of the celestiall Globe, he describeth al the North stars that are alredy, & in the other rondle on y^e right hand repre∣senting the southerne halfe of the celestial Globe, he doth not only set downe such Southerne stars as were knowne to the auncient Astronomers, but also such Southerne starres, as haue béen found out of latter dayes by those that haue trauelled into the East and West Indies, as the Crosse, the Southerne Triangle, Noes Doue or Pigeon, and an other in the shape of a man, called Polophilax, and certaine others, touching which starres hee setteth downe nigh vnto the foresaid rondle, a certaine inscription

written in the Latine tongue, which I haue here interpreted word for word in our mother tongue as foloweth.

We haue here set downe the fixed starres in their true places answerable to the yeare 1592. and not 95. as the Printer hath made it.

Of the South pole and of the starres that are about the same.

LEast the South part of this Hemispheare or halfe Globe, should remaine voide and emptie, I haue taken these Southerne starres out of the obserua∣tions of Andreas Corsalius Florentine, and haue diligently compared the same with the writings of Americus Vesputius, and of Petrus Medina, and haue reduced the saide starres into this forme or shape. But for so much as I haue séene nothing as yet to my satisfaction or contentment tou∣ching the Longitude, Latitude, Magnitude or nature of the said stars, I hartely pray all those that haue any more certaine know∣ledge of this matter then we, that they will enforme vs thereof, to the common good of all men: As touching the pole Antarctique, Corsalius writeth that there be two cloudie stars of a meane big∣nesse, which with a circular motion doe goe about another starre, that is distant from the Pole almost 11. degrées, and are some∣time aboue and sometime beneath the said starre. Hitherto Plan∣cius. But now to the intent that you may the better vnderstande all the foresaide foure rondles, I thinke it not amisse to describe the same vnto you, and to shew the vse thereof as followeth. You haue to note then, that the two vpper rondles: that which is on the left hand, signifieth the Northerne halfe of the celestiall Globe and the other rondle on the right hand, signifieth the Southerne halfe of the said Globe as hath béene said before, and each one of these rondles is traced with certaine circles and lines: The out∣termost Circle whereof being deuided into 360. degrées, and containing the Characters of the 12. signes, signifieth the Zo∣diaque, or rather the very Ecliptique it selfe, the Centre of which Circle, is the pole of the Zodiaque, which by continuall turning about, describeth another lesser Circle hard by it, signifying in

the North rondle the circle Arctique, and in the South rondle the circle Antarctique, the Centre of which lesser circle in eyther ron∣dle, is the pole of the world, both which poles are distant from the pole of the Zodiaque 23. degrées 28′· which is the greatest de∣clination of the sunne. Moreouer in either rondle are drawne vp∣on ech pole of the worlde, two other circles, the largest whereof signifieth in both rondles the Equinoctiall, and the lesser thereof in the North rondle, signifieth the Tropique of Cancer, and in the South rondle the Tropique of Capricorne: besides these cir∣cles ech rondle is traced with 12. right lines, signifying those sixe Meridians or lines which passing through both the poles of the Zodiaque, doe deuide the Zodiaque into 12. equall parts, eue∣ry part containing 30. degrées: for so many degrées doe belong to the Longitude of euery one of the 12. signes, whereby the Zo∣diaque hath in Longitude 360. degrées, which Longitude is to be counted from the first point of Aries and so foorth, according to the succession of the signes, and by helpe of these lines, you may know vnder what signe any fixed starre is: I shal not néede here to shew you, how the said fixed starres are situated, in either of the ron∣dles, nor how they are named, because their images or shapes to∣gether with their names, are apparant to your eye. But if you would know the true place, the Longitude, Latitude, Magnitude and the nature of any fixed starre herein contained, then do thus: First to knowe the place and Longitude of any starre, lay a ruler or extend a thréede, so as it may passe through the Pole of the Zo∣diaque, and also through the bodie of the starre, whose place and Longitude you séeke, euen to the very Zodiaque, and somewhat beyond, and thereby you shall know in what signe, and in what degrée thereof that starre is, for that is his place, and you shall knowe his Longitude by counting from the first point of Aries, vnto that degrée, for that is his Longitude.

Now to know the Latitude of any starre, you haue to note that in each rondle there is a certaine right blacke line extending from the Zodiaque to the Pole, deuided by vnequall spaces into 90. degrées, which line is called the skale of the fixed stars Latitude, the vse whereof is thus: Set the firme foote of your Compasses in the very pole, and extend the other foote into the middest of the bo∣die of that starre whose Latitude you séeke, and turne that foote

standing at that widenes to the skale, and the number of degrées written vpon the skale, if you count from the Zodiaque vpward towards the Pole, will shew you the Latitude of that starre. A∣gaine, to knowe the magnitude of any starre, Plancius setteth down in the North rondle the selfe same meane which Mercator also vseth in his celestiall Globe, that is to say, by making certain shapes of starres representing the bignesse of euery starre, accor∣ding to his greatnesse, that by marking & comparing those shapes together, you might finde out, or rather coniecture the greatnesse of the starre which you séeke. Lastly he sheweth the nature of any starre by setting downe nigh vnto the star, the characters of those Planets, of whose nature that starre doth participate, all which thinges you shall more plainely vnderstande by this example here following.

Suppose that you would know the place, longitude, latitude, magnitude and nature of the starre called Arcturus: here because this is a North starre, you must therfore resort to the North ron∣dle, and there séeke out the image Bootes, betwixt whose legs is the star called Arcturus which you séeke. And by extending a thréed which may passe through the pole, and also through the bodie of that starre euen to the Zodiaque, and somewhat beyond, you shall find his place to be in the 19. degrée of the signe Libra, and his Longitude counting frō the first point of Aries, vnto that degrée to be 199. degrées, and by obseruing the rule before giuen, tou∣ching the knowing of the Latitude of any starre, you shall with your Compasse finde the Latitude of this starre to be almost 32. degrées Northward, and by his shape you shall knowe that hée is of the first magnitude, and the characters of the two Planets Mars and Iupiter, placed hard by him, do shew that he is of their nature, that is to say, by participating of Mars he is extremely hotte and dry, and by participating of Iupiter he is hotte & moist, and looke what order is to be obserued in the North rondle, touch∣ing the North stars, the same is likewise to be vsed in the South rondle containing the Southerne starres: Amongest which you may sée the Images called the Crosse, whereby most Pilots in these dayes doe chiefely direct their course, being once past the E∣quinoctiall towardes the South pole, which Crosse, though Plan∣cius doth here make to consist of fiue starres, yet I am sure that

Martin Cortes and Peter Medina, and all other late writers do appoint thereunto but foure starres, the shape and vse whereof, I haue set downe in my Treatise of Nauigation, according to the direction of Peter Medina. And those that haue trauailed in∣to the Indies, doe all affirme that to the Crosse there doe belong onely foure starres and no more, wherefore I maruaile much, that Plancius doth set downe fiue, whereunto perhaps he is in∣duced by the relation of some Spaniarde that neuer sawe them. Thus hauing described vnto you the two vpper rondles, repre∣senting together the celestiall Globe, and also shewed the vse ther∣of, I will now describe the two neather rondles, whereof that on the left hande representeth the North halfe of the Terrestriall Globe, & that on the right hand the other halfe of the same Globe, towardes the South.

You haue then to vnderstand that the Centre or middle point in each rondle, signifieth the Pole of the world, that is to say, the North pole in the North rondle, and the South pole in the South rondle, and vpon each pole are drawne certaine Circles, the out∣termost whereof, and furthest distant from the Pole signifieth the Equinoctiall, which is deuided into 360. degrées, euery degrée containing 60. miles, which is the whole Longitude of the earth, from which circle at the end of euery tenth degrée, are drawn cer∣taine right lines to the number of 18. which doe méete in the ve∣ry Pole, and doe signifie halfe Meridians, whereof that which passeth through the Iles Azores, and also the Iles of Capo Ver∣de, is the first Meridian, from whence the longitude of the earth taketh his beginning, and there also endeth: which Meridian in the rondle on the left hand, is deuided into 90. parts, procéeding from the Equinoctial to the Pole, signifying the North Latitude of the worlde, the like diuision and number of degrées of Lati∣tude, hath also the first Meridian, in the rondle on the right hande, sauing that the saide Meridian tendeth vpwarde. More∣ouer you haue to vnderstande, that in each of these rondles, are drawne nine Circles, equally distant one from another, called Parallels, which together with the Equinoctiall, doe make nine spaces, euery space contayning 10. degr. & besides these circles, there are drawne in ech rondle two other circles, the one greater, & the other lesser, the greater in the rondle on the left hand being

distant from the Equinoctiall 23. degrées 30′· which is the grea∣test declination of the sunne, is called the Tropique of Cancer, and the lesser Circle being of like distance from the pole, is called the Circle Arctique, but the greater circle being of like distance from the Equinoctiall, in the rondle on the right hand, is called the tro∣pique of Capricorne, and the lesser circle in the said rondle inui∣roning the Pole, is called the Circle Antarctique vpon which cir∣cles in each rondle you shall finde their names written. The chie∣fest vses of these two rondles are these: first to finde out the Lon∣gitude of any place, secondly the Latitude, and thirdly the distance betwixt any two places.

To finde out the Longitude of any place, you must doe thus: Extende a thréede, so as it may passe through the pole, and also through the place whose longitude you séeke, euen to the very E∣quinoctial, and somewhat beyond, and holding the thréed straight, the numbers of the degrées written vpon the Equinoctiall will shewe the longitude of the place.

And if you wil know the latitude of that place, or of any other, doe thus, Set the one foote of your compasse in the very pole, ex∣tending the other to the place whose Latitude you séeke, and kée∣ping your compasse at that widenesse, bring the mooueable foote to the first Meridian, whereon the degrées of latitude are marked, and there staying it, the number of the degrées, counting from the Equinoctiall vpward towards the pole, will shewe the lati∣tude of the place. As for example, suppose that you would know the longitude and latitude of Lisbone, which is a famous towne in Portingale, here hauing first found out that towne in Spaine, which is nigh vnto the West Ocean, extende your thréede from the pole through the middest of that Towne to the Equinoctiall and somewhat beyond, and you shall finde that the thréed will cut the Equinoctiall in the 13. degrée, which is the Longitude of Lisbone. Nowe if you would knowe the Latitude of the same place, set the one foote of your compasse in the Pole, and extende the other foote to Lisbone, and kéeping your compasse at that widenesse, bring the mooueable foote to the skale of latitude, and so you shall find that Lisbone hath in North latitude 38. degrées and 30′· Now to knowe the distance betwixt any two places doe thus, Set the one foote of your compasse in the one place, and the

other foote in the other place, and apply that widenesse to the E∣quinoctiall, and looke howe many degrées of the Equinoctiall that widenesse comprehendeth, and by allowing 60. Italian miles to euery degree, you shall haue the distance by a right line, betwixt those two places, for by doing thus, you shall finde the distance betwixt Lisbone & Compostella to be 120. miles. Thus I haue sufficiently (I hope) expounded euery thing contained in Plan∣cius his Map, his general skale made for the same onely excepted, whereof I come now to speake. In this skale are set downe the miles of Russia, of Italy, of Englande, of Scotland, the French leagues, the houre leagues, the Spanish leagues, the Germaine and Garscoyne miles, which two are all one, the miles of Sweuia in Germanie, of Scandia and of Swethland, which last three are likewise all one, the vse of which skale is thus. Take with your cō∣passe the distance betwixt any 2. places which you desire to know, and apply the same to the skale of such miles as you would know, & so many miles the two places shal be distant one from another as the number of the skale doth shew: but if the distance betwixt the two places be longer then the skale, then hauing first taken the whole length of the skale with your compasses, looke howe manie times that widenes of your compasse measuring by a right line is contained in the distance betwixt the two places, and if there be any odde space left, streighten your compasse to that odde space, & apply that to the beginning of the skale, and adde the number of miles which you there find to the first great number, so shall you haue the totall summe. And lo here for each an example: first sup∣pose that you would know the distance betwixt Cape S. Marie, & Cape finis terrae, which are two Capes or headlands in the West side of Spaine, both hauing in a maner one selfe Longitude, & do differ only in latitude by 6. degrées, for the one hath 37. & the other 43. in latitude, which distance if you take with your cōpasse by set∣ting the one foot in the one place, & the other foote in the other place, and applying that widenes to the skale of Italian miles, you shal find the distance to be 390. Italian miles, but if you measure the same distance according to the Geographicall maner, which is to allow for euery degree of latitude 60. miles, you shal find y^e distāce to be no more but 360. Italian miles. Let your other example be thus: Suppose that you would know the distance betwixt Com∣postella

in Spaine and Constantinople, which haue all one Latitude and doe differ onely in Longitude, heere because the distance betwixt these two places is longer then the skale, you must take with your compasse the whole length of the skale, and then to looke how many times that widenes is cōprehended (mea∣suring by a right line) betwixt the two said places, & you shall find that widenes to be cōprehended in the distance betwixt those two places thrée times, wherefore if you multiply 840. by 3. it will make in all 2520. Italian miles. But if (according to the Geo∣graphicall kind of measuring) you doe multiply the difference of their Longitudes, which is 43. degrées, by the number of miles, which is also 43. belonging to the Latitude of both places, which Latitude is also very nigh 43. degr. you shal find that the distance betwixt those two townes is no more but 1870. Italian miles, which number of miles is not so great as that of the skale by 650. Italian miles. And therefore I can not thinke but that there is some error in the skale committed either by the Printer or else by the author through some negligence, and not for lacke of skill or knowledge how to make a true skale, being so excellent a Geo∣grapher as the Author by this & other his Maps heretofore made sheweth himselfe to be, or else there is some greater mistery ther∣in, then I perhaps doe vnderstand, for in séeking to know the di∣stance betwixt two places differing onely in Latitude, I finde the skale most times to agrée with the Geographicall kind of measu∣ring, but if the two places do differ either in longitude onely, or else both in longitude and also in latitude, then I find the skale to differ very much from the Geographicall kinde of measuring, wherfore I thinke it good briefely here to set downe certaine rea∣die waies of finding out the distance of two places, differing ey∣ther in latitude onely, in longitude only, or in both, which I doe shew also at large in the second part of my Spheare, Chap. 14.

How to finde out the distance of two places differing onely in Latitude.

IF the two places haue both eyther North or South Latitude, then subtracte the lesser Latitude out of the greater, so shall you haue the difference: which difference, if you multiply by sixetie, the product

shall be the number of miles, and if to the whole degrées of diffe∣rence there be annexed any minutes, then you must adde to the product for euery minute one mile. But if one of the two places haue North Latitude, and the other South Latitude, then you shall finde their difference by addition, and not by subtraction. As for example, suppose that you would knowe the distance betwixt a towne called Pasquali, which is the outermost towne in Moroa vpon the sea towards the South, hauing in North latitude 35. degrées 30′· and a certaine towne in Afrique called Debsan stan∣ding nigh vnto the lake Zembre, which hath in South Latitude 12. degrées 30′· here by adding these two latitudes together, you shall find the summe to be 48. degrées, and that is the difference of their Latitudes, which difference if you multiply by 60. the pro∣duct will be 2880. and that is their distance.

How to find out the distance of two places differing onely in Longitude.

IF both places haue either East Longitude or West Longitude, then subtract the lesser out of the grea∣ter, so shall you haue the difference, which difference you must multiply by the number of miles belong∣ing to their Latitude, which you shall finde on the Northwest side of the Mappe, or by the Table of miles answera∣ble to one degrée of euery Latitude set downe hereafter in the end of this Treatise: and the product thereof shall be the number of miles whereby the one place is distant from the other. As for ex∣ample, I finde Compostella in Spaine and Constantinople, ha∣uing both almost 43. degrées of North Latitude, to differ only in East longitude, for Compostella hath in East longitude 13. de∣grées 30′· & Constantinople hath in East longitude 56. degrées, the difference whereof by subtracting the lesser out of the greater you shall finde to be 42. degrées 30′· here if you multiply 42. by 43. miles belonging to one degrée of the foresaid Latitude 43. you shall finde the product to be 1806. then to finde out the value of miles for the fraction 30′, by the rule of proportion, you must say thus: if 60. require 43. miles what shall 30. require, and you shall finde in the quotient 21. miles, which you must adde to the

former summe 1806. and it will make in all 1827. miles and ½. which is the true distance betwixt the two foresaid places. But if the one place haue east Longitude, and the other West Longitude, then you must finde the difference aswell by Addition as by Sub∣traction. As for example, suppose that you would knowe the di∣stance betwixt S. Domingo in the Ile called Hispaniola, and a certaine place in Afrique called Septem montes, night vnto the Ocean sea, both places hauing 18. degrées of North latitude. And S. Domingo hath in West longitude 310. degrées 30′· and the place called Septem montes hath in East longitude seuen de∣grées. Here you must first subtract 310. degrées 30′· out of 360. degrées, and there will remaine 49. degrée 30′· whereunto you must adde the East longitude of Septem montes, which is seuen degrées, and it will make in all 56. degrées 30′· which is the dif∣ference of their Longitude. Nowe if you first multiply 56. de∣grées by 57. miles belonging to 18. degrées of latitude, you shal find the product to be 3192. miles, and to finde out the value of miles for the fraction 30′· you must say thus: If 60. require 57. miles, what shall 30′· require, and working by the common rule of thrée, you shall haue in the quotient 28. miles, and there remai∣neth 30/60. which is one halfe mile. Now by adding 28. miles and ½. to 3192. it will make in all 3220. miles ½. and that is the true di∣stance betwixt S. Domingo and Septem montes, but by Plan∣cius skale you shall finde the distance to be 3410. miles, which differeth from the other almost 200. miles.

	〈◊〉〈◊〉.	〈◊〉〈◊〉.
	degrees.	degrees.
London.	22. 0′·	51. 32′·	The greater 〈◊〉〈◊〉.
Hierusalem.	6••. 0.	32. 0.	The lesser L••••.
The difference of their Longitudes	47. 0.

[illustration]

How to finde out the distance of two places differing both in Longitude and Latitude by helpe of a semi-circle deuided into a 180. degrees, which I had from my louing friend Mai∣ster Wright of Cayes Colledge in Cambridge, of whom I make mention aswell in my treatise of the Spheare as in that of Nauigation.

FIrst drawe a Semicircle vppon a right Diameter, marked with the letters A. B. C. D. whereof let D. be the Centre like vnto this here described, and the grea∣ter that such semicircle is, the spaces of the degrées shall be the larger, and thereby the more easie to find out the minutes. Then hauing drawne your semicircle and deui∣ded the same accordingly, suppose that by helpe therof you would find out the distance betwixt London and Hierusalem, which two townes doe differ both in Longitude and also in Latitude so much as is here set downe in the front of the figure according to such Longitude and Latitude as Plancius doth allow to eyther towne in his great Map. Now to find out the true distance of these two townes you must first take the lesser Longitude out of the greater, so shall you haue the difference of their Longitudes, which is 47. degrées, then count that difference vpon the Semicircle beginning at A. and so procéede to B. and at the ende of that difference, make a pricke marked with the letter E. vnto which pricke draw a right line by your ruler from D. the Centre of the Demicircle: That done séeke out the lesser Latitude which is 32. degrées 0′· in the foresaid Demicircle, beginning to account the same frō the pricke E. and so procéede towards the letter B. and at the end of the said lesser latitude set down another pricke marked with the letter G. from which pricke or point drawe a perpendicular line, which by helpe of your squire or compasses, may fall with right Angles vp∣on the former right line drawne from D. to E. and where it falleth, there set downe a prick marked with the letter H. That done séeke out the greater Latitude which is 51. degrées and 32′· in the fore∣said Demicircle, beginning to account the same from A. towards B. and at the end of that Latitude set downe another pricke, mar∣ked with the letter I. from whence drawe another perpendicular line that may fall by helpe of your squire or compasses, with right

Angles vpon the Diameter A. C. and there make a pricke mar∣ked with the letter K. That done take with your compasse the di∣stance that is betwixt K. and H. which distance you must set down vpon the said Diameter A. C. setting the one foote of your Com∣passe vpon K. and the other towards the Centre D. & there make a pricke marked with the letter L. then take with your Compasse the length of the shorter perpendicular line G. H. and apply that widenesse vppon the longer perpendicular line I. K. setting the one foote of your compasse at I. which is the end of the greater La∣titude, and extend the other foote towardes K. and there make a pricke marked with the letter M. That done take the distance be∣twixt L. and M. with your compasse and apply the same to the Demicircle setting the one foote of your compasse in A. and the o∣ther towards B. and there make a prick marked with the letter N. And the number of degrées contained betwixt A. and N. will shew the true distance of the two places which you shall finde to be 39. degrées, which being multiplyed by 60. maketh in al 2340. miles, and whensoeuer you haue any minutes besides the whole degrées, remember to adde vnto the summe of degrées for euery minute one mile. By Plancius skale you shall find the distance betwixt Lon∣don and Hierusalem to be 3040. miles which are 700. miles too many. But you haue to note by the way, that if the difference of the Longitudes doth excéede the number of 180. then you must subtract that excéeding difference out of 360. and the remainder shalbe the difference of the Longitudes, and then worke in all points as is before taught.

By this rule and the other two rules first declared, you shal ea∣sily trie the skale of any Mappe whether it be true or not, so as you first haue the true Longitude and Latitude of the two places whose distance you séeke to know. And thus I end with Plancius Map, hoping not to offend him with any thing that I haue added thereunto for the better instruction of those that haue not béene exercised in such matters.

And yet I had almost forgotten one thing, which is this, I haue here before as you haue read, made mention of drawing cer∣taine perpendicular lines in the former figure of the Demicircle by helpe of your Compasses. Wherefore I thinke it necessary here to set downe the order thereof.

How to make with you Compasses, a perpendicular line to fal from any point giuen vpon another right line, making ther∣with right angles without the helpe of any squire.

SEt the firme foot of your Compasse in the point giuen, and extend the o∣ther foote a little beyond the line right against the point gi∣uen, & draw a secret Arch or por∣tion of a Circle that may cut the said liue in two points, and deuide that part of the Arch which lieth betwixt the two sections into two equall parts, setting a pricke in the very midst therof: then hauing laid your ruler to that pricke, and also to the point giuen, draw a right line, & that line wil fall vpon the other line with right Angles, as you may sée by this figure.

[illustration]

The Table of miles answerable to one degree of euery seuerall Latitude.

D	M	S		D	M	S		D	M	S		D	M	S		D	M	S
1	59	59		19	56	44		37	47	55		55	34	25		73	17	33
2	59	58		20	56	23		38	47	17		56	33	33		74	16	32
3	59	55		21	56	1		39	46	38		57	32	41		75	15	32
4	59	51		22	55	38		40	45	58		58	31	48		76	14	31
5	59	46		23	55	14		41	45	17		59	30	54		77	13	30
6	59	40		24	54	49		42	44	35		60	30	0		78	12	28
7	59	33		25	54	23		43	43	53		61	29	5		79	11	27
8	59	25		26	53	56		44	43	10		62	28	10		80	10	25
9	59	16		27	53	28		45	42	26		63	27	14		81	9	23
10	59	5		28	52	59		46	41	41		64	26	18		82	8	21
11	58	54		29	52	29		47	40	55		65	25	21		83	7	19
12	58	41		30	51	58		48	40	9		66	24	24		84	6	16
13	58	28		31	51	26		49	39	22		67	23	27		85	5	1••
14	58	13		32	50	53		50	38	34		68	22	29		86	4	11
15	57	57		33	50	19		51	37	46		69	21	30		87	3	8
16	57	41		34	49	45		52	36	56		70	20	31		88	2	5
17	57	23		35	49	9		53	36	7		71	19	32		89	1	3
18	57	4		36	48	32		54	35	16		72	18	32		90	0	0

Though it be the common order of working to know by helpe of the former table, the distance of two places differing onely in Longitude, yet I thinke it a more sure way to find it out per Ta∣bulas Sinuum, the rule whereof is thus.

First take the difference of the two Longitudes, by subtrac∣ting the lesser out of the greater, and the halfe of that shall be the Arch which you haue to séeke in the front of the Tables, then mul∣tiply the sine of that Arch by the sine of the complement of the common Latitude, and deuide the product thereof by the totall sine, the quotient whereof you must séeke out in the Tables a∣mongest the sines, and the Arch of that sine is the one halfe of the distance, which being doubled shall be the whole distance contay∣ning degrées of the great Circle, and euery such degrée contay∣neth of Italian miles 60. and of German miles 15. and by wor∣king thus you shall finde the distance betwixt Compostella and Constantinople to be 1846. Italian miles, supposing the com∣mon latitude to be 43. degrées, and the difference of their longi∣tudes to be 42. degrées 30′· And by working by the common ta∣ble you shall find the distance of those two places to be 1827. Ita∣lian miles as before, because the common Table hath no minutes of miles but onely seconds, which are not to be accounted of, & in working by Appian his Table hauing minutes of miles, you shal find the said distance to be 2184. Italian miles, and by Mercator his Map to be 1980. Italian miles, in whose Map the common Latitude of the said 2. places is 43. & the difference of their lon∣gitudes is 44. 0′· And by the skale set down in Plancius his Map, you shal find the distance to be 2520. Italian miles, in which Map the cōmon Latitude of the two foresaid places is 42. deg. 30′· and the difference of their Longitudes is also 42. degrées 30′· Truely I must néedes confesse that it is not so easie to make a skale or trunke for a Mappe or a Carde drawne in plano, as for that which is drawne vpon a round bodie or Globe: and therefore it is no maruaile though the skales of Mappes drawne in plano, and likewise the trunkes set downe in the Mariners Cardes doe not alwayes shewe the true distance of places, which I beléeue is to bee done as truely and a great deale more readily by my friend Maister Wright his Semicircle before described, then by the rules of Gasparus Peucerus in his booke de dimensione ter∣rae,

which rules doe depend vpon the knowledge of the quantitie of the Angles and sides of Sphericall Triangles, which kinde of working is indéede more troublesome and tedious then readie or pleasant. But if Maister Wright would make his Demicir∣cle an vniuersall instrument to find out thereby all the thrée kinds of distances as he promised me to doe, there were no way in mine opinion worthie to be compared vnto it, neither for the truenesse, easinesse, nor readinesse of working thereby.